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Dos Santos JM, Moreli ML, Tewari S, Benite-Ribeiro SA. The effect of exercise on skeletal muscle glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: An epigenetic perspective. Metabolism 2015; 64:1619-28. [PMID: 26481513 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in eating habits and sedentary lifestyle are main contributors to type 2 diabetes (T2D) development, and studies suggest that epigenetic modifications are involved with the growing incidence of this disease. Regular exercise modulates many intracellular pathways improving insulin resistance and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, both early abnormalities of T2D. Mitochondria dysfunction and decreased expression of glucose transporter (GLUT4) were identified as main factors of insulin resistance. Moreover, it has been suggested that skeletal muscle of T2D subjects have a different pattern of epigenetic marks on the promoter of GLUT4 and PGC1, main regulator of mitochondrial function, compared with nondiabetic individuals. Recent studies have proposed that regular exercise could improve glucose uptake by the attenuation of such epigenetic modification induced at GLUT4, PGC1 and its downstream regulators; however, the exact mechanism is still to be understood. Herein we review the known epigenetic modifications on GLUT4 and mitochondrial proteins that lead to impairment of skeletal muscle glucose uptake and T2D development, and the effect of physical exercise at these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shikha Tewari
- Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
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52
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Wang XX, Edelstein MH, Gafter U, Qiu L, Luo Y, Dobrinskikh E, Lucia S, Adorini L, D'Agati VD, Levi J, Rosenberg A, Kopp JB, Gius DR, Saleem MA, Levi M. G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor TGR5 Activation Inhibits Kidney Disease in Obesity and Diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1362-78. [PMID: 26424786 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are the leading causes of renal disease. In this study, we determined the regulation and role of the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5, previously shown to be regulated by high glucose and/or fatty acids, in obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Treatment of diabetic db/db mice with the selective TGR5 agonist INT-777 decreased proteinuria, podocyte injury, mesangial expansion, fibrosis, and CD68 macrophage infiltration in the kidney. INT-777 also induced renal expression of master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, inhibitors of oxidative stress, and inducers of fatty acid β-oxidation, including sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), and Nrf-1. Increased activity of SIRT3 was evidenced by normalization of the increased acetylation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) observed in untreated db/db mice. Accordingly, INT-777 decreased mitochondrial H2O2 generation and increased the activity of SOD2, which associated with decreased urinary levels of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Furthermore, INT-777 decreased renal lipid accumulation. INT-777 also prevented kidney disease in mice with diet-induced obesity. In human podocytes cultured with high glucose, INT-777 induced mitochondrial biogenesis, decreased oxidative stress, and increased fatty acid β-oxidation. Compared with normal kidney biopsy specimens, kidney specimens from patients with established ORG or DN expressed significantly less TGR5 mRNA, and levels inversely correlated with disease progression. Our results indicate that TGR5 activation induces mitochondrial biogenesis and prevents renal oxidative stress and lipid accumulation, establishing a role for TGR5 in inhibiting kidney disease in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;
| | - Michal Herman Edelstein
- Rabin Medical Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Uzi Gafter
- Rabin Medical Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Liru Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Scott Lucia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Vivette D D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Levi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Avi Rosenberg
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David R Gius
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Moin A Saleem
- University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;
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53
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Reynolds CM, Gray C, Li M, Segovia SA, Vickers MH. Early Life Nutrition and Energy Balance Disorders in Offspring in Later Life. Nutrients 2015; 7:8090-111. [PMID: 26402696 PMCID: PMC4586579 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is often causally linked to changes in diet and lifestyle; namely increased intake of calorically dense foods and concomitant reductions in physical activity. Epidemiological studies in humans and controlled animal intervention studies have now shown that nutritional programming in early periods of life is a phenomenon that affects metabolic and physiological functions throughout life. This link is conceptualised as the developmental programming hypothesis whereby environmental influences during critical periods of developmental plasticity can elicit lifelong effects on the health and well-being of the offspring. The mechanisms by which early environmental insults can have long-term effects on offspring remain poorly defined. However there is evidence from intervention studies which indicate altered wiring of the hypothalamic circuits that regulate energy balance and epigenetic effects including altered DNA methylation of key adipokines including leptin. Studies that elucidate the mechanisms behind these associations will have a positive impact on the health of future populations and adopting a life course perspective will allow identification of phenotype and markers of risk earlier, with the possibility of nutritional and other lifestyle interventions that have obvious implications for prevention of non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Clint Gray
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Minglan Li
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stephanie A Segovia
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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54
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Zou P, Liu L, Zheng L, Liu L, Stoneman RE, Cho A, Emery A, Gilbert ER, Cheng Z. Targeting FoxO1 with AS1842856 suppresses adipogenesis. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3759-67. [PMID: 25483084 PMCID: PMC4613185 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.965977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperplasia (i.e., increased adipogenesis) contributes to excess adiposity, the hallmark of obesity that can trigger metabolic complications. As FoxO1 has been implicated in adipogenic regulation, we investigated the kinetics of FoxO1 activation during adipocyte differentiation, and tested the effects of FoxO1 antagonist (AS1842856) on adipogenesis. We found for the first time that the kinetics of FoxO1 activation follows a series of sigmoid curves, and reveals the phases relevant to clonal expansion, cell cycle arrest, and the regulation of PPARγ, adiponectin, and mitochondrial proteins (complexes I and III). In addition, multiple activation-inactivation transitions exist in the stage of terminal differentiation. Importantly, persistent inhibition of FoxO1 with AS1842856 almost completely suppressed adipocyte differentiation, while selective inhibition in specific stages had differential effects on adipogenesis. Our data present a new view of FoxO1 in adipogenic regulation, and suggest AS1842856 can be an anti-obesity agent that warrants further investigation.
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Key Words
- AS1842856
- AS1842856, 5-amino-7-(cyclohexylamino)-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1, 4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
- BMI, basal media I
- BMII, basal media II
- C1, mitochondrial complex I
- C3, mitochondrial complex III
- DMI, differentiation media I
- DMII, differentiation media II
- FoxO1
- FoxO1, forkhead box O1
- G6P, glucose 6-phosphatase
- PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- adipogenesis
- mitochondria
- obesity
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zou
- a Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise; Fralin Life Science Institute; College of Agriculture and Life Science; Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA USA
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55
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Ha BG, Park JE, Cho HJ, Shon YH. Stimulatory Effects of Balanced Deep Sea Water on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129972. [PMID: 26068191 PMCID: PMC4466323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes, is increasing. Mitochondrial dysfunction is recognized as a core feature of these diseases. Emerging evidence also suggests that defects in mitochondrial biogenesis, number, morphology, fusion, and fission, contribute to the development and progression of metabolic diseases. Our previous studies revealed that balanced deep-sea water (BDSW) has potential as a treatment for diabetes and obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which BDSW regulates diabetes and obesity by studying its effects on mitochondrial metabolism. To determine whether BDSW regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function, we investigated its effects on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial enzyme activity, and the expression of transcription factors and mitochondria specific genes, as well as on the phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with mitochondria biogenesis and its function in C2C12 myotubes. BDSW increased mitochondrial biogenesis in a time and dose-dependent manner. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that BDSW enhances gene expression of PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM for mitochondrial transcription; MFN1/2 and DRP1 for mitochondrial fusion; OPA1 for mitochondrial fission; TOMM40 and TIMM44 for mitochondrial protein import; CPT-1α and MCAD for fatty acid oxidation; CYTC for oxidative phosphorylation. Upregulation of these genes was validated by increased mitochondria staining, CS activity, CytC oxidase activity, NAD+ to NADH ratio, and the phosphorylation of signaling molecules such as AMPK and SIRT1. Moreover, drinking BDSW remarkably improved mtDNA content in the muscles of HFD-induced obese mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the stimulatory effect of BDSW on mitochondrial biogenesis and function may provide further insights into the regulatory mechanism of BDSW-induced anti-diabetic and anti-obesity action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Geun Ha
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Cho
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Shon
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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56
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Zheng LD, Linarelli LE, Liu L, Wall SS, Greenawald MH, Seidel RW, Estabrooks PA, Almeida FA, Cheng Z. Insulin resistance is associated with epigenetic and genetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA in obese humans. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:60. [PMID: 26110043 PMCID: PMC4479353 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial alterations have been observed in subjects with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Studies on animal models and cell cultures suggest aberrant glucose and lipid levels, and impaired insulin signaling might lead to mitochondrial changes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying mitochondrial aberrance remains largely unexplored in human subjects. Results Here we show that the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAn) was significantly reduced (6.9-fold lower, p < 0.001) in the leukocytes from obese humans (BMI >30). The reduction of mtDNAn was strongly associated with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: −0.703, p < 0.05; fasting insulin level: −0.015, p < 0.05); by contrast, the correlation between fasting glucose or lipid levels and mtDNAn was not significant. Epigenetic study of the displacement loop (D-loop) region of mitochondrial genome, which controls the replication and transcription of the mitochondrial DNA as well as organization of the mitochondrial nucleoid, revealed a dramatic increase of DNA methylation in obese (5.2-fold higher vs. lean subjects, p < 0.05) and insulin-resistant (4.6-fold higher vs. insulin-sensitive subjects, p < 0.05) individuals. Conclusions The reduction of mtDNAn in obese human subjects is associated with insulin resistance and may arise from increased D-loop methylation, suggesting an insulin signaling-epigenetic-genetic axis in mitochondrial regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0093-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise D Zheng
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
| | - Leah E Linarelli
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
| | - Longhua Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
| | - Sarah S Wall
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
| | - Mark H Greenawald
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard W Seidel
- Department of Psychiatry, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul A Estabrooks
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Fabio A Almeida
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
| | - Zhiyong Cheng
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
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57
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Epigenetics: Its Understanding Is Crucial to a Sustainable Healthcare System. Healthcare (Basel) 2015; 3:194-204. [PMID: 27417756 PMCID: PMC4939546 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare3020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular impact of lifestyle factors has never been so important; a period in time where there are so many adults above retirement age has been previously unknown. As a species, our life expectancy is increasing yet the period of our lives where we enjoy good health is not expanding proportionately. Over the next 50 years we will need to almost double the percentage of GDP spent on health care, largely due to the increasing incidence of obesity related chronic diseases. A greater understanding and implementation of an integrated approach to health is required. Research exploring the impact of nutritional and exercise intervention on the epigenetically flexible genome is up front in terms of addressing healthy aging. Alongside this, we need a greater understanding of the interaction with our immune and nervous systems in preserving and maintaining health and cognition.
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58
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59
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Tamoxifen reduces fat mass by boosting reactive oxygen species. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1586. [PMID: 25569103 PMCID: PMC4669751 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As the pandemic of obesity is growing, a variety of animal models have been generated to study the mechanisms underlying the increased adiposity and development of metabolic disorders. Tamoxifen (Tam) is widely used to activate Cre recombinase that spatiotemporally controls target gene expression and regulates adiposity in laboratory animals. However, a critical question remains as to whether Tam itself affects adiposity and possibly confounds the functional study of target genes in adipose tissue. Here we administered Tam to Cre-absent forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) floxed mice (f-FoxO1) and insulin receptor substrate Irs1/Irs2 double floxed mice (df-Irs) and found that Tam induced approximately 30% reduction (P<0.05) in fat mass with insignificant change in body weight. Mechanistically, Tam promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis and autophagy, which was associated with downregulation of adipogenic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes. However, normalization of ROS potently suppressed Tam-induced apoptosis, autophagy and adipocyte dedifferentiation, suggesting that ROS may account, at least in part, for the changes. Importantly, Tam-induced ROS production and fat mass reduction lasted for 4–5 weeks in the f-FoxO1 and df-Irs mice. Our data suggest that Tam reduces fat mass via boosting ROS, thus making a recovery period crucial for posttreatment study.
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60
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Woo JS, Perez-Rosendahl M, Haydel D, Perens G, Fishbein MC. A novel association of biventricular cardiac noncompaction and diabetic embryopathy: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2015; 18:71-5. [PMID: 25386687 DOI: 10.2350/14-07-1532-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic embryopathy refers to a constellation of congenital malformations arising in the setting of poorly controlled maternal diabetes mellitus. Cardiac abnormalities are the most frequently observed findings, with a 5-fold risk over normal pregnancies. Although a diverse spectrum of cardiac defects has been documented, cardiac noncompaction morphology has not been associated with this syndrome. In this report, we describe a novel case of biventricular cardiac noncompaction in a neonate of a diabetic mother. The patient was a late preterm female with right anotia, caudal dysgenesis, multiple cardiac septal and aortic arch defects, and biventricular cardiac noncompaction. Examination of both ventricles demonstrated spongy myocardium with increased myocardial trabeculation greater than 50% left ventricular thickness and greater than 75% right ventricular thickness, with hypoplasia of the bilateral papillary muscles, consistent with noncompaction morphology. Review of the literature highlights the importance of gene expression and epigenomic regulation in cardiac embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Woo
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 13-145, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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61
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Malenfant S, Potus F, Fournier F, Breuils-Bonnet S, Pflieger A, Bourassa S, Tremblay È, Nehmé B, Droit A, Bonnet S, Provencher S. Skeletal muscle proteomic signature and metabolic impairment in pulmonary hypertension. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:573-84. [PMID: 25548805 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exercise limitation comes from a close interaction between cardiovascular and skeletal muscle impairments. To better understand the implication of possible peripheral oxidative metabolism dysfunction, we studied the proteomic signature of skeletal muscle in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Eight idiopathic PAH patients and eight matched healthy sedentary subjects were evaluated for exercise capacity, skeletal muscle proteomic profile, metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Skeletal muscle proteins were extracted, and fractioned peptides were tagged using an iTRAQ protocol. Proteomic analyses have documented a total of 9 downregulated proteins in PAH skeletal muscles and 10 upregulated proteins compared to healthy subjects. Most of the downregulated proteins were related to mitochondrial structure and function. Focusing on skeletal muscle metabolism and mitochondrial health, PAH patients presented a decreased expression of oxidative enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase, p < 0.01) and an increased expression of glycolytic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase activity, p < 0.05). These findings were supported by abnormal mitochondrial morphology on electronic microscopy, lower citrate synthase activity (p < 0.01) and lower expression of the transcription factor A of the mitochondria (p < 0.05), confirming a more glycolytic metabolism in PAH skeletal muscles. We provide evidences that impaired mitochondrial and metabolic functions found in the lungs and the right ventricle are also present in skeletal muscles of patients. KEY MESSAGE • Proteomic and metabolic analysis show abnormal oxidative metabolism in PAH skeletal muscle. • EM of PAH patients reveals abnormal mitochondrial structure and distribution. • Abnormal mitochondrial health and function contribute to exercise impairments of PAH. • PAH may be considered a vascular affliction of heart and lungs with major impact on peripheral muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Malenfant
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Service de Pneumologie, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
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Facteurs influençant la prescription d’activités physiques dans la prise en charge thérapeutique du patient diabétique de type 2. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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63
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Stacchiotti A, Favero G, Giugno L, Lavazza A, Reiter RJ, Rodella LF, Rezzani R. Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction in renal convoluted tubules of obese mice: protective role of melatonin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111141. [PMID: 25347680 PMCID: PMC4210266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common and complex health problem, which impacts crucial organs; it is also considered an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease. Few studies have analyzed the consequence of obesity in the renal proximal convoluted tubules, which are the major tubules involved in reabsorptive processes. For optimal performance of the kidney, energy is primarily provided by mitochondria. Melatonin, an indoleamine and antioxidant, has been identified in mitochondria, and there is considerable evidence regarding its essential role in the prevention of oxidative mitochondrial damage. In this study we evaluated the mechanism(s) of mitochondrial alterations in an animal model of obesity (ob/ob mice) and describe the beneficial effects of melatonin treatment on mitochondrial morphology and dynamics as influenced by mitofusin-2 and the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Melatonin dissolved in 1% ethanol was added to the drinking water from postnatal week 5–13; the calculated dose of melatonin intake was 100 mg/kg body weight/day. Compared to control mice, obesity-related morphological alterations were apparent in the proximal tubules which contained round mitochondria with irregular, short cristae and cells with elevated apoptotic index. Melatonin supplementation in obese mice changed mitochondria shape and cristae organization of proximal tubules, enhanced mitofusin-2 expression, which in turn modulated the progression of the mitochondria-driven intrinsic apoptotic pathway. These changes possibly aid in reducing renal failure. The melatonin-mediated changes indicate its potential protective use against renal morphological damage and dysfunction associated with obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorena Giugno
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, OIE Reference Laboratory for RHD, Brescia, Italy
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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64
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Enhanced ROS production and oxidative damage in subcutaneous white adipose tissue mitochondria in obese and type 2 diabetes subjects. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 399:95-103. [PMID: 25312902 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the insulin target tissues has been implicated in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. The study has examined the oxidative stress parameters in the mitochondria of subcutaneous white adipose tissue from obese and non-obese subjects with or without type 2 diabetes. An accumulation of protein carbonyls, fluorescent lipid peroxidation products, and malondialdehyde occurs in the adipose tissue mitochondria of obese type 2 diabetic, non-diabetic obese, and non-obese diabetic subjects with the maximum increase noticed in the obese type 2 diabetes patients and the minimum in non-obese type 2 diabetics. The mitochondria from obese type 2 diabetics, non-diabetic obese, and non-obese type 2 diabetics also produce significantly more reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro compared to those of controls, and apparently the mitochondrial ROS production rate in each group is proportional to the respective load of oxidative damage markers. Likewise, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase show decreased activities most markedly in obese type 2 diabetes subjects and to a lesser degree in non-obese type 2 diabetes or non-diabetic obese subjects in comparison to control. The results imply that mitochondrial dysfunction with enhanced ROS production may contribute to the metabolic abnormality of adipose tissue in obesity and diabetes.
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65
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Agrawal A, Prakash YS. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and airway disease: a bioenergetic problem? Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 34:785-96. [PMID: 25282291 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have determined that obesity increases asthma risk or severity. Metabolic changes of obesity, such as diabetes or insulin resistance, are associated with asthma and poorer lung function. Insulin resistance is also found to increase asthma risk independent of body mass. Conversely, asthma is associated with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and obesity. Here we review our current understanding of how dietary and lifestyle factors lead to changes in mitochondrial metabolism and cellular bioenergetics, inducing various components of the cardiometabolic syndrome and airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Agrawal
- Molecular Immunogenetics Laboratory and Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma & Lung Disease, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Vickers MH. Early life nutrition, epigenetics and programming of later life disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:2165-78. [PMID: 24892374 PMCID: PMC4073141 DOI: 10.3390/nu6062165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is often causally linked to marked changes in diet and lifestyle; namely marked increases in dietary intakes of high energy diets and concomitant reductions in physical activity levels. However, less attention has been paid to the role of developmental plasticity and alterations in phenotypic outcomes resulting from altered environmental conditions during the early life period. Human and experimental animal studies have highlighted the link between alterations in the early life environment and increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders in later life. This link is conceptualised as the developmental programming hypothesis whereby environmental influences during critical periods of developmental plasticity can elicit lifelong effects on the health and well-being of the offspring. In particular, the nutritional environment in which the fetus or infant develops influences the risk of metabolic disorders in offspring. The late onset of such diseases in response to earlier transient experiences has led to the suggestion that developmental programming may have an epigenetic component, as epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation or histone tail modifications could provide a persistent memory of earlier nutritional states. Moreover, evidence exists, at least from animal models, that such epigenetic programming should be viewed as a transgenerational phenomenon. However, the mechanisms by which early environmental insults can have long-term effects on offspring are relatively unclear. Thus far, these mechanisms include permanent structural changes to the organ caused by suboptimal levels of an important factor during a critical developmental period, changes in gene expression caused by epigenetic modifications (including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA) and permanent changes in cellular ageing. A better understanding of the epigenetic basis of developmental programming and how these effects may be transmitted across generations is essential for the implementation of initiatives aimed at curbing the current obesity and diabetes crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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