51
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Faria M, Domingues R, Bugalho MJ, Silva AL, Matos P. Analysis of NIS Plasma Membrane Interactors Discloses Key Regulation by a SRC/RAC1/PAK1/PIP5K/EZRIN Pathway with Potential Implications for Radioiodine Re-Sensitization Therapy in Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5460. [PMID: 34771624 PMCID: PMC8582450 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional expression of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) at the membrane of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cells is the cornerstone for the use of radioiodine (RAI) therapy in these malignancies. However, NIS gene expression is frequently downregulated in malignant thyroid tissue, and 30% to 50% of metastatic DTCs become refractory to RAI treatment, which dramatically decreases patient survival. Several strategies have been attempted to increase the NIS mRNA levels in refractory DTC cells, so as to re-sensitize refractory tumors to RAI. However, there are many RAI-refractory DTCs in which the NIS mRNA and protein levels are relatively abundant but only reduced levels of iodide uptake are detected, suggesting a posttranslational failure in the delivery of NIS to the plasma membrane (PM), or an impaired residency at the PM. Because little is known about the molecules and pathways regulating NIS delivery to, and residency at, the PM of thyroid cells, we here employed an intact-cell labeling/immunoprecipitation methodology to selectively purify NIS-containing macromolecular complexes from the PM. Using mass spectrometry, we characterized and compared the composition of NIS PM complexes to that of NIS complexes isolated from whole cell (WC) lysates. Applying gene ontology analysis to the obtained MS data, we found that while both the PM-NIS and WC-NIS datasets had in common a considerable number of proteins involved in vesicle transport and protein trafficking, the NIS PM complexes were particularly enriched in proteins associated with the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Through a systematic validation of the detected interactions by co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot, followed by the biochemical and functional characterization of the contribution of each interactor to NIS PM residency and iodide uptake, we were able to identify a pathway by which the PM localization and function of NIS depends on its binding to SRC kinase, which leads to the recruitment and activation of the small GTPase RAC1. RAC1 signals through PAK1 and PIP5K to promote ARP2/3-mediated actin polymerization, and the recruitment and binding of the actin anchoring protein EZRIN to NIS, promoting its residency and function at the PM of normal and TC cells. Besides providing novel insights into the regulation of NIS localization and function at the PM of TC cells, our results open new venues for therapeutic intervention in TC, namely the possibility of modulating abnormal SRC signaling in refractory TC from a proliferative/invasive effect to the re-sensitization of these tumors to RAI therapy by inducing NIS retention at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Faria
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (R.D.); (M.J.B.); (A.L.S.)
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Domingues
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (R.D.); (M.J.B.); (A.L.S.)
- ISAMB-Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bugalho
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (R.D.); (M.J.B.); (A.L.S.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, CHULN and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Silva
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (R.D.); (M.J.B.); (A.L.S.)
- ISAMB-Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, CHULN and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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52
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The Role of WAVE2 Signaling in Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091217. [PMID: 34572403 PMCID: PMC8464821 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and WASP family verprolin-homologous protein (WAVE)—WAVE1, WAVE2 and WAVE3 regulate rapid reorganization of cortical actin filaments and have been shown to form a key link between small GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Upon receiving upstream signals from Rho-family GTPases, the WASP and WAVE family proteins play a significant role in polymerization of actin cytoskeleton through activation of actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3). The Arp2/3 complex, once activated, forms actin-based membrane protrusions essential for cell migration and cancer cell invasion. Thus, by activation of Arp2/3 complex, the WAVE and WASP family proteins, as part of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), have been shown to play a critical role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, drawing significant research interest over recent years. Several studies have highlighted the potential for targeting the genes encoding either part of or a complete protein from the WASP/WAVE family as therapeutic strategies for preventing the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. WAVE2 is well documented to be associated with the pathogenesis of several human cancers, including lung, liver, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal and breast cancer, as well as other hematologic malignancies. This review focuses mainly on the role of WAVE2 in the development, invasion and metastasis of different types of cancer. This review also summarizes the molecular mechanisms that regulate the activity of WAVE2, as well as those oncogenic pathways that are regulated by WAVE2 to promote the cancer phenotype. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target WAVE2 or the WAVE regulatory complex, aimed at preventing or inhibiting cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Chaya T, Ishikane H, Varner LR, Sugita Y, Maeda Y, Tsutsumi R, Motooka D, Okuzaki D, Furukawa T. Deficiency of the neurodevelopmental disorder-associated gene Cyfip2 alters the retinal ganglion cell properties and visual acuity. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:535-547. [PMID: 34508581 PMCID: PMC8863419 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 0.5–3% of the population in the developed world. Individuals with ID exhibit deficits in intelligence, impaired adaptive behavior and often visual impairments. Cytoplasmic fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1)-interacting protein 2 (CYFIP2) is an interacting partner of the FMR protein, whose loss results in fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of ID. Recently, CYFIP2 variants have been found in patients with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy, developmental delay and ID. Such individuals often exhibit visual impairments; however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of Cyfip2 in retinal and visual functions by generating and analyzing Cyfip2 conditional knockout (CKO) mice. While we found no major differences in the layer structures and cell compositions between the control and Cyfip2 CKO retinas, a subset of genes associated with the transporter and channel activities was differentially expressed in Cyfip2 CKO retinas than in the controls. Multi-electrode array recordings showed more sustained and stronger responses to positive flashes of the ON ganglion cells in the Cyfip2 CKO retina than in the controls, although electroretinogram analysis revealed that Cyfip2 deficiency unaffected the photoreceptor and ON bipolar cell functions. Furthermore, analysis of initial and late phase optokinetic responses demonstrated that Cyfip2 deficiency impaired the visual function at the organismal level. Together, our results shed light on the molecular mechanism underlying the visual impairments observed in individuals with CYFIP2 variants and, more generally, in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Chaya
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikane
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Leah R Varner
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Sugita
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yamato Maeda
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tsutsumi
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Bischoff MC, Bogdan S. Collective cell migration driven by filopodia-New insights from the social behavior of myotubes. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100124. [PMID: 34480489 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Collective migration is a key process that is critical during development, as well as in physiological and pathophysiological processes including tissue repair, wound healing and cancer. Studies in genetic model organisms have made important contributions to our current understanding of the mechanisms that shape cells into different tissues during morphogenesis. Recent advances in high-resolution and live-cell-imaging techniques provided new insights into the social behavior of cells based on careful visual observations within the context of a living tissue. In this review, we will compare Drosophila testis nascent myotube migration with established in vivo model systems, elucidate similarities, new features and principles in collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik C Bischoff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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55
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Pipathsouk A, Brunetti RM, Town JP, Graziano BR, Breuer A, Pellett PA, Marchuk K, Tran NHT, Krummel MF, Stamou D, Weiner OD. The WAVE complex associates with sites of saddle membrane curvature. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202003086. [PMID: 34096975 PMCID: PMC8185649 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How local interactions of actin regulators yield large-scale organization of cell shape and movement is not well understood. Here we investigate how the WAVE complex organizes sheet-like lamellipodia. Using super-resolution microscopy, we find that the WAVE complex forms actin-independent 230-nm-wide rings that localize to regions of saddle membrane curvature. This pattern of enrichment could explain several emergent cell behaviors, such as expanding and self-straightening lamellipodia and the ability of endothelial cells to recognize and seal transcellular holes. The WAVE complex recruits IRSp53 to sites of saddle curvature but does not depend on IRSp53 for its own localization. Although the WAVE complex stimulates actin nucleation via the Arp2/3 complex, sheet-like protrusions are still observed in ARP2-null, but not WAVE complex-null, cells. Therefore, the WAVE complex has additional roles in cell morphogenesis beyond Arp2/3 complex activation. Our work defines organizing principles of the WAVE complex lamellipodial template and suggests how feedback between cell shape and actin regulators instructs cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pipathsouk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel M. Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jason P. Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brian R. Graziano
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Artù Breuer
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Pathology and Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ngoc-Han T. Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology and Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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56
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Biembengut ÍV, Silva ILZ, Souza TDACBD, Shigunov P. Cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein (CYFIP) family members and their function in neural development and disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6131-6143. [PMID: 34327661 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein (CYFIP) family is composed of CYFIP1 and CYFIP2. Despite their high similarity and shared interaction with many partners, CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 act at different points in cellular processes. CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 have different expression levels in human tissues, and knockout animals die at different time points of development. CYFIP1, similar to CYFIP2, acts in the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) and plays a role in actin dynamics through the activation of the Arp2/3 complex and in a posttranscriptional regulatory complex with the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Previous reports have shown that CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 may play roles in posttranscriptional regulation in different ways. While CYFIP1 is involved in translation initiation via the 5'UTR, CYFIP2 may regulate mRNA expression via the 3'UTR. In addition, this CYFIP protein family is involved in neural development and maturation as well as in different neural disorders, such as intellectual disabilities, autistic spectrum disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we map diverse studies regarding the functions, regulation, and implications of CYFIP proteins in a series of molecular pathways. We also highlight mutations and their structural effects both in functional studies and in neural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ísis Venturi Biembengut
- Carlos Chagas Institute-FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CIC, Curitiba, Paraná, 81830-010, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrícia Shigunov
- Carlos Chagas Institute-FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CIC, Curitiba, Paraná, 81830-010, Brazil.
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Srivastava S, Macke EL, Swanson LC, Coulter D, Klee EW, Mullegama SV, Xie Y, Lanpher BC, Bedoukian EC, Skraban CM, Villard L, Milh M, Leppert MLO, Cohen JS. Expansion of the Genotypic and Phenotypic Spectrum of WASF1-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070931. [PMID: 34356165 PMCID: PMC8307306 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, de novo truncating variants in WASF1 (Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein family member 1) have been linked to presentations of moderate-to-profound intellectual disability (ID), autistic features, and epilepsy. Apart from one case series, there is limited information on the phenotypic spectrum and genetic landscape of WASF1-related neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). In this report, we describe detailed clinical characteristics of six individuals with WASF1-related NDD. We demonstrate a broader spectrum of neurodevelopmental impairment including more mildly affected individuals. Further, we report new variant types, including a copy number variant (CNV), resulting in the partial deletion of WASF1 in monozygotic twins, and three missense variants, two of which alter the same residue, p.W161. This report adds further evidence that de novo variants in WASF1 cause an autosomal dominant NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.S.); (L.C.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Erica L. Macke
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (E.L.M.); (E.W.K.); (B.C.L.)
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Lindsay C. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.S.); (L.C.S.); (D.C.)
| | - David Coulter
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.S.); (L.C.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Eric W. Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (E.L.M.); (E.W.K.); (B.C.L.)
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | | | - Yili Xie
- GeneDx Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA; (S.V.M.); (Y.X.)
| | - Brendan C. Lanpher
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (E.L.M.); (E.W.K.); (B.C.L.)
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Emma C. Bedoukian
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.M.S.)
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cara M. Skraban
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (E.C.B.); (C.M.S.)
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurent Villard
- Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HM, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Inserm, Marseille Medical Genetics Center, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Mathieu Milh
- Inserm, Marseille Medical Genetics Center, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, AP-HM, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Mary L. O. Leppert
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Julie S. Cohen
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mughees M, Bano F, Wajid S. Mechanism of WASP and WAVE family proteins in the progression of prostate cancer. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:683-693. [PMID: 33471226 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed and third lethal cause of death from cancer in men worldwide. Despite the availability of vast treatment procedures, still the high occurrence of invasion and metastasis of PCa are reported in cancer patients. The WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) and WAVE (WASP family verprolin homologous protein) family of proteins are actin cytoskeleton regulatory proteins, reported to enhance cancer cell invasion and migration in prostate cancer. Hence, this review sheds light on the studies that explored the potential role of WASP and WAVE family of proteins in invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer. The research articles explored for the completion of this review were mostly from PubMed and Google Scholar by using the appropriate keywords for indexing. The conserved function of WASP and WAVE protein family is to receive the upstream signals from the Rho GTPase family and transmit them to activate the Arp2/3 complex that leads to rapid actin polymerization at leading edge of cells, which is crucial for PCa metastasis. Therefore, targeting these proteins could reflect a very interesting therapeutic opportunity to combat prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Mughees
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Faizia Bano
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Filić V, Mijanović L, Putar D, Talajić A, Ćetković H, Weber I. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton via Rho GTPase Signalling in Dictyostelium and Mammalian Cells: A Parallel Slalom. Cells 2021; 10:1592. [PMID: 34202767 PMCID: PMC8305917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Dictyostelium amoebae and mammalian cells are endowed with an elaborate actin cytoskeleton that enables them to perform a multitude of tasks essential for survival. Although these organisms diverged more than a billion years ago, their cells share the capability of chemotactic migration, large-scale endocytosis, binary division effected by actomyosin contraction, and various types of adhesions to other cells and to the extracellular environment. The composition and dynamics of the transient actin-based structures that are engaged in these processes are also astonishingly similar in these evolutionary distant organisms. The question arises whether this remarkable resemblance in the cellular motility hardware is accompanied by a similar correspondence in matching software, the signalling networks that govern the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. Small GTPases from the Rho family play pivotal roles in the control of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Indicatively, Dictyostelium matches mammals in the number of these proteins. We give an overview of the Rho signalling pathways that regulate the actin dynamics in Dictyostelium and compare them with similar signalling networks in mammals. We also provide a phylogeny of Rho GTPases in Amoebozoa, which shows a variability of the Rho inventories across different clades found also in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Filić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.M.); (D.P.); (A.T.); (H.Ć.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Weber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.M.); (D.P.); (A.T.); (H.Ć.)
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Liaci C, Camera M, Caslini G, Rando S, Contino S, Romano V, Merlo GR. Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Intellectual Disability: From Systems Biology and Modeling to Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116167. [PMID: 34200511 PMCID: PMC8201358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a pathological condition characterized by limited intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. It affects 1–3% of the worldwide population, and no pharmacological therapies are currently available. More than 1000 genes have been found mutated in ID patients pointing out that, despite the common phenotype, the genetic bases are highly heterogeneous and apparently unrelated. Bibliomic analysis reveals that ID genes converge onto a few biological modules, including cytoskeleton dynamics, whose regulation depends on Rho GTPases transduction. Genetic variants exert their effects at different levels in a hierarchical arrangement, starting from the molecular level and moving toward higher levels of organization, i.e., cell compartment and functions, circuits, cognition, and behavior. Thus, cytoskeleton alterations that have an impact on cell processes such as neuronal migration, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity rebound on the overall establishment of an effective network and consequently on the cognitive phenotype. Systems biology (SB) approaches are more focused on the overall interconnected network rather than on individual genes, thus encouraging the design of therapies that aim to correct common dysregulated biological processes. This review summarizes current knowledge about cytoskeleton control in neurons and its relevance for the ID pathogenesis, exploiting in silico modeling and translating the implications of those findings into biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Liaci
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Mattia Camera
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Caslini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Simona Rando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Salvatore Contino
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Valentino Romano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116706449; Fax: +39-0116706432
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Stahnke S, Döring H, Kusch C, de Gorter DJJ, Dütting S, Guledani A, Pleines I, Schnoor M, Sixt M, Geffers R, Rohde M, Müsken M, Kage F, Steffen A, Faix J, Nieswandt B, Rottner K, Stradal TEB. Loss of Hem1 disrupts macrophage function and impacts migration, phagocytosis, and integrin-mediated adhesion. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2051-2064.e8. [PMID: 33711252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic-specific protein 1 (Hem1) is an essential subunit of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) in immune cells. WRC is crucial for Arp2/3 complex activation and the protrusion of branched actin filament networks. Moreover, Hem1 loss of function in immune cells causes autoimmune diseases in humans. Here, we show that genetic removal of Hem1 in macrophages diminishes frequency and efficacy of phagocytosis as well as phagocytic cup formation in addition to defects in lamellipodial protrusion and migration. Moreover, Hem1-null macrophages displayed strong defects in cell adhesion despite unaltered podosome formation and concomitant extracellular matrix degradation. Specifically, dynamics of both adhesion and de-adhesion as well as concomitant phosphorylation of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were significantly compromised. Accordingly, disruption of WRC function in non-hematopoietic cells coincided with both defects in adhesion turnover and altered FAK and paxillin phosphorylation. Consistently, platelets exhibited reduced adhesion and diminished integrin αIIbβ3 activation upon WRC removal. Interestingly, adhesion phenotypes, but not lamellipodia formation, were partially rescued by small molecule activation of FAK. A full rescue of the phenotype, including lamellipodia formation, required not only the presence of WRCs but also their binding to and activation by Rac. Collectively, our results uncover that WRC impacts on integrin-dependent processes in a FAK-dependent manner, controlling formation and dismantling of adhesions, relevant for properly grabbing onto extracellular surfaces and particles during cell edge expansion, like in migration or phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Charly Kusch
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David J J de Gorter
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dütting
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aleks Guledani
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Irina Pleines
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Centre for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School MHH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.
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62
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Haan N, Westacott LJ, Carter J, Owen MJ, Gray WP, Hall J, Wilkinson LS. Haploinsufficiency of the schizophrenia and autism risk gene Cyfip1 causes abnormal postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis through microglial and Arp2/3 mediated actin dependent mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:313. [PMID: 34031371 PMCID: PMC8144403 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors can significantly increase chances of developing psychiatric disorders, but the underlying biological processes through which this risk is effected remain largely unknown. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1, a candidate risk gene present in the pathogenic 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion may impact on psychopathology via abnormalities in cell survival and migration of newborn neurons during postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. We demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1 leads to increased numbers of adult-born hippocampal neurons due to reduced apoptosis, without altering proliferation. We show this is due to a cell autonomous failure of microglia to induce apoptosis through the secretion of the appropriate factors, a previously undescribed mechanism. Furthermore, we show an abnormal migration of adult-born neurons due to altered Arp2/3 mediated actin dynamics. Together, our findings throw new light on how the genetic risk candidate Cyfip1 may influence the hippocampus, a brain region with strong evidence for involvement in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Laura J Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jenny Carter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Brain Repair and Intercranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Cardiff, UK
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63
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Abstract
Dynamic rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton drives a myriad of processes in eukaryotic cells, such as cell migration and vesicle trafficking, and its dysregulation is deeply associated with various diseases, including cancer, immune deficiency, and neurological disorders. Members of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family, including WASP, N-WASP, WAVE, WASH, WHAMM, JMY, and the recently identified WHIMP, are ubiquitous regulators of actin dynamics. Although each WASP-family protein uses a different regulatory mechanism and participates in distinct cellular processes, they all act by integrating various upstream signals and transmitting them to their carboxy-terminal WCA (WH2-central-acidic, where WH2 stands for WASP homology 2) domain. This domain stimulates the actin nucleation activity of the Arp2/3 complex to promote the formation of new filaments from existing ones, creating branched actin networks that are crucial for dynamic deformations of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 3110 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, IA, USA.
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64
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Leyden F, Uthishtran S, Moorthi UK, York HM, Patil A, Gandhi H, Petrov EP, Bornschlögl T, Arumugam S. Rac1 activation can generate untemplated, lamellar membrane ruffles. BMC Biol 2021; 19:72. [PMID: 33849538 PMCID: PMC8042924 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane protrusions that occur on the dorsal surface of a cell are an excellent experimental system to study actin machinery at work in a living cell. Small GTPase Rac1 controls the membrane protrusions that form and encapsulate extracellular volumes to perform pinocytic or phagocytic functions. RESULTS Here, capitalizing on rapid volumetric imaging capabilities of lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM), we describe optogenetic approaches using photoactivable Rac1 (PA-Rac1) for controlled ruffle generation. We demonstrate that PA-Rac1 activation needs to be continuous, suggesting a threshold local concentration for sustained actin polymerization leading to ruffling. We show that Rac1 activation leads to actin assembly at the dorsal surface of the cell membrane that result in sheet-like protrusion formation without any requirement of a template. Further, this approach can be used to study the complex morpho-dynamics of the protrusions or to investigate specific proteins that may be enriched in the ruffles. Deactivating PA-Rac1 leads to complex contractile processes resulting in formation of macropinosomes. Using multicolour imaging in combination with these approaches, we find that Myo1e specifically is enriched in the ruffles. CONCLUSIONS Combining LLSM and optogenetics enables superior spatial and temporal control for studying such dynamic mechanisms. Demonstrated here, the techniques implemented provide insight into the complex nature of the molecular interplay involved in dynamic actin machinery, revealing that Rac1 activation can generate untemplated, lamellar protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leyden
- Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Uthishtran
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - U K Moorthi
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - H M York
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - A Patil
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - H Gandhi
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - E P Petrov
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Bornschlögl
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - S Arumugam
- Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
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65
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Chaudhari K, Gorla M, Chang C, Kania A, Bashaw GJ. Robo recruitment of the Wave regulatory complex plays an essential and conserved role in midline repulsion. eLife 2021; 10:e64474. [PMID: 33843588 PMCID: PMC8096436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Roundabout (Robo) guidance receptor family induces axon repulsion in response to its ligand Slit by inducing local cytoskeletal changes; however, the link to the cytoskeleton and the nature of these cytoskeletal changes are poorly understood. Here, we show that the heteropentameric Scar/Wave Regulatory Complex (WRC), which drives Arp2/3-induced branched actin polymerization, is a direct effector of Robo signaling. Biochemical evidence shows that Slit triggers WRC recruitment to the Robo receptor's WRC-interacting receptor sequence (WIRS) motif. In Drosophila embryos, mutants of the WRC enhance Robo1-dependent midline crossing defects. Additionally, mutating Robo1's WIRS motif significantly reduces receptor activity in rescue assays in vivo, and CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis shows that the WIRS motif is essential for endogenous Robo1 function. Finally, axon guidance assays in mouse dorsal spinal commissural axons and gain-of-function experiments in chick embryos demonstrate that the WIRS motif is also required for Robo1 repulsion in mammals. Together, our data support an essential conserved role for the WIRS-WRC interaction in Robo1-mediated axon repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Chaudhari
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Madhavi Gorla
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Chao Chang
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)MontréalCanada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)MontréalCanada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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66
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Ozawa M, Hiver S, Yamamoto T, Shibata T, Upadhyayula S, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Takeichi M. Adherens junction regulates cryptic lamellipodia formation for epithelial cell migration. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152072. [PMID: 32886101 PMCID: PMC7659716 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective migration of epithelial cells plays crucial roles in various biological processes such as cancer invasion. In migrating epithelial sheets, leader cells form lamellipodia to advance, and follower cells also form similar motile apparatus at cell-cell boundaries, which are called cryptic lamellipodia (c-lamellipodia). Using adenocarcinoma-derived epithelial cells, we investigated how c-lamellipodia form and found that they sporadically grew from around E-cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs). WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes were localized along the AJs, and silencing them not only interfered with c-lamellipodia formation but also prevented follower cells from trailing the leaders. Disruption of AJs by removing αE-catenin resulted in uncontrolled c-lamellipodia growth, and this was brought about by myosin II activation and the resultant contraction of AJ-associated actomyosin cables. Additional observations indicated that c-lamellipodia tended to grow at mechanically weak sites of the junction. We conclude that AJs not only tie cells together but also support c-lamellipodia formation by recruiting actin regulators, enabling epithelial cells to undergo ordered collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ozawa
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sylvain Hiver
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Advanced Bioimaging Center, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
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67
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Erianthridin suppresses non-small-cell lung cancer cell metastasis through inhibition of Akt/mTOR/p70 S6K signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6618. [PMID: 33758209 PMCID: PMC7987990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a major cause of the high mortality rate in lung cancer patients. The cytoskeletal rearrangement and degradation of extracellular matrix are required to facilitate cell migration and invasion and the suppression of these behaviors is an intriguing approach to minimize cancer metastasis. Even though Erianthridin (ETD), a phenolic compound isolated from the Thai orchid Dendrobium formosum exhibits various biological activities, the molecular mechanism of ETD for anti-cancer activity is unclear. In this study, we found that noncytotoxic concentrations of ETD (≤ 50 μM) were able to significantly inhibit cell migration and invasion via disruption of actin stress fibers and lamellipodia formation. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 was markedly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner after ETD treatment. Mechanistic studies revealed that protein kinase B (Akt) and its downstream effectors mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) were strongly attenuated. An in silico study further demonstrated that ETD binds to the protein kinase domain of Akt with both hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. In addition, an in vivo tail vein injection metastasis study demonstrated a significant effect of ETD on the suppression of lung cancer cell metastasis. This study provides preclinical information regarding ETD, which exhibits promising antimetastatic activity against non-small-cell lung cancer through Akt/mTOR/p70S6K-induced actin reorganization and MMPs expression.
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68
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Yelland T, Le AH, Nikolaou S, Insall R, Machesky L, Ismail S. Structural Basis of CYRI-B Direct Competition with Scar/WAVE Complex for Rac1. Structure 2021; 29:226-237.e4. [PMID: 33217330 PMCID: PMC7955166 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rac1 is a major regulator of actin dynamics, with GTP-bound Rac1 promoting actin assembly via the Scar/WAVE complex. CYRI competes with Scar/WAVE for interaction with Rac1 in a feedback loop regulating actin dynamics. Here, we reveal the nature of the CYRI-Rac1 interaction, through crystal structures of CYRI-B lacking the N-terminal helix (CYRI-BΔN) and the CYRI-BΔN:Rac1Q61L complex, providing the molecular basis for CYRI-B regulation of the Scar/WAVE complex. We reveal CYRI-B as having two subdomains - an N-terminal Rac1 binding subdomain with a unique Rac1-effector interface and a C-terminal Ratchet subdomain that undergoes conformational changes induced by Rac1 binding. Finally, we show that the CYRI protein family, CYRI-A and CYRI-B can produce an autoinhibited hetero- or homodimers, adding an additional layer of regulation to Rac1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert Insall
- CRUK- Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura Machesky
- CRUK- Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Shehab Ismail
- CRUK- Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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69
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Lorimer IAJ. Aberrant Rac pathway signalling in glioblastoma. Small GTPases 2021; 12:81-95. [PMID: 31032735 PMCID: PMC7849730 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1612694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive and incurable form of brain cancer. Both mutation analysis in human glioblastoma and mouse modelling studies have shown that aberrant activation of the PI 3-kinase pathway is a central driver of glioblastoma malignancy. The small GTPase Rac is activated downstream of this pathway, mediating a subset of the effects of aberrant PI 3-kinase pathway activation. Here I discuss the current state of our knowledge on Rac activation mechanisms in glioblastoma. Current knowledge on roles for specific PI 3-kinase pathway responsive Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors in glioblastoma is reviewed. Rac is best known for its role in promoting cell motility and invasion, but there is also evidence for roles in multiple other cellular processes with cancer relevance, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA damage responses, metabolism, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. I review what is known about the role of Rac in these processes in glioblastoma. Finally, I assess possible strategies to inhibit this pathway in glioblastoma through either direct inhibition of Rac or inhibition of upstream activators or downstream mediators of Rac signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian AJ Lorimer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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70
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Schaks M, Döring H, Kage F, Steffen A, Klünemann T, Blankenfeldt W, Stradal T, Rottner K. RhoG and Cdc42 can contribute to Rac-dependent lamellipodia formation through WAVE regulatory complex-binding. Small GTPases 2021; 12:122-132. [PMID: 31451035 PMCID: PMC7849749 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1657755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration frequently involves the formation of lamellipodial protrusions, the initiation of which requires Rac GTPases signalling to heteropentameric WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). While Rac-related RhoG and Cdc42 can potently stimulate lamellipodium formation, so far presumed to occur by upstream signalling to Rac activation, we show here that the latter can be bypassed by RhoG and Cdc42 given that WRC has been artificially activated. This evidence arises from generation of B16-F1 cells simultaneously lacking both Rac GTPases and WRC, followed by reconstitution of lamellipodia formation with specific Rho-GTPase and differentially active WRC variant combinations. We conclude that formation of canonical lamellipodia requires WRC activation through Rac, but can possibly be tuned, in addition, by WRC interactions with RhoG and Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Klünemann
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia Stradal
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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71
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Swaminathan K, Campbell A, Papalazarou V, Jaber-Hijazi F, Nixon C, McGhee E, Strathdee D, Sansom OJ, Machesky LM. The RAC1 Target NCKAP1 Plays a Crucial Role in the Progression of Braf;Pten-Driven Melanoma in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:628-637.e15. [PMID: 32777214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BRAFV600E is the most common driver mutation in human cutaneous melanoma and is frequently accompanied by loss of the tumor-suppressing phosphatase PTEN. Recent evidence suggests a co-operative role for RAC1 activity in BRAFV600E-driven melanoma progression and drug resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the role of RAC1 downstream targets are not well-explored. In this study, we examine the role of the NCKAP1 subunit of the pentameric cytoskeletal SCAR/WAVE complex, a major downstream target of RAC1, in a mouse model of melanoma driven by BRAFV600E;PTEN loss. The SCAR/WAVE complex is the major driver of lamellipodia formation and cell migration downstream of RAC1 and depends on NCKAP1 for its integrity. Targeted deletion of Nckap1 in the melanocyte lineage delayed tumor onset and progression of a mutant Braf;Pten loss‒driven melanoma mouse model. Nckap1-depleted tumors displayed fibrotic stroma with increased collagen deposition concomitant with enhanced immune infiltration. Nckap1 loss slowed proliferation and tumor growth, highlighting a role in cell-cycle progression. Altogether, we propose that NCKAP1-orchestrated actin polymerization is essential for tumor progression and maintenance of tumor tissue integrity in a mutant Braf/Pten loss‒driven mouse model for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Papalazarou
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Jaber-Hijazi
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan McGhee
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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72
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Sculpting Dendritic Spines during Initiation and Maintenance of Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci 2021; 40:7578-7589. [PMID: 32998955 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1664-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has established a firm role for synaptic plasticity in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Recent advances have highlighted the importance of dendritic spine remodeling in driving synaptic plasticity within the CNS. Identifying the molecular players underlying neuropathic pain induced structural and functional maladaptation is therefore critical to understanding its pathophysiology. This process of dynamic reorganization happens in unique phases that have diverse pathologic underpinnings in the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Recent evidence suggests that pharmacological targeting of specific proteins during distinct phases of neuropathic pain development produces enhanced antinociception. These findings outline a potential new paradigm for targeted treatment and the development of novel therapies for neuropathic pain. We present a concise review of the role of dendritic spines in neuropathic pain and outline the potential for modulation of spine dynamics by targeting two proteins, srGAP3 and Rac1, critically involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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73
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Abstract
The Scar/WAVE complex catalyzes the protrusion of pseudopods and lamellipods, and is therefore a principal regulator of cell migration. However, it is unclear how its activity is regulated, beyond a dependence on Rac. Phosphorylation of the proline-rich region, by kinases such as Erk2, has been suggested as an upstream activator. We have recently reported that phosphorylation is not required for complex activation. Rather, it occurs after Scar/WAVE has been activated, and acts as a modulator. Neither chemoattractant signaling nor Erk2 affects the amount of phosphorylation, though in Dictyostelium it is promoted by cell-substrate adhesion. We now report that cell-substrate adhesion also promotes Scar/WAVE2 phosphorylation in mammalian cells, suggesting that the process is evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert H Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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74
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Tocheva AS, Peled M, Strazza M, Adam KR, Lerrer S, Nayak S, Azoulay-Alfaguter I, Foster CJR, Philips EA, Neel BG, Ueberheide B, Mor A. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals involvement of PD-1 in multiple T cell functions. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18036-18050. [PMID: 33077516 PMCID: PMC7939457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a critical inhibitory receptor that limits excessive T cell responses. Cancer cells have evolved to evade these immunoregulatory mechanisms by upregulating PD-1 ligands and preventing T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Consequently, therapeutic blockade of PD-1 enhances T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, but many patients do not respond and a significant proportion develop inflammatory toxicities. To improve anti-cancer therapy, it is critical to reveal the mechanisms by which PD-1 regulates T cell responses. We performed global quantitative phosphoproteomic interrogation of PD-1 signaling in T cells. By complementing our analysis with functional validation assays, we show that PD-1 targets tyrosine phosphosites that mediate proximal T cell receptor signaling, cytoskeletal organization, and immune synapse formation. PD-1 ligation also led to differential phosphorylation of serine and threonine sites within proteins regulating T cell activation, gene expression, and protein translation. In silico predictions revealed that kinase/substrate relationships engaged downstream of PD-1 ligation. These insights uncover the phosphoproteomic landscape of PD-1-triggered pathways and reveal novel PD-1 substrates that modulate diverse T cell functions and may serve as future therapeutic targets. These data are a useful resource in the design of future PD-1-targeting therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Tocheva
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Michael Peled
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; The Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kieran R Adam
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shalom Lerrer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shruti Nayak
- Proteomics Laboratory, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Connor J R Foster
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elliot A Philips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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75
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Zhang Y, Kang Hyae R, Lee SH, Kim Y, Ma R, Jin C, Lim JE, Kim S, Kang Y, Kang H, Kim SY, Kwon SK, Choi SY, Han K. Enhanced Prefrontal Neuronal Activity and Social Dominance Behavior in Postnatal Forebrain Excitatory Neuron-Specific Cyfip2 Knock-Out Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:574947. [PMID: 33192297 PMCID: PMC7658541 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.574947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1)-interacting protein 2 (CYFIP2) gene is associated with epilepsy, intellectual disability (ID), and developmental delay, suggesting its critical role in proper neuronal development and function. CYFIP2 is involved in regulating cellular actin dynamics and also interacts with RNA-binding proteins. However, the adult brain function of CYFIP2 remains unclear because investigations thus far are limited to Cyfip2 heterozygous (Cyfip2+/- ) mice owing to the perinatal lethality of Cyfip2-null mice. Therefore, we generated Cyfip2 conditional knock-out (cKO) mice with reduced CYFIP2 expression in postnatal forebrain excitatory neurons (CaMKIIα-Cre). We found that in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adult Cyfip2 cKO mice, CYFIP2 expression was decreased in both layer 2/3 (L2/3) and layer 5 (L5) neurons, unlike the L5-specific CYFIP2 reduction observed in adult Cyfip2+/- mice. Nevertheless, filamentous actin (F-actin) levels were increased only in L5 of Cyfip2 cKO mPFC possibly because of a compensatory increase in CYFIP1, the other member of CYFIP family, in L2/3 neurons. Abnormal dendritic spines on basal, but not on apical, dendrites were consistently observed in L5 neurons of Cyfip2 cKO mPFC. Meanwhile, neuronal excitability and activity were enhanced in both L2/3 and L5 neurons of Cyfip2 cKO mPFC, suggesting that CYFIP2 functions of regulating F-actin and excitability/activity may be mediated through independent mechanisms. Unexpectedly, adult Cyfip2 cKO mice did not display locomotor hyperactivity or reduced anxiety observed in Cyfip2+/- mice. Instead, both exhibited enhanced social dominance accessed by the tube test. Together, these results provide additional insights into the functions of CYFIP2 in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rim Kang Hyae
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ruiying Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chunmei Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeju Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Brain Science Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Kyu Kwon
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Brain Science Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kihoon Han
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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76
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Kaplan E, Stone R, Hume PJ, Greene NP, Koronakis V. Structure of CYRI-B (FAM49B), a key regulator of cellular actin assembly. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:1015-1024. [PMID: 33021503 PMCID: PMC7543656 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320010906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, numerous fundamental processes are controlled by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) that regulates cellular actin polymerization, crucial for cell motility, cell-cell adhesion and epithelial differentiation. Actin assembly is triggered by interaction of the small GTPase Rac1 with CYFIP1, a key component of the WRC. Previously known as FAM49B, CYRI-B is a protein that is highly conserved across the Eukaryota and has recently been revealed to be a key regulator of Rac1 activity. Mutation of CYRI-B or alteration of its expression therefore leads to altered actin nucleation dynamics, with impacts on lamellipodia formation, cell migration and infection by intracellular pathogens. In addition, knockdown of CYRI-B expression in cancer cell lines results in accelerated cell proliferation and invasiveness. Here, the structure of Rhincodon typus (whale shark) CYRI-B is presented, which is the first to be reported of any CYRI family member. Solved by X-ray crystallography, the structure reveals that CYRI-B comprises three distinct α-helical subdomains and is highly structurally related to a conserved domain present in CYFIP proteins. The work presented here establishes a template towards a better understanding of CYRI-B biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Stone
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Hume
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Koronakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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77
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Myosin XVI in the Nervous System. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081903. [PMID: 32824179 PMCID: PMC7464383 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myosin family is a large inventory of actin-associated motor proteins that participate in a diverse array of cellular functions. Several myosin classes are expressed in neural cells and play important roles in neural functioning. A recently discovered member of the myosin superfamily, the vertebrate-specific myosin XVI (Myo16) class is expressed predominantly in neural tissues and appears to be involved in the development and proper functioning of the nervous system. Accordingly, the alterations of MYO16 has been linked to neurological disorders. Although the role of Myo16 as a generic actin-associated motor is still enigmatic, the N-, and C-terminal extensions that flank the motor domain seem to confer unique structural features and versatile interactions to the protein. Recent biochemical and physiological examinations portray Myo16 as a signal transduction element that integrates cell signaling pathways to actin cytoskeleton reorganization. This review discusses the current knowledge of the structure-function relation of Myo16. In light of its prevalent localization, the emphasis is laid on the neural aspects.
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78
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Singh SP, Thomason PA, Lilla S, Schaks M, Tang Q, Goode BL, Machesky LM, Rottner K, Insall RH. Cell-substrate adhesion drives Scar/WAVE activation and phosphorylation by a Ste20-family kinase, which controls pseudopod lifetime. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000774. [PMID: 32745097 PMCID: PMC7425996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Scar/WAVE complex is the principal catalyst of pseudopod and lamellipod formation. Here we show that Scar/WAVE's proline-rich domain is polyphosphorylated after the complex is activated. Blocking Scar/WAVE activation stops phosphorylation in both Dictyostelium and mammalian cells, implying that phosphorylation modulates pseudopods after they have been formed, rather than controlling whether they are initiated. Unexpectedly, phosphorylation is not promoted by chemotactic signaling but is greatly stimulated by cell:substrate adhesion and diminished when cells deadhere. Phosphorylation-deficient or phosphomimetic Scar/WAVE mutants are both normally functional and rescue the phenotype of knockout cells, demonstrating that phosphorylation is dispensable for activation and actin regulation. However, pseudopods and patches of phosphorylation-deficient Scar/WAVE last substantially longer in mutants, altering the dynamics and size of pseudopods and lamellipods and thus changing migration speed. Scar/WAVE phosphorylation does not require ERK2 in Dictyostelium or mammalian cells. However, the MAPKKK homologue SepA contributes substantially-sepA mutants have less steady-state phosphorylation, which does not increase in response to adhesion. The mutants also behave similarly to cells expressing phosphorylation-deficient Scar, with longer-lived pseudopods and patches of Scar recruitment. We conclude that pseudopod engagement with substratum is more important than extracellular signals at regulating Scar/WAVE's activity and that phosphorylation acts as a pseudopod timer by promoting Scar/WAVE turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthias Schaks
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany & Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Qing Tang
- Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce L. Goode
- Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany & Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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79
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Grikscheit K, Dolnik O, Takamatsu Y, Pereira AR, Becker S. Ebola Virus Nucleocapsid-Like Structures Utilize Arp2/3 Signaling for Intracellular Long-Distance Transport. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071728. [PMID: 32707734 PMCID: PMC7407605 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular transport of nucleocapsids of the highly pathogenic Marburg, as well as Ebola virus (MARV, EBOV), represents a critical step during the viral life cycle. Intriguingly, a population of these nucleocapsids is distributed over long distances in a directed and polar fashion. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the intracellular transport of filoviral nucleocapsids depends on actin polymerization. While it was shown that EBOV requires Arp2/3-dependent actin dynamics, the details of how the virus exploits host actin signaling during intracellular transport are largely unknown. Here, we apply a minimalistic transfection system to follow the nucleocapsid-like structures (NCLS) in living cells, which can be used to robustly quantify NCLS transport in live cell imaging experiments. Furthermore, in cells co-expressing LifeAct, a marker for actin dynamics, NCLS transport is accompanied by pulsative actin tails appearing on the rear end of NCLS. These actin tails can also be preserved in fixed cells, and can be visualized via high resolution imaging using STORM in transfected, as well as EBOV infected, cells. The application of inhibitory drugs and siRNA depletion against actin regulators indicated that EBOV NCLS utilize the canonical Arp2/3-Wave1-Rac1 pathway for long-distance transport in cells. These findings highlight the relevance of the regulation of actin polymerization during directed EBOV nucleocapsid transport in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grikscheit
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (O.D.); (Y.T.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (O.D.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (O.D.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | | | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (O.D.); (Y.T.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site: Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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80
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Cook SA, Comrie WA, Poli MC, Similuk M, Oler AJ, Faruqi AJ, Kuhns DB, Yang S, Vargas-Hernández A, Carisey AF, Fournier B, Anderson DE, Price S, Smelkinson M, Abou Chahla W, Forbes LR, Mace EM, Cao TN, Coban-Akdemir ZH, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Orange JS, Cuvelier GDE, Al Hassani M, Al Kaabi N, Al Yafei Z, Jyonouchi S, Raje N, Caldwell JW, Huang Y, Burkhardt JK, Latour S, Chen B, ElGhazali G, Rao VK, Chinn IK, Lenardo MJ. HEM1 deficiency disrupts mTORC2 and F-actin control in inherited immunodysregulatory disease. Science 2020; 369:202-207. [PMID: 32647003 PMCID: PMC8383235 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiency often coincides with hyperactive immune disorders such as autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, or atopy, but this coincidence is rarely understood on a molecular level. We describe five patients from four families with immunodeficiency coupled with atopy, lymphoproliferation, and cytokine overproduction harboring mutations in NCKAP1L, which encodes the hematopoietic-specific HEM1 protein. These mutations cause the loss of the HEM1 protein and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) or disrupt binding to the WRC regulator, Arf1, thereby impairing actin polymerization, synapse formation, and immune cell migration. Diminished cortical actin networks caused by WRC loss led to uncontrolled cytokine release and immune hyperresponsiveness. HEM1 loss also blocked mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)-dependent AKT phosphorylation, T cell proliferation, and selected effector functions, leading to immunodeficiency. Thus, the evolutionarily conserved HEM1 protein simultaneously regulates filamentous actin (F-actin) and mTORC2 signaling to achieve equipoise in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Cook
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Neomics Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - M Cecilia Poli
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Program of Immunogenetics and Translational Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Morgan Similuk
- Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aiman J Faruqi
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas B Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Fournier
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Maladies Génétiques-IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - D Eric Anderson
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Price
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wadih Abou Chahla
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Lille, France
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tram N Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeynep H Coban-Akdemir
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey D E Cuvelier
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Moza Al Hassani
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nawal Al Kaabi
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zain Al Yafei
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Soma Jyonouchi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikita Raje
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Pulmonary, and Sleep Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jason W Caldwell
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Maladies Génétiques-IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gehad ElGhazali
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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81
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Whitelaw JA, Swaminathan K, Kage F, Machesky LM. The WAVE Regulatory Complex Is Required to Balance Protrusion and Adhesion in Migration. Cells 2020; 9:E1635. [PMID: 32646006 PMCID: PMC7407199 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells migrating over 2D substrates are required to polymerise actin at the leading edge to form lamellipodia protrusions and nascent adhesions to anchor the protrusion to the substrate. The major actin nucleator in lamellipodia formation is the Arp2/3 complex, which is activated by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). Using inducible Nckap1 floxed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we confirm that the WRC is required for lamellipodia formation, and importantly, for generating the retrograde flow of actin from the leading cell edge. The loss of NCKAP1 also affects cell spreading and focal adhesion dynamics. In the absence of lamellipodium, cells can become elongated and move with a single thin pseudopod, which appears devoid of N-WASP. This phenotype was more prevalent on collagen than fibronectin, where we observed an increase in migratory speed. Thus, 2D cell migration on collagen is less dependent on branched actin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (K.S.); (L.M.M.)
- School of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1PD, UK
| | - Frieda Kage
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755-3844, USA;
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (K.S.); (L.M.M.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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82
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Maskalenko N, Nath S, Ramakrishnan A, Anikeeva N, Sykulev Y, Poenie M. The DISC1-Girdin complex - a missing link in signaling to the T cell cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs242875. [PMID: 32482796 PMCID: PMC7358132 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, using Jurkat cells, we show that DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia 1) and Girdin (girders of actin filament) are essential for typical actin accumulation at the immunological synapse. Furthermore, DISC1, Girdin and dynein are bound in a complex. Although this complex initially forms as a central patch at the synapse, it relocates to a peripheral ring corresponding to the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC). In the absence of DISC1, the classic actin ring does not form, cell spreading is blocked, and the dynein complex fails to relocate to the pSMAC. A similar effect is seen when Girdin is deleted. When cells are treated with inhibitors of actin polymerization, the dynein-NDE1 complex is lost from the synapse and the microtubule-organizing center fails to translocate, suggesting that actin and dynein might be linked. Upon stimulation of T cell receptors, DISC1 becomes associated with talin, which likely explains why the dynein complex colocalizes with the pSMAC. These results show that the DISC1-Girdin complex regulates actin accumulation, cell spreading and distribution of the dynein complex at the synapse.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Maskalenko
- Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Adarsh Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Martin Poenie
- Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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83
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Kansakar U, Wang W, Markovic V, Sossey-Alaoui K. Elucidating the molecular signaling pathways of WAVE3. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:900. [PMID: 32793744 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a complex, multistep process that requires tumor cells to evade from the original site and form new tumors at a distant site or a different organ, often via bloodstream or the lymphatic system. Metastasis is responsible for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. WAVE3 belongs to the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family, which regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling as well as several aspects of cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. In fact, WAVE3 has been established as a driver of tumor progression and metastasis in cancers from several origins, including triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), which are classified as the most lethal subtype of breast cancer, due to their resistance to standard of care therapy and highly metastatic behavior. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the recent advances that have been made to understand how WAVE3 contributes to the molecular mechanisms that control cancer progression and metastasis. We will also review the signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of WAVE3 expression and function to identify potential therapeutic options targeted against WAVE3 for the treatment of patients with metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vesna Markovic
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH, USA
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84
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Xu Z, Han Y, Li X, Yang R, Song L. Molecular cloning and characterization of DjRac1, a novel small G protein gene from planarian Dugesia japonica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:865-870. [PMID: 32278548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rac proteins are classified as a subfamily of the Rho family of small G proteins. They are important molecular switches which act as key signal transducers regulating a wide variety of processes in the cell. DjRac1, a novel Rac gene from planarian Dugesia japonica was cloned by RACE method and characterized. This cDNA contains 851 bp with a putative open reading frame of 190 amino acids. It has a predicted molecular mass of 21.12 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.42. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and relative quantitative real-time PCR were used to study the spatial and temporal expression pattern of DjRac1 from 1 to 7 days in the regenerating planarians. Results showed that the expression of DjRac1 was concentrated in the blastema and the transcription level of DjRac1 was significantly upregulated after amputation within three days, suggesting DjRac1 might participate in the process of regeneration in planarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbiao Xu
- College of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, China
| | - Yahong Han
- College of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, China
| | - Linxia Song
- College of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, China.
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85
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Molecular Dissection of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Causing Mutations in CYFIP2. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061355. [PMID: 32486060 PMCID: PMC7348743 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin remodeling is frequently regulated by antagonistic activities driving protrusion and contraction downstream of Rac and Rho small GTPases, respectively. WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), which primarily operates downstream of Rac, plays pivotal roles in neuronal morphogenesis. Recently, two independent studies described de novo mutations in the CYFIP2 subunit of WRC, which caused intellectual disability (ID) in humans. Although mutations had been proposed to effect WRC activation, no experimental evidence for this was provided. Here, we made use of CRISPR/Cas9-engineered B16-F1 cell lines that were reconstituted with ID-causing CYFIP variants in different experimental contexts. Almost all CYFIP2-derived mutations (7 out of 8) promoted WRC activation, but to variable extent and with at least two independent mechanisms. The majority of mutations occurs in a conserved WAVE-binding region, required for WRC transinhibition. One mutation is positioned closely adjacent to the Rac-binding A site and appears to ease Rac-mediated WRC activation. As opposed to these gain-of-function mutations, a truncating mutant represented a loss-of-function variant and failed to interact with WRC components. Collectively, our data show that explored CYFIP2 mutations frequently, but not always, coincide with WRC activation and suggest that normal brain development requires a delicate and precisely tuned balance of neuronal WRC activity.
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86
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Abstract
Cell migration is an essential process, both in unicellular organisms such as amoeba and as individual or collective motility in highly developed multicellular organisms like mammals. It is controlled by a variety of activities combining protrusive and contractile forces, normally generated by actin filaments. Here, we summarize actin filament assembly and turnover processes, and how respective biochemical activities translate into different protrusion types engaged in migration. These actin-based plasma membrane protrusions include actin-related protein 2/3 complex-dependent structures such as lamellipodia and membrane ruffles, filopodia as well as plasma membrane blebs. We also address observed antagonisms between these protrusion types, and propose a model - also inspired by previous literature - in which a complex balance between specific Rho GTPase signaling pathways dictates the protrusion mechanism employed by cells. Furthermore, we revisit published work regarding the fascinating antagonism between Rac and Rho GTPases, and how this intricate signaling network can define cell behavior and modes of migration. Finally, we discuss how the assembly of actin filament networks can feed back onto their regulators, as exemplified for the lamellipodial factor WAVE regulatory complex, tightly controlling accumulation of this complex at specific subcellular locations as well as its turnover.
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87
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Liu H, Barnes J, Pedrosa E, Herman NS, Salas F, Wang P, Zheng D, Lachman HM. Transcriptome analysis of neural progenitor cells derived from Lowe syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells: identification of candidate genes for the neurodevelopmental and eye manifestations. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:14. [PMID: 32393163 PMCID: PMC7212686 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowe syndrome (LS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene OCRL, which codes for an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that plays a key role in endosome recycling, clathrin-coated pit formation, and actin polymerization. It is characterized by congenital cataracts, intellectual and developmental disability, and renal proximal tubular dysfunction. Patients are also at high risk for developing glaucoma and seizures. We recently developed induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from three patients with LS who have hypomorphic variants affecting the 3' end of the gene, and their neurotypical brothers to serve as controls. METHODS In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain transcriptome profiles in LS and control neural progenitor cells (NPCs). RESULTS In a comparison of the patient and control NPCs (n = 3), we found 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the multiple test adjusted p value (padj) < 0.1, with nine at padj < 0.05. Using nominal p value < 0.05, 319 DEGs were detected. The relatively small number of DEGs could be due to the fact that OCRL is not a transcription factor per se, although it could have secondary effects on gene expression through several different mechanisms. Although the number of DEGs passing multiple test correction was small, those that were found are quite consistent with some of the known molecular effects of OCRL protein, and the clinical manifestations of LS. Furthermore, using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we found that genes increased expression in the patient NPCs showed enrichments of several gene ontology (GO) terms (false discovery rate < 0.25): telencephalon development, pallium development, NPC proliferation, and cortex development, which are consistent with a condition characterized by intellectual disabilities and psychiatric manifestations. In addition, a significant enrichment among the nominal DEGs for genes implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was found (e.g., AFF2, DNER, DPP6, DPP10, RELN, CACNA1C), as well as several that are strong candidate genes for the development of eye problems found in LS, including glaucoma. The most notable example is EFEMP1, a well-known candidate gene for glaucoma and other eye pathologies. CONCLUSION Overall, the RNA-seq findings present several candidate genes that could help explain the underlying basis for the neurodevelopmental and eye problems seen in boys with LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Franklin Salas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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88
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Corral-Serrano JC, Lamers IJC, van Reeuwijk J, Duijkers L, Hoogendoorn ADM, Yildirim A, Argyrou N, Ruigrok RAA, Letteboer SJF, Butcher R, van Essen MD, Sakami S, van Beersum SEC, Palczewski K, Cheetham ME, Liu Q, Boldt K, Wolfrum U, Ueffing M, Garanto A, Roepman R, Collin RWJ. PCARE and WASF3 regulate ciliary F-actin assembly that is required for the initiation of photoreceptor outer segment disk formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9922-9931. [PMID: 32312818 PMCID: PMC7211956 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903125117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer segments (OS) of rod and cone photoreceptor cells are specialized sensory cilia that contain hundreds of opsin-loaded stacked membrane disks that enable phototransduction. The biogenesis of these disks is initiated at the OS base, but the driving force has been debated. Here, we studied the function of the protein encoded by the photoreceptor-specific gene C2orf71, which is mutated in inherited retinal dystrophy (RP54). We demonstrate that C2orf71/PCARE (photoreceptor cilium actin regulator) can interact with the Arp2/3 complex activator WASF3, and efficiently recruits it to the primary cilium. Ectopic coexpression of PCARE and WASF3 in ciliated cells results in the remarkable expansion of the ciliary tip. This process was disrupted by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based down-regulation of an actin regulator, by pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization, and by the expression of PCARE harboring a retinal dystrophy-associated missense mutation. Using human retinal organoids and mouse retina, we observed that a similar actin dynamics-driven process is operational at the base of the photoreceptor OS where the PCARE module and actin colocalize, but which is abrogated in Pcare-/- mice. The observation that several proteins involved in retinal ciliopathies are translocated to these expansions renders it a potential common denominator in the pathomechanisms of these hereditary disorders. Together, our work suggests that PCARE is an actin-associated protein that interacts with WASF3 to regulate the actin-driven expansion of the ciliary membrane at the initiation of new outer segment disk formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Corral-Serrano
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ideke J C Lamers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Duijkers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anita D M Hoogendoorn
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adem Yildirim
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikoleta Argyrou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renate A A Ruigrok
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stef J F Letteboer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rossano Butcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Max D van Essen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanae Sakami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sylvia E C van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106;
| | - Michael E Cheetham
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Center of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Center of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alejandro Garanto
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob W J Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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89
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Cheong HSJ, Nona M, Guerra SB, VanBerkum MF. The first quarter of the C-terminal domain of Abelson regulates the WAVE regulatory complex and Enabled in axon guidance. Neural Dev 2020; 15:7. [PMID: 32359359 PMCID: PMC7196227 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) plays a key role in axon guidance in linking guidance receptors to actin dynamics. The long C-terminal domain (CTD) of Drosophila Abl is important for this role, and previous work identified the ‘first quarter’ (1Q) of the CTD as essential. Here, we link the physical interactions of 1Q binding partners to Abl’s function in axon guidance. Methods Protein binding partners of 1Q were identified by GST pulldown and mass spectrometry, and validated using axon guidance assays in the embryonic nerve cord and motoneurons. The role of 1Q was assessed genetically, utilizing a battery of Abl transgenes in combination with mutation or overexpression of the genes of pulled down proteins, and their partners in actin dynamics. The set of Abl transgenes had the following regions deleted: all of 1Q, each half of 1Q (‘eighths’, 1E and 2E) or a PxxP motif in 2E, which may bind SH3 domains. Results GST pulldown identified Hem and Sra-1 as binding partners of 1Q, and our genetic analyses show that both proteins function with Abl in axon guidance, with Sra-1 likely interacting with 1Q. As Hem and Sra-1 are part of the actin-polymerizing WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), we extended our analyses to Abi and Trio, which interact with Abl and WRC members. Overall, the 1Q region (and especially 2E and its PxxP motif) are important for Abl’s ability to work with WRC in axon guidance. These areas are also important for Abl’s ability to function with the actin regulator Enabled. In comparison, 1E contributes to Abl function with the WRC at the midline, but less so with Enabled. Conclusions The 1Q region, and especially the 2E region with its PxxP motif, links Abl with the WRC, its regulators Trio and Abi, and the actin regulator Ena. Removing 1E has specific effects suggesting it may help modulate Abl’s interaction with the WRC or Ena. Thus, the 1Q region of Abl plays a key role in regulating actin dynamics during axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Nona
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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90
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Nikolaou S, Machesky LM. The stressful tumour environment drives plasticity of cell migration programmes, contributing to metastasis. J Pathol 2020; 250:612-623. [PMID: 32057095 PMCID: PMC7216910 DOI: 10.1002/path.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumours evolve to cope with environmental stresses or challenges such as nutrient starvation, depletion of survival factors, and unbalanced mechanical forces. The uncontrolled growth and aberrant deregulation of core cell homeostatic pathways induced by genetic mutations create an environment of stress. Here, we explore how the adaptations of tumours to the changing environment can drive changes in the motility machinery of cells, affecting migration, invasion, and metastasis. Tumour cells can invade individually or collectively, or they can be extruded out of the surrounding epithelium. These mechanisms are thought to be modifications of normal processes occurring during development or tissue repair. Therefore, tumours may activate these pathways in response to environmental stresses, enabling them to survive in hostile environments and spread to distant sites. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Nikolaou
- Division of Cancer Metastasis and RecurrenceCRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Laura M Machesky
- Division of Cancer Metastasis and RecurrenceCRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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91
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Abstract
Transcytosis of macromolecules through lung endothelial cells is the primary route of transport from the vascular compartment into the interstitial space. Endothelial transcytosis is mostly a caveolae-dependent process that combines receptor-mediated endocytosis, vesicle trafficking via actin-cytoskeletal remodeling, and SNARE protein directed vesicle fusion and exocytosis. Herein, we review the current literature on caveolae-mediated endocytosis, the role of actin cytoskeleton in caveolae stabilization at the plasma membrane, actin remodeling during vesicle trafficking, and exocytosis of caveolar vesicles. Next, we provide a concise summary of experimental methods employed to assess transcytosis. Finally, we review evidence that transcytosis contributes to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:491-508, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard D. Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Correspondence to
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92
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Tilve S, Iweka CA, Bao J, Hawken N, Mencio CP, Geller HM. Phospholipid phosphatase related 1 (PLPPR1) increases cell adhesion through modulation of Rac1 activity. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111911. [PMID: 32061832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid Phosphatase-Related Protein Type 1 (PLPPR1) is a six-transmembrane protein that belongs to the family of plasticity-related gene proteins, which is a novel brain-specific subclass of the lipid phosphate phosphatase superfamily. PLPPR1-5 have prominent roles in synapse formation and axonal pathfinding. We found that PLPPR1 overexpression in the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro2a) results in increase in cell adhesion and reduced cell migration. During migration, these cells leave behind long fibrous looking extensions of the plasma membrane causing a peculiar phenotype. Cells expressing PLPPR1 showed decreased actin turnover and decreased disassembly of focal adhesions. PLPPR1 also reduced active Rac1, and expressing dominant negative Rac1 produced a similar phenotype to overexpression of PLPPR1. The PLPPR1-induced phenotype of long fibers was reversed by introducing constitutively active Rac1. In summary, we show that PLPPR1 decreases active Rac1 levels that leads to cascade of events which increases cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chinyere Agbaegbu Iweka
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Hawken
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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93
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Tu X, Yasuda R, Colgan LA. Rac1 is a downstream effector of PKCα in structural synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1777. [PMID: 32019972 PMCID: PMC7000694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines is the basis of animal learning. The rapid remodeling of actin cytoskeleton is associated with spine enlargement and shrinkage, which are essential for structural plasticity. The calcium-dependent protein kinase C isoform, PKCα, has been suggested to be critical for this actin-dependent plasticity. However, mechanisms linking PKCα and structural plasticity of spines are unknown. Here, we examine the spatiotemporal activation of actin regulators, including small GTPases Rac1, Cdc42 and Ras, in the presence or absence of PKCα during single-spine structural plasticity. Removal of PKCα expression in the postsynapse attenuated Rac1 activation during structural plasticity without affecting Ras or Cdc42 activity. Moreover, disruption of a PDZ binding domain within PKCα led to impaired Rac1 activation and deficits in structural spine remodeling. These results demonstrate that PKCα positively regulates the activation of Rac1 during structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Tu
- Neuronal Signal Transduction Group, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
- International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Jupiter, FL, USA
- FAU/Max Planck Florida Institute Joint Graduate Program in Integrative Biology and Neuroscience, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Neuronal Signal Transduction Group, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.
- International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Jupiter, FL, USA.
- FAU/Max Planck Florida Institute Joint Graduate Program in Integrative Biology and Neuroscience, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
| | - Lesley A Colgan
- Neuronal Signal Transduction Group, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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94
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Abstract
Actin polymerization is essential for cells to migrate, as well as for various cell biological processes such as cytokinesis and vesicle traffic. This brief review describes the mechanisms underlying its different roles and recent advances in our understanding. Actin usually requires "nuclei"-preformed actin filaments-to start polymerizing, but, once initiated, polymerization continues constitutively. The field therefore has a strong focus on nucleators, in particular the Arp2/3 complex and formins. These have different functions, are controlled by contrasting mechanisms, and generate alternate geometries of actin networks. The Arp2/3 complex functions only when activated by nucleation-promoting factors such as WASP, Scar/WAVE, WASH, and WHAMM and when binding to a pre-existing filament. Formins can be individually active but are usually autoinhibited. Each is controlled by different mechanisms and is involved in different biological roles. We also describe the processes leading to actin disassembly and their regulation and conclude with four questions whose answers are important for understanding actin dynamics but are currently unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Buracco
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sophie Claydon
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Robert Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
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95
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Zhang Y, Lee Y, Han K. Neuronal function and dysfunction of CYFIP2: from actin dynamics to early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30982501 PMCID: PMC6549915 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.5.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein family (CYFIP1 and CYFIP2) are evolutionarily conserved proteins originally identified as binding partners of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a messenger RNA (mRNA)-binding protein whose loss causes the fragile X syndrome. Moreover, CYFIP is a key component of the heteropentameric WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), a critical regulator of neuronal actin dynamics. Therefore, CYFIP may play key roles in regulating both mRNA translation and actin polymerization, which are critically involved in proper neuronal development and function. Nevertheless, compared to CYFIP1, neuronal function and dysfunction of CYFIP2 remain largely unknown, possibly due to the relatively less well established association between CYFIP2 and brain disorders. Despite high amino acid sequence homology between CYFIP1 and CYFIP2, several in vitro and animal model studies have suggested that CYFIP2 has some unique neuronal functions distinct from those of CYFIP1. Furthermore, recent whole-exome sequencing studies identified de novo hot spot variants of CYFIP2 in patients with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), clearly implicating CYFIP2 dysfunction in neurological disorders. In this review, we highlight these recent investigations into the neuronal function and dysfunction of CYFIP2, and also discuss several key questions remaining about this intriguing neuronal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Zhang
- Departments of Neuroscience, and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yeunkum Lee
- Departments of Neuroscience, and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kihoon Han
- Departments of Neuroscience, and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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96
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Whitelaw JA, Lilla S, Paul NR, Fort L, Zanivan S, Machesky LM. CYRI/ Fam49 Proteins Represent a New Class of Rac1 Interactors. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:112-118. [PMID: 31413787 PMCID: PMC6682259 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1643665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fam49 proteins, now referred to as CYRI (CYFIP-related Rac Interactor), are evolutionarily conserved across many phyla. Their closest relative by amino acid sequence is CYFIP, as both proteins contain a domain of unknown function DUF1394. We recently showed that CYRI and the DUF1394 can mediate binding to Rac1 and evidence is building to suggest that CYRI plays important roles in cell migration, chemotaxis and pathogen entry into cells. Here we discuss how CYRI proteins fit into the current framework of the control of actin dynamics by positive and negative feedback loops containing Rac1, the Scar/WAVE Complex, the Arp2/3 Complex and branched actin. We also provide data regarding the interaction between Rac1 and CYRI in an unbiassed mass spectrometry screen for interactors of an active mutant of Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Lilla
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nikki R. Paul
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Loic Fort
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sara Zanivan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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97
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Lionarons DA, Hancock DC, Rana S, East P, Moore C, Murillo MM, Carvalho J, Spencer-Dene B, Herbert E, Stamp G, Damry D, Calado DP, Rosewell I, Fritsch R, Neubig RR, Molina-Arcas M, Downward J. RAC1 P29S Induces a Mesenchymal Phenotypic Switch via Serum Response Factor to Promote Melanoma Development and Therapy Resistance. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:68-83.e9. [PMID: 31257073 PMCID: PMC6617390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RAC1 P29 is the third most commonly mutated codon in human cutaneous melanoma, after BRAF V600 and NRAS Q61. Here, we study the role of RAC1P29S in melanoma development and reveal that RAC1P29S activates PAK, AKT, and a gene expression program initiated by the SRF/MRTF transcriptional pathway, which results in a melanocytic to mesenchymal phenotypic switch. Mice with ubiquitous expression of RAC1P29S from the endogenous locus develop lymphoma. When expressed only in melanocytes, RAC1P29S cooperates with oncogenic BRAF or with NF1-loss to promote tumorigenesis. RAC1P29S also drives resistance to BRAF inhibitors, which is reversed by SRF/MRTF inhibitors. These findings establish RAC1P29S as a promoter of melanoma initiation and mediator of therapy resistance, while identifying SRF/MRTF as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël A Lionarons
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David C Hancock
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sareena Rana
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Philip East
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christopher Moore
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Miguel M Murillo
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eleanor Herbert
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Djamil Damry
- Immunity & Cancer Laboratories, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dinis P Calado
- Immunity & Cancer Laboratories, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ian Rosewell
- Genetic Manipulation Service, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ralph Fritsch
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Molina-Arcas
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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98
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CYRI/FAM49B negatively regulates RAC1-driven cytoskeletal remodelling and protects against bacterial infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1516-1531. [PMID: 31285585 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella presents a global public health concern. Central to Salmonella pathogenicity is an ability to subvert host defences through strategically targeting host proteins implicated in restricting infection. Therefore, to gain insight into the host-pathogen interactions governing Salmonella infection, we performed an in vivo genome-wide mutagenesis screen to uncover key host defence proteins. This revealed an uncharacterized role of CYRI (FAM49B) in conferring host resistance to Salmonella infection. We show that CYRI binds to the small GTPase RAC1 through a conserved domain present in CYFIP proteins, which are known RAC1 effectors that stimulate actin polymerization. However, unlike CYFIP proteins, CYRI negatively regulates RAC1 signalling, thereby attenuating processes such as macropinocytosis, phagocytosis and cell migration. This enables CYRI to counteract Salmonella at various stages of infection, including bacterial entry into non-phagocytic and phagocytic cells as well as phagocyte-mediated bacterial dissemination. Intriguingly, to dampen its effects, the bacterial effector SopE, a RAC1 activator, selectively targets CYRI following infection. Together, this outlines an intricate host-pathogen signalling interplay that is crucial for determining bacterial fate. Notably, our study also outlines a role for CYRI in restricting infection mediated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes. This provides evidence implicating CYRI cellular functions in host defence beyond Salmonella infection.
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99
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Radiosensitization and a Less Aggressive Phenotype of Human Malignant Glioma Cells Expressing Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) Mutant Protein: Dissecting the Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060889. [PMID: 31242696 PMCID: PMC6627228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of an isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation is associated with a less aggressive phenotype, increased sensitivity to radiation, and increased overall survival in patients with diffuse glioma. Based on in vitro experimentations in malignant glioma cell lines, the consequences on cellular processes of IDH1R132H expression were analyzed. The results revealed that IDH1R132H expression enhanced the radiation induced accumulation of residual γH2AX foci and decreased the amount of glutathione (GSH) independent of the oxygen status. In addition, expression of the mutant IDH1 caused a significant increase of cell stiffness and induced an altered organization of the cytoskeleton, which has been shown to reinforce cell stiffness. Furthermore, IDH1R132H expression decreased the expression of vimentin, an important component of the cytoskeleton and regulator of the cell stiffness. The results emphasize the important role of mutant IDH1 in treatment of patients with diffuse gliomas especially in response to radiation. Hence, detection of the genetic status of IDH1 before therapy massively expands the utility of immunohistochemistry to accurately distinguish patients with a less aggressive and radiosensitive IDH1-mutant diffuse glioma suitable for radiotherapy from those with a more aggressive IDH1-wildtype diffuse glioma who might benefit from an individually intensified therapy comprising radiotherapy and alternative medical treatments.
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100
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Tsygankova OM, Keen JH. A unique role for clathrin light chain A in cell spreading and migration. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224030. [PMID: 30975920 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin heavy chain is the structural component of the clathrin triskelion, but unique functions for the two distinct and highly conserved clathrin light chains (CLCa and CLCb, also known as CLTA and CLTB, respectively) have been elusive. Here, we show that following detachment and replating, CLCa is uniquely responsible for promoting efficient cell spreading and migration. Selective depletion of CLCa, but not of CLCb, reduced the initial phase of isotropic spreading of HeLa, H1299 and HEK293 cells by 60-80% compared to siRNA controls, and wound closure and motility by ∼50%. Surface levels of β1-integrins were unaffected by CLCa depletion. However, CLCa was required for effective targeting of FAK (also known as PTK2) and paxillin to the adherent surface of spreading cells, for integrin-mediated activation of Src, FAK and paxillin, and for maturation of focal adhesions, but not their microtubule-based turnover. Depletion of CLCa also blocked the interaction of clathrin with the nucleation-promoting factor WAVE complex, and altered actin distribution. Furthermore, preferential recruitment of CLCa to budding protrusions was also observed. These results comprise the first identification of CLCa-specific functions, with implications for normal and neoplastic integrin-based signaling and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana M Tsygankova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Signaling Program of the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - James H Keen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Signaling Program of the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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