99951
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Marengo D, Sindermann C, Häckel D, Settanni M, Elhai JD, Montag C. The association between the Big Five personality traits and smartphone use disorder: A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:534-550. [PMID: 33011714 PMCID: PMC8943667 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Personality is one of the most frequently investigated variables to shed light on the putatively addictive use of the smartphone. By investigating associations between personality and individual differences in addictive smartphone use, researchers aim to understand if some personality traits predispose technology users to develop addictive behaviors. Here, based on existing empirical literature, we aimed at determining the strength of associations between Big Five personality traits and smartphone use disorder (SmUD) by a meta-analytic approach. METHOD For each Big Five personality trait, we performed a meta-analysis of correlations representing their association with SmUD. We also investigated possible publication bias and the moderating effects of age, gender, nationality, length of personality assessments, and time of publication. RESULTS We found n = 26 eligible studies. In line with both the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model and the framework on problematic mobile-phone use by Billieux, we observed a positive association between Neuroticism and SmUD (r = 0.25), while the association between Extraversion and SmUD was not significant. Partially in line with the aforementioned theoretical frameworks, Conscientiousness was negatively associated with SmUD (r = -0.16). Remaining traits showed smaller associations. No significant publication bias emerged. Moderator analyses showed that time of publication moderated the link between Conscientiousness and SmUD. Moreover, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness showed a heightened inverse association with SmUD among older samples. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis provides robust empirical evidence that Big Five personality traits can help to understand individual differences in SmUD, supporting the usefulness of their assessment when planning and targeting interventions aimed at at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marengo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Corresponding authors. E-mail: E-mail:
| | - Cornelia Sindermann
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Häckel
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jon D. Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany,Corresponding authors. E-mail: E-mail:
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99952
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Utility of Short Message Service (SMS) for Remote Data Collection for HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 17:654-662. [PMID: 33010003 PMCID: PMC7532340 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Short message system (SMS) communication is widespread in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and may be a viable approach to address challenges with in-person data collection for HIV-related research and monitoring and evaluation. We reviewed the literature to characterize potential benefits and challenges with using SMS for remote data capture, including examples from HIV and sexual and reproductive health. RECENT FINDINGS In our review, we found that studies that have used SMS to capture sensitive, self-reported data found this was an acceptable and feasible strategy, and may reduce social desirability bias of self-reported data; but studies are limited. Shared phones and privacy concerns have been described as challenges, but can be addressed with enhanced security features. Response rates to SMS surveys varied significantly by topic, population, and setting. SMS may improve generalizability and precision of health and behavior data for HIV in research and programs, but use in LMICs is limited. SMS systems should be carefully designed to overcome potential implementation hurdles.
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99953
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Wilke J, Stricker V, Usedly S. Free-Weight Resistance Exercise Is More Effective in Enhancing Inhibitory Control than Machine-Based Training: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E702. [PMID: 33022911 PMCID: PMC7599796 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance exercise has been demonstrated to improve brain function. However, the optimal workout characteristics are a matter of debate. This randomized, controlled trial aimed to elucidate differences between free-weight (REfree) and machine-based (REmach) training with regard to their ability to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). A total of n = 46 healthy individuals (27 ± 4 years, 26 men) performed a 45-min bout of REfree (military press, barbell squat, bench press) or REmach (shoulder press, leg press, chest press). Pre- and post-intervention, CP was examined using the Stroop test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span test. Mann-Whitney U tests did not reveal between-group differences for performance in the Digit Span test, Trail Making test and the color and word conditions of the Stroop test (p > 0.05). However, REfree was superior to REmach in the Stroop color-word condition (+6.3%, p = 0.02, R = 0.35). Additionally, REfree elicited pre-post changes in all parameters except for the Digit Span test and the word condition of the Stroop test while REmach only improved cognitive performance in part A of the Trail Making test. Using free weights seems to be the more effective RE method to acutely improve cognitive function (i.e., inhibitory control). The mechanisms of this finding merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, 60487 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.S.); (S.U.)
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99954
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Airst JI, Lingle S. Male size and alternative mating tactics in white-tailed deer and mule deer. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Within populations, individual males adopt different courtship tactics due to differences in their competitive ability, which may vary depending on the animal’s age and size. To test the hypothesis that mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) males vary their courtship behavior based on their size, we conducted focal observations of 144 mule deer and 85 white-tailed males that varied in size, at a large grassland site in southern Alberta. The smallest mule deer males devoted more time to feeding, were less likely to engage in late-stage courtship than larger males and were less likely to move among female groups. Other males, including small white-tailed males, appeared to use a roving strategy to search for estrous females in different groups, which is consistent with recent research on male movements. Both medium and large males increased the time they spent in one-male groups, and specifically isolated pairs, as courtship advanced, presumably to reduce competition with other males. However, this trend was most pronounced for medium mule deer males, and for all size classes of white-tailed deer. In contrast, large mule deer males spent a similar proportion of time tending females in all group types. Our results identified potential size-dependent tactics for mule deer males. In contrast, white-tailed males of all sizes appeared to rely on a tactic of finding and tending estrous females in isolation from other males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Airst
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Susan Lingle
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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99955
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Metacognitive control over the distribution of retrieval practice with and without feedback and the efficacy of learners' spacing choices. Mem Cognit 2020; 49:467-479. [PMID: 33006078 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-020-01100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments on self-regulated learning, participants studied word pairs, made judgments of learning (JOLs), and decided whether to continue practicing after a long or short spacing interval prior to a final cued-recall test. When practice involved restudying, learners preferred a long spacing interval. However, when retrieval practice was involved, learners preferred a short spacing interval for items with low and medium JOLs and a long interval for high-JOL items, regardless of whether retrieval practice was followed by feedback or not. Taking retrieval practice after a short rather than a long spacing interval was efficacious when no feedback followed practice tests, leading to superior recall. Given that retrieval practice was successful, a long spacing interval led to better recall than a short one, but learners were insufficiently accurate in determining which items should be given a long spacing interval for this strategy to be effective. Presenting feedback after retrieval practice did not alter learners' spacing strategy, and the frequent selection of short spacing intervals impaired subsequent recall.
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99956
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Female Sexual Function and Its Association with the Severity of Menopause-Related Symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197235. [PMID: 33022931 PMCID: PMC7579461 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine female sexual functioning and its association with the impact of the symptoms of menopause among Spanish postmenopausal women. A total of 182 postmenopausal women (65.59 ± 7.93 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. The female sexual function index (FSFI) and the menopause rating scale (MRS) were used to analyze sexual function and severity of menopausal symptoms, respectively. Age, education, area of residence, occupation, and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were considered as possible confounders. The results of a linear multivariate regression analysis showed that the severity of urogenital menopause-related symptoms was associated with lower values in the FSFI total score and the lubrication, satisfaction, arousal, and orgasm domains. These last three subscales were also linked to severe psychological impact, while the MRS total score was only related to the desire domain. Regarding confounders, being younger, working, and residing in a rural area were all linked to better sexual function. All effect sizes were large (adjusted R2 > 0.35). In conclusion, after controlling for possible confounders, postmenopausal women who experience a severe impact of menopausal symptoms endure poorer sexual function, particularly when said symptoms are urogenital or psychological in nature.
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99957
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McKenna J, Jeske D. Ethical leadership and decision authority effects on nurses' engagement, exhaustion, and turnover intention. J Adv Nurs 2020; 77:198-206. [PMID: 33009864 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate emotional exhaustion, work engagement, and turnover intention in the nursing profession by exploring the antecedent effects of ethical leadership and job components such as decision authority. BACKGROUND Emotional exhaustion, low work engagement, and high turnover intention are prevalent issues in the nursing profession. The experience of feeling overworked has led to feelings of burnout and low morale among nurses in Ireland, which has prompted the authors to identify potential variables that reduce these outcomes-in this case, ethical leadership and decision authority. DESIGN A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was used across three hospital sites. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 89 nurses was recruited from three Irish hospitals to capture the experience of nurses between December 2017 - February 2018. Hypotheses were tested using path model analysis. RESULTS Ethical leadership positively predicted decision authority among nurses. Ethical leadership also had an indirect effect on all three outcome variables (work engagement, exhaustion, and turnover intention). Further effects were noted in relation to the mediators in relation to the three outcome variables. Decision authority had a positive effect on work engagement and related to lower turnover intention. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the role of ethical leadership as a mechanism to positively affect job control and work experience outcomes for nurses at work. Ethical leadership style in hospitals and providing nurses with the authority to make decisions can improve their work experience and help to engage, support, and retain nurses. IMPACT The study found support for the positive role of ethical leadership in relation to decision authority and as a positive predictor of work engagement, negative predictor of emotional exhaustion, and turnover intention among nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne McKenna
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Debora Jeske
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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99958
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Perceived Age Discrimination: Implications for Mental Health and Life Satisfaction in Middle and Later Life—a Research Note. CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42650-020-00035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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99959
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Daily Affective Dynamics Predict Depression Symptom Trajectories Among Adults with Major and Minor Depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:186-198. [DOI: 10.1007/s42761-020-00014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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99960
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Clarke PJF, Haridas SMP, Van Bockstaele B, Chen NTM, Salemink E, Notebaert L. Frontal tDCS and Emotional Reactivity to Negative Content: Examining the Roles of Biased Interpretation and Emotion Regulation. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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99961
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Li J, Liu X, Yu B, Tang W, Liu X. Attentional Bias for Imperfect Pictures in Perfectionism: An Eye-Movement Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:566482. [PMID: 33132971 PMCID: PMC7561667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although dot-probe paradigms have been widely used in previous studies to investigate the attentional bias of perfectionists, the exact characteristics of this bias are still unclear. Methods In this study, eye-tracking technology was used to compare the attentional patterns of high perfectionists (HP) and low perfectionists (LP). The HP and LP groups (n = 39 vs 34) completed a visual attention task in which they observed perfect vs imperfect picture pairs, during which their eye movements (EMs) were recorded automatically using an EM tracking system. Results Both the HP and LP groups showed an overall attentional bias toward imperfect pictures, as indicated by the criteria of initial visual attention orientation and attentional maintenance. There were no significant differences between the HP and LP groups during the early and middle phases of attention: both groups exhibited a longer total fixation duration on imperfect pictures than on perfect pictures. However, during the late phase of attention, the participants in the HP group diverted their attention away from the imperfect pictures and began to pay more attention to the perfect pictures. By contrast, the participants in the LP group consistently exhibited longer fixation times for imperfect pictures than the HP group during the entire duration of the stimulus. Conclusion These findings indicate that the participants in the HP group tended to avoid imperfect stimuli during the late phase of attention; this may indicate that avoidance plays an important role in maintaining perfectionism. This study also shows that eye-tracking is a useful methodology for measuring the attentional biases of perfectionists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiping Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiping Liu,
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihai Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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99962
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Adversity and Depression: The Moderating Role of Stress Reactivity among High and Low Risk Youth. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1391-1399. [PMID: 30828776 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adverse life events have been causally linked to depression among youth at high risk for depression. But given that not all high-risk youth develop depression following adversity, individual differences in various processes, including physiological reactivity to stress, are likely to be at play. This longitudinal prospective study tested the hypothesis that, among high-risk youth exposed to adversities, extent of physiological reactivity to laboratory stress (indexed as respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) would predict subsequent depressive symptoms. Subjects were youth at high (n = 80) and low (n = 74) familial risk for depression. At Time 1 (T1), RSA was assessed during a cognitive stress task. At Time 2 (T2) about 2 years later, parents reported on adversities experienced by their offspring during the interim. At T1 and T2, youth received a diagnostic evaluation, which included assessment of their depressive symptoms. The three-way interaction of group-X-adversities-X-RSA predicted T2 depressive symptoms (controlling for T1 depressive symptoms). This interaction was mostly driven by the moderating effect of RSA among high-risk youth, such that adversities predicted higher depressive symptoms for those who displayed greater RSA reactivity to stress. Among low-risk youth, an inverse marginal moderating effect of RSA was found, such that adversities tended to predict depressive symptoms for those who displayed blunted RSA reactivity to stress. Thus, high physiological stress reactivity appears to be an additional risk factor for depressive symptoms only among youth at elevated risk for such outcomes, and should be taken into consideration in efforts to prevent depression in these populations.
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99963
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Smid GE. A framework of meaning attribution following loss. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1776563. [PMID: 33244357 PMCID: PMC7678673 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1776563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of a loved one causes the world and the place of the bereaved survivor in it to change irreversibly. A key aspect of the grieving process is the integration of the loss in the bereaved survivor's life story, identity change, and a new future orientation through meaning attribution. Meaning attribution can have favourable or unfavourable effects on the grieving process and hence determines the extent to which a loss disrupts the bereaved survivor's functioning. A framework of meaning attribution after loss is presented, comprising 17 determinants that fall into five categories: event-related, cultural, social, individual and relational determinants. Each determinant may lead to both positive and negative meanings, thereby facilitating or complicating the grieving process. The framework of meaning attribution highlights the importance of an integrated network for mental health care, spiritual care, and end-of-life care in the prevention and treatment of traumatic grief. It also emphasizes the support from relatives, collective rituals, cultural views, legal settlements, and other societal factors that may foster or impede adaptation to loss. The framework of meaning attribution informs research across a range of research themes, including specialist care for traumatic grief, a culturally sensitive care network for traumatic grief, and improving care for ambiguous loss in a global context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert E. Smid
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands
- University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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99964
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Duri K, Gumbo FZ, Munjoma PT, Chandiwana P, Mhandire K, Ziruma A, Macpherson A, Rusakaniko S, Gomo E, Misselwitz B, Mazengera LR. The University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences (UZ-CHS) BIRTH COHORT study: rationale, design and methods. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:725. [PMID: 33008316 PMCID: PMC7532096 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commencing lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately following HIV diagnosis (Option B+), has greatly improved maternal-infant health. Thus, large and increasing numbers of HIV-infected women are on ART during pregnancy, a situation concurrently increasing numbers of HIV-exposed-uninfected (HEU) infants. Compared to their HIV-unexposed-uninfected (HUU) counterparts, HEU infants show higher rates of adverse birth outcomes, mortality, infectious/non-communicable diseases including impaired growth and neurocognitive development. There is an urgent need to understand the impact of HIV and early life ART exposures, immune-metabolic dysregulation, comorbidities and environmental confounders on adverse paediatric outcomes. METHODS Six hundred (600) HIV-infected and 600 HIV-uninfected pregnant women ≥20 weeks of gestation will be enrolled from four primary health centres in high density residential areas of Harare. Participants will be followed up as mother-infant-pairs at delivery, week(s) 1, 6, 10, 14, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 after birth. Clinical, socio-economic, nutritional and environmental data will be assessed for adverse birth outcomes, impaired growth, immune/neurodevelopment, vertical transmission of HIV, hepatitis-B/C viruses, cytomegalovirus and syphilis. Maternal urine, stool, plasma, cord blood, amniotic fluid, placenta and milk including infant plasma, dried blood spot and stool will be collected at enrolment and follow-up visits. The composite primary endpoint is stillbirth and infant mortality within the first two years of life in HEU versus HUU infants. Maternal mortality in HIV-infected versus -uninfected women is another primary outcome. Secondary endpoints include a range of maternal and infant outcomes. Sub-studies will address maternal stress and malnutrition, maternal-infant latent tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori infections, immune-metabolomic dysregulation including gut, breast milk and amniotic fluid dysbiosis. DISCUSSION The University of Zimbabwe-College of Health-Sciences-Birth-Cohort study will provide a comprehensive assessment of risk factors and biomarkers for HEU infants' adverse outcomes. This will ultimately help developing strategies to mitigate effects of maternal HIV, early-life ART exposures and comorbidities on infants' mortality and morbidity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT04087239 . Registered 12 September 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerina Duri
- Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences (UZ-CHS), P.O. Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Felicity Z Gumbo
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, UZ-CHS, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Privilege T Munjoma
- Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences (UZ-CHS), P.O. Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Asaph Ziruma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UZ-CHS, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Andrew Macpherson
- Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Exnevia Gomo
- UZ-CHS Research Support Centre, UZ-CHS, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, UZ-CHS, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lovemore Ronald Mazengera
- Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences (UZ-CHS), P.O. Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
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99965
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Wallander JL, Berry S, Carr PA, Peterson ER, Waldie KE, Marks E, D'Souza S, Morton SMB. Patterns of Exposure to Cumulative Risk Through Age 2 and Associations with Problem Behaviors at Age 4.5: Evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1277-1288. [PMID: 30790213 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cumulative risk (CR) has important implications for child development, yet little is known about how frequency, persistence, and timing of CR exposure during early childhood predict behavioral problems already before school start. We examine prospective longitudinal associations between patterns of CR exposure from third trimester through 2 years and subsequent behavior problems at 4.5 years. In 6156 diverse children in the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal study, the presence of 12 risk factors, spanning maternal health, social status, and home and neighborhood environment, defined CR and were assessed at last trimester and 9 months and 2 years of age. At child age 4.5 years, mothers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, where a score ≥ 16 indicated an abnormal level of problem behaviors (ALPB). Children exposed to a CR ≥ 1 at least once in early development, compared to those with consistent CR = 0, showed a significantly higher likelihood of ALPB at 4.5 years. Consistent high exposure to CR ≥ 4 across all three assessments had the highest prevalence (44%) of ALPB at age 4.5. Children with high CR exposure on two of three, compared to on all three, time points in early development did not evidence a significantly reduced prevalence (32%-41%) of ALPB. The common co-occurrence of risk factors and their significant developmental impact when accumulated early in life underscore the need for systematic multisector intervention and policy implementation during pregnancy and shortly after birth to improve outcomes for vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan L Wallander
- Psychological Sciences and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, 5400 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| | - Sarah Berry
- School of Population Health and Center for Longitudinal Research He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Polly Atatoa Carr
- School of Population Health and Center for Longitudinal Research He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth R Peterson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma Marks
- School of Population Health and Center for Longitudinal Research He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie D'Souza
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan M B Morton
- School of Population Health and Center for Longitudinal Research He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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99966
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Skibbe LE, Bowles RP, Goodwin S, Troia GA, Konishi H. The Access to Literacy Assessment System for Phonological Awareness: An Adaptive Measure of Phonological Awareness Appropriate for Children With Speech and/or Language Impairment. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2020; 51:1124-1138. [PMID: 32926804 DOI: 10.1044/2020_lshss-19-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Access to Literacy Assessment System-Phonological Awareness (ATLAS-PA) was developed for use with children with speech and/or language impairment. The subtests (Rhyming, Blending, and Segmenting) are appropriate for children who are 3-7 years of age. ATLAS-PA is composed entirely of receptive items, incorporates individualized levels of instruction, and is adaptive in nature. Method To establish the construct validity of ATLAS-PA, we collected data from children with typical development (n = 938) and those who have speech and/or language impairment (n = 227). Results Rasch analyses indicated that items fit well together and formed a unidimensional construct of phonological awareness. Differential item functioning was minimal between the two groups of children, and scores on ATLAS-PA were moderately to strongly related to other measures of phonological awareness. Information about item functioning was used to create an adaptive version of ATLAS-PA. Conclusions Findings suggest that ATLAS-PA is a valid measure of phonological awareness that can be used with children with typical development and with speech and/or language impairment. Its adaptive format minimizes testing time and provides opportunities for monitoring progress in preschool and early elementary classrooms. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12931691.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Skibbe
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Ryan P Bowles
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Sarah Goodwin
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Gary A Troia
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Haruka Konishi
- Department of Education, Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph
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99967
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Bartoli M, Palermo S, Stanziano M, Cipriani GE, Leotta D, Valentini MC, Amanzio M. Reduced Self-Awareness Following a Combined Polar and Paramedian Bilateral Thalamic Infarction. A Possible Relationship With SARS-CoV-2 Risk of Contagion? Front Psychol 2020; 11:570160. [PMID: 33132979 PMCID: PMC7566041 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced self-awareness is a well-known phenomenon investigated in patients with vascular disease; however, its impact on neuropsychological functions remains to be clarified. Importantly, selective vascular lesions provide an opportunity to investigate the key neuropsychological features of reduced self-awareness in neurocognitive disorders. Because of its rarity, we present an unusual case of a woman affected by a combined polar and paramedian bilateral thalamic infarction. The patient underwent an extensive neuropsychological evaluation to assess cognitive, behavioral, and functional domains, with a focus on executive functions. She was assessed clinically in the acute phase and after 6 months from the stroke, both clinically and by magnetic resonance imaging. The patient developed a cognitive impairment, characterised by prevalent executive dysfunction associated with reduced self-awareness and mood changes, in terms of apathy and depression. Such condition persisted after 6 months. In May 2020, the patient underwent the serology test in chemiluminescence to detect IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The result of the quantitative test highlighted a high probability of previous contact with the virus. We suggest that reduced self-awareness related to executive dysfunction and behavioral changes may be due to combined polar and paramedian bilateral thalamic lesion. Metacognitive–executive dysfunction affecting the instrumental abilities of everyday life might make people less able to take appropriate precautions, facilitating the risk of SARS-CoV-2 contagion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mario Stanziano
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy.,Postgraduate School of Radiodiagnostics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria C Valentini
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Amanzio
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, Brussels, Belgium
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99968
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Spielmann SS, Gahman KP. Detectability and desirability of fear of being single in online dating profiles. J Pers 2020; 89:531-548. [PMID: 33000473 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Those who fear being single generally do not have difficulty attracting prospective partners. The present research explores whether this is because daters cannot detect fear of being single, or because detected fear of being single does not hinder desirability. METHOD In Study 1 (N = 235, 60% women, Mage = 36.9), participants created dating profiles then rated the desirability of profiles depicting high versus low fear of being single (high narcissism control). In Study 2 (N = 176, 69% women, Mage = 21.4), participants evaluated fear of being single and desirability of actual profiles. RESULTS Differences in fear of being single were detectable. Furthermore, detecting higher fear of being single predicted lower romantic desirability. Desirability ratings were due, in part, to estimating lower physical attractiveness (Study 2). Perceivers' own fear of being single moderated effects, such that those higher in fear of being single were not deterred by higher fear of being single. CONCLUSIONS Fear of being single may be detectable when online dating, but desirability of detected fear of being single varies depending on perceiver traits and may be driven in part by misperceptions of physical attractiveness. This research sheds light on challenges for those who fear being single as they attempt to attract mates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin P Gahman
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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99969
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Van den Bergh O, Brosschot J, Critchley H, Thayer JF, Ottaviani C. Better Safe Than Sorry: A Common Signature of General Vulnerability for Psychopathology. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:225-246. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620950690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several labels, such as neuroticism, negative emotionality, and dispositional negativity, indicate a broad dimension of psychopathology. However, largely separate, often disorder-specific research lines have developed that focus on different cognitive and affective characteristics that are associated with this dimension, such as perseverative cognition (worry, rumination), reduced autobiographical memory specificity, compromised fear learning, and enhanced somatic-symptom reporting. In this article, we present a theoretical perspective within a predictive-processing framework in which we trace these phenotypically different characteristics back to a common underlying “better-safe-than-sorry” processing strategy. This implies information processing that tends to be low in sensory-perceptual detail, which allows threat-related categorical priors to dominate conscious experience and for chronic uncertainty/surprise because of a stagnated error-reduction process. This common information-processing strategy has beneficial effects in the short term but important costs in the long term. From this perspective, we suggest that the phenomenally distinct cognitive and affective psychopathological characteristics mentioned above represent the same basic processing heuristic of the brain and are only different in relation to the particular type of information involved (e.g., in working memory, in autobiographical memory, in the external and internal world). Clinical implications of this view are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jos Brosschot
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex
| | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
- Laboratorio di Neuroimmagini Funzionali, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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99970
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Sassenrath C, Barthelmäs M, Saur J, Keller J. Inducing empathy affects cardiovascular reactivity reflected in changes in high-frequency heart rate variability. Cogn Emot 2020; 35:393-399. [PMID: 32998630 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1826910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Empathy represents an emotional trigger of prosocial emotions and social engagement behaviour as previous research demonstrates. Departing from literature indicating that parasympathetic mechanisms are associated with the preparation of social engagement behaviour, the present research investigates how feeling with another person affects empathising individuals' cardiovascular reactivity reflecting influences of parasympathetic mechanisms. Specifically, individuals' high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) while being instructed to feel with a target person in need reacting with a specific emotional response to a need-causing event (with anger or sadness) was investigated. Results of one experiment (N = 124) revealed that inducing empathy with needy target persons results in increases of HF-HRV - irrespective of their emotional reaction. No relation between cardiovascular indices and self-reported prosocial behaviour was found. Accordingly, these findings indicate that inducing empathy affects phasic vagal activity implied by parasympathetic mechanisms whereas the association of cardiovascular reactivity and social engagement behaviour needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johanna Saur
- Department of Social Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Social Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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99971
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Hu X, Jing M, Zhang M, Yang P, Yan X. Responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference of the EQ-5D-5L in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a longitudinal study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:324. [PMID: 33008423 PMCID: PMC7531135 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the widespread clinical application of the five-level version of the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), whether the questionnaire scores are responsive to changes in patients’ health and how much changes in questionnaire scores represent patients’ real health changes require consideration. Consequently, we assessed responsiveness and estimated the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the EQ-5D-5L in surgically treated patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to determine the relationship between MCID and minimal detectable change (MDC). Methods We conducted a longitudinal, observational study. Participants were patients with CIN from the gynecology inpatient department of a grade-A tertiary hospital in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. Participants completed the EQ-5D-5L and the Global Rating of Change Questionnaire (GRCQ) at baseline and one month post-surgery. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare EQ-5D-5L scores pre- and post-treatment. We calculated the effect size (ES) and the standardized response mean (SRM) to quantitatively assess responsiveness. Distribution-based, anchor-based, and instrument-defined methods were used to estimate MCID. MCID to MDC ratios at individual- and group-levels were also calculated. Results Fifty patients with CIN completed the follow-up investigation (mean age 44.76 ± 8.72 years; mean follow-up time 32.28 ± 1.43 days). The index value and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) of the EQ-5D-5L improved by 0.025 and 6.92 (all p < 0.05) at follow-up as compared to baseline respectively. The ES and the SRM of the index value were 0.47 and 0.42 respectively, indicating small responsiveness; while the ES and the SRM of EQ VAS were 0.50 and 0.49 respectively, indicating small to moderate responsiveness. The average (range) of MCIDs for index value and EQ VAS were 0.039 (0.023–0.064) and 5.35 (3.12–6.99) respectively. These values can only be used to determine whether patients have experienced clinically meaningful health improvements at the group level. Conclusions The EQ-5D-5L has only small to moderate responsiveness in post-surgical patients with CIN, and the MCIDs developed in this study can be used for group-level health assessment. However, further study is needed concerning health changes at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mingxia Jing
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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99972
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Joushi S, Esmaeilpour K, Taherizadeh Z, Taheri F, Sheibani V. Intergenerational effects of maternal separation on cognitive abilities of adolescent rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:687-698. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Joushi
- Neuroscience Research Center Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Zahra Taherizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Farahnaz Taheri
- Neuroscience Research Center Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center Institute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
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99973
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Taboas W, McKay D. Inducing and manipulating sensations of incompleteness. Bull Menninger Clin 2020; 84:237-263. [PMID: 33000964 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2020.84.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Incompleteness (INC) and Harm Avoidance (HA) are known core dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Emotional processing and inhibitory learning (IL) have both been proposed as viable mechanisms of exposure for the alleviation of HA, yet the relationship with INC remains unclear. This study evaluated differential manipulation responses to induced INC. The authors specifically tested whether targeting the key component of IL, expectancy violation generated by the discrepancy between an articulated prediction and the actual exposure experience, would lead to improved outcomes. A sample of undergraduates (N = 68) completed a series of behavioral tasks to induce INC, followed by manipulations (exposure with or without articulated predictions) to reduce INC reactions. Results show that modest changes were observed following reduction manipulations following INC induction. Furthermore, heightened HA predicted the changes of induced sensations. Mediation tests showed that articulation of predicted sensations mediated pre- to postreduction ratings. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Taboas
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Center for Understanding and Treating Anxiety (CUTA), San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Dean McKay
- Professor and Fordham-Columbia Research Fellow in the Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York
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99974
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Leigh E, Lee A, Brown HM, Pisano S, Stringaris A. A Prospective Study of Rumination and Irritability in Youth. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1581-1589. [PMID: 33001331 PMCID: PMC7554009 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although youth irritability is linked with substantial psychiatric morbidity and impairment, little is known about how personal characteristics influence its course. In this study we examined the prospective associations between angry and depressive rumination and irritability. A sample of 165 school pupils aged 12-14 years were assessed at two time points six months apart. They completed measures of irritability at Times 1 and 2 and depressive and angry rumination at Time 1. In line with our hypotheses, we found that angry rumination is significantly associated with irritability six months later, over and above baseline irritability and depressive rumination. The present findings suggest angry rumination is relevant to the genesis of irritability in adolescents, and point to possible routes for prevention and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Leigh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,OxCADAT, The Old Rectory, Paradise Square, Oxford, OX1 1TW, UK.
| | - Ailsa Lee
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah M Brown
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Pisano
- Department of Neuroscience, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Mood Brain and Development Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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99975
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Pajkossy P, Szőllősi Á, Racsmány M. Pupil size changes signal hippocampus-related memory functions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16393. [PMID: 33009460 PMCID: PMC7532445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A major task of episodic memory is to create unique, distinguishable representations of highly overlapping perceptual inputs. Several studies on this basic function have shown that it is based on the intact functioning of certain subregions of the hippocampus and is among the most sensitive behavioral indicators of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Here we assessed pupil dilation associated with performance in a widely used recognition paradigm that aims to uncover the intactness of fine-graded mnemonic discrimination. A sample of healthy undergraduate students was used. First, we showed that the correct discrimination between highly similar lure items and target items elicit larger pupil response than correct target identification. Second, we found that mnemonic discrimination is associated with larger pupil response in general as compared to target identification, regardless of whether the response was correct or not. These results suggest the pupil changes differentiate mnemonic discrimination and memory identification processes in recognition performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pajkossy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József u. 1, 1111, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Szőllősi
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József u. 1, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Racsmány
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József u. 1, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
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99976
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Neoh MJY, Azhari A, Mulatti C, Bornstein MH, Esposito G. Disapproval from romantic partners, friends and parents: Source of criticism regulates prefrontal cortex activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229316. [PMID: 33006966 PMCID: PMC7531840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of criticism in everyday social situations, and its empirically demonstrated association with psychopathology, highlight the importance of understanding neural mechanisms underlying the perception and response of individuals to criticism. However, neuroimaging studies to date have been limited largely to maternal criticism. The present study aims to investigate neural responses to observing criticism occurring in the context of three different relationship types: romantic partners, friends, and parents-from a third-party perspective. 49 participants were recruited and asked to rate the perceived criticism for these relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure changes in oxygenated haemoglobin levels in the prefrontal cortex when participants read vignettes describing three different scenarios of criticism. Participants were randomly assigned to 3 groups where the given description of the relationship of the protagonist to the source of criticism for each vignette was randomised. A significant interaction between relationship type and perceived criticism ratings for mothers was found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Compared to low perceived criticism, high perceived criticism individuals showed increased activation reading vignettes describing criticism from romantic partners and parents but decreased activation for those from friends. Findings contribute to understanding neural responses to criticism as observed from a third-party perspective. Future studies can look into differentiating neural responses of personalised experiences of criticism and third-party observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jin-Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Atiqah Azhari
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claudio Mulatti
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Marc H. Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, Untied States of America
- Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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99977
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Wijngaards I, Sisouw de Zilwa SCM, Burger MJ. Extraversion Moderates the Relationship Between the Stringency of COVID-19 Protective Measures and Depressive Symptoms. Front Psychol 2020; 11:568907. [PMID: 33132977 PMCID: PMC7566038 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, psychologists are theorizing that, as compared to introverts, extraverts experience more profound negative social consequences from protective measures (e.g., travel restrictions and bans on public gatherings). As the empirical evidence for this claim is lacking, this study tested the hypothesis that extraversion moderates the relationship between the stringency of COVID-19 protective measures and depressive symptoms. Our results were based on survey data from 93,125 respondents collected in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 20-April 6, 2020) across 47 countries and publicly available data on measure stringency. Findings demonstrate that extraversion moderates the relationship between measure stringency in the early days of the pandemic and depressive symptoms. For introverts, measure stringency has a negative effect on depressive symptoms, while for extraverts, it has a positive, but non-significant effect on depressive symptoms. This study suggests that, although stringent measures generally help people to worry less and feel safer, the lifestyle associated with such measures feels more natural to introverts than to extraverts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indy Wijngaards
- Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organization, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Health and Policy Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Martijn J. Burger
- Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organization, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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99978
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Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Young Adults with Primary Congenital Glaucoma. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2020; 4:312-321. [PMID: 33002642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about quality of life (QoL) and life satisfaction (LS) of treated primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) patients in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to assess the QoL and LS and their predictors among young adults treated for PCG during early childhood. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-two participants with PCG (mean age, 22.5 years; standard deviation [SD], 4.6); 52% were male; 94% bilateral) recruited at L V Prasad Eye Institute. METHODS Participants were asked to complete the 26-item World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire (items related to satisfaction with general health, physical, psychological, social relations, and environmental aspects) and the 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in the clinic visit. Clinical data including visual acuity (VA) and visual fields (VFs) were collated from medical records. Rasch analysis was used to optimize the psychometric properties, with higher scores indicating a higher degree of QoL and LS, for both the questionnaires. Linear regression models were used to examine associations between overall QoL and LS (in separate models), and sociodemographic and clinical variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The QoL and LS were measured using Rasch-transformed scores from the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and SWLS, respectively. RESULTS Response rate was 93%. The overall mean (SD) Rasch-scaled scores for QoL were 0.93 (1.11) and 0.87 (1.32) for environment domain and 0.41 (1.56) logits for LS. Better QoL was significantly related to rural residence and higher education in both univariable and multivariable analyses and explained 13% variance. Higher LS was significantly related to marital status, unilateral affliction, and higher education in univariable analyses. However, multivariable regression analysis showed that only marital status was independently associated with higher LS and explained 8.8% of variance. Clinical and treatment variables (VF, surgical interventions, medications) were not independent predictors of QoL/LS. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that QoL and LS of treated patients with PCG during adult life are generally good and appear to be driven by factors other than clinical indices. Educational achievement appears to be linked to better QoL and LS, and clinicians should emphasize the importance and need for education in the continued care of these patients.
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99979
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Individually distinctive features facilitate numerical discrimination of sets of objects in domestic chicks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16408. [PMID: 33009471 PMCID: PMC7532216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Day-old domestic chicks approach the larger of two groups of identical objects, but in a 3 vs 4 comparison, their performance is random. Here we investigated whether adding individually distinctive features to each object would facilitate such discrimination. Chicks reared with 7 objects were presented with the operation 1 + 1 + 1 vs 1 + 1 + 1 + 1. When objects were all identical, chicks performed randomly, as expected (Experiment 1). In the remaining experiments, objects differed from one another due to additional features. Chicks succeeded when those features were differently oriented segments (Experiment 2) but failed when the features were arranged to depict individually different face-like displays (Experiment 3). Discrimination was restored if the face-like stimuli were presented upside-down, disrupting global processing (Experiment 4). Our results support the claim that numerical discrimination in 3 vs 4 comparison benefits from the presence of distinctive features that enhance object individuation due to individual processing. Interestingly, when the distinctive features are arranged into upright face-like displays, the process is susceptible to global over local interference due to configural processing. This study was aimed at assessing whether individual object processing affects numerical discrimination. We hypothesise that in humans similar strategies aimed at improving performance at the non-symbolic level may have positive effects on symbolic mathematical abilities.
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99980
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Developing adaptive control: Age-related differences in task choices and awareness of proactive and reactive control demands. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 21:561-572. [PMID: 33009653 PMCID: PMC10162508 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Developmental changes in executive function are often explained in terms of core cognitive processes and associated neural substrates. For example, younger children tend to engage control reactively in the moment as needed, whereas older children increasingly engage control proactively, in anticipation of needing it. Such developments may reflect increasing capacities for active maintenance dependent upon dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. However, younger children will engage proactive control when reactive control is made more difficult, suggesting that developmental changes may also reflect decisions about whether to engage control, and how. We tested awareness of temporal control demands and associated task choices in 5-year-olds and 10-year-olds and adults using a demand selection task. Participants chose between one task that enabled proactive control and another task that enabled reactive control. Adults reported awareness of these different control demands and preferentially played the proactive task option. Ten-year-olds reported awareness of control demands but selected task options at chance. Five-year-olds showed neither awareness nor task preference, but a subsample who exhibited awareness of control demands preferentially played the reactive task option, mirroring their typical control mode. Thus, developmental improvements in executive function may in part reflect better awareness of cognitive demands and adaptive behavior, which may in turn reflect changes in dorsal anterior cingulate in signaling task demands to lateral prefrontal cortex.
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99981
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Dong Y, Tang Y, Chow BWY, Wang W, Dong WY. Contribution of Vocabulary Knowledge to Reading Comprehension Among Chinese Students: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:525369. [PMID: 33132948 PMCID: PMC7561676 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.525369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. To address the correlation picture under Chinese logographical scripts, the researchers investigated the potential explanation for the correlation via Reading Stage, Information Gap, Content-based Approach, and Cognition and Creativity Theory approaches. This study undertook a meta-analysis to synthesize 89 independent samples from primary school stage to Master's degree stage. Results showed the correlation picture as an inverted U-shape, supporting the idea that vocabulary knowledge contributed a large proportion of variance on text comprehension and might also support the independent hypothesis of the impact of vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension. In each education stage, the correlation between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension was independent in that it did not interact with any significant moderators. This study informed that the vocabulary knowledge not only determined text comprehension progress through facial semantic meaning identification but also suggested that the coordinate development of vocabulary knowledge, grammatical knowledge, and inference would be better in complexity comprehension task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Tang
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Bonnie Wing-Yin Chow
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Weisha Wang
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Yang Dong
- Department of Asian Policy Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
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99982
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Sijtsema JJ, Garofalo C, Jansen K, Klimstra TA. Disengaging from Evil: Longitudinal Associations Between the Dark Triad, Moral Disengagement, and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1351-1365. [PMID: 30737660 PMCID: PMC6617551 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has identified important correlational linkages between the dark triad of personality (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) and antisocial behavior in adolescence. However, little is known about the longitudinal associations between these personality characteristics and antisocial behavior, and the processes underlying these linkages. We hypothesized positive bidirectional associations between the dark triad and antisocial behavior, and that increases in moral disengagement would underlie these longitudinal associations. In the current study, we examined these hypotheses in 502 Dutch adolescents (51.8% boys, Mage = 13.57, SD = 1.07) across three annual waves. Path models showed that antisocial behavior was positively associated with relative increases in moral disengagement, a general dark personality factor, and Machiavellianism specifically, but not the other way around. These paths were only observed in boys and more pronounced during the first year of the study. Finally, antisocial behavior was partly indirectly associated to psychopathy across time via antisocial behavior and moral disengagement at a later time point. Together, these findings suggest that dark personality characteristics and moral disengagement development are more likely to be the result of changes in antisocial behavior than the other way around.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle J Sijtsema
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Carlo Garofalo
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Jansen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A Klimstra
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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99983
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Troll B, Pietsch M, Besser M. Verhaltensbezogenes Engagement im Unterricht. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1024/1010-0652/a000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende schülerzentrierte Videostudie untersucht die Generalisierbarkeit und Zuverlässigkeit von Videobeobachtungen des verhaltensbezogenen engagements von Schülerinnen und Schülern unter Berücksichtigung der aktiven Arbeitsphasen (Partner-, Gruppenarbeit, Ergebnissicherung im Plenum) einer dritten Grundschulklasse ( N = 20 Schülerinnen und Schüler). Anhand eines adaptierten Münchner Aufmerksamkeitsinventars ( Helmke & Renkl, 1992 ) wurden alle Lernenden in ihrem individuellen, verhaltensbezogenen engagement in Ein-Sekunden-Intervallen über den Verlauf des Unterrichts von vier unabhängigen Kodiererinnen während der aktiven Arbeitsphasen beurteilt. Videostudien werden in der pädagogisch-psychologischen Unterrichtsforschung häufig zur Beschreibung und Analyse unterrichtlicher Prozesse durchgeführt, obwohl sie als sehr ressourcenintensiv und aufwändig gelten. Daher wird in dieser Studie ebenso untersucht, bis zu welcher Anzahl an Sekunden das verhaltensbezogene engagement der Schülerinnen und Schüler noch reliabel beobachtet werden kann, um eine effiziente und ökonomische Designplanung zu ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse der G-Studie zeigen erwartungskonform, dass der Großteil der erklärbaren Varianz über alle Arbeitsphasen hinweg auf die individuellen Lernenden (18.85%) zurückzuführen ist. Der Zeitpunkt in Sekunden (2.67%) erklärt hingegen nur einen marginalen Varianzanteil. Es bleibt ein großer Anteil unerklärter Residualvarianz (78.48%). Der Zuverlässigkeitskoeffizient liegt mit Φ = .99 in einem sehr guten Bereich. Die Entscheidungsstudie (D-Study) ergibt, dass selbst bei 30 beobachteten Sekunden ein zuverlässiges Ergebnis erzielt werden kann (Φ = .87). Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass schülerzentrierte Videoanalysen sich besonders zur Erfassung des verhaltensbezogenen engagements aller Schülerinnen und Schüler eignen, da über den gesamten Unterrichtsverlauf Informationen über alle Lernenden vorliegen. Ebenso tragen die Ergebnisse zu einer ökonomischen Designplanung von schülerzentrierten Videostudien zum verhaltensbezogenen engagement bei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Troll
- Institut für Bildungswissenschaft, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg
| | - Marcus Pietsch
- Institut für Bildungswissenschaft, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg
- Institut für Erziehungswissenschaft, Universität Zürich
| | - Michael Besser
- Institut für Mathematik und ihre Didaktik, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg
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99984
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Doménech-Betoret F, Gómez-Artiga A, Abellán-Roselló L, Rocabert-Beút E. MOCSE Centered on Students: Validation of Learning Demands and Teacher Support Scales. Front Psychol 2020; 11:582926. [PMID: 33117247 PMCID: PMC7561665 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on The Educational Situation Quality Model (MOCSE, acronym in Spanish) framework, the primary objective of this study is to test the factorial validity and reliability of two MOCSE measure instruments referred to the preactional-decisional phase, specifically to learning demands and teacher supports perceived by students to overcome such demands in the classroom context. The participants were 357 Spanish undergraduate students. The data obtained by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the “Learning Demands Scale” (MOCSE-LDS) has a two-factor structure: perceived desirability and feasibility of demands. The data also revealed that the “Teacher Support Questionnaire” (MOCSE-TSQ) is composed of ten independent factors or subscales with good psychometric validity and reliability properties. Finally, the Student’s t-test generally indicated that the constructs considered in the instruments did not differ in gender terms. In short, the results obtained for the validity and reliability of the two tested instruments were good. Thus, the application of instruments MOCSE-LDS and MOCSE-TSQ is satisfactorily supported by empirical data. The resulting scales can be useful for researchers and teachers. On the one hand, this study provides researchers with two valid and reliable tools that may contribute to investigate students’ motivation in the university classroom context based on MOCSE postulates. On the other hand, the two tested instruments may provide teachers and school psychologists with important information to implement preventive or intervention actions to improve students’ intention to learn. Teachers may also use them to evaluate their own teaching and to research their own classrooms. The implications for education according to MOCSE postulates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amparo Gómez-Artiga
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Abellán-Roselló
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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99985
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Shao X, Wang C, Shen C, Jia Y, Wang W. Nightmare experience and personality disorder functioning styles in healthy volunteers and nightmare disorder patients. Bull Menninger Clin 2020; 84:278-294. [PMID: 33000963 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2020.84.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nightmares are prevalent in psychiatric disorders, and personality disorder features might be associated with nightmare experience, especially in nightmare disorder patients. The authors invited 219 healthy volunteers and 118 nightmare disorder patients to undergo tests of the Nightmare Experience Questionnaire (NEQ), the Parker Personality Measure (PERM), and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory. Compared to healthy volunteers, nightmare disorder patients scored significantly higher on annual nightmare frequency and NEQ Physical Effect, Negative Emotion, Meaning Interpretation, and Horrible Stimulation, and higher on PERM Paranoid, Schizotypal, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Avoidant, and Dependent styles. Borderline, Schizotypal, and Passive-Aggressive styles in healthy volunteers and Dependent, Avoidant, Histrionic, and Paranoid in patients were significant predictors of some NEQ scales. Higher annual nightmare frequency, higher scale scores of nightmare experience and personality disorder styles, and more associations between the two were found in nightmare disorder patients, implying the need for personality-adjustment therapy for nightmare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shao
- MD candidate, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,PhD candidate, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chu Wang
- PhD candidate, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chanchan Shen
- MD candidate, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,PhD candidate, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Jia
- MSc candidate, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Professor and chief psychiatrist, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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99986
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Kalomiris AE, Phelps RA, Kiel EJ. The Relation between Specific Parenting Behaviors and Toddlers' Early Anxious Behaviors is Moderated by Toddler Cortisol Reactivity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1367-1377. [PMID: 30793236 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Differential susceptibility theory posits that neurobiological reactivity (e.g., cortisol levels) should be considered as an individual index of susceptibility to both positive and negative environments. The current investigation separately examines cortisol reactivity and total concentration in toddlerhood as moderators of the longitudinal relation between maternal protection and encouragement of independence and increases or decreases in observed anxious behaviors, respectively. A total of 119 mother-toddler dyads participated in a laboratory visit when toddlers were 12- to 18-months-old. Mothers reported on their parenting behaviors and toddlers participated in a novelty episode from which their anxious behaviors were coded. Toddlers provided three saliva samples, yielding measures of cortisol reactivity and total cortisol concentration. One year later, dyads returned to the laboratory where toddlers participated in another novelty episode to observationally assess anxious behaviors. Results revealed that maternal protection tended to relate to greater increases in anxious behaviors one year later only for toddlers who displayed high cortisol reactivity. Cortisol reactivity also moderated the relation between maternal encouragement of independence and change in toddler anxious behaviors, with this parenting behavior relating to greater decreases in anxious behaviors only for toddlers with high cortisol reactivity. Results examining total cortisol concentration as a moderator were not significant. Results suggest the importance of considering toddler cortisol reactivity a context of susceptibility when examining the longitudinal relation between parenting behaviors and the development of anxious behaviors in toddlerhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Kalomiris
- Psychology Department, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
| | - Randi A Phelps
- Psychology Department, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kiel
- Psychology Department, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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99987
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Tsuchiya M, Adachi K, Kumagai K, Kondo N, Kimata A. Cancer disclosure to friends: Survey on psychological distress and perceived social support provision. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2020; 31:e13332. [PMID: 33006241 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the factors associated with the degree of distress experienced by patients with cancer before disclosing their cancer diagnosis to a friend and their perceptions of social support upon disclosure. METHODS Adult patients with cancer participated in a cross-sectional Internet-based survey on their behaviour when disclosing their diagnosis to a selected friend, degree of distress before this disclosure and perceived social support upon disclosure. RESULTS Of 473 eligible respondents, around half were middle-aged (40-59 years) and around half were men. Having a younger age (20-39 years), being a woman and delaying disclosure were factors associated with greater pre-disclosure distress. Most participants perceived receiving emotional support upon disclosure. Telling a close friend or a female friend and early disclosure timing were associated with perceived social support, although this varied by social support type. CONCLUSION Younger patients and women may need more support in deciding to disclose their cancer diagnosis to friends. Selection of to whom to disclose this information and disclosure timing should be considered to achieve more desirable outcomes. In addition to selective disclosure-including planning and scheduling-communication skills may be required for effectively disclosing a cancer diagnosis and achieving favourable results following this disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Tsuchiya
- Division of Cancer Survivorship Research, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Adachi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kaori Kumagai
- School of Nursing and Social Service, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-gun, Japan
| | - Nami Kondo
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Kimata
- Division of Cancer Survivorship Research, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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99988
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Norman P, Wilding S, Conner M. Reasoned action approach and compliance with recommended behaviours to prevent the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the UK. Br J Health Psychol 2020; 25:1006-1019. [PMID: 33007143 PMCID: PMC7536976 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To examine associations between demographics, people’s beliefs, and compliance with behaviours recommended by the UK government to prevent the transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus that causes COVID‐19. Design A two‐wave online survey conducted one week apart during the national lockdown (April, 2020). Measures A sample of 477 UK residents completed baseline measures from the reasoned action approach (experiential attitudes, instrumental attitudes, injunctive norms, descriptive norms, capacity, autonomy, and intention) and perceived susceptibility for each of the following recommended behaviours: limiting leaving home, keeping at least 2 m away from other people when outside and when inside shops, not visiting or meeting friends or other family members, and washing hands when returning home. Self‐reported compliance with each of the recommended behaviours was assessed one week later. Results Rates of full compliance with the recommended behaviours ranged from 31% (keeping at least 2 m away from other people when inside shops) to 68% (not visiting or meeting friends or other family members). Capacity was a significant predictor of compliance with each of the five recommended behaviours. Increasing age and intentions were also predictive of compliance with three of the behaviours. Conclusions Interventions to increase compliance with the recommended behaviours to prevent the transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, especially those relating to social distancing, need to bolster people’s intentions and perceptions of capacity. This may be achieved through media‐based information campaigns as well as environmental changes to make compliance with such measures easier. Such interventions should particularly target younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Mark Conner
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK
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99989
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Lay concepts of source likeability, trustworthiness, expertise, and power: A prototype analysis. Behav Res Methods 2020; 53:1188-1201. [PMID: 33001383 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on persuasion has used researcher-generated exemplars to manipulate source characteristics such as likeability, trustworthiness, expertise, or power. This approach has been fruitful, but it relies to some degree on an overlap between researcher understanding of these variables and lay understanding of these variables. Additionally, these exemplar manipulations may have unintentionally affected multiple characteristics and may be limited to certain topics or time periods. In the current work, we sought to provide persuasion researchers with a methodological tool to increase construct and potentially external validity by conducting a prototype analysis of the four traditional source characteristics: likeability, trustworthiness, expertise, and power. This bottom-up approach provided insight into the ways in which recipients perceive sources and allowed us to examine relations between the characteristics. Moving forward, a bottom-up understanding of source characteristics will allow researchers to more effectively develop manipulations that might transcend time and topic as well as isolate their effects to the intended source characteristic.
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99990
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Williams T, Evans L, Robertson A, Hardy L, Roy S, Lewis D, Glendinning F. The Role of Optimism and Psychosocial Factors in Athletes Recovery From ACL Injury: A Longitudinal Study. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:116. [PMID: 33345105 PMCID: PMC7739731 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing interest into the role of psychosocial factors during the recovery period following sports injuries, there remains a paucity of longitudinal studies examining the indirect relationships between psychosocial factors, psychological responses, and recovery outcomes. The purpose of this study was to construct and test a conceptual model which examined the indirect relationships between optimism, psychosocial factors, rehabilitation adherence, and perceived knee function up to 12 months post anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery. A prospective, longitudinal, and repeated measures design was employed, wherein 81 injured athletes (Mage 26.89, SD = 7.52) completed measures of optimism, psychosocial factors, rehabilitation adherence, and perceived knee function on seven occasions (pre-surgery to 1 year post-surgery). Bayesian structural equation modeling evaluated the hypothesized indirect relationships proposed within the conceptual model. The main findings from this study was empirical support for a time-ordered, conceptual model which demonstrated that pre-surgery optimism had a significant overall indirect effect on perceived knee function at 12 months post-surgery (sum of indirect; αβ = 0.08, post. SD = 0.05, CI [0.01, 0.04]), as well as a specific indirect effect through secondary appraisal at 1 month post-surgery, efficacy at 2 months post-surgery, and rehabilitation adherence at 6 months post-surgery (αβ = 0.03, post. SD = 0.03, CI [0.00, 0.10]). Collectively, this study provides support for a number of previously hypothesized, but not empirically examined, indirect relationships between optimism, psychosocial factors and recovery outcomes. In doing so, we provide a conceptual model which has the potential to help guide individualized treatment recommendations, as well as identify individuals at risk of compromised recovery outcomes following ACL surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Williams
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Evans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Robertson
- Cardiff Sports Orthopaedics LLP, Spire Cardiff Hospital, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lew Hardy
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Roy
- Cardiff Sports Orthopaedics LLP, Spire Cardiff Hospital, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Cardiff Sports Orthopaedics LLP, Spire Cardiff Hospital, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Freya Glendinning
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
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99991
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Afonso O, Suárez-Coalla P, Cuetos F, Ibáñez A, Sedeño L, García AM. The Embodied Penman: Effector-Specific Motor-Language Integration During Handwriting. Cogn Sci 2020; 43:e12767. [PMID: 31310023 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have illuminated how processing manual action verbs (MaVs) affects the programming or execution of concurrent hand movements. Here, to circumvent key confounds in extant designs, we conducted the first assessment of motor-language integration during handwriting-a task in which linguistic and motoric processes are co-substantiated. Participants copied MaVs, non-manual action verbs, and non-action verbs as we collected measures of motor programming and motor execution. Programming latencies were similar across conditions, but execution was faster for MaVs than for the other categories, regardless of whether word meanings were accessed implicitly or explicitly. In line with the Hand-Action-Network Dynamic Language Embodiment (HANDLE) model, such findings suggest that effector-congruent verbs can prime manual movements even during highly automatized tasks in which motoric and verbal processes are naturally intertwined. Our paradigm opens new avenues for fine-grained explorations of embodied language processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Afonso
- Department of Psychology, Health, & Professional Development, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University
| | | | | | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET).,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez.,Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ARC)
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)
| | - Adolfo M García
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET).,Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo)
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99992
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Ono S, Nozaki A, Matsuda K, Takakuwa E, Sakamoto N, Watari H. In vivo optical cellular diagnosis for uterine cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia using flexible gastrointestinal endocytoscopy -a prospective pilot study. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:955. [PMID: 33008349 PMCID: PMC7530973 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrouund For patients with any kind of atypical squamous intraepithelial lesion of the uterine cervix or vagina, colposcopy and punch biopsy are common procedures for histological determination following cytology. However, colposcopy-guided biopsy does not provide a high level of diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of optical biopsy in vivo using endocytoscopy compared with conventional procedures using colposcopy. Methods Between May 2018 and March 2019, patients who were scheduled for cervical conization or mapping biopsies of the vagina were prospectively enrolled. Endocytoscopy was performed by senior endoscopists prior to scheduled procedures, and endocytoscopic images and biopsy samples were taken from the most prominent site and surrounding area of the cervical or vaginal lesions. The collection process of images was randomized and anonymous, and three doctors separately evaluated the images according to the ECA classification. ECA 4 and 5 are indicative of endoscopic malignancy. The primary endpoint was diagnostic accuracy (benign or malignant: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) 3 or worse) of cell images at the most prominent site in each patient. Results A total of 28 consecutive patients were enrolled. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of endocytoscopic images were 95.0% (84.8–98.6%), 87.5% (61.9–96.5%), 95.0% (84.8–98.6%), 87.5% (61.9–96.5%) and 92.9% (78.2–98.0%), respectively. Inter-observer agreement among three reviewers was 0.78 (0.08–9.88, P < 0.01). On the other hand, the accuracy of colposcopy-guided biopsy was 74.1% (64.0–84.0%). Conclusions Optical cell diagnosis of cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia using endocytoscopy provides a high level of diagnostic accuracy. Trial registration The study was registered with the UMIN database (ID: 000031712). UMIN000031712. Registered 16 March 2017,
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Nishi-4, Kita-15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan.
| | - Ayako Nozaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Nishi-4, Kita-15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Kana Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi-7, Kita-15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Emi Takakuwa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Nishi-4, Kita-15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi-7, Kita-15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hidemichi Watari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Nishi-4, Kita-15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
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99993
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Giacomelli G, Farini A, Baldini I, Raffaelli M, Bigagli G, Fossetti A, Virgili G. Saccadic movements assessment in eccentric fixation: A study in patients with Stargardt disease. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:2556-2562. [PMID: 33008267 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120960336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate saccadic movements in subjects with eccentric fixation due to a deep central scotoma in Stargardt disease (STGD). METHODS We studied 10 patients with STGD and 10 healthy subjects (control group). Saccadic movements of all the 20 subjects were assessed by using the eye tracker technique Tobii Glasses Pro 2. Standard measurements of reading ability (MNREAD charts), visual acuity (ETDRS charts), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson charts), reading contrast threshold and speed (REX charts), retinal sensitivity and stability and localization of the fixation (MP1 fundus perimetry) were obtained in all subjects. RESULTS The saccadic movements time was significantly slower in STGD than in healthy subjects (699 ± 193 ms vs 299 ± 40 ms, p < 0.001). When STGD patients moved fixation to the target localized in retinal scotomatous areas, the movement was significantly slower compared to non scotomatous areas in the retina (1103 ± 798 ms vs 524 ± 187 ms, p = 0.039). There was a trend toward a correlation between slow saccadic movements in STGD subjects and the reading performance indices, although statistical significance was not achieved. CONCLUSION Ocular saccades guided by eccentric fixation in STGD patients are significantly slower than in the control group, especially when the target corresponds to retinal areas with a deep scotoma. These results can explain the worse reading performance in STGD subjects, in particular when a non-viewing area on the right part of the text is present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Bigagli
- Institute for Research and Studies in Optics and Optometry, Vinci, Italy
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99994
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Nury E, Bischoff K, Wollmann K, Nitschke K, Lohner S, Schumacher M, Rücker G, Blümle A. Impact of investigator initiated trials and industry sponsored trials on medical practice (IMPACT): rationale and study design. BMC Med Res Methodol 2020; 20:246. [PMID: 33008297 PMCID: PMC7532587 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-020-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) initiated large research programs to foster high quality clinical research in the academic area. These investigator initiated trials (IITs) cover important areas of medical research and often go beyond the scope of industry sponsored trials (ISTs). The purpose of this project was to understand to what extent results of randomized controlled IITs and ISTs have an impact on medical practice, measured by their availability for decisions in healthcare and their implementation in clinical practice. We aimed to determine study characteristics influencing a trial's impact such as type of sponsor and place of conduct. In this article, we describe the rationale and design of this project and present the characteristics of the trials included in our study cohort. METHODS The research impact of the following sub-cohorts was compared: German IITs (funded by DFG and BMBF or by other German non-commercial organizations), international IITs (without German contribution), German ISTs, and international ISTs. Trials included were drawn from the DFG-/BMBF-Websites, the German Clinical Trials Register, and from ClinicalTrials.gov . Research impact was measured as follows: 1) proportion of published trials, 2) time to publication, 3) proportion of publications appropriately indexed in biomedical databases, 4) proportion of openly accessible publications, 5) broadness of publication's target group, 6) citation of publications by systematic reviews or meta-analyses, and 7) appearance of publications or citing systematic reviews or meta-analyses in clinical practice guidelines. We also aimed to identify study characteristics associated with the impact of trials. RESULTS We included 691 trials: 120 German IITs, 200 International IITs, 171 German ISTs and 200 International ISTs. The median number of participants was 150, 30% were international trials and 70% national trials, 48% drug-trials and 52% non-drug trials. Overall, 72% of the trials had one pre-defined primary endpoint, 28% two or more (max. 36). CONCLUSIONS The results of this project deepen our understanding of the impact of biomedical research on clinical practice and healthcare policy, add important insights for the efficient allocation of scarce research resources and may facilitate providing accountability to the different stakeholders involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Nury
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 86, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Bischoff
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 86, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Wollmann
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 86, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Nitschke
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 86, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Lohner
- Cochrane Hungary, Clinical Centre of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2, Pécs, 7623 Hungary
| | - M. Schumacher
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 26, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - G. Rücker
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 26, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A. Blümle
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 86, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Straße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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99995
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Burton JM, Creaghead NA, Silbert N, Breit-Smith A, Duncan AW, Grether SM. Social Communication and Structural Language of Girls With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2020; 51:1139-1155. [PMID: 32916076 DOI: 10.1044/2020_lshss-20-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize social communication and structural language of school-age girls with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD) compared to a matched group of girls who are typically developing (TD). Method Participants were 37 girls between 7;5 and 15;2 (years;months)-18 HF-ASD and 19 TD. Children completed the Test of Pragmatic Language-Second Edition (TOPL-2) and Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fifth Edition. Parents completed the Children's Communication Checklist-2 United States Edition (CCC-2) and Receptive and Expressive Communication subdomains of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition. Results In the area of social communication, girls with HF-ASD earned significantly lower scores and were more often classified as having an impairment on the TOPL-2 and the CCC-2. However, 28% and 33% earned average scores on the TOPL-2 and the CCC-2, respectively. In the area of structural language, no significant differences were found between groups on Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fifth Edition indexes. In contrast, girls with HF-ASD earned significantly lower scores and were more often classified as having an impairment on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition. Sixty-one percent and 83% scored below average on the Receptive and Expressive Communication subdomains, respectively. Conclusions It has been argued that girls with HF-ASD, when compared to boys with HF-ASD, may have advantages for social communication and structural language that mask their impairments. However, when compared to girls who are TD, girls with HF-ASD demonstrated impaired social communication and structural language. Clinicians should include and carefully examine multiple sources of information when assessing girls with HF-ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Burton
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH.,Kelly O'Leary Center for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Nancy A Creaghead
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Noah Silbert
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Amie W Duncan
- Kelly O'Leary Center for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Sandra M Grether
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
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99996
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Nuijten MB, van Assen MALM, Augusteijn HEM, Crompvoets EAV, Wicherts JM. Effect Sizes, Power, and Biases in Intelligence Research: A Meta-Meta-Analysis. J Intell 2020; 8:E36. [PMID: 33023250 PMCID: PMC7720125 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence8040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this meta-study, we analyzed 2442 effect sizes from 131 meta-analyses in intelligence research, published from 1984 to 2014, to estimate the average effect size, median power, and evidence for bias. We found that the average effect size in intelligence research was a Pearson's correlation of 0.26, and the median sample size was 60. Furthermore, across primary studies, we found a median power of 11.9% to detect a small effect, 54.5% to detect a medium effect, and 93.9% to detect a large effect. We documented differences in average effect size and median estimated power between different types of intelligence studies (correlational studies, studies of group differences, experiments, toxicology, and behavior genetics). On average, across all meta-analyses (but not in every meta-analysis), we found evidence for small-study effects, potentially indicating publication bias and overestimated effects. We found no differences in small-study effects between different study types. We also found no convincing evidence for the decline effect, US effect, or citation bias across meta-analyses. We concluded that intelligence research does show signs of low power and publication bias, but that these problems seem less severe than in many other scientific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle B. Nuijten
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; (M.A.L.M.v.A.); (H.E.M.A.); (E.A.V.C.); (J.M.W.)
| | - Marcel A. L. M. van Assen
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; (M.A.L.M.v.A.); (H.E.M.A.); (E.A.V.C.); (J.M.W.)
- Section Sociology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde E. M. Augusteijn
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; (M.A.L.M.v.A.); (H.E.M.A.); (E.A.V.C.); (J.M.W.)
| | - Elise A. V. Crompvoets
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; (M.A.L.M.v.A.); (H.E.M.A.); (E.A.V.C.); (J.M.W.)
| | - Jelte M. Wicherts
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; (M.A.L.M.v.A.); (H.E.M.A.); (E.A.V.C.); (J.M.W.)
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99997
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Chang CM, Hsu MH, Huang E, Yang YH. Measuring social media brand community success: the roles of media capability and organisational support. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT & BUSINESS EXCELLENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14783363.2018.1485485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Chang
- Department of International Business, Ming Chuan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Information Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Echo Huang
- Department of Information Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Yang
- Programs in Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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99998
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Izotovas A, Vrij A, Strömwall LA, Mann S. Facilitating Memory-Based Lie Detection in Immediate and Delayed Interviewing: The Role of Sketch Mnemonic. PSICHOLOGIJA 2020. [DOI: 10.15388/psichol.2020.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory enhancing techniques, or mnemonics, are typically recommended in evidence-based investigative interviewing guidelines. In the current study, the use of a sketch mnemonic and its effect on the responses of truth tellers and liars was examined. Participants (n = 49) watched a mock intelligence operation video. They were instructed to tell the truth or lie about this operation in an interview immediately afterwards, and again after a two-week delay. In both interviews participants were requested to make a sketch of the place of the mock operation, and then to verbally describe the drawing. Results revealed that truth tellers reported more visual, spatial, temporal, and action details than liars in the immediate interview. Truth tellers also reported more spatial, temporal and action details than liars in the delayed interview. Truth tellers experienced a decline in reporting action details after the delay, whereas liars did not show a decline in reporting any details over time. Thus, truth-tellers showed patterns of reporting indicative of genuine memory decay, whereas liars produced patterns reflecting a ‘stability bias’. Between-statement consistency was not different across veracity conditions.
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99999
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Arbel R, Smiley PA, Borelli JL. Charting the physiological time course of help-seeking during late childhood: Patterns of individual difference. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 201:104989. [PMID: 33002650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored whether variability in children's physiological reactivity-respiratory sinus arrhythmia and electrodermal activity-predict concurrent and subsequent levels of children's observed help-seeking (HS) from their mothers during a failure task. In addition, we tested whether children's perceptions of maternal positivity pre-task (CPMP) and children's fearful temperament moderate these effects. In a community sample of 101 mother-child dyads, children (8-12 years of age) underwent a repeated failure task while their respiratory sinus arrythmia and electrodermal activity were monitored; their HS behaviors were later coded. Multilevel path analyses indicated that high-fearful children increased their HS at the same time as and following increased physiological reactivity regardless of CPMP pre-task. Low-fearful children showed increases in HS at the same time as and following increased physiological reactivity only when they perceived their mothers' affect to be positive. This study demonstrates children's individual differences in the physiological underpinning of time-linked HS behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reout Arbel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| | | | - Jessica L Borelli
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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100000
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C-Reactive Protein as a Possible Predictor of Trail-Making Performance in Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103019. [PMID: 33023087 PMCID: PMC7599970 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a prominent feature of psychiatric disorders. Studies have shown that systemic low-grade inflammation is crucial in the development of cognitive deficits across psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to further examine the role of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in cognitive function in psychiatric disorders. This study included 364 inpatients (53% females) with International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 F3 (affective disorders) and F4 (neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders) diagnoses. The mean age was 52 years (22 to 69 years) and the median body mass index was 27.6. Cognitive function was assessed with the Color–Word Interference Test after Stroop and the Trail-Making Test A/B. Multiple linear regression models were calculated to assess the predictive value of C-reactive protein and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio on cognitive function controlling for age, sex, education, premorbid verbal intelligence quotient, illness duration, depressive symptoms, and obesity-related parameters (e.g., body mass index, high-density lipoprotein). Our data confirm that in patients with psychiatric disorders, C-reactive protein serum concentration is a relevant and important predictor of Trail-Making Test B performance, measuring cognitive flexibility. The effect size of this association did not change much after adding clinical and metabolic variables into the regression model. The kynurenine/tryptophan ratio was not related to cognitive test scores. The involvement of C-reactive protein as a peripheral inflammatory marker in cognitive flexibility and psychomotor processing speed in psychiatric illness can be concluded.
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