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Liu LL, Li XF, Qin WQ, Liu XL, Li G, Shu SN, Fang F. Is IL-17 an accomplice contributing to salivary gland damage during CMV infection? Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to explore the potential role of IL-17 in the pathological damage to the salivary gland during CMV infection. Materials & methods: For all studies, 4-week-old female BALB/c mice were used. Mouse embryo fibroblast cells were isolated from embryos of pregnant mice. The Smith murine CMV (MCMV) strain was propagated and obtained from homogenates of the salivary glands. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups. Mice in one group were infected with Smith MCMV to establish disseminated infection; mice in the other group were controls. Four mice of each group were randomly chosen to be harvested on days 3, 7, 14 and 28. Viral titers in salivary gland tissues were determined using a standard plaque assay; IL-17+ T cells in the spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry; the expressions of IL-17 and IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) mRNA was measured by reverse transcription PCR; and the pathology of the salivary glands in infected mice were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: The viral titers in salivary gland tissues, which were much higher than those of other organs, elevated on day 7 and peaked on day 14, then gradually declined on day 28. The percentages of CD4+IL-17+ T cells were increased in MCMV-infected mice compared with controls, with the main increase of CD4+IL-17+ T cells being Th17 cells (p < 0.05). In salivary gland tissues, the expression of IL-17 and IL-17R mRNA increased significantly and achieved the highest level on day 14, which was significantly higher than that of the controls (p < 0.05). Compared with controls, serious inflammatory cellular infiltrates in the salivary glands were present on day 7 after MCMV infection, and on day 14, many of the cellular infiltrate became larger and coalesced with neighboring foci. We found that IL-17 and IL-17R were enriched in the salivary glands when the tissues were mainly injured. Conclusion: The results illustrated that the inflammatory factors, IL-17 and IL-17R, possibly contributed to the process of viral infection and played a part in inducing pathological damage of the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-ling Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xu-fang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wen-qing Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xing-lou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sai-nan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG. New Insights in the Immunobiology of IL-1 Family Members. Front Immunol 2013; 4:167. [PMID: 23847614 PMCID: PMC3703542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL 1) family of ligands is associated with acute and chronic inflammation, and plays an essential role in the non-specific innate response to infection. The biological properties of IL 1 family ligands are typically pro-inflammatory. The IL 1 family has 11 family members and can be categorized into subfamilies according to the length of their precursor and the length of the propiece for each precursor (Figure 1). The IL 1 subfamily consists of IL 1α, IL 1β, and IL 33, with the longest propieces of the IL 1 family. IL 18 and IL 37 belong to the IL 18 subfamily and contain smaller propieces than IL 1 and IL-33. Since IL 37 binds to the IL 18Rα chain it is part of the IL 18 subfamily, however it remains to be elucidated how the propiece of IL 37 is removed. IL 36α, β, and γ as well as IL 36 Ra belong to the IL 36 subfamily. In addition, IL 38 likely belongs to this family since it has the ability to bind to the IL 36R. The IL 36 subfamily has the shortest propiece. The one member of the IL 1 family that cannot be categorized in these subfamilies is IL 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1Ra), which has a signal peptide and is readily secreted. In the present review we will describe the biological functions of the IL-1F members and new insights in their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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Mesturini R, Gigliotti CL, Orilieri E, Cappellano G, Soluri MF, Boggio E, Woldetsadik A, Dianzani C, Sblattero D, Chiocchetti A, Yagi J, Rojo JM, Dianzani U. Differential induction of IL-17, IL-10, and IL-9 in human T helper cells by B7h and B7.1. Cytokine 2013; 64:322-30. [PMID: 23778031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ICOS and CD28 are expressed by T cells and are involved in costimulation of cytokine production in T helper (TH) cells. ICOS binds B7h expressed by several cell types, whereas CD28 binds B7.1 and B7.2 expressed by activated antigen presenting cells. This work investigated the role of B7h and B7.1 in TH17 and TH9 cell differentiation by assessing activity of recombinant B7h-Fc and B7.1-Fc on human naïve TH cells activated in the presence of different combinations of exogenous cytokines. In the presence of TGF-β1 and IL-1β (TH17 promoting condition), B7h-Fc was more effective than B7.1-Fc in inducing IL-17A and IL-10 secretion, whereas B7.1-Fc was more effective in inducing IL-17F. Dual costimulation with B7h-Fc and B7.1-Fc displayed an intermediate pattern with predominance of IL-17F over IL-17A, secretion of high levels of IL-10, and secretion of IL-9 levels lower than those induced by B7.1-Fc alone. In the presence of TGF-β1 and IL-4 (TH9 promoting condition), B7h-Fc induced IL-17A only, whereas B7.1-Fc induced also IL-17F, IL-10, and high levels of IL-9. Experiments on memory TH cells showed that B7h-Fc mainly supported secretion of IL-17A and IL-10, whereas B7.1-Fc supported secretion of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-10, and IL-9. These data indicate that B7h and B7.1 play different roles in modulation of TH17 and TH9 differentiation. This plasticity might be important in the immune response to pathogens and tumors, and in the development of autoimmune diseases, and should be taken in consideration in designing of immunotherapeutic protocols triggering ICOS or CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Mesturini
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) and Department of Health Sciences, "A. Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Talarico LB, Bugna J, Wimmenauer V, Espinoza MA, Quipildor MO, Hijano DR, Beccaria M, Wurster V, Cavagnaro LE, Martinez D, Fattore G, Batalle JP, Acosta PL, Reynoso N, Melendi GA, Rey FA, Libster R, Polack FP. T helper type 2 bias and type 17 suppression in primary dengue virus infection in infants and young children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:411-9. [PMID: 23764739 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response to dengue virus (DENV) primary infection in infants and young children is not well characterized. In Northern Argentina, >90% of the population was DENV-naïve before the 2009 outbreak, allowing evaluation of age-dependent primary responses to infection. METHODS We conducted a comparative study of the immune response to DENV in 27 infected infants, young children and their mothers. Lymphocyte T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17 and inflammatory responses were assayed in blood during the 2009 DENV-1 epidemic. RESULTS The immune response to DENV-1 was significantly biased to Th2 in infected infants and young children, compared to infants with other febrile illnesses (for IL-4 p < 0.001) and to their infected mothers (for IL-4 p < 0.01). In addition, IL-17 suppression was observed in the memory response to DENV-1 in infected infants (p < 0.01 vs placebo). CONCLUSION Age-related differences in the primary response to DENV, characterized by an immature Th2 polarization and Th17 suppression in infants, should be studied further in order to expand our understanding of the mechanism of dengue pathogenesis.
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Rus F, Flatt T, Tong M, Aggarwal K, Okuda K, Kleino A, Yates E, Tatar M, Silverman N. Ecdysone triggered PGRP-LC expression controls Drosophila innate immunity. EMBO J 2013; 32:1626-38. [PMID: 23652443 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, steroid hormones have been implicated in the defense against microbial infection, but how these systemic signals control immunity is unclear. Here, we show that the steroid hormone ecdysone controls the expression of the pattern recognition receptor PGRP-LC in Drosophila, thereby tightly regulating innate immune recognition and defense against bacterial infection. We identify a group of steroid-regulated transcription factors as well as two GATA transcription factors that act as repressors and activators of the immune response and are required for the proper hormonal control of PGRP-LC expression. Together, our results demonstrate that Drosophila use complex mechanisms to modulate innate immune responses, and identify a transcriptional hierarchy that integrates steroid signalling and immunity in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Rus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Yadav A, Kumar A, Tripathi A, Das M. Sunset yellow FCF, a permitted food dye, alters functional responses of splenocytes at non-cytotoxic dose. Toxicol Lett 2013; 217:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Williams A, Steffens F, Reinecke C, Meyer D. The Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile of HIV-infected individuals: A multivariate cytokinomics approach. Cytokine 2013; 61:521-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schoffelen T, Illnait-Zaragozi MT, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Boekhout T, Meis JF, Sprong T. Cryptococcus gattii induces a cytokine pattern that is distinct from other cryptococcal species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55579. [PMID: 23383232 PMCID: PMC3561320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding more about the host's immune response to different Cryptococcus spp. will provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of cryptocococcis. We hypothesized that the ability of C. gattii to cause disease in immunocompetent humans depends on a distinct innate cytokine response of the host to this emerging pathogen. In the current study we assessed the cytokine profile of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy individuals, after in vitro stimulation with 40 different well-defined heat-killed isolates of C. gattii, C. neoformans and several hybrid strains. In addition, we investigated the involvement of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the pro-inflammatory cytokine response to C. gattii. Isolates of C. gattii induced higher concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 and the Th17/22 cytokine IL-17 and IL-22 compared to C. neoformans var neoformans and C. neoformans var grubii. In addition, clinical C. gattii isolates induced higher amounts of cytokines than environmental isolates. This difference was not observed in C. neoformans var. grubii isolates. Furthermore, we demonstrated a likely contribution of TLR4 and TLR9, but no role for TLR2, in the host's cytokine response to C. gattii. In conclusion, clinical heat-killed C. gattii isolates induced a more pronounced inflammatory response compared to other Cryptococcus species and non-clinical C. gattii. This is dependent on TLR4 and TLR9 as cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teske Schoffelen
- Department of Medicine and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Medicine and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Medicine and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Sprong
- Department of Medicine and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Ren Z, Wang Y, Duan T, Patel J, Liggett T, Loda E, Brahma S, Goswami R, Grouse C, Byrne R, Stefoski D, Javed A, Miller SD, Balabanov R. Cross-immunoreactivity between bacterial aquaporin-Z and human aquaporin-4: potential relevance to neuromyelitis optica. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4602-11. [PMID: 23008451 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS that is mediated, in part, by a self-reactive Ab against the astrocyte aquaporin-4 protein. In the current study, we examined the possibility and the biological significance of cross-immunoreactivity between bacterial aquaporin-Z and human aquaporin-4 proteins. Sequence-alignment analysis of these proteins revealed several regions of significant structural homology. Some of the homologous regions were also found to overlap with important immune and disease-relevant epitopes. Cross-immunoreactivity between aquaporin-Z and aquaporin-4 was investigated and ascertained in multiple immune-based assays using sera from patients with neuromyelitis optica, immune mouse serum, and Abs raised against aquaporin-Z. The biological significance of this phenomenon was established in series of experiments demonstrating that induction of an immune response against aquaporin-Z or its homologous regions can also trigger an autoimmune reaction against aquaporin-4 and inflammation of the CNS. Our study indicates that the autoimmune response against aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica may be triggered by infection-induced cross-immunoreactivity and presents a new perspective on the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Dunstan SJ, Rockett KA, Quyen NTN, Teo YY, Thai CQ, Hang NT, Jeffreys A, Clark TG, Small KS, Simmons CP, Day N, O'Riordan SE, Kwiatkowski DP, Farrar J, Phu NH, Hien TT. Variation in human genes encoding adhesion and proinflammatory molecules are associated with severe malaria in the Vietnamese. Genes Immun 2012; 13:503-8. [PMID: 22673309 PMCID: PMC3758997 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis for susceptibility to malaria has been studied widely in African populations but less is known of the contribution of specific genetic variants in Asian populations. We genotyped 67 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1030 severe malaria cases and 2840 controls from Vietnam. After data quality control, genotyping data of 956 cases and 2350 controls were analysed for 65 SNPs (3 gender confirmation, 62 positioned in/near 42 malarial candidate genes). A total of 14 SNPs were monomorphic and 2 (rs8078340 and rs33950507) were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in controls (P<0.01). In all, 7/46 SNPs in 6 genes (ICAM1, IL1A, IL17RC, IL13, LTA and TNF) were associated with severe malaria, with 3/7 SNPs in the TNF/LTA region. Genotype-phenotype correlations between SNPs and clinical parameters revealed that genotypes of rs708567 (IL17RC) correlate with parasitemia (P=0.028, r(2)=0.0086), with GG homozygotes having the lowest parasite burden. Additionally, rs708567 GG homozygotes had a decreased risk of severe malaria (P=0.007, OR=0.78 (95% CI; 0.65-0.93)) and death (P=0.028, OR=0.58 (95% CI; 0.37-0.93)) than those with AA and AG genotypes. In summary, variants in six genes encoding adhesion and proinflammatory molecules are associated with severe malaria in the Vietnamese. Further replicative studies in independent populations will be necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Dunstan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Lilic D. Unravelling fungal immunity through primary immune deficiencies. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:420-6. [PMID: 22818901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections affect individuals with an impaired immune system and are on the increase, often with serious consequences. Recent studies in patients with primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) have led to important breakthroughs in our understanding of the different, mutually exclusive pathways underlying immunity to mucocutaneous as opposed to invasive fungal infections. Patients with defects affecting segments of innate (dectin-1, CARD9, IL12RB1) or adaptive immunity (interleukin (IL)17-F, IL-17 receptor, STAT1, STAT3, antibodies to Th-17 cytokines) that disrupt the Th-17 pathway, are unable to clear superficial Candida or Dermatophyte infections and suffer with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). Patients with defects affecting phagocyte function (oxidative killing, neutropenia) or a severely impaired immune system are at risk of developing invasive, often fatal fungal disease with Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcai and other fungi. PIDs are hugely beneficial in promoting our knowledge of fungal immunity and provide important contributions toward evidence-based diagnosis and improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desa Lilic
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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Nocardia brasiliensis induces an immunosuppressive microenvironment that favors chronic infection in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2493-9. [PMID: 22547544 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06307-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia brasiliensis is an intracellular microorganism and the most common etiologic agent of actinomycetoma in the Americas. Several intracellular pathogens induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment through increases in CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), thus downregulating other T-cell subpopulations and assuring survival in the host. In this study, we determined whether N. brasiliensis modulates T-lymphocyte responses and their related cytokine profiles in a murine experimental model. We also examined the relationship between N. brasiliensis immunomodulation and pathogenesis and bacterial survival. In early infection, Th17/Tc17 cells were increased at day 3 (P < 0.05) in footpad tissue and spleen. Treg subpopulations peaked at days 7 and 15 (P < 0.01) in the footpad and spleen, respectively. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and interleuki-10 (IL-10) are cytokines known for their immunosuppressive effects. During early and chronic infections, these cytokines were elevated with increased TGF-β1 levels from days 3 to 30 (P < 0.01) and sustained IL-10 expression throughout infection compared to uninfected mice. IL-6 production was increased at day 3 (P < 0.01), whereas gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-17A, and IL-23 levels were highest at day 15 postinfection (P < 0.01) when a decrease in the bacterial load (>1 log) was also observed (P < 0.05). After these changes, at 30 to 60 days postinfection, IFN-γ production was decreased, whereas the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the bacterial load again increased (P < 0.05). The increment in Treg cells and the related cytokine profile correlated with reduced inflammation at day 15 (P < 0.05) in the footpad. We conclude that N. brasiliensis modulates the immune system to induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment that benefits its survival during the chronic stage of infection.
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Characterization of Th17 responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae in humans: comparisons between adults and children in a developed and a developing country. Vaccine 2012; 30:3897-907. [PMID: 22504663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae as well as mucosal or parenteral immunization with a recently developed killed pneumococcal whole cell vaccine, confer Th17-mediated protection against subsequent S. pneumoniae colonization in mice. Given our interest in the function of Th17 cells and the ongoing efforts to develop this vaccine for use in infants and children in developing countries, we analyzed Th17 responses to the whole cell antigen (WCA) and individual pneumococcal antigens in healthy individuals and patients with pneumococcal disease and compared responses in children and adults from Sweden and Bangladesh. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from Swedish adults produced IL-17A after stimulation with WCA, with the pneumolysoid PdT and with the protein required for cell separation in group B streptococci (PcsB). IL-22 and IFN-γ responses were also detected, but these cytokines originated from separate CD4+ T cell subsets. PBMCs from Swedish children produced lower levels of IL-17A in response to WCA compared to adults, whereas no such difference was noted from the samples from Bangladesh, where responses by children and adults were both significantly higher than those in Sweden. High IL-17A responses to stimulation with WCA were also observed in children with proven or probable pneumococcal pneumonia. Our results thus demonstrate the presence of Th17-type T cells that are specific for pneumococcus in both children and adults. The different levels of Th17 responses to pneumococci in children and adults in developing and developed countries, which may at least partly be due to differences in exposure to pneumococci, are important factors to consider in the evaluation of candidate pneumococcal protein-based vaccines in human trials.
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CNS-specific therapy for ongoing EAE by silencing IL-17 pathway in astrocytes. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1338-48. [PMID: 22434134 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine family is crucial to the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been shown in a neuroectoderm-specific knockout study that astrocyte-restricted ablation of Act1, a key and common transcription factor for signals mediated by IL-17 family members (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17C), ameliorates EAE. However, the effect of Act1 deficiency in astrocytes on ongoing disease, which is of clinical relevance for MS therapy, has not been investigated. Here we report that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of a novel lentiviral vector (shAct1) to knockdown Act1 expression in astrocytes effectively inhibited disease progression at EAE induction, clinical onset, and peak of disease (ongoing phases), with significantly reduced numbers of infiltrating inflammatory cells and percentage of Th17 cells in the central nervous system (CNS). This was mainly due to the suppressed expression of Th17-related chemokines in astrocytes, while neurotrophic factors in the CNS and immune responses in the periphery were not affected. These results demonstrate that blocking the IL-17 pathways in astrocytes is a promising therapeutic approach for MS in a CNS-specific manner, which does not interfere with systemic immune responses, a major concern in conventional MS therapy.
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Maziarz EK, Perfect JR. IRIS and Fungal Infections: What Have We Learned? CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-011-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Novel approach for improved assessment of phenotypic and functional characteristics of BKV-specific T-cell immunity. Transplantation 2012; 92:1269-77. [PMID: 22124284 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318234e0e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BKV-associated nephropathy represents a serious complication of the posttransplant period in kidney transplant recipients. Monitoring BKV-specific immunity is of a special importance for estimation of clinical course in patients with BKV reactivation. Our recent data demonstrated that all five BKV antigens are immunogenic and elicit T-cell responses varying within patients. Therefore, all five BKV proteins should be evaluated for the assessment of BKV-specific immunity. However, analysis of five proteins performed separately is time- and cost-intensive and requires large amount of blood. METHODS Using novel approach of a mixture of overlapping peptide pools encompassing all five BKV antigens (viral protein [VP] 1, VP2, VP3, large tumor antigen, and small tumor antigen) and multiparameter flow cytometry, we evaluate BKV-specific T cells in patients with a previous/present severe long-lasting or transient BKV reactivation. Patients without BKV reactivation were used as control. RESULTS In this study, we show that using mixture of overlapping peptide pool results in the magnitude of CD4- and CD8-positive BKV-specific T-cell response, which is significantly higher compared with any frequencies detected by previously used single BKV antigen stimulation. Of interest, patients with a history of rapid BKV clearance had significantly higher frequency of multifunctional interferon gamma-γ/interleukin (IL)-2/tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-2/tumor necrosis factor-α CD4-positive T cells, suggesting protective potential of polyfunctional T cells. Furthermore, we did not find IL-17-producing BKV-specific memory T cells in patients recovered from BKV reactivation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we established a fast and sensitive approach allowing the most comprehensive assessment of the total BKV immunity performed to date and offer a new platform for further prospective studies.
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Quelhas D, Puyol L, Quintó L, Nhampossa T, Serra-Casas E, Macete E, Aide P, Sanz S, Aponte JJ, Doolan DL, Alonso PL, Menéndez C, Dobaño C. Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine does not modify plasma cytokines and chemokines or intracellular cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican children. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:5. [PMID: 22280502 PMCID: PMC3398260 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines and chemokines are key mediators of anti-malarial immunity. We evaluated whether Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTi-SP) had an effect on the acquisition of these cellular immune responses in Mozambican children. Multiple cytokines and chemokines were quantified in plasma by luminex, and antigen-specific cytokine production in whole blood was determined by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry, at ages 5, 9, 12 and 24 months. RESULTS IPTi-SP did not significantly affect the proportion of CD3+ cells producing IFN-γ, IL-4 or IL-10. Overall, plasma cytokine or chemokine concentrations did not differ between treatment groups. Th1 and pro-inflammatory responses were higher than Th2 and anti-inflammatory responses, respectively, and IFN-γ:IL-4 ratios were higher for placebo than for SP recipients. Levels of cytokines and chemokines varied according to age, declining from 5 to 9 months. Plasma concentrations of IL-10, IL-12 and IL-13 were associated with current infection or prior malaria episodes. Higher frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-10 producing CD3+ cells and elevated IL-10, IFN-γ, MCP-1 and IL-13 in plasma were individually associated with increased malaria incidence, at different time points. When all markers were analyzed together, only higher IL-17 at 12 months was associated with lower incidence of malaria up to 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Our work has confirmed that IPTi-SP does not negatively affect the development of cellular immune response during early childhood. This study has also provided new insights as to how these cytokine responses are acquired upon age and exposure to P. falciparum, as well as their associations with malaria susceptibility. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00209795.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Quelhas
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique
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Molnar-Kimber KL, Kimber CT. Each type of cause that initiates rheumatoid arthritis or RA flares differentially affects the response to therapy. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:123-9. [PMID: 22051110 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents difficulty in diagnosis, commonly observed flare ups, polycyclical nature of RA progression, and variable response to therapies. Congruent with multiple causes, literature has documented various infectious agents, environmental factors, physical trauma, silica and food sensitivities as potential causes of RA or RA flares in different populations. We propose that these>36 events can initiate RA or RA flares which complicates treatment decisions. Each pharmaceutical medicine benefits 15-82% of RA patients. Predictive factors are needed. Because the initiating cause of RA or RA flare affects the type of joint damage, initial inflammatory response, adaptive immune response, and potential molecular mimicry, we propose the "RA cause affects response to therapy" (RACART) theory. The potential cause combined with confounding factors such as genetic risk factors, nutritional status, epigenetic status, inflammatory levels, and detoxification ability may help predict responses to various therapies.
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Galand C, Donnou S, Crozet L, Brunet S, Touitou V, Ouakrim H, Fridman WH, Sautès-Fridman C, Fisson S. Th17 cells are involved in the local control of tumor progression in primary intraocular lymphoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24622. [PMID: 21949734 PMCID: PMC3176763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, but despite some reports of their antitumor properties, too little is known about their presence and role in cancers. Specifically, knowledge is sparse about the relation of Th17 to lymphoma microenvironments and, more particularly, to the microenvironment of primary intraocular B-cell lymphoma (PIOL), an aggressive lymphoma with a poor prognosis. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, we investigated the presence of Th17 cells and their related cytokines in a syngeneic model of PIOL, a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The very small number of lymphocytes trafficking in normal eyes, which represent a low background as compared to tumor-bearing eyes, allows us to develop the present model to characterize the different lymphocyte subsets present when a tumor is developing. IL-21 mRNA was expressed concomitantly with IL-17 mRNA in tumor-bearing eyes and intracellular expression of IL-17A and IL-21 in infiltrating CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Interestingly, IL-17A production by T cells was negatively correlated with tumor burden. We also showed that IL-21 but not IL-17 inhibits tumor cell proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that IL-17A and IL-21-producing CD4(+) T cells, referred as Th17 cells, infiltrate this tumor locally and suggest that Th17-related cytokines may counteract tumor progression via IL-21 production. Thus, Th17 cells or their related cytokines could be considered to be a new therapeutic approach for non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, particularly those with an ocular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Galand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Donnou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Crozet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Brunet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Touitou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
| | - Hanane Ouakrim
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Fisson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Smeekens SP, van de Veerdonk FL, Joosten LAB, Jacobs L, Jansen T, Williams DL, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG. The classical CD14⁺⁺ CD16⁻ monocytes, but not the patrolling CD14⁺ CD16⁺ monocytes, promote Th17 responses to Candida albicans. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2915-24. [PMID: 21695694 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the functional differences between cluster of differentiation (CD)14(++) CD16(-) and CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes during anti-Candida host defense. CD14(++) CD16(-) are the "classical" monocytes and represent the majority of circulating monocytes in humans, while CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes patrol the vasculature for maintenance of tissue integrity and repair. Both monocyte subsets inhibited the germination of live Candida albicans, and there was no difference in their capacity to phagocytose and kill Candida. Although production of IL-6 and IL-10 induced by C. albicans was found to be similar between monocyte subsets, IL-1β and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was higher in CD14(++) CD16(-) compared with CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes. In line with the increased production of IL-1β and PGE2, central mediators for inducing Th17 responses, CD14(++) CD16(-) monocytes induced greater Th17 responses upon stimulation with heat-killed C. albicans yeast. The percentage of cells that expressed mannose receptor (MR) was higher in the CD14(++) CD16(-) monocyte subset, and MR-specific stimulation induced higher Th17 responses only in co-cultures of CD14(++) CD16(-) monocytes and CD4 lymphocytes. In conclusion, both monocyte subsets have potent innate antifungal properties, but only CD14(++) CD16(-) monocytes are capable of inducing a potent Th17 response to C. albicans, an important component of antifungal host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne P Smeekens
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Polymorphisms in CCR6 are associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease and invasive fungal disease in matched-related hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:1443-9. [PMID: 21763254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and fungal infections are frequent complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the immune system can influence the inflammatory cascade and T cell-driven alloimmune reactions after HSCT, and thus increasing the incidence of GVHD and infectious complications. Here, we investigated the effect of SNPs in IL-23R and CCR6 on posttransplantation outcome in 161 recipients of partially T cell-depleted HSCT. Remarkably, IL-23R SNPs were not associated with clinical outcome, but we found that disparities in the CCR6 tagSNP rs2301436 and SNP rs3093023 are independently associated with the occurrence of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and invasive fungal disease. In multivariate analysis, patients receiving a transplant from a homozygous rs2301436 G allele donor showed less cGVHD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.16; P = .002), as was the case for a homozygous donor rs3093023 G allele (OR: 0.24; P = .005). In parallel, the GG genotype at rs2301436 in donors was associated with a higher incidence of invasive fungal disease at day 100 after HSCT (OR: 3.59; P = .008). This study shows that CCR6 SNPs can be used to predict clinical outcome, and that polymorphisms in the CCR6 gene may influence T cell-mediated immune reactions after HSCT.
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Hummelen R, Vos AP, van't Land B, van Norren K, Reid G. Altered host-microbe interaction in HIV: a target for intervention with pro- and prebiotics. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 29:485-513. [PMID: 20839912 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.505310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is severely affected by HIV and circulating microbial products from the intestinal tract that provide an ongoing source of systemic inflammation and concomitant viral replication. In addition, HIV-infected individuals can have a deregulated immune response that may hamper the anti-viral capacity of the host. Various probiotic organisms and prebiotic agents have been shown to enhance intestinal epithelial barrier functions, reduce inflammation, and support effective Th-1 responses. As these characteristics may benefit HIV patients, this review aims to provide a theoretical framework for the development of probiotic and prebiotic interventions specifically for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Hummelen
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mühl H, Bachmann M, Pfeilschifter J. Inducible NO synthase and antibacterial host defence in times of Th17/Th22/T22 immunity. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:340-8. [PMID: 21199257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS or NOS2) has been characterized as immunoregulatory and antimicrobial principle displaying the potential to determine course of disease in a range of infections. Being an enzyme primarily regulated on expressional level, cytokine-driven iNOS appears to be connected in particular with activation of Th1-type immunity. However, with the recent advent of additional, partly overlapping CD4(+) T cell effector subsets, namely Th17 and Th22 cells, a further layer of complexity has been added to immunoregulatory networks determining inflammatory gene expression in the context of microbial infections. Here, we review current knowledge on activation of iNOS function by interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 with focus on Th17/Th22-directed antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Mühl
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Syk-coupled C-type lectins in immunity. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:151-6. [PMID: 21334257 PMCID: PMC3074083 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Syk-coupled C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 was the first non-Toll like receptor described that could mediate its own intracellular signalling. It was initially identified as important for the innate recognition of and response to fungal pathogens but later studies revealed that it is also involved in triggering adaptive immune responses. It subsequently emerged that Dectin-1 is one of a number of spleen tyrosine kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors that have been implicated not just in fungal immunity, but also in viral, mycobacterial and helminth infections. Here, we consider the ability of these receptors to trigger different aspects of immunity and highlight their emerging roles in a number of infection scenarios.
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Immunonutritional diet modulates natural killer cell activation and Th17 cell distribution in patients with gastric and esophageal cancer. Nutrition 2011; 27:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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De Koker S, Lambrecht BN, Willart MA, van Kooyk Y, Grooten J, Vervaet C, Remon JP, De Geest BG. Designing polymeric particles for antigen delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:320-39. [PMID: 21060941 DOI: 10.1039/b914943k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
By targeting dendritic cells, polymeric carriers in the nano to lower micron range constitute very interesting tools for antigen delivery. In this critical review, we review how new immunological insights can be exploited to design new carriers allowing one to tune immune responses and to further increase vaccine potency (137 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan De Koker
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vieira MM, Ferreira TB, Pacheco PA, Barros PO, Almeida CR, Araújo-Lima CF, Silva-Filho RG, Hygino J, Andrade RM, Linhares UC, Andrade AF, Bento CA. Enhanced Th17 phenotype in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 229:212-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ishida H, Matsuzaki-Moriya C, Imai T, Yanagisawa K, Nojima Y, Suzue K, Hirai M, Iwakura Y, Yoshimura A, Hamano S, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H. Development of experimental cerebral malaria is independent of IL-23 and IL-17. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:790-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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79
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Lee SJ, Lee EJ, Kim SH, Choi I, Lee DM, Lee HJ, Yoon D, Chun T. IL-17A promotes transdifferentiation of mouse myoblast cells (C2C12) into adipocytes by increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ through CAAT/enhancer binding protein β signaling. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:229-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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80
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Ribeiro CMS, Pontes MJSL, Bird S, Chadzinska M, Scheer M, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Savelkoul HFJ, Wiegertjes GF. Trypanosomiasis-induced Th17-like immune responses in carp. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13012. [PMID: 20885956 PMCID: PMC2946394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In mammalian vertebrates, the cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 consists of a heterodimer between p35 and p40 subunits whereas interleukin-23 is formed by a heterodimer between p19 and p40 subunits. During an immune response, the balance between IL-12 and IL-23 can depend on the nature of the pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized by, for example TLR2, leading to a preferential production of IL-23. IL-23 production promotes a Th17-mediated immune response characterized by the production of IL-17A/F and several chemokines, important for neutrophil recruitment and activation. For the cold blooded vertebrate common carp, only the IL-12 subunits have been described so far. Methodology/Principal Findings Common carp is the natural host of two protozoan parasites: Trypanoplasma borreli and Trypanosoma carassii. We found that these parasites negatively affect p35 and p40a gene expression in carp. Transfection studies of HEK293 and carp macrophages show that T. carassii-derived PAMPs are agonists of carp TLR2, promoting p19 and p40c gene expression. The two protozoan parasites induce different immune responses as assessed by gene expression and histological studies. During T. carassii infections, in particular, we observed a propensity to induce p19 and p40c gene expression, suggestive of the formation of IL-23. Infections with T. borreli and T. carassii lead to an increase of IFN-γ2 gene expression whereas IL-17A/F2 gene expression was only observed during T. carasssii infections. The moderate increase in the number of splenic macrophages during T. borreli infection contrasts the marked increase in the number of splenic neutrophilic granulocytes during T. carassii infection, along with an increased gene expression of metalloproteinase-9 and chemokines. Conclusion/Significance This is the first study that provides evidence for a Th17-like immune response in fish in response to infection with a protozoan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. S. Ribeiro
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J. S. L. Pontes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steve Bird
- School of Biological Sciences, Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marleen Scheer
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Increasing evidence that neuroinflammation contributes to disease severity has generated considerable interest in determining whether inhibition of inflammation pathways might be of therapeutic benefit. One potential avenue of intervention is provided by members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that exert anti-inflammatory effects in many cell types. Here, we review recent studies providing insights into the distinct mechanisms that enable nuclear receptors to modulate immune responses, describe inflammatory components of neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss recent literature relevant to roles of nuclear receptors in influencing these processes.
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