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Hepsin enhances liver metabolism and inhibits adipocyte browning in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12359-12367. [PMID: 32404422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918445117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepsin is a transmembrane serine protease primarily expressed in the liver. To date, the physiological function of hepsin remains poorly defined. Here we report that hepsin-deficient mice have low levels of blood glucose and lipids and liver glycogen, but increased adipose tissue browning and basal metabolic rates. The phenotype is caused by reduced hepatocyte growth factor activation and impaired Met signaling, resulting in decreased liver glucose and lipid metabolism and enhanced adipocyte browning. Hepsin-deficient mice exhibit marked resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. In db/db mice, hepsin deficiency ameliorates obesity and diabetes. These data indicate that hepsin is a key regulator in liver metabolism and energy homeostasis, suggesting that hepsin could be a therapeutic target for treating obesity and diabetes.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Uromodulin (UMOD), also known as Tamm-Horsfall protein, is the most abundant protein in human urine. UMOD has multiple functions such as protection against urinary tract infections and nephrolithiasis. This review outlines recent progress made in UMOD's role in renal physiology, tubular transport, and mineral metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS UMOD is mostly secreted in the thick ascending limb (TAL) and to a lesser degree in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). UMOD secretion is regulated by the calcium-sensing receptor. UMOD upregulates ion channels [e.g., renal outer medullary potassium channel, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5, and transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6)] and cotransporters [e.g., Na,K,2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) and sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC)] in the TAL and DCT. Higher serum UMOD concentrations have been associated with higher renal function and preserved renal reserve. Higher serum UMOD has also been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. SUMMARY With better serum UMOD detection assays the extent of different functions for UMOD is still expanding. Urinary UMOD regulates different tubular ion channels and cotransporters. Variations of urinary UMOD secretion can so contribute to common disorders such as hypertension or nephrolithiasis.
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53
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Membrane-anchored serine proteases as regulators of epithelial function. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:517-528. [PMID: 32196551 PMCID: PMC9869603 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage of proteins in the extracellular milieu, including hormones, growth factors and their receptors, ion channels, and various cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, plays a key role in the regulation of cell behavior. Among more than 500 proteolytic enzymes encoded by mammalian genomes, membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs), which are expressed on the surface of epithelial cells of all major organs, are excellently suited to mediate signal transduction across the epithelia and are increasingly being recognized as important regulators of epithelial development, function, and disease [ 1-3]. In this minireview, we summarize current knowledge of the in vivo roles of MASPs in acquisition and maintenance of some of the defining functions of epithelial tissues, such as barrier formation, ion transport, and sensory perception.
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Van JAD, Clotet-Freixas S, Zhou J, Batruch I, Sun C, Glogauer M, Rampoldi L, Elia Y, Mahmud FH, Sochett E, Diamandis EP, Scholey JW, Konvalinka A. Peptidomic Analysis of Urine from Youths with Early Type 1 Diabetes Reveals Novel Bioactivity of Uromodulin Peptides In Vitro. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:501-517. [PMID: 31879271 PMCID: PMC7050109 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia is known to disrupt the proteolytic milieu, initiating compensatory and maladaptive pathways in the diabetic kidney. Such changes in intrarenal proteolysis are captured by the urinary peptidome. To elucidate the early kidney response to chronic hyperglycemia, we conducted a peptidomic investigation into urines from otherwise healthy youths with type 1 diabetes and their non-diabetic peers using unbiased and targeted mass spectrometry-based techniques. This cross-sectional study included two separate cohorts for the discovery (n = 30) and internal validation (n = 30) of differential peptide excretion. Peptide bioactivity was predicted using PeptideRanker and subsequently verified in vitro Proteasix and the Nephroseq database were used to identify putative proteases responsible for peptide generation and examine their expression in diabetic nephropathy. A total of 6550 urinary peptides were identified in the discovery analysis. We further examined the subset of 162 peptides, which were quantified across all thirty samples. Of the 15 differentially excreted peptides (p < 0.05), seven derived from a C-terminal region (589SGSVIDQSRVLNLGPITRK607) of uromodulin, a kidney-specific protein. Increased excretion of five uromodulin peptides was replicated in the validation cohort using parallel reaction monitoring (p < 0.05). One of the validated peptides (SGSVIDQSRVLNLGPI) activated NFκB and AP-1 signaling, stimulated cytokine release, and enhanced neutrophil migration in vitro. In silico analyses highlighted several potential proteases such as hepsin, meprin A, and cathepsin B to be responsible for generating these peptides. In summary, we identified a urinary signature of uromodulin peptides associated with early type 1 diabetes before clinical manifestations of kidney disease and discovered novel bioactivity of uromodulin peptides in vitro Our present findings lay the groundwork for future studies to validate peptide excretion in larger and broader populations, to investigate the role of bioactive uromodulin peptides in high glucose conditions, and to examine proteases that cleave uromodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A D Van
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joyce Zhou
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Luca Rampoldi
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James W Scholey
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Musante L, Bontha SV, La Salvia S, Fernandez-Piñeros A, Lannigan J, Le TH, Mas V, Erdbrügger U. Rigorous characterization of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) in the low centrifugation pellet - a neglected source for uEVs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3701. [PMID: 32111925 PMCID: PMC7048852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) provide bio-markers for kidney and urogenital diseases. Centrifugation is the most common method used to enrich uEVs. However, a majority of studies to date have focused on the ultracentrifugation pellet, potentially losing a novel source of important biomarkers that could be obtained at lower centrifugation. Thus, the aim of this study is to rigorously characterize for the first time uEVs in the low speed pellet and determine the minimal volume of urine required for proteomic analysis (≥9.0 mL urine) and gene ontology classification identified 75% of the protein as extracellular exosomes. Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (≥3.0 mL urine) provided evidence of a heterogeneous population of EVs for size and morphology independent of uromodulin filaments. Western blot detected several specific uEV kidney and EV markers (≥4.5 mL urine per lane). microRNAs quantification by qPCR was possible with urine volume as low as 0.5 mL. Particle enumeration with tunable resistive pulse sensing, nano particles tracking analysis and single EV high throughput imaging flow cytometry are possible starting from 0.5 and 3.0 mL of urine respectively. This work characterizes a neglected source of uEVs and provides guidance with regard to volume of urine necessary to carry out multi-omic studies and reveals novel aspects of uEV analysis such as autofluorescence of podocyte origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Musante
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sai Vineela Bontha
- Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sabrina La Salvia
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angela Fernandez-Piñeros
- Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thu H Le
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Valeria Mas
- Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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The Urinary Excretion of Uromodulin is Regulated by the Potassium Channel ROMK. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19517. [PMID: 31863061 PMCID: PMC6925250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin, the most abundant protein in normal urine, is produced by cells lining the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the loop of Henle. Uromodulin regulates the activity of the potassium channel ROMK in TAL cells. Common variants in KCNJ1, the gene encoding ROMK, are associated with urinary levels of uromodulin in population studies. Here, we investigated the functional link between ROMK and uromodulin in Kcnj1 knock-out mouse models, in primary cultures of mouse TAL (mTAL) cells, and in patients with Bartter syndrome due to KCNJ1 mutations. Both global and kidney-specific Kcnj1 knock-out mice showed reduced urinary levels of uromodulin paralleled by increased levels in the kidney, compared to wild-type controls. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of ROMK in mTAL cells caused a reduction in apical uromodulin excretion, reflected by cellular accumulation. In contrast, NKCC2 inhibition showed no effect on uromodulin processing. Patients with Bartter syndrome type 2 showed reduced urinary uromodulin levels compared to age and gender matched controls. These results demonstrate that ROMK directly regulates processing and release of uromodulin by TAL cells, independently from NKCC2. They support the functional link between transport activity and uromodulin in the TAL, relevant for blood pressure control and urinary concentrating ability.
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57
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Xu X, Barreiro K, Musante L, Kretz O, Lin H, Zou H, Huber TB, Holthofer H. Management of Tamm-Horsfall Protein for Reliable Urinary Analytics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1900018. [PMID: 31424164 PMCID: PMC6900072 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a novel source of biomarkers. However, urinary Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP; uromodulin) interferes with all vesicle isolation attempts, precipitates with normal urinary proteins, thus, representing an unwanted "contaminant" in urinary assays. Thus, the aim is to develop a simple method to manage THP efficiently. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The uEVs are isolated by hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) and treated with a defined solution of urea to optimize release of uEVs from sample. Presence of uEVs is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and proteomic profiling in MS. RESULTS Using HFD with urea treatment for uEV isolation reduces sample complexity to a great extent. The novel simplified uEV isolation protocol allows comprehensive vesicle proteomics analysis and should be part of any urine analytics to release all sample constituents from THP trap. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The method brings a quick and easy protocol for THP management during uEV isolation, providing major benefits for comprehensive sample analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Xu
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Shunde Southern Medical University Science Park
| | - Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Luca Musante
- Division of NephrologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUSA
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Hanfei Lin
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hequn Zou
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS)Dublin City UniversityDublinIreland
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is a recently defined entity that includes rare kidney diseases characterized by tubular damage and interstitial fibrosis in the absence of glomerular lesions, with inescapable progression to end-stage renal disease. These diseases have long been neglected and under-recognized, in part due to confusing and inconsistent terminology. The introduction of a gene-based, unifying terminology led to the identification of an increasing number of cases, with recent data suggesting that ADTKD is one of the more common monogenic kidney diseases after autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, accounting for ~5% of monogenic disorders causing chronic kidney disease. ADTKD is caused by mutations in at least five different genes, including UMOD, MUC1, REN, HNF1B and, more rarely, SEC61A1. These genes encode various proteins with renal and extra-renal functions. The mundane clinical characteristics and lack of appreciation of family history often result in a failure to diagnose ADTKD. This Primer highlights the different types of ADTKD and discusses the distinct genetic and clinical features as well as the underlying mechanisms.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and monogenic kidney diseases in precision nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:1493-1500. [PMID: 30099615 PMCID: PMC6370526 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in recent years has led to a rapid discovery of novel or rare genetic variants in human kidney cell genes, which is transforming the risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of kidney disease. Mutations may lead to protein misfolding, disruption of protein trafficking, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention. An imbalance between the load of misfolded proteins and the folding capacity of the ER causes ER stress and unfolded protein response. Mutations in nephrin (NPHS1), podocin (NPHS2), laminin β2 (LAMB2), and α-actinin-4 (ACTN4) have been shown to induce ER stress in HEK293 cells and podocytes in hereditary nephrotic syndromes; various founder mutations in collagen IV α chains (COL4A) have been demonstrated to activate podocyte ER stress in collagen IV nephropathies; and mutations in uromodulin (UMOD) have been reported to trigger tubular ER stress in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease. Meanwhile, ER resident protein SEC63 may modify disease severity in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. These findings underscore the importance of ER stress in the pathogenesis of monogenic kidney disease. Recently, we have identified mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) and cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 (CRELD2) as urinary ER stress biomarkers in ER stress-mediated kidney diseases.
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60
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Autoactivation and calpain-1-mediated shedding of hepsin in human hepatoma cells. Biochem J 2019; 476:2355-2369. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHepsin is a transmembrane serine protease implicated in many biological processes, including hepatocyte growth, urinary protein secretion, auditory nerve development, and cancer metastasis. Zymogen activation is critical for hepsin function. To date, how hepsin is activated and regulated in cells remains an enigma. In this study, we conducted site-directed mutagenesis, cell expression, plasma membrane protein labeling, trypsin digestion, Western blotting, and flow cytometry experiments in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, where hepsin was originally discovered, and SMMC-7721 cells. Our results show that hepsin is activated by autocatalysis on the cell surface but not intracellularly. Moreover, we show that hepsin undergoes ectodomain shedding. In the conditioned medium from HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, we detected a soluble fragment comprising nearly the entire extracellular region of hepsin. By testing protease inhibitors, gene knockdown, and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified calpain-1 as a primary protease that acted extracellularly to cleave Tyr52 in the juxtamembrane space of hepsin. These results provide new insights into the biochemical and cellular mechanisms that regulate hepsin expression and activity.
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61
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Hepsin-mediated Processing of Uromodulin is Crucial for Salt-sensitivity and Thick Ascending Limb Homeostasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12287. [PMID: 31444371 PMCID: PMC6707305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin is a zona pellucida-type protein essentially produced in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the mammalian kidney. It is the most abundant protein in normal urine. Defective uromodulin processing is associated with various kidney disorders. The luminal release and subsequent polymerization of uromodulin depend on its cleavage mediated by the serine protease hepsin. The biological relevance of a proper cleavage of uromodulin remains unknown. Here we combined in vivo testing on hepsin-deficient mice, ex vivo analyses on isolated tubules and in vitro studies on TAL cells to demonstrate that hepsin influence on uromodulin processing is an important modulator of salt transport via the sodium cotransporter NKCC2 in the TAL. At baseline, hepsin-deficient mice accumulate uromodulin, along with hyperactivated NKCC2, resulting in a positive sodium balance and a better adaptation to water deprivation. In conditions of high salt intake, defective uromodulin processing predisposes hepsin-deficient mice to a salt-wasting phenotype, with a decreased salt sensitivity. These modifications are associated with intracellular accumulation of uromodulin, endoplasmic reticulum-stress and signs of tubular damage. These studies expand the physiological role of hepsin and uromodulin and highlight the importance of hepsin-mediated processing of uromodulin for kidney tubule homeostasis and salt sensitivity.
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62
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Zakharova IN, Osmanov IM, Machneva EB, Mumladze EB, Brazhnikova OV, Gavelya AN, Kasyanova AN, Lupan IN. Urinary cylinders: what pediatrician and nephrologist need to know. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.21518/2079-701x-2019-11-118-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical urine test with the correct interpretation can help the clinician in the diagnosis of the urinary system diseases, as well as other organs and systems. Most laboratories in medical institutions are currently switching to an automated urinary sediment test, but microscopy appears relevant. Unfortunately, clinicians often interpret only three or four (most often proteinuria, leukocyturia and erythrocyturia) of all the numerous indicators of urine test, unfairly ignoring the others. The urinary cylinders are one of these important elements of the urinary sediment. The article presents the characteristics of the main types of urinary cylinders, their origin, composition, morphology and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. N. Zakharova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education «Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - I. M. Osmanov
- State Budgetary Institution of Health Care of the City of Moscow «Children’s City Clinical Hospital named after Z.A. Bashlayeva» of the Department of Healthcare of the city of Moscow
| | - E. B. Machneva
- Autonomous Structural Subdivision, Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital of the State Federal Budgeting Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «N.I. Pirogov National Medical Research University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | - E. B. Mumladze
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education «Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - O. V. Brazhnikova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education «Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
State Budgetary Institution of Health Care of the City of Moscow «Children’s City Clinical Hospital named after Z.A. Bashlayeva» of the Department of Healthcare of the city of Moscow
| | - A. N. Gavelya
- State Budgetary Institution of Health Care of the City of Moscow «Children’s City Clinical Hospital named after Z.A. Bashlayeva» of the Department of Healthcare of the city of Moscow
| | - A. N. Kasyanova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education «Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - I. N. Lupan
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «South Ural State Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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Tokonami N, Olinger E, Debaix H, Houillier P, Devuyst O. The excretion of uromodulin is modulated by the calcium-sensing receptor. Kidney Int 2019; 94:882-886. [PMID: 30348305 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uromodulin is produced in the thick ascending limb, but little is known about regulation of its excretion in urine. Using mouse and cellular models, we demonstrate that excretion of uromodulin by thick ascending limb cells is increased or decreased upon inactivation or activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), respectively. These effects reflect changes in uromodulin trafficking and likely involve alterations in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Administration of the CaSR agonist cinacalcet led to a rapid reduction of urinary uromodulin excretion in healthy subjects. Modulation of uromodulin excretion by the CaSR may be clinically relevant considering the increasing use of CaSR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Tokonami
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Olinger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huguette Debaix
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, UMR_S 1138 Team 3, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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64
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Tang PC, Alex AL, Nie J, Lee J, Roth AA, Booth KT, Koehler KR, Hashino E, Nelson RF. Defective Tmprss3-Associated Hair Cell Degeneration in Inner Ear Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:147-162. [PMID: 31204303 PMCID: PMC6626982 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the type II transmembrane protease 3 (TMPRSS3) cause human hearing loss, although the underlying mechanisms that result in TMPRSS3-related hearing loss are still unclear. We combined the use of stem cell-derived inner ear organoids with single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the role of TMPRSS3. Defective Tmprss3 leads to hair cell apoptosis without altering the development of hair cells and the formation of the mechanotransduction apparatus. Prior to degeneration, Tmprss3-KO hair cells demonstrate reduced numbers of BK channels and lower expressions of genes encoding calcium ion-binding proteins, suggesting a disruption in intracellular homeostasis. A proteolytically active TMPRSS3 was detected on cell membranes in addition to ER of cells in inner ear organoids. Our in vitro model recapitulated salient features of genetically associated inner ear abnormalities and will serve as a powerful tool for studying inner ear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ciao Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alpha L Alex
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adam A Roth
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin T Booth
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rick F Nelson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Reindl J, Gröne HJ, Wolf G, Busch M. Uromodulin-related autosomal-dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease-pathogenetic insights based on a case. Clin Kidney J 2018; 12:172-179. [PMID: 30976393 PMCID: PMC6452205 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin-related autosomal-dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD-UMOD) is a rare monogenic disorder that is characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis and progression of kidney function loss, and may progress to end-stage renal disease. It is usually accompanied by hyperuricaemia and gout. Mutations in the uromodulin gene (UMOD) resulting in malfunctioning of UMOD are known to be the cause of ADTKD-UMOD, which is assumed to be an endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) storage disease. As a case vignette, we report a 29-year-old female with a suspicious family history of chronic kidney disease presenting with progressive loss of renal function, hyperuricaemia and frequent urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections and pyelonephritides may represent a clinical feature of uromodulin malfunction as it plays a protective role against urinary tract infections despite only sporadic data on this topic. ADTKD-UMOD was diagnosed after genetic testing revealing a missense mutation in the UMOD gene. Light microscopy showed excessive tubular interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy together with signs of glomerular sclerosis. Electron microscopic findings could identify electron dense storage deposits in the ER of tubular epithelial cells of the thick ascending loop. Immunohistological staining with KDEL (lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine) showed positivity in the tubular cells, which likely represents ER expansion upon accumulation of misfolded UMOD which could trigger the unfolded protein response and ER stress. This review highlights pathophysiological mechanisms that are subject to ADTKD-UMOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Reindl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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Lin Z, Yang J, Liu H, Cai D, An Z, Yu Y, Chen T. A novel uromodulin mutation in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease: a pedigree-based study and literature review. Ren Fail 2018; 40:146-151. [PMID: 29569962 PMCID: PMC6014484 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2018.1450757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease caused by mutations in uromodulin gene (ADTKD-UMOD) is a spectrum of hereditary renal disorders, characterized by early-onset hyperuricemia, gout and progressive nephropathy. This study presented a novel UMOD mutation in an ADTKD pedigree and reviewed studies in Chinese population. The index patient is a 16-year-old girl with hypertension, hyperuricemia and normal serum creatinine level. Four affected and six unaffected members were available for genetic screen. The mutation analysis was performed by next-generation sequencing and direct sequencing. A literature research was conducted to review Chinese ADTKD-UMOD cases. MEDLINE and Chinese Biomedicine Databases were searched with 'uromodulin', 'juvenile gout' and their related terms. Genetic sequencing revealed a de novo mutation within exon 3 (Cys223Gly), which was co-segregating with phenotype in this pedigree. In the review, four studies and our study involving a total of 67 ADTKD patients from 11 families were identified. Of these patients, 27 were confirmed to carry UMOD mutations. Mutations occurred in exon 3 were commonly observed, while mutations within exon 4, 5 and 9 occurred less frequently in Chinese ADTKD-UMOD cases. Among these cases, median age of symptom onset was 26.5 years, median age of end-stage renal diseases (ESRD) or death by ESRD was 41.9 years without renal replacement treatment. Phenotype caused by mutations in D8C domain seemed to be severe than those in GPI domain. Compared with patients of other race, Chinese ADTKD-UMOD patients advanced more aggressively to ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Guihang 302 Hospital, Anshun, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Guihang 302 Hospital, Anshun, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Science City Hospital of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, PI County People’s Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yerong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Abstract
The egg coat, an extracellular matrix made up of glycoprotein filaments, plays a key role in animal fertilization by acting as a gatekeeper for sperm. Egg coat components polymerize using a common zona pellucida (ZP) "domain" module that consists of two related immunoglobulin-like domains, called ZP-N and ZP-C. The ZP module has also been recognized in a large number of other secreted proteins with different biological functions, whose mutations are linked to severe human diseases. During the last decade, tremendous progress has been made toward understanding the atomic architecture of the ZP module and the structural basis of its polymerization. Moreover, sperm-binding regions at the N-terminus of mollusk and mammalian egg coat subunits were found to consist of domain repeats that also adopt a ZP-N fold. This discovery revealed an unexpected link between invertebrate and vertebrate fertilization and led to the first structure of an egg coat-sperm protein recognition complex. In this review we summarize these exciting findings, discuss their functional implications, and outline future challenges that must be addressed in order to develop a comprehensive view of this family of biomedically important extracellular molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokhove
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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68
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Goodyear RJ, Richardson GP. Structure, Function, and Development of the Tectorial Membrane: An Extracellular Matrix Essential for Hearing. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 130:217-244. [PMID: 29853178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tectorial membrane is an extracellular matrix that lies over the apical surface of the auditory epithelia in the inner ears of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Recent studies have shown it is composed of a small set of proteins, some of which are only produced at high levels in the ear and many of which are the products of genes that, when mutated, cause nonsyndromic forms of human hereditary deafness. Quite how the proteins of the tectorial membrane are assembled within the lumen of the inner ear to form a structure that is precisely regulated in its size and physical properties along the length of a tonotopically organized hearing organ is a question that remains to be fully answered. In this brief review we will summarize what is known thus far about the structure, protein composition, and function of the tectorial membrane in birds and mammals, describe how the tectorial membrane develops, and discuss major events that have occurred during the evolution of this extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
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69
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases: Host Cell Factors in Proteolytic Activation of Viral Glycoproteins. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over one third of all known proteolytic enzymes are serine proteases. Among these, the trypsin-like serine proteases comprise one of the best characterized subfamilies due to their essential roles in blood coagulation, food digestion, fibrinolysis, or immunity. Trypsin-like serine proteases possess primary substrate specificity for basic amino acids. Most of the well-characterized trypsin-like proteases such as trypsin, plasmin, or urokinase are soluble proteases that are secreted into the extracellular environment. At the turn of the millennium, a number of novel trypsin-like serine proteases have been identified that are anchored in the cell membrane, either by a transmembrane domain at the N- or C-terminus or via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Meanwhile more than 20 membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) have been identified in human and mouse, and some of them have emerged as key regulators of mammalian development and homeostasis. Thus, the MASP corin and TMPRSS6/matriptase-2 have been demonstrated to be the activators of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and key regulator of hepcidin expression, respectively. Furthermore, MASPs have been recognized as host cell factors activating respiratory viruses including influenza virus as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses. In particular, transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2) has been shown to be essential for proteolytic activation and consequently spread and pathogenesis of a number of influenza A viruses in mice and as a factor associated with severe influenza virus infection in humans. This review gives an overview on the physiological functions of the fascinating and rapidly evolving group of MASPs and a summary of the current knowledge on their role in proteolytic activation of viral fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Dieter Klenk
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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70
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Liu Y, Goldfarb DS, El-Achkar TM, Lieske JC, Wu XR. Tamm-Horsfall protein/uromodulin deficiency elicits tubular compensatory responses leading to hypertension and hyperuricemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F1062-F1076. [PMID: 29357410 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00233.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP or uromodulin) is highly restricted to the kidney thick ascending limb (TAL) of loop of Henle. Despite the unique location and recent association of THP gene mutations with hereditary uromodulin-associated kidney disease and THP single nucleotide polymorphisms with chronic kidney disease and hypertension, the physiological function(s) of THP and its pathological involvement remain incompletely understood. By studying age-dependent changes of THP knockout (KO) mice, we show here that young KO mice had significant salt and water wasting but were partially responsive to furosemide, due to decreased luminal translocation of Na-K-Cl cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) in the TAL. Aged THP KO mice were, however, markedly oliguric and unresponsive to furosemide, and their NKCC2 was localized primarily in the cytoplasm as evidenced by lipid raft floatation assay, cell fractionation, and confocal and immunoelectron microscopy. These aged KO mice responded to metolazone and acetazolamide, known to target distal and proximal tubules, respectively. They also had marked upregulation of renin in juxtaglomerular apparatus and serum, and they were hypertensive. Finally, the aged THP KO mice had significant upregulation of Na-coupled urate transporters Slc5a8 and Slc22a12 as well as sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) in the proximal tubule and elevated serum uric acid and allantoin. Collectively, our results suggest that THP deficiency can cause progressive disturbances in renal functions via initially NKCC2 dysfunction and later compensatory responses, resulting in prolonged activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
| | - David S Goldfarb
- Department of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Indianapolis Veterans Affairs , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - John C Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
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71
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Kim Y, Park SJ, Manson SR, Molina CA, Kidd K, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Perry RJ, Liapis H, Kmoch S, Parikh CR, Bleyer AJ, Chen YM. Elevated urinary CRELD2 is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated kidney disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92896. [PMID: 29212948 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ER stress has emerged as a signaling platform underlying the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop ER stress biomarkers in the incipient stages of ER stress-mediated kidney disease, when a kidney biopsy is not yet clinically indicated, for early therapeutic intervention. Cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 (CRELD2) is a newly identified protein that is induced and secreted under ER stress. For the first time to our knowledge, we demonstrate that CRELD2 can serve as a sensitive urinary biomarker for detecting ER stress in podocytes or renal tubular cells in murine models of podocyte ER stress-induced nephrotic syndrome and tunicamycin- or ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), respectively. Most importantly, urinary CRELD2 elevation occurs in patients with autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease caused by UMOD mutations, a prototypical tubular ER stress disease. In addition, in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery, detectable urine levels of CRELD2 within postoperative 6 hours strongly associate with severe AKI after surgery. In conclusion, our study has identified CRELD2 as a potentially novel urinary ER stress biomarker with potential utility in early diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment response monitoring, and directing of ER-targeted therapies in selected patient subgroups in the emerging era of precision nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeawon Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Sun-Ji Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Scott R Manson
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carlos Af Molina
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Kendrah Kidd
- Section of Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rebecca J Perry
- Section of Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helen Liapis
- RTE Professor of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Arkana Laboratories, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Section of Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anthony J Bleyer
- Section of Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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72
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Devuyst O, Pattaro C. The UMOD Locus: Insights into the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:713-726. [PMID: 29180396 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genetic factors associated with kidney disease has the potential to provide critical insights into disease mechanisms. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered genomic regions associated with renal function metrics and risk of CKD. UMOD is among the most outstanding loci associated with CKD in the general population, because it has a large effect on eGFR and CKD risk that is consistent across different ethnic groups. The relevance of UMOD for CKD is clear, because the encoded protein, uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein), is exclusively produced by the kidney tubule and has specific biochemical properties that mediate important functions in the kidney and urine. Rare mutations in UMOD are the major cause of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease, a condition that leads to CKD and ESRD. In this brief review, we use the UMOD paradigm to describe how population genetic studies can yield insight into the pathogenesis and prognosis of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
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73
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Devuyst O, Olinger E, Rampoldi L. Uromodulin: from physiology to rare and complex kidney disorders. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:525-544. [PMID: 28781372 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Uromodulin (also known as Tamm-Horsfall protein) is exclusively produced in the kidney and is the most abundant protein in normal urine. The function of uromodulin remains elusive, but the available data suggest that this protein might regulate salt transport, protect against urinary tract infection and kidney stones, and have roles in kidney injury and innate immunity. Interest in uromodulin was boosted by genetic studies that reported involvement of the UMOD gene, which encodes uromodulin, in a spectrum of rare and common kidney diseases. Rare mutations in UMOD cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD), which leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Moreover, genome-wide association studies have identified common variants in UMOD that are strongly associated with risk of CKD and also with hypertension and kidney stones in the general population. These findings have opened up a new field of kidney research. In this Review we summarize biochemical, physiological, genetic and pathological insights into the roles of uromodulin; the mechanisms by which UMOD mutations cause ADTKD, and the association of common UMOD variants with complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Olinger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Rampoldi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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74
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Early involvement of cellular stress and inflammatory signals in the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial kidney disease due to UMOD mutations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7383. [PMID: 28785050 PMCID: PMC5547146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is an inherited disorder that causes progressive kidney damage and renal failure. Mutations in the UMOD gene, encoding uromodulin, lead to ADTKD-UMOD related. Uromodulin is a GPI-anchored protein exclusively produced by epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. It is released in the tubular lumen after proteolytic cleavage and represents the most abundant protein in human urine in physiological condition. We previously generated and characterized a transgenic mouse model expressing mutant uromodulin (Tg UmodC147W) that recapitulates the main features of ATDKD-UMOD. While several studies clearly demonstrated that mutated uromodulin accumulates in endoplasmic reticulum, the mechanisms that lead to renal damage are not fully understood. In our work, we used kidney transcriptional profiling to identify early events of pathogenesis in the kidneys of Tg UmodC147W mice. Our results demonstrate up-regulation of inflammation and fibrosis and down-regulation of lipid metabolism in young Tg UmodC147W mice, before any functional or histological evidence of kidney damage. We also show that pro-inflammatory signals precede fibrosis onset and are already present in the first week after birth. Early induction of inflammation is likely relevant for ADTKD-UMOD pathogenesis and related pathways can be envisaged as possible novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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75
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Trevisani F, Larcher A, Cinque A, Capitanio U, Ripa F, Vago R, Bettiga A, Benigni F, Carenzi C, Muttin F, Bertini R, Briganti A, Salonia A, Rampoldi L, Montorsi F. The Association of Uromodulin Genotype with Renal Cancer Aggressiveness. Eur Urol Focus 2017; 5:262-265. [PMID: 28753889 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the association of the uromodulin (UMOD) genotype with patient health status and with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) aggressiveness. The UMOD genotype at the top single nucleotide variant rs4293393 was determined in a cohort of 211 patients diagnosed with a renal mass and treated with surgery. Clinical data were prospectively collected. Due to the higher frequency of allele T relative to the lower frequency of allele C, recessive homozygous (CC), and heterozygous (TC) patients were grouped together and compared with homozygous (TT) patients. Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were used to compare clinical characteristics after stratification for the UMOD genotype. UMOD genotype frequencies resulted TT and TC-CC in 67% (n=141) and 33% (n=70) of the population, respectively. The rate of cM1 RCC at clinical staging was higher in patients with genotype TT relative to patients with genotype TC-CC (18% vs 1%, p=0.001). Similarly, the rate of pT3-pT4 (41% vs 25%, p=0.047) and lymphovascular invasion (29% vs 13%, p=0.02) RCC at final pathology were higher in patients with genotype TT relative to patients with genotype TC-CC. PATIENT SUMMARY: In patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma and treated with surgery, uromodulin homozygous genotype is associated with more aggressive renal cell carcinoma clinical and pathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Trevisani
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Larcher
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Cinque
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Capitanio
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ripa
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vago
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Bettiga
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Benigni
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Carenzi
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Muttin
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Bertini
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Briganti
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rampoldi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- URI - Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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76
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Schaeffer C, Merella S, Pasqualetto E, Lazarevic D, Rampoldi L. Mutant uromodulin expression leads to altered homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum and activates the unfolded protein response. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175970. [PMID: 28437467 PMCID: PMC5402980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin is the most abundant urinary protein in physiological conditions. It is exclusively produced by renal epithelial cells lining the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL) and it plays key roles in kidney function and disease. Mutations in UMOD, the gene encoding uromodulin, cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease uromodulin-related (ADTKD-UMOD), characterised by hyperuricemia, gout and progressive loss of renal function. While the primary effect of UMOD mutations, retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is well established, its downstream effects are still largely unknown. To gain insight into ADTKD-UMOD pathogenesis, we performed transcriptional profiling and biochemical characterisation of cellular models (immortalised mouse TAL cells) of robust expression of wild type or mutant GFP-tagged uromodulin. In this model mutant uromodulin accumulation in the ER does not impact on cell viability and proliferation. Transcriptional profiling identified 109 genes that are differentially expressed in mutant cells relative to wild type ones. Up-regulated genes include several ER resident chaperones and protein disulphide isomerases. Consistently, pathway enrichment analysis indicates that mutant uromodulin expression affects ER function and protein homeostasis. Interestingly, mutant uromodulin expression induces the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), and specifically the IRE1 branch, as shown by an increased splicing of XBP1. Consistent with UPR induction, we show increased interaction of mutant uromodulin with ER chaperones Bip, calnexin and PDI. Using metabolic labelling, we also demonstrate that while autophagy plays no role, mutant protein is partially degraded by the proteasome through ER-associated degradation. Our work demonstrates that ER stress could play a central role in ADTKD-UMOD pathogenesis. This sets the bases for future work to develop novel therapeutic strategies through modulation of ER homeostasis and associated protein degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Schaeffer
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Merella
- Center of Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Pasqualetto
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dejan Lazarevic
- Center of Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rampoldi
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Dominiczak A, Delles C, Padmanabhan S. Genomics and Precision Medicine for Clinicians and Scientists in Hypertension. Hypertension 2017; 69:e10-e13. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dominiczak
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Delles
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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78
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Mary S, Small HY, Siwy J, Mullen W, Giri A, Delles C. Polymerization-Incompetent Uromodulin in the Pregnant Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. Hypertension 2017; 69:910-918. [PMID: 28348009 PMCID: PMC5389592 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is centrally involved in blood pressure regulation and undergoes extensive changes during pregnancy. Hypertension during pregnancy may result in an altered urinary peptidome that could be used to indicate new targets of therapeutic or diagnostic interest. The stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) is a model of maternal chronic hypertension. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry was conducted to interrogate the urinary peptidome in SHRSP and the control Wistar-Kyoto strain at three time points: prepregnancy and gestational days 12 and 18. The comparison within and between the Wistar-Kyoto and SHRSP peptidome at all time points detected 123 differentially expressed peptides (fold change >1.5; P<0.05). Sequencing of these peptides identified fragments of collagen α-chains, albumin, prothrombin, actin, serpin A3K, proepidermal growth factor, and uromodulin. Uromodulin peptides showed a pregnancy-specific alteration in SHRSP with a 7.8-fold (P<0.01) and 8.8-fold (P<0.05) increase at gestational days 12 and 18, respectively, relative to the Wistar-Kyoto. Further investigation revealed that these peptides belonged to the polymerization-inhibitory region of uromodulin. Two forms of uromodulin (polymerization competent and polymerization incompetent) were found in urine from both Wistar-Kyoto and SHRSP, where the polymerization-incompetent form was increased in a pregnancy-specific manner in SHRSP. Nifedipine-treated pregnant SHRSP showed only polymerization-competent uromodulin, indicating that calcium may be mechanistically involved in uromodulin polymerization. This study highlights, for the first time, a potential role of uromodulin and its polymerization in hypertensive pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheon Mary
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland (S.M., H.Y.S., W.M., C.D.); Department of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India (S.M., A.G.); and Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Heather Yvonne Small
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland (S.M., H.Y.S., W.M., C.D.); Department of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India (S.M., A.G.); and Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Justyna Siwy
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland (S.M., H.Y.S., W.M., C.D.); Department of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India (S.M., A.G.); and Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany (J.S.)
| | - William Mullen
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland (S.M., H.Y.S., W.M., C.D.); Department of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India (S.M., A.G.); and Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Ashok Giri
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland (S.M., H.Y.S., W.M., C.D.); Department of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India (S.M., A.G.); and Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Christian Delles
- From the BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland (S.M., H.Y.S., W.M., C.D.); Department of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India (S.M., A.G.); and Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany (J.S.).
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79
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Bleyer AJ, Kidd K, Živná M, Kmoch S. Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2017; 24:86-93. [PMID: 28284384 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There are 3 major forms of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD): ADTKD due to UMOD mutations, MUC1 mutations, and mutations in the REN gene encoding renin. Lack of knowledge about these conditions contributes to frequent nondiagnosis, but with even limited knowledge, nephrologists can easily obtain a diagnosis and improve patient care. There are 3 cardinal features of these disorders: (1) the conditions are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and should be considered whenever both a parent and child suffer from kidney disease; the presence of even more affected family members provides further support. (2) These conditions are associated with a bland urinary sediment, ruling out glomerular disorders. (3) There is a variable rate of decline in kidney function. The mean age of ESRD is approximately 45, but the range is from 17 to >75. ADTKD-UMOD is often but not always associated with gout in the teenage years. ADKTKD-REN is associated with signs of hyporeninemia: mild hypotension, mild hyperkalemia, anemia in childhood, and hyperuricemia and gout in the teenage years. The only clinical manifestation of ADTKD-MUC1 is slowly progressive CKD. Diagnosis should be made by genetic testing, and kidney biopsy should be avoided.
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Gill HK, Cohen JD, Ayala-Figueroa J, Forman-Rubinsky R, Poggioli C, Bickard K, Parry JM, Pu P, Hall DH, Sundaram MV. Integrity of Narrow Epithelial Tubes in the C. elegans Excretory System Requires a Transient Luminal Matrix. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006205. [PMID: 27482894 PMCID: PMC4970718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most epithelial cells secrete a glycoprotein-rich apical extracellular matrix that can have diverse but still poorly understood roles in development and physiology. Zona Pellucida (ZP) domain glycoproteins are common constituents of these matrices, and their loss in humans is associated with a number of diseases. Understanding of the functions, organization and regulation of apical matrices has been hampered by difficulties in imaging them both in vivo and ex vivo. We identified the PAN-Apple, mucin and ZP domain glycoprotein LET-653 as an early and transient apical matrix component that shapes developing epithelia in C. elegans. LET-653 has modest effects on shaping of the vulva and epidermis, but is essential to prevent lumen fragmentation in the very narrow, unicellular excretory duct tube. We were able to image the transient LET-653 matrix by both live confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy. Structure/function and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies revealed that LET-653 exists in two separate luminal matrix pools, a loose fibrillar matrix in the central core of the lumen, to which it binds dynamically via its PAN domains, and an apical-membrane-associated matrix, to which it binds stably via its ZP domain. The PAN domains are both necessary and sufficient to confer a cyclic pattern of duct lumen localization that precedes each molt, while the ZP domain is required for lumen integrity. Ectopic expression of full-length LET-653, but not the PAN domains alone, could expand lumen diameter in the developing gut tube, where LET-653 is not normally expressed. Together, these data support a model in which the PAN domains regulate the ability of the LET-653 ZP domain to interact with other factors at the apical membrane, and this ZP domain interaction promotes expansion and maintenance of lumen diameter. These data identify a transient apical matrix component present prior to cuticle secretion in C. elegans, demonstrate critical roles for this matrix component in supporting lumen integrity within narrow bore tubes such as those found in the mammalian microvasculature, and reveal functional importance of the evolutionarily conserved ZP domain in this tube protecting activity. Most organs in the body are made up of networks of tubes that transport fluids or gases. These tubes come in many different sizes and shapes, with some narrow capillaries being only one cell in diameter. As tubes develop and take their final shapes, they secrete various glycoproteins into their hollow interior or lumen. The functions of these luminal proteins are not well understood, but there is increasing evidence that they are important for lumen shaping and that their loss can contribute to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Through studies of the nematode C. elegans, we identified a luminal glycoprotein, LET-653, that is transiently expressed in multiple developing tube types but is particularly critical to maintain integrity of the narrowest, unicellular tubes. We identified protein domains that direct LET-653 to specific apical matrix compartments and mediate its oscillatory pattern of lumen localization. Furthermore, we showed that the LET-653 tube-protecting activity depends on a Zona Pellucida (ZP) domain similar to that found in the mammalian egg-coat and in many other luminal or sensory matrix proteins involved in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasreet K. Gill
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Cohen
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jesus Ayala-Figueroa
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel Forman-Rubinsky
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Corey Poggioli
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin Bickard
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jean M. Parry
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Georgian Court University, Lakewood, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Pu Pu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David H. Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Meera V. Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A structured interdomain linker directs self-polymerization of human uromodulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1552-7. [PMID: 26811476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519803113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin (UMOD)/Tamm-Horsfall protein, the most abundant human urinary protein, plays a key role in chronic kidney diseases and is a promising therapeutic target for hypertension. Via its bipartite zona pellucida module (ZP-N/ZP-C), UMOD forms extracellular filaments that regulate kidney electrolyte balance and innate immunity, as well as protect against renal stones. Moreover, salt-dependent aggregation of UMOD filaments in the urine generates a soluble molecular net that captures uropathogenic bacteria and facilitates their clearance. Despite the functional importance of its homopolymers, no structural information is available on UMOD and how it self-assembles into filaments. Here, we report the crystal structures of polymerization regions of human UMOD and mouse ZP2, an essential sperm receptor protein that is structurally related to UMOD but forms heteropolymers. The structure of UMOD reveals that an extensive hydrophobic interface mediates ZP-N domain homodimerization. This arrangement is required for filament formation and is directed by an ordered ZP-N/ZP-C linker that is not observed in ZP2 but is conserved in the sequence of deafness/Crohn's disease-associated homopolymeric glycoproteins α-tectorin (TECTA) and glycoprotein 2 (GP2). Our data provide an example of how interdomain linker plasticity can modulate the function of structurally similar multidomain proteins. Moreover, the architecture of UMOD rationalizes numerous pathogenic mutations in both UMOD and TECTA genes.
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