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Ferreira D, Moreira JN, Rodrigues LR. New Advances in Exosome-based Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103628. [PMID: 35189326 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, various drug nano-delivery platforms have emerged to enhance drug effectiveness in cancer treatment. However, their successful translation to clinics have been hampered by unwanted side effects, as well as associated toxicity. Therefore, there is an imperative need for drug delivery vehicles capable of surpassing cellular barriers and also efficiently transfer therapeutic payloads to tumor cells. Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles naturally released from all cells, have been exploited as a favorable delivery vehicle due to their natural role in intracellular communication and biocompatibility. In this review, information on exosome biogenesis, contents, forms of isolation and their natural functions is discussed, further complemented with the various successful methodologies for therapeutic payloads encapsulation, including distinct loading approaches. In addition, grafting of molecules to improve pharmacokinetics, tumor homing-ligands, as well as stimuli-responsive elements to enhance cell specificity are also debated. In the end, the current status of clinical-grade exosome-based therapies is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Ferreira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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52
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Heo JS, Kim S. Human adipose mesenchymal stem cells modulate inflammation and angiogenesis through exosomes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2776. [PMID: 35177768 PMCID: PMC8854709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived exosomes are efficient and safe therapeutic tools for transferring endogenous biological cargo or functional biomolecules for regenerative medicine. The regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in wound healing and tissue regeneration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic roles of human adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, focusing on the underlying mechanisms. Exosomes inhibited LPS-induced inflammation by activating ROCK1 and PTEN expression. Moreover, microRNAs (miR-132 and miR-146a) released from exosomes upregulated the expression of pro-angiogenic genes and promoted proliferation activity and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Exosomal effects were verified using ROCK1/PTEN inhibitors for anti-inflammation and miR-132/miR-146a inhibitors for pro-angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that exosomes exert anti-inflammatory effects by targeting the ROCK1/PTEN pathway and exhibit pro-angiogenic effects via delivery of miR-132 and miR-146a. Taken together, these results suggest that exosomes may be promising therapeutic candidates for curing diseases involved in inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Seok Heo
- Cell Therapy Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyoung Kim
- Cell Therapy Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Chen H, Hou K, Wu Y, Liu Z. Use of Adipose Stem Cells Against Hypertrophic Scarring or Keloid. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:823694. [PMID: 35071247 PMCID: PMC8770320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.823694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars or keloid form as part of the wound healing reaction process, and its formation mechanism is complex and diverse, involving multi-stage synergistic action of multiple cells and factors. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) have become an emerging approach for the treatment of many diseases, including hypertrophic scarring or keloid, owing to their various advantages and potential. Herein, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of hypertrophic scar or keloid formation and explored the role and prospects of stem cell therapy, in the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Hou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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54
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Mead EA, Boulghassoul-Pietrzykowska N, Wang Y, Anees O, Kinstlinger NS, Lee M, Hamza S, Feng Y, Pietrzykowski AZ. Non-Invasive microRNA Profiling in Saliva can Serve as a Biomarker of Alcohol Exposure and Its Effects in Humans. Front Genet 2022; 12:804222. [PMID: 35126468 PMCID: PMC8812725 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.804222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. Considering the widespread occurrence of AUD, a reliable, cheap, non-invasive biomarker of alcohol consumption is desired by healthcare providers, clinicians, researchers, public health and criminal justice officials. microRNAs could serve as such biomarkers. They are easily detectable in saliva, which can be sampled from individuals in a non-invasive manner. Moreover, microRNAs expression is dynamically regulated by environmental factors, including alcohol. Since excessive alcohol consumption is a hallmark of alcohol abuse, we have profiled microRNA expression in the saliva of chronic, heavy alcohol abusers using microRNA microarrays. We observed significant changes in salivary microRNA expression caused by excessive alcohol consumption. These changes fell into three categories: downregulated microRNAs, upregulated microRNAs, and microRNAs upregulated de novo. Analysis of these combinatorial changes in microRNA expression suggests dysregulation of specific biological pathways leading to impairment of the immune system and development of several types of epithelial cancer. Moreover, some of the altered microRNAs are also modulators of inflammation, suggesting their contribution to pro-inflammatory mechanisms of alcohol actions. Establishment of the cellular source of microRNAs in saliva corroborated these results. We determined that most of the microRNAs in saliva come from two types of cells: leukocytes involved in immune responses and inflammation, and buccal cells, involved in development of epithelial, oral cancers. In summary, we propose that microRNA profiling in saliva can be a useful, non-invasive biomarker allowing the monitoring of alcohol abuse, as well as alcohol-related inflammation and early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Mead
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward A. Mead,
| | - Nadia Boulghassoul-Pietrzykowska
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Mayo Clinic Health System, NWWI, Barron, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Capital Health, Trenton, NJ, United States
- Weight and Life MD, Hamilton, NJ, United States
| | - Yongping Wang
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Holmdel Township School, Holmdel, NJ, United States
| | - Onaiza Anees
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Virginia Commonwealth University Health, CMH Behavioral Health, South Hill, VA, United States
| | - Noah S. Kinstlinger
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maximillian Lee
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, MA, United States
| | - Shireen Hamza
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yaping Feng
- Waksman Genomics Core Facility, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Bioinformatics Department, Admera Health, South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Andrzej Z. Pietrzykowski
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Weight and Life MD, Hamilton, NJ, United States
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Turner N, Abeysinghe P, Peiris H, Vaswani K, Sadowski P, Cameron N, McGhee N, Logan J, Mitchell MD. Proteomic profiling of plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles: a novel tool for understanding the systemic effects of tick burden in cattle. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6511758. [PMID: 35045163 PMCID: PMC8867580 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle ticks pose a significant threat to the health and profitability of cattle herds globally. The investigation of factors leading to natural tick resistance in cattle is directed toward targeted breeding strategies that may combat cattle tick infestation on the genetic level. Exosomes (EXs), small extracellular vesicles (EVs) of 50 to 150 nm diameter, are released from all cell types into biofluids such as blood plasma and milk, have been successfully used in diagnostic and prognostic studies in humans, and can provide essential information regarding the overall health state of animals. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a highly sensitive proteomics application that can be used to identify proteins in a complex mixture and is particularly useful for biomarker development. In this proof of principle study, EXs were isolated from the blood plasma of cattle (Bos taurus) with high (HTR) and low tick resistance (LTR) (n = 3/group). Cattle were classified as HTR or LTR using a tick scoring system, and EXs isolated from the cattle blood plasma using an established protocol. EXs were subjected to MS analysis in data-dependent acquisition mode and protein search performed using Protein Pilot against the B. taurus proteome. A total of 490 unique proteins were identified across all samples. Of these, proteins present in all replicates from each group were selected for further analysis (HTR = 121; LTR = 130). Gene ontology analysis was performed using PANTHER GO online software tool. Proteins unique to HTR and LTR cattle were divided by protein class, of which 50% were associated with immunity/defense in the HTR group, whereas this protein class was not detected in EXs from LTR cattle. Similarly, unique proteins in HTR cattle were associated with B-cell activation, immunoglobins, immune response, and cellular iron ion homeostasis. In LTR cattle, unique exosomal proteins were associated with actin filament binding, purine nucleotide binding, plasma membrane protein complex, and carbohydrate derivative binding. This is the first study to demonstrate that MS analysis of EXs derived from the blood plasma of HTR and LTR cattle can be successfully applied to profile the systemic effects of tick burden. Cattle ticks are a significant burden to cattle industries globally. Current methods to treat cattle ticks are costly and inefficient in the long term. It has been noted that while some cattle may exhibit a natural resistance to ticks, others carry a heavy tick burden. The study of small extracellular vesicles, or exosomes (EXs), isolated from cattle blood plasma provides a noninvasive way of analyzing changes at the cellular level and may be of use in understanding the systemic effects of tick burden or factors leading to natural resistance. The aim of this study was to assess high (HTR) and low tick resistance (LTR) cattle identified using a tick burden scoring system by analyzing the protein content of circulating EXs via qualitative proteomics analysis. We found that a class of proteins related to defense/immunity comprised 50% of proteins unique to HTR cattle, while this protein class was not detected in proteins unique to LTR cattle. Additionally, epidermal growth factor–calcium-binding protein domains were 2-fold increased in LTR cattle compared with HTR cattle, indicating a possible mechanism for widespread metabolic change. This is the first study to employ proteomic analysis of exosomal cargo as an approach to understanding the systemic effects of tick burden in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Turner
- Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pevindu Abeysinghe
- Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hassendrini Peiris
- Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kanchan Vaswani
- Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF), QUT Gardens Point, Brisbane City, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Jayden Logan
- Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Murray D Mitchell
- Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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56
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Xie Y, Chen W, Zhao M, Xu Y, Yu H, Qin J, Li H. Exploration of Exosomal miRNAs from Serum and Synovial Fluid in Arthritis Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020239. [PMID: 35204330 PMCID: PMC8871287 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is caused by inflammation, infection, degeneration, trauma, or other factors that affect approximately 250 million people all over the world. Early diagnosis and prediction are essential for treatment. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that participate in the process of joint disease. Serum is the mainly used sources in the study of arthritis-related exosomes, while whether serum exosomes can reflect the contents of synovial fluid exosomes is still unknown. In this work, we separated exosomes from serum and the synovial fluid of osteoarthritis patients and compared their miRNA expression utilizing miRNA sequencing. The results revealed that 31 upregulated and 33 downregulated miRNAs were found in synovial fluid compared to serum. Transcriptome analysis showed that these differentially expressed miRNAs were mainly associated with intercellular processes and metabolic pathways. Our results show that serum-derived exosomes cannot fully represent the exosomes of synovial fluid, which may be helpful for the study of joint diseases and the discovery of early diagnostic biomarkers of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.X.); (W.C.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.X.); (W.C.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Mengqian Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.X.); (W.C.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Yuhai Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China;
| | - Hao Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.X.); (W.C.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.X.); (W.C.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongjing Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (H.L.)
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Trevisan França de Lima L, Müller Bark J, Rasheduzzaman M, Ekanayake Weeramange C, Punyadeera C. Saliva as a matrix for measurement of cancer biomarkers. Cancer Biomark 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824302-2.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Trevisan França de Lima L, Müller Bark J, Rasheduzzaman M, Weeramange CE, Punyadeera C. Isolation and Characterization of Salivary Exosomes for Cancer Biomarker Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2504:101-112. [PMID: 35467282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2341-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells and are known to play a key role in intercellular communication. Several studies have associated exosomes with various roles in tumorigenesis and explored their potential as a source of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in cancer research. Exosomes can be isolated from several body fluids, including those that are noninvasively accessible, such as human saliva. This book chapter provides a step-by-step detailed description of techniques that are used for the isolation, quantification, and characterization of exosomes from saliva. These include ultracentrifugation for the isolation, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and western blot (WB) for characterization of exosomes. The NTA approach explores the Brownian motion and light scattering of particles to predict size and concentration. TEM enables visualization of the exosomes which often present a cup-shaped morphology. Western blot is used to detect commonly expressed exosome-associated proteins. Finally, salivary exosomes isolated using these protocols can further be characterized for downstream analysis according to their cargo (proteins, DNA, RNA, miRNA) and utilized for cancer biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Trevisan França de Lima
- Queensland University of Technology, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Juliana Müller Bark
- Queensland University of Technology, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammad Rasheduzzaman
- Queensland University of Technology, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Chameera Ekanayake Weeramange
- Queensland University of Technology, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- Queensland University of Technology, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
- Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD) and Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MIHQ), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Wang WC, Huang MY, Chen YK, Lan WC, Shieh TM, Shih YH. Salivary Exosome Proteomics and Bioinformatics Analysis in 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-Induced Oral Cancer with Radiation Therapy-A Syrian Golden Hamster Model. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:65. [PMID: 35054231 PMCID: PMC8774811 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes carry cellular proteins and contain molecules that can be potential biomarkers of diseases. This study used a Syrian golden hamster model of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma with radiation therapy to exclude the confounding factors that may affect outcomes in clinical studies, and re-examine the role of exosomes during tumorigenesis. We used data-dependent acquisition-based quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analyses and found unique proteins present (desmocollin-2) or absent (Glucagon-cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway-related proteins) in the salivary exosomes of the pre-radiation DMBA-treated group (PreD). Comparing our data to other studies, salivary exosomes in the PreD group were found carrying proteins that the tumor mass does not express and lacking the proteins needed during tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemistry staining showed p53 expression but a negative apoptotic signal in the PreD tumor tissue. We thus suggest that inhibition of desmocollin-2 expression in tumor tissue may impede the activation of cell apoptosis. However, both the origin of the salivary exosomes and main role of the salivary exosome proteins should be clarified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (W.-C.W.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (W.-C.W.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Lan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hwa Shih
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
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Yang M, Ding J, Luo Q, Chen X, Chen F. Improving the diagnostic efficacy of squamous cell carcinoma antigen for oral squamous cell carcinoma via saponin disruption of serum extracellular vesicles. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 525:40-45. [PMID: 34921893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic value of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is insufficient. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have displayed great potential for improving diagnostic efficacy. However, one of the main challenges that restricts the application of EVs is the lack of a clinically suitable separation method for the intra-vesicular protein detection. METHODS Saponin was used to destroy serum EVs membranes for releasing the intra-vesicular SCCA into the serum, circumventing the purification process of EVs. The concentrations of SCCA were measured and compared in 113 healthy people and 73 OSCC patients pre- and post-saponin treatment. RESULTS The concentration of serum SCCA significantly increased after saponin destroyed the membrane of EVs. The area under the curve (AUC) of serum SCCA for OSCC diagnosis was 0.6444 (95% CI, 0.5595 to 0.7293). The diagnostic AUC of serum EVs-derived SCCA reached 0.7969 (95% CI, 0.735 to 0.8588). CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that serum EVs disrupted by saponin could improve the diagnostic efficacy of SCCA for OSCC, which provides a simple, rapid, and high-throughput method to detect the intra-vesicular proteins of EVs and holds great potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Jieying Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Qingqiong Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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61
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He L, Shao M, Xu J, Chen H. Engineered red blood cell membrane for sensitive and precise electrochemical detection of salivary exosomes. ANALYTICAL METHODS 2021; 13:5859-5865. [PMID: 34874025 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of promising non-invasive biomarker, exosomes naturally occurring in saliva have recently attracted considerable attention in view of their potential use in the diagnosis of oral diseases. Herein, we propose a new electrochemical method for the sensitive and precise detection of salivary exosomes. A red blood cell membrane (RBCM) engineered with CD63 aptamer is the core element of the method and is used to camouflage a gold electrode, thus giving the electrode superior antifouling and targeting ability. Target exosomes presented in saliva are recognized and captured by the highly specific interaction between the exosomal CD63 and the aptamers engineered in RBCM. Then, silver nanoparticles modified with CD63 aptamers are recruited onto the electrode surface to generate significant electrochemical signals, which enables the sensitive detection of target exosomes. By using human oral squamous cell carcinoma CAL27 cell-derived exosomes as a model, the method allows target salivary exosome detection in a wide linear range from 5 × 102 to 1 × 106 particles per mL and a low detection limit of 2.07 × 102 particles per mL. Moreover, the method displays good reproducibility and is feasible for detecting target exosomes with high precision in saliva samples. Overall, the method may provide a useful tool for salivary exosome detection and may have great potential for practical use in the clinical diagnosis of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libang He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Meiying Shao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jue Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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Koopaie M, Abedinejad F, Manifar S, Mousavi R, Kolahdooz S, Shamshiri A. Salivary miRNA-21 expression as a potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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63
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Cucu I, Nicolescu MI. A Synopsis of Signaling Crosstalk of Pericytes and Endothelial Cells in Salivary Gland. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9120144. [PMID: 34940041 PMCID: PMC8700478 DOI: 10.3390/dj9120144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary gland (SG) microvasculature constitutes a dynamic cellular organization instrumental to preserving tissue stability and homeostasis. The interplay between pericytes (PCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) culminates as a key ingredient that coordinates the development, maturation, and integrity of vessel building blocks. PCs, as a variety of mesenchymal stem cells, enthrall in the field of regenerative medicine, supporting the notion of regeneration and repair. PC-EC interconnections are pivotal in the kinetic and intricate process of angiogenesis during both embryological and post-natal development. The disruption of this complex interlinkage corresponds to SG pathogenesis, including inflammation, autoimmune disorders (Sjögren’s syndrome), and tumorigenesis. Here, we provided a global portrayal of major signaling pathways between PCs and ECs that cooperate to enhance vascular steadiness through the synergistic interchange. Additionally, we delineated how the crosstalk among molecular networks affiliate to contribute to a malignant context. Additionally, within SG microarchitecture, telocytes and myoepithelial cells assemble a labyrinthine companionship, which together with PCs appear to synchronize the regenerative potential of parenchymal constituents. By underscoring the intricacy of signaling cascades within cellular latticework, this review sketched a perceptive basis for target-selective drugs to safeguard SG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Cucu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu
- Division of Histology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Wang L, Cheng W, Zhu J, Li W, Li D, Yang X, Zhao W, Ren M, Ren J, Mo X, Fu Q, Zhang K. Electrospun nanoyarn and exosomes of adipose-derived stem cells for urethral regeneration: Evaluations in vitro and in vivo. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 209:112218. [PMID: 34801930 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of urethral defects has been difficult in the clinic. To address it, the collagen/ poly (L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (P(LLA-CL)) nanoyarn scaffold delivering adipose-derived stem cells' exosomes (ADSC-exos) was fabricated. The multipotential differentiation potential of ADSCs were confirmed by Adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay shows that 50% concentration of ADSC-exos nanoyarn scaffold dramatically enhanced the cell viability of fibroblasts. The ADSC-exos nanoyarn scaffold for human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and human urethral scar fibroblasts (HSFs) shows good biocompatibility: theproduction of inflammatory factors IL-6 and Col 1A1 was less, indicating that ADSC-exos had the minimal inflammatory effect of cells. Besides, the cells on the ADSC-exos nanoyarn scaffold did not appear to contribute to DNA damage in the same way as the normal cell's growth did. The HFFs seeding on the ADSC-exos nanoyarn scaffold shows a typical morphology of extending outwards. Urethral repair with ADSC-exos nanoyarn scaffold did not lead to either a sign of urethral stricture or scar formation after 4 weeks post-surgery. The deposition of collagen was less and the epithelial cells formed multiple layer epithelium. The treatment of ADSC-exos stimulated epithelization and vascularization. And the transition from an inflammatory state to a regenerative state was promoted. The ADSC-exos-treated group did not promote the over-proliferation of fibroblasts and the expression of Collagen I. Therefore, the ADSC-exos nanoyarn scaffold has evident, positive effects on wound healing and tissue fibrosis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wenyao Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Danyang Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Novaprint Therapeutics Suzhou Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Mingjun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jieji Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- The Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China; Shanghai Eastern Institute of Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Kaile Zhang
- The Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China; Shanghai Eastern Institute of Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Mirfakhraie R, Noorazar L, Mohammadian M, Hajifathali A, Gholizadeh M, Salimi M, Sankanian G, Roshandel E, Mehdizadeh M. Treatment Failure in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Focus on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Leuk Res 2021; 112:106751. [PMID: 34808592 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) is one of the most common types of blood malignancies that results in an AML-associated high mortality rate each year. Several causes have been reported as prognostic factors for AML in children and adults, the most important of which are cytogenetic abnormalities and environmental risk factors. Following the discovery of numerous drugs for AML treatment, leukemic cells sought a way to escape from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy drugs, leading to treatment failure. Nowadays, comprehensive studies have looked at the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by AML blasts and how the microenvironment of the tumor changes in favor of cancer progression and survival to discover the mechanisms of treatment failure to choose the well-advised treatment. Reports show that malignant cells secrete EVs that transmit messages to adjacent cells and the tumor's microenvironment. By secreting EVs, containing immune-inhibiting cytokines, AML cells inactivate the immune system against malignant cells, thus ensuring their survival. Also, increased secretion of EVs in various malignancies indicates an unfavorable prognostic factor and the possibility of drug resistance. In this study, we briefly reviewed the challenges of treating AML with a glance at the EVs' role in this process. It is hoped that with a deeper understanding of EVs, new therapies will be developed to eliminate the relapse of leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mirfakhraie
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Noorazar
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mozhdeh Mohammadian
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Hajifathali
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Gholizadeh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghazaleh Sankanian
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elham Roshandel
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahshid Mehdizadeh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Čēma I, Dzudzilo M, Kleina R, Franckevica I, Svirskis Š. Correlation of Soluble CD44 Expression in Saliva and CD44 Protein in Oral Leukoplakia Tissues. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225739. [PMID: 34830890 PMCID: PMC8616328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether and how pan-CD44 protein expression in leukoplakia tissues correlates with positive SolCD44 test presence and their role in oral leukoplakia. SolCD44 and total protein expression in saliva were determined using an OncAlert® Oral Cancer Rapid test. Comparison of paired associations of total protein, SolCD44, mean number of CD44 expressed epithelial layers in leukoplakia tissue, and macrophages below the basement membrane between control group and patients with leukoplakia showed statistically significant results (p < 0.0001). It is shown that the total protein indicates low or elevated risk of possible malignant transformation processes in leukoplakia. Statistically significant differences between higher total protein level and clinical forms of oral leukoplakia (p < 0.0001), as well as CD44-labeled epithelial cell layer decrease (p < 0.0001), were found. This possibly points to the onset of the stemness loss in leukoplakia tissue. CD9 antigen expression in the exosomes of the oral epithelium explained the intercellular flow of SolCD44 and other fluids in the leukoplakia area. We conclude that the OncAlert® Oral Cancer Rapid test is a valuable screening method in daily clinical practice, in terms of complementing clinical diagnostics methods and to assess the potential for early malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrīda Čēma
- Department of Oral Medicine, Rīga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Madara Dzudzilo
- Doctoral Study Department, Rīga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia;
| | - Regīna Kleina
- Department of Pathology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia;
| | - Ivanda Franckevica
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Vienības Gatve 45, LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia;
| | - Šimons Svirskis
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 5 Rātsupītes Str., LV-1067 Rīga, Latvia;
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Molecular Profile Study of Extracellular Vesicles for the Identification of Useful Small “Hit” in Cancer Diagnosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the main mediators of cell-cell communication, permitting cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and metabolites in varying physiological and pathological conditions. They contain signature tumor-derived molecules that reflect the intracellular status of their cell of origin. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived EVs can aid in cancer metastasis through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, pre-metastatic niche formation, and subsequent metastasis. EVs can easily be isolated from a variety of biological fluids, and their content makes them useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitorization of cancer progression, and response to treatment. This review aims to explore the biomarkers of cancer cell-derived EVs obtained from liquid biopsies, in order to understand cancer progression and metastatic evolution for early diagnosis and precision therapy.
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Alternative Method for HDL and Exosome Isolation with Small Serum Volumes and Their Characterizations. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8110204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and exosomes are promising sources of biomarkers. However, the limited sample volume and access to the ultracentrifuge equipment are still an issue during HDL and exosome isolation. This study aimed to isolate HDL and exosomes using an ultracentrifugation-free method with various small serum volumes. HDL was isolated from 200 µL (HDL200) and 500 µL (HDL500) of sera. Three different volumes: 50 µL (Exo50), 100 µL (Exo100), and 250 µL (Exo250) were used for exosome isolation. HDL and exosomes were isolated using commercial kits with the modified method and characterized by multiple approaches. The HDL levels of HDL200 and HDL500 were not significantly different (p > 0.05), with percent recoveries of >90%. HDL200 and HDL500 had the same protein pattern with a biochemical similarity of 99.60 ± 0.10%. The particle sizes of Exo50, Exo100, and Exo250 were in the expected range. All isolated exosomes exhibited a similar protein pattern with a biochemical similarity of >99%. In conclusion, two different serum volumes (200 and 500 µL) and three different serum volumes (50, 100, and 250 µL) can be employed for HDL and exosome isolation, respectively. The possibility of HDL and exosome isolation with small volumes will accelerate biomarker discoveries with various molecular diagnostic approaches.
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Xia Y, Zhou K, Sun M, Shu R, Qian J, Xie Y. The miR-223-3p Regulates Pyroptosis Through NLRP3-Caspase 1-GSDMD Signal Axis in Periodontitis. Inflammation 2021; 44:2531-2542. [PMID: 34637033 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salivary exosomes contain various components and may play important roles in oral diseases. The purpose of this study was to verify the possible function of miR-223-3p from salivary exosomes in periodontitis. We isolated the salivary exosomes and found that the miR-223-3p content of salivary exosomes from periodontitis was less than the healthy control. Furthermore, we performed dual-luciferase reporter assay and real-time PCR to verify that (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) was the target of miR-223-3p. When we knocked down the miR-223-3p expression in THP-1-derived macrophages, the expression of NLRP3 and the downstream inflammatory mediators interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 were upregulated. By using integrated bioinformatics analysis, we found that pyroptosis and cytokine secretion participated in inflammatory gingival tissues. In addition, NLRP3, and the pyroptosis executioner, gasdermin D (GSDMD) was highly active in inflammatory gingival tissues compared with healthy controls by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In summary, we speculated that miR-223-3p in salivary exosomes might regulate GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis by targeting NLRP3 in periodontitis. Detection of miR-223-3p expression in salivary exosomes could be used as an important non-invasive method to diagnose and evaluate the severity of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Xia
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Kecong Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Mengjun Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Rong Shu
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Jielei Qian
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Kučuk N, Primožič M, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Exosomes Engineering and Their Roles as Therapy Delivery Tools, Therapeutic Targets, and Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9543. [PMID: 34502452 PMCID: PMC8431173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are becoming increasingly important therapeutic biomaterials for use in a variety of therapeutic applications due to their unique characteristics, especially due to the ineffectiveness and cytotoxicity of some existing therapies and synthetic therapeutic nanocarriers. They are highly promising as carriers of drugs, genes, and other therapeutic agents that can be incorporated into their interior or onto their surface through various modification techniques to improve their targeting abilities. In addition, they are biocompatible, safe, and stable. The review focuses on different types of exosomes and methods of their preparation, including the incorporation of different kinds of cargo, especially for drug delivery purposes. In particular, their importance and effectiveness as delivery vehicles of various therapeutic agents for a variety of therapeutic applications, including different diseases and disorders such as cancer treatment, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, are emphasized. Administration routes of exosomes into the body are also included. A novelty in the article is the emphasis on global companies that are already successfully developing and testing such therapeutic biomaterials, with a focus on the most influential ones. Moreover, a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of exosome production is summarized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kučuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Mateja Primožič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Udomruk S, Orrapin S, Pruksakorn D, Chaiyawat P. Size distribution of cell-free DNA in oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 166:103455. [PMID: 34464717 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific, circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in liquid biopsy test is a novel promising biomarker in the advancement of cancer management, including early diagnosis, screening, prognosis, identification of actionable targets, and serial tumor monitoring. The specific size pattern of DNA fragments derived from cancer cells is observed to differ from that of cfDNA fragments shed by non-cancer cells. Research into the physiological and biological properties of cfDNA reveals the molecular signature carried by each cfDNA fragments, which can reflect their tissue origins, as well as the mutational profiles with significant genetic alterations. Understanding the fragmentation and size distribution of cfDNA might be a valuable hotspot in liquid biopsy research, with the potential to drive innovation in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasimol Udomruk
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center (MSTR), Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Santhasiri Orrapin
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center (MSTR), Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center (MSTR), Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros, Sriphoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Parunya Chaiyawat
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center (MSTR), Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Prieto-Vila M, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Biological Functions Driven by mRNAs Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620498. [PMID: 34527665 PMCID: PMC8435577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are extracellular nanovesicles released by most cells. EVs play essential roles in intercellular communication via the transport of a large variety of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to recipient cells. Nucleic acids are the most commonly found molecules inside EVs, and due to their small size, microRNAs and other small RNAs are the most abundant nucleic acids. However, longer molecules, such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), have also been found. mRNAs encapsulated within EVs have been shown to be transferred to recipient cells and translated into proteins, altering the behavior of the cells. Secretion of EVs is maintained not only through multiple normal physiological conditions but also during aberrant pathological conditions, including cancer. Recently, the mRNAs carried by EVs in cancer have attracted great interest due to their broad roles in tumor progression and microenvironmental remodeling. This review focuses on the biological functions driven by mRNAs carried in EVs in cancer, which include supporting tumor progression by activating cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion; inducing microenvironmental remodeling via hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression; and promoting modulation of the microenvironment at distant sites for the generation of a premetastatic niche, collectively inducing metastasis. Furthermore, we describe the potential use of mRNAs carried by EVs as a noninvasive diagnostic tool and novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Deng Y, Cao Y, Wang L, Ye D. The Role and Application of Salivary Exosomes in Malignant Neoplasms. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5813-5820. [PMID: 34326665 PMCID: PMC8314680 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s321225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of salivary exosomes in malignant neoplasms has attracted widespread attention in the clinical setting. Although a variety of diagnostic and treatment approaches have been proposed, there are some limitations to their application. In recent years, the role of salivary exosomes in cancer has been increasingly studied. Salivary exosomes not only renew and regulate the biological behavior of tumor cells, such as malignant proliferation, migration, and invasion, but they also serve as ideal markers for early diagnosis of diseases and may represent an effective therapeutic target. This article reviews the current research on salivary exosomes in malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuqian Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
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Weiliang Z, Lili G. Research Advances in the Application of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Cutaneous Wound Healing. Ann Dermatol 2021; 33:309-317. [PMID: 34341631 PMCID: PMC8273313 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2021.33.4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing has always been an intractable medical problem for both clinicians and researchers, with an urgent need for more efficacious methods to achieve optimal outcomes morphologically and functionally. Stem cells, the body's rapid response ‘road repair crew,’ being on standby to combat tissue injuries, are an essential part of regenerative medicine. Currently, the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), a kind of mesenchymal stem cells with multipotent differentiation and self-renewal capacity, is surging in the field of cutaneous wound healing. ADSCs may exert influences either by releasing paracrine signalling factors or differentiating into mature adipose cells to provide the ‘building blocks’ for engineered tissue. As an important paracrine substance released from ADSCs, exosomes are a kind of extracellular vesicles and carrying various bioactive molecules mediating adjacent or distant intercellular communication. Previous studies have indicated that ADSCs derived exosomes (ADSCs-Exos) promoted skin wound healing by affecting all stages of wound healing, including regulating inflammatory response, promoting proliferation and migration of fibroblasts or keratinocytes, facilitating angiogenesis, and regulating remodeling of extracellular matrix, which have provided new opportunities for understanding how ADSCs-Exos mediate intercellular communication in pathological processes of the skin and therapeutic strategies for cutaneous wound repair. In this review, we focus on elucidating the role of ADSCs-Exos at various stages of cutaneous wound healing, detailing the latest developments, and presenting some challenges necessary to be addressed in this field, with the expectation of providing a new perspective on how to best utilize this powerful cell-free therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Weiliang
- Department of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo Lili
- Department of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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76
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Santonocito S, Polizzi A, Palazzo G, Isola G. The Emerging Role of microRNA in Periodontitis: Pathophysiology, Clinical Potential and Future Molecular Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5456. [PMID: 34064286 PMCID: PMC8196859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, it has been established that messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcription does not inevitably lead to protein translation, but there are numerous processes involved in post-transcriptional regulation, which is a continuously developing field of research. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs, which negatively regulate protein expression and are implicated in several physiological and pathological mechanisms. Aberrant expression of miRNAs triggers dysregulation of multiple cellular processes involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. For many years, it was thought that miRNAs acted only within the cell in which they were synthesised, but, recently, they have been found outside cells bound to lipids and proteins, or enclosed in extracellular vesicles, namely exosomes. They can circulate throughout the body, transferring information between cells and altering gene expression in the recipient cells, as they can fuse with and be internalised by the recipient cells. Numerous studies on miRNAs have been conducted in order to identify possible biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. However, as therapeutic agents, single miRNAs can target several genes and influence multiple regulatory networks. The aim of this review was to examine the molecular role of miRNAs and exosomes in the pathophysiology of periodontal disease and to evaluate possible clinical and future implications for a personalised therapeutical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
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77
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Finamore F, Cecchettini A, Ceccherini E, Signore G, Ferro F, Rocchiccioli S, Baldini C. Characterization of Extracellular Vesicle Cargo in Sjögren's Syndrome through a SWATH-MS Proteomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094864. [PMID: 34064456 PMCID: PMC8124455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a complex heterogeneous disease characterized by a wide spectrum of glandular and extra-glandular manifestations. In this pilot study, a SWATH-MS approach was used to monitor extracellular vesicles-enriched saliva (EVs) sub-proteome in pSS patients, to compare it with whole saliva (WS) proteome, and assess differential expressed proteins between pSS and healthy control EVs samples. Comparison between EVs and WS led to the characterization of compartment-specific proteins with a moderate degree of overlap. A total of 290 proteins were identified and quantified in EVs from healthy and pSS patients. Among those, 121 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in pSS, 82% were found to be upregulated, and 18% downregulated in pSS samples. The most representative functional pathways associated to the protein networks were related to immune-innate response, including several members of S100 protein family, annexin A2, resistin, serpin peptidase inhibitors, azurocidin, and CD14 monocyte differentiation antigen. Our results highlight the usefulness of EVs for the discovery of novel salivary-omic biomarkers and open novel perspectives in pSS for the identification of proteins of clinical relevance that could be used not only for the disease diagnosis but also to improve patients’ stratification and treatment-monitoring. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025649.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Finamore
- Clinical Phisiology Institute-CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisa Ceccherini
- Clinical Phisiology Institute-CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, S Giuliano Terme, 56017 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesco Ferro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Silvia Rocchiccioli
- Clinical Phisiology Institute-CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Chiara Baldini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (C.B.)
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78
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Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools: From Pre-Clinical to Clinical Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050359. [PMID: 33922446 PMCID: PMC8145169 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by all cell types, differing in biogenesis, physical characteristics, and contents. Due to their central role in intercellular communication and their variable cargo, EVs are involved in several biological processes. The possibility of isolating them from different biofluids makes EVs valuable biomarkers to be analyzed for the diagnosis or prognosis of several conditions. Moreover, these natural nanoparticles have been investigated as therapeutic tools in many pathological conditions. In this context, EVs have shown innate immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties when isolated from stem/progenitor cells and have also been considered vehicles to be edited for drug delivery. The aim of the review is to report some of the pre-clinical and clinical studies distinguishing those in which EVs have been examined as biomarkers from those in which they have been used as therapeutics. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ubiquitous masters of intercellular communication, being detectable in tissues, circulation, and body fluids. Their complex cargo reflects the (patho)physiologic status of the cells from which they originate. Due to these properties, the potential of EVs, and in particular exosomes, to serve as biomarkers or therapeutics has grown exponentially over the past decade. On one side, numerous studies have demonstrated that EV-associated nucleic acids and proteins are implicated in cancer progression, as well as neurodegenerative, infectious, and autoimmune disorders. On the other, the therapeutic use of EVs secreted by various cell types, and in particular stem/progenitor cells, present significant advantages in comparison to the corresponding parental cells, such as the less complex production and storage conditions. In this review, we examine some of the major pre-clinical studies dealing with EVs and exosomes, that led to the development of numerous completed clinical trials.
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79
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Tomei S, Manjunath HS, Murugesan S, Al Khodor S. The Salivary miRNome: A Promising Biomarker of Disease. Microrna 2021; 10:29-38. [PMID: 33845754 DOI: 10.2174/2211536610666210412154455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs ranging from 18-24 nucleotides also known to regulate the human genome mainly at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs were shown to play an important role in most biological processes such as apoptosis and in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recent developments of advanced molecular high-throughput technologies have enhanced our knowledge of miRNAs. MiRNAs can now be discovered, interrogated, and quantified in various body fluids, and hence can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic markers for many diseases. While most studies use blood as a sample source to measure circulating miRNAs as possible biomarkers for disease pathogenesis, fewer studies have assessed the role of salivary miRNAs in health and disease. This review aims at providing an overview of the current knowledge of the salivary miRNome, addressing the technical aspects of saliva sampling and highlighting the applicability of miRNA screening to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tomei
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha. Qatar
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80
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Bongiovanni L, Andriessen A, Wauben MHM, Hoen ENMN', de Bruin A. Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Opportunities to Understand and Detect Neoplastic Diseases. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:453-471. [PMID: 33813952 PMCID: PMC8064535 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With a size range from 30 to 1000 nm, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the smallest cell components able to transport biologically active molecules. They mediate intercellular communications and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis in several types of diseases. In particular, EVs actively contribute to cancer initiation and progression, and there is emerging understanding of their role in creation of the metastatic niche. This fact underlies the recent exponential growth in EV research, which has improved our understanding of their specific roles in disease and their potential applications in diagnosis and therapy. EVs and their biomolecular cargo reflect the state of the diseased donor cells, and can be detected in body fluids and exploited as biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. Relatively few studies have been published on EVs in the veterinary field. This review provides an overview of the features and biology of EVs as well as recent developments in EV research including techniques for isolation and analysis, and will address the way in which the EVs released by diseased tissues can be studied and exploited in the field of veterinary pathology. Uniquely, this review emphasizes the important contribution that pathologists can make to the field of EV research: pathologists can help EV scientists in studying and confirming the role of EVs and their molecular cargo in diseased tissues and as biomarkers in liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bongiovanni
- 90051Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Present address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alain de Bruin
- 90051Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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81
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Alshehri B. Plant-derived xenomiRs and cancer: Cross-kingdom gene regulation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2408-2422. [PMID: 33911956 PMCID: PMC8071896 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) critically regulate several major intracellular and metabolic activities, including cancer evolution. Currently, increasing evidence indicates that exosome harbor and transport these miRNAs from donor cells to neighboring and distantly related recipient cells, often in a cross-species manner. Several studies have reported that plant-based miRNAs can be absorbed into the serum of humans, where they hinder the expression of human disease-related genes. Moreover, few recent studies have demonstrated the role of these xenomiRs in cancer development and progression. However, the cross-kingdom gene regulation hypothesis remains highly debatable, and many follow up studies fail to reproduce the same. There are reports that show no effect of plant-derived miRNAs on mammalian cancers. The foremost cause of this controversy remains the lack of reproducibility of the results. Here, we reassess the latest developments in the field of cross-kingdom transference of miRNAs, emphasizing on the role of the diet-based xenomiRs on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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82
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Temporal Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Neuroblastoma Cells Treated with Bovine Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Highlights the Anti-Proliferative Properties of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040750. [PMID: 33805332 PMCID: PMC8065825 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NBL) is a pediatric cancer that accounts for 15% of childhood cancer mortality. Amplification of the oncogene N-Myc occurs in 20% of NBL patients and is considered high risk as it correlates with aggressiveness, treatment resistance and poor prognosis. Even though the treatment strategies have improved in the recent years, the survival rate of high-risk NBL patients remain poor. Hence, it is crucial to explore new therapeutic avenues to sensitise NBL. Recently, bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) have been proposed to contain anti-cancer properties. However, the impact of MEVs on NBL cells is not understood. In this study, we characterised MEVs using Western blotting, NTA and TEM. Importantly, treatment of NBL cells with MEVs decreased the proliferation and increased the sensitivity of NBL cells to doxorubicin. Temporal label-free quantitative proteomics of NBL cells highlighted the depletion of proteins involved in cell metabolism, cell growth and Wnt signalling upon treatment with MEVs. Furthermore, proteins implicated in cellular senescence and apoptosis were enriched in NBL cells treated with MEVs. For the first time, this study highlights the temporal proteomic profile that occurs in cancer cells upon MEVs treatment.
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83
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Han P, Bartold PM, Salomon C, Ivanovski S. Salivary Outer Membrane Vesicles and DNA Methylation of Small Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Periodontal Status: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052423. [PMID: 33670900 PMCID: PMC7957785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, associated with a microbial dysbiosis. Early detection using salivary small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) biomarkers may facilitate timely prevention. sEVs derived from different species (i.e., humans, bacteria) are expected to circulate in saliva. This pilot study recruited 22 participants (seven periodontal healthy, seven gingivitis and eight periodontitis) and salivary sEVs were isolated using the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method. The healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis groups were compared in terms of salivary sEVs in the CD9+ sEV subpopulation, Gram-negative bacteria-enriched lipopolysaccharide (LPS+) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and global DNA methylation pattern of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and N6-Methyladenosine (m6dA). It was found that LPS+ OMVs, global 5mC methylation and four periodontal pathogens (T. denticola, E. corrodens, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum) that secreted OMVs were significantly increased in periodontitis sEVs compared to those from healthy groups. These differences were more pronounced in sEVs than the whole saliva and were more superior in distinguishing periodontitis than gingivitis, in comparison to healthy patients. Of note, global 5mC hypermethylation in salivary sEVs can distinguish periodontitis patients from both healthy controls and gingivitis patients with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 1). The research findings suggest that assessing global sEV methylation may be a useful biomarker for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Oral-Facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.H.); (S.I.)
| | - Peter Mark Bartold
- School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia;
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Epigenetics Nanodiagnostic and Therapeutic Group, Center for Oral-Facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.H.); (S.I.)
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84
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Turner N, Abeysinghe P, Sadowski P, Mitchell MD. Exosomal Cargo May Hold the Key to Improving Reproductive Outcomes in Dairy Cows. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042024. [PMID: 33670752 PMCID: PMC7922264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive status of dairy cows remains a challenge for dairy farmers worldwide, with impaired fertility linked to a significant reduction in herd profitability, due in part to impaired immunity, increased metabolic pressure, and longer postpartum anestrous interval (PPAI). Exosomes are nanovesicles released from a variety of cell types and end up in circulation, and carry proteins, bioactive peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids specific to the place of origin. As such, their role in health and disease has been investigated in humans and animals. This review discusses research into exosomes in the context of reproduction in dairy herds and introduces recent advances in mass-spectrometry (MS) based proteomics that have a potential to advance quantitative profiling of exosomal protein cargo in a search for early biomarkers of cattle fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Turner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation—Centre for Children’s Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (N.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Pevindu Abeysinghe
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation—Centre for Children’s Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (N.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- Central Analytical Research Facility—Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Murray D. Mitchell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation—Centre for Children’s Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (N.T.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3069-7438
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85
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Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Key Player in Wound Healing. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:537-548. [PMID: 33547566 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are an attractive resource for wound healing because their regenerative capacity improves injury repair. Recently, stem cell-derived exosomes have been shown to play a positive role in stem cell-based therapies. However, the effects of exosomes derived from AMSCs (AEXOs) on wound healing are unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of AEXOs in attenuating inflammation and explore their effects in normal wound healing. METHODS We isolated exosomes from AMSCs and established a cellular model of inflammation by treatment with the inflammatory cytokines, interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha, to determine whether AEXOs can inhibit inflammation. We examined the wound healing effects of AEXOs in in vitro wound healing models and performed a miRNA array to understand the role of AEXOs in inflammation and wound healing. RESULTS A significant difference was observed in wound closure and the expression of anti-inflammatory and wound-healing-related factors between control and AEXO-treated cells. CONCLUSION Our results showed that besides alleviating the inflammation response, AEXOs also promote wound healing. Thus, AEXOs represent a novel, stem-cell-based, therapeutic strategy for wound healing.
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86
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Banerjee A, Jain SM, S Abrar S, Kumar MM, Mathew C, Pathak S. Sources, isolation strategies and therapeutic outcome of exosomes at a glance. Regen Med 2021; 15:2361-2378. [PMID: 33471558 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted great attention due to their known role in facilitating intercellular communication in a diverse range of cellular processes. In the 30 years since the discovery of exosomes, a class of EV, they have gone from being considered a cellular waste disposal mechanism to an important aspect of cell-to-cell communication. The exponential interest in exosomes in recent years is due to their key role in health and disease and their potential clinical application in therapy and diagnosis. This review aims to provide an updated picture of the sources, isolation methods, therapeutic outcomes and current application of EVs, in particular exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Samatha M Jain
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Syed S Abrar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Makalakshmi M Kumar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Christina Mathew
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
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87
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Lee H, He X, Ni K, Carnino JM, Jin Y. Low concentration of polyethylene glycol facilitates separation of extracellular vesicles from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L522-L529. [PMID: 33438468 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00318.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bodily fluids play an essential role in cell-cell cross talk and potentially serve as novel biomarkers in "liquid biopsy." It is crucial to have a consistent, efficient, and reliable method to separate EVs from bodily fluids. Currently, there is no universally accepted, "best" method to separate EVs. Besides differential ultracentrifugation (UC), polyethylene glycol (PEG) is among the commonly used methods for EV separation from bodily fluids. However, the optimal concentration of PEG to be used remains inadequately addressed. We initially observed that the concentration of PEG has a significant impact on the amount of separated EVs and EV-cargos, which are recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). To determine the optimal PEG concentration to be used in EV separation from BALF, we first separated the BALF and serum from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Next, various concentrations of PEG (5%, 10%, and 15% PEG), a commercial kit, and UC were used to obtain EVs from BALF and serum. EVs were characterized, and EV-cargo protein, RNA, and miRNA levels were determined. We found that high concentration of PEG (10% and 15%) altered various EV parameters that are frequently used in EV studies, including EV yield, purity, and morphology. Using miR-15a, miR-142, and miR-223 as examples, we found that 10% and 15% PEG robustly reduced the detected levels of EV-cargo miRNAs compared with those in the EVs separated using UC or 5% PEG. Collectively, low concentration of PEG facilitates the optimal BALF EV separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heedoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Xue He
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kareemah Ni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan M Carnino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
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88
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Shende P, Trivedi R. Biofluidic material-based carriers: Potential systems for crossing cellular barriers. J Control Release 2021; 329:858-870. [PMID: 33053397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biofluids act as a repository for disease biomarkers and are excellent diagnostic tools applied in establishing a disease profile based on clinical testing, evaluation and monitoring the progression of patients suffering from various conditions. Furthermore, biofluids and their derived components such proteins, pigments, enzymes, hormones and cells carry a potential in the development of therapeutic drug delivery systems or as cargo materials for targeting the drug to the site of action. The presence of biofluids with respect to their specific location reveals the information of disease progression and mechanism, delivery aspects such as routes of administration as well as pharmacological factors such as binding affinity, rate of kinetics, efficacy, bioavailability and patient compliance. This review focuses on the properties and functional benefits of some biofluids, namely blood, saliva, bile, urine, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. It also covers the therapeutic and targeting action of fluid-derived substances in various micro- or nano-systems like nanohybrids, nanoparticles, self-assembled micelles, microparticles, cell-based systems, etc. The formulation of such biologically-oriented systems demonstrate the advantages of natural origin, biocompatibility and biodegradability and offer new techniques for overcoming the challenges experienced in conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India..
| | - Riddhi Trivedi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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89
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Rastogi S, Sharma V, Bharti PS, Rani K, Modi GP, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. The Evolving Landscape of Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Exosomes Characteristics and a Promising Role in Early Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E440. [PMID: 33406804 PMCID: PMC7795439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) remains to be one of the biggest burdens on healthcare systems and serves as a leading cause of disability and death. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most common of such disorders, followed by Parkinson's disease (PD). The basic molecular details of disease initiation and pathology are still under research. Only recently, the role of exosomes has been linked to the initiation and progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. Exosomes are small bilipid layer enclosed extracellular vesicles, which were once considered as a cellular waste and functionless. These nano-vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter carry specific proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs, and high amounts of non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs). As the exosomes content is known to vary as per their originating and recipient cells, these vesicles can be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for early disease detection. Here we review exosomes, their biogenesis, composition, and role in neurodegenerative diseases. We have also provided details for their characterization through an array of available techniques. Their updated role in neurodegenerative disease pathology is also discussed. Finally, we have shed light on a novel field of salivary exosomes as a potential candidate for early diagnosis in neurodegenerative diseases and compared the biomarkers of salivary exosomes with other blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) based exosomes within these neurological ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Rastogi
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.R.); (V.S.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Vaibhav Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.R.); (V.S.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Prahalad Singh Bharti
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.R.); (V.S.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Komal Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai 410206, India;
| | - Gyan P. Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Fredrik Nikolajeff
- Department of Health Science, Lulea Technical University, 97187 Lulea, Sweden
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.R.); (V.S.); (P.S.B.)
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90
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Sun Y, Tao Q, Wu X, Zhang L, Liu Q, Wang L. The Utility of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:756581. [PMID: 34764939 PMCID: PMC8576340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.756581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and the associated complications are metabolic diseases with high morbidity that result in poor quality of health and life. The lack of diagnostic methods for early detection results in patients losing the best treatment opportunity. Oral hypoglycemics and exogenous insulin replenishment are currently the most common therapeutic strategies, which only yield temporary glycemic control rather than curing the disease and its complications. Exosomes are nanoparticles containing bioactive molecules reflecting individual physiological status, regulating metabolism, and repairing damaged tissues. They function as biomarkers of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. Considering that exosomes are bioactive molecules, can be obtained from body fluid, and have cell-type specificity, in this review, we highlight the multifold effects of exosomes in the pathology and therapy of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Qing Tao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqin Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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91
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Scholtz B, Vo Minh D, Kiss C, Tar I, Kumar A, Tőzsér J, Csősz É, Márton I. Examination of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Precancerous Lesions Using Proximity Extension Assay and Salivary RNA Quantification. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120610. [PMID: 33327496 PMCID: PMC7764999 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an easy-to access body fluid with high diagnostic potential. The utilization of saliva for oral cancer diagnosis can be an attractive possibility. Besides the oral cancer, it is important to better understand the precancerous lesions such as oral lichen planus (OLP) and leukoplakia (OLK). In order to examine the changes of salivary proteins in controls, patients with oral cancer, and patients with precancerous conditions, proximity extension assay was utilized. Some proteins and functions were characteristic to the examined groups and can serve as a starting point for further biomarker studies. The different nature of OLK and OLP was demonstrated, showing the malignant transformation and the inflammation as the prominent biological processes in the OLK and OLP, respectively. The salivary level of IL6 was verified using quantitative ELISA and the mRNA level was also studied. Elevated IL6 levels could be detected in precancerous groups compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Scholtz
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Doan Vo Minh
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.V.M.); (A.K.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Csongor Kiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ildikó Tar
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ajneesh Kumar
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.V.M.); (A.K.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Éva Csősz
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.V.M.); (A.K.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Correspondence: (É.C.); (I.M.); Tel.: +36-52-416432 (É.C.)
| | - Ildikó Márton
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (É.C.); (I.M.); Tel.: +36-52-416432 (É.C.)
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92
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Vu NB, Nguyen HT, Palumbo R, Pellicano R, Fagoonee S, Pham PV. Stem cell-derived exosomes for wound healing: current status and promising directions. Minerva Med 2020; 112:384-400. [PMID: 33263376 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.07205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing, especially of chronic wounds, is still an unmet therapeutic area since assessment and management are extremely complicated. Although many efforts have been made to treat wounds, all strategies have achieved limited results for chronic wounds. Stem cell-based therapy is considered a promising approach for complex wounds such as those occurring in diabetics. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation significantly improves wound closure, angiogenesis and wound healing. However, cell therapy is complex, expensive and time-consuming. Recent studies have shown that stem cell-derived exosomes can be an exciting approach to treat wounds. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells can induce benefit in almost all stages of wound healing, including control of immune responses, inhibition of inflammation, promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, while reducing scar formation during the wound healing process. This review aimed at offering an updated overview of the use of exosomes in biological applications, such as wound healing, and addresses not only current applications but also new directions for this next-generation approach in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Vu
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hoa T Nguyen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Rosanna Palumbo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (CNR), Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
| | - Phuc V Pham
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam - .,Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
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93
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Monteleone MC, Billi SC, Viale L, Catoira NP, Frasch AC, Brocco MA. Search of brain-enriched proteins in salivary extracellular vesicles for their use as mental disease biomarkers: A pilot study of the neuronal glycoprotein M6a. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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94
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Wani S, Man Law IK, Pothoulakis C. Role and mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs in IBD pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G646-G654. [PMID: 33026230 PMCID: PMC7792667 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes represent secretory membranous vesicles used for the information exchange between cells and organ-to-organ communication. Exosome crosstalk mechanisms are involved in the regulation of several inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated pathophysiological intestinal processes such as barrier function, immune responses, and intestinal flora. Functional biomolecules, mainly noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), are believed to be transmitted between the mammalian cells via exosomes that likely play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, both locally and systemically. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in exosomes have generated substantial interest because of their critical roles in multiple pathophysiological processes. In addition, exosomal miRNAs are implicated in the gut health. MiRNAs are selectively and actively loaded into the exosomes and then transferred to the target recipient cell where they manipulate cell function through posttranscriptional silencing of target genes. Intriguingly, miRNA profile of exosomes differs from their cellular counterparts suggesting an active sorting and packaging mechanism of exosomal miRNAs. Even more exciting is the involvement of posttranscriptional modifications in the specific loading of miRNAs into exosomes, but the underlying mechanisms of how these modifications direct ncRNA sorting have not been established. This review gives a brief overview of the status of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs in IBD and also discusses potential mechanisms of exosomal miRNA sorting and delivering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameena Wani
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ivy Ka Man Law
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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95
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Exosomes in head and neck cancer: Roles, mechanisms and applications. Cancer Lett 2020; 494:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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96
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Deep dive on the proteome of salivary extracellular vesicles: comparison between ultracentrifugation and polymer-based precipitation isolation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:365-375. [PMID: 33159572 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salivary extracellular vesicles (EVs), as novel functional carriers and potential biomarkers, are usually obtained by ultracentrifugation (UC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based precipitation methods. However, salivary EVs obtained by these two methods have not been systematically compared. Here, we perform an in-depth analysis on EVs isolated by these two methods using proteomics. Both methods obtain EVs ranging from 40 to 210 nm, with the PEG method resulting in a wider size distribution. PEG-separated products were irregularly shaped and aggregated, while UC-separated ones were monodispersed and teacup-shaped. Additionally, the expression of EV-specific markers was higher in UC-separated EVs. Using tandem mass spectrometry proteomics, we identified and quantified 1217 kinds of saliva exosomal proteins and 361 kinds of differential proteins, showing that UC can isolate more EV-related proteins. These results offer some guidance for EV separating and provide potential direction for the use of EVs in non-invasive diagnosis.
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97
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Wu M, Chen Z, Xie Q, Xiao B, Zhou G, Chen G, Bian Z. One-step quantification of salivary exosomes based on combined aptamer recognition and quantum dot signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 171:112733. [PMID: 33096430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As promising fluid biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis, naturally-occurring exosomes in saliva have attracted a wide interest for their potential application in oral diseases especially oral cancers. However, accurate quantification of salivary exosomes is still challenging due to the current difficulties in simultaneous identification and measurement of these nano-sized vesicles. In this study, we developed a novel fluorescent biosensor for one-step sensitive quantification of salivary exosomes based on magnetic and fluorescent bio-probes (MFBPs). Within the MFBPs, self-assembled DNA concatamers loaded with numerous quantum dots (QDs) were ingeniously tethered to aptamers, which were anchored on the surface of magnetic microspheres (MMs). Efficient recognition and capture of an exosome by the aptamer would simultaneously trigger the release of a DNA concatamer as the detection signal carrier, thereby generating a "one exosome-numerous QDs" amplification effect. As the result, this biosensor allowed one-step quantification with less assay time and achieved a high sensitivity with low limit of detection. Moreover, unique fluorescent properties of QDs and the superparamagnetism of MMs offered a strong anti-interference ability, enabling a robust quantification in complex matrices. Furthermore, this biosensor exhibited a good clinical feasibility with favorable accuracy comparable to nanoscale flow cytometry, and a superiority in label-free analysis and convenient operation. This study provides a novel and general strategy for one-step sensitive quantification of exosomes from body fluids, facilitating the development of exosome-based liquid biopsy for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Zhuokun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Qihui Xie
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Bolin Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Gang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
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98
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Lee KS, Lee J, Lee P, Kim CU, Kim DJ, Jeong YJ, Park YJ, Tesh VL, Lee MS. Exosomes released from Shiga toxin 2a-treated human macrophages modulate inflammatory responses and induce cell death in toxin receptor expressing human cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13249. [PMID: 32772454 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Stx-producing Escherichia coli are the primarily virulence factors of hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) impairment. Although the precise mechanisms of toxin dissemination remain unclear, Stxs bind to extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, a subset of EVs, may play a key role in Stx-mediated renal injury. To test this hypothesis, we isolated exosomes from monocyte-derived macrophages in the presence of Stx2a or Stx2 toxoids. Macrophage-like differentiated THP-1 cells treated with Stxs secreted Stx-associated exosomes (Stx-Exo) of 90-130 nm in diameter, which induced cytotoxicity in recipient cells in a toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 )-dependent manner. Stx2-Exo engulfed by Gb3 -positive cells were translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum in the human proximal tubule epithelial cell line HK-2. Stx2-Exo contained pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs and proteins and induced more severe inflammation than purified Stx2a accompanied by greater death of target cells such as human renal or retinal pigment epithelial cells. Blockade of exosome biogenesis using the pharmacological inhibitor GW4869 reduced Stx2-Exo-mediated human renal cell death. Stx2-Exo isolated from human primary monocyte-derived macrophages activated caspase 3/7 and resulted in significant cell death in primary human renal cortical epithelial cells. Based on these results, we speculate that Stx-containing exosomes derived from macrophages may exacerbate cytotoxicity and inflammation and trigger cell death in toxin-sensitive cells. Therapeutic interventions targeting Stx-containing exosomes may prevent or ameliorate Stx-mediated acute vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Pureum Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Vernon L Tesh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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99
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Royo F, Théry C, Falcón-Pérez JM, Nieuwland R, Witwer KW. Methods for Separation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles: Results of a Worldwide Survey Performed by the ISEV Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091955. [PMID: 32854228 PMCID: PMC7563174 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) is growing exponentially due to an increasing appreciation of EVs as disease biomarkers and therapeutics, an expanding number of EV-containing materials under study, and application of new preparation, detection, and cargo analysis methods. Diversity of both sources and methodologies imposes challenges on the comparison of measurement results between studies and laboratories. While reference guidelines and minimal requirements for EV research have achieved the important objective of assembling community consensus, it is also essential to understand which methodologies and quality controls are currently being applied, and how usage trends are evolving. As an initial response to this need, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) performed a worldwide survey in 2015 on "Techniques used for the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles" and published the results from this survey in 2016. In 2019, a new survey was performed to assess the changing state of the field. The questionnaire received more than 600 full or partial responses, and the present manuscript summarizes the results of this second worldwide survey. The results emphasize that separation methods such as ultracentrifugation and density gradients are still the most commonly used methods, the use of size exclusion chromatography has increased, and techniques based on tangential flow and microfluidics are now being used by more than 10% of respondents. The survey also reveals that most EV researchers still do not perform sample quality controls before or after isolation of EVs. Finally, the majority of EV researchers emphasize that separation and characterization of EVs should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Royo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Exosomes Laboratory, 48160 Derio, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Juan M. Falcón-Pérez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Exosomes Laboratory, 48160 Derio, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.-P.); (R.N.); (K.W.W.)
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 19268 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 19268 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.-P.); (R.N.); (K.W.W.)
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- School of Medicine, Departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.-P.); (R.N.); (K.W.W.)
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100
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Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by cells under physiological and pathological conditions. There is emerging evidence associating exosomes with tumorigenesis. They carry cargo (DNA, RNA, miRNA and protein) pertaining to the cell of origin and play a key role in intercellular communication, influencing several cellular processes. Moreover, exosomes can be shed and found in almost all body fluids, providing a source of biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, the use of exosomes for cancer therapeutics is another research area that is gaining attention. This book chapter aims to explore the role of exosomes in tumor biogenesis, progression and clinical applications, comprehensively compiling the research for three tumor types, namely head and neck cancer, lung cancer and glioblastoma.
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