1001
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G3BP1 promotes DNA binding and activation of cGAS. Nat Immunol 2018; 20:18-28. [PMID: 30510222 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a key sensor responsible for cytosolic DNA detection. Here we report that GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is critical for DNA sensing and efficient activation of cGAS. G3BP1 enhanced DNA binding of cGAS by promoting the formation of large cGAS complexes. G3BP1 deficiency led to inefficient DNA binding by cGAS and inhibited cGAS-dependent interferon (IFN) production. The G3BP1 inhibitor epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) disrupted existing G3BP1-cGAS complexes and inhibited DNA-triggered cGAS activation, thereby blocking DNA-induced IFN production both in vivo and in vitro. EGCG administration blunted self DNA-induced autoinflammatory responses in an Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) mouse model and reduced IFN-stimulated gene expression in cells from a patient with AGS. Thus, our study reveals that G3BP1 physically interacts with and primes cGAS for efficient activation. Furthermore, EGCG-mediated inhibition of G3BP1 provides a potential treatment for cGAS-related autoimmune diseases.
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1002
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Molecular cytogenetics of the micronucleus: Still surprising. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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1003
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von Morgen P, Maciejowski J. The ins and outs of telomere crisis in cancer. Genome Med 2018; 10:89. [PMID: 30482235 PMCID: PMC6258172 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere crisis is linked with many of the genomic alterations found in cancer genomes. A new understanding of how these alterations arise points towards an active role for innate immune sensors during crisis and to new opportunities for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick von Morgen
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John Maciejowski
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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1004
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Ranoa DRE, Widau RC, Mallon S, Parekh AD, Nicolae CM, Huang X, Bolt MJ, Arina A, Parry R, Kron SJ, Moldovan GL, Khodarev NN, Weichselbaum RR. STING Promotes Homeostasis via Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Chromosomal Stability. Cancer Res 2018; 79:1465-1479. [PMID: 30482772 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the integral role of stimulator of interferon genes (STING, TMEM173) in the innate immune response, its loss or impairment in cancer is thought to primarily affect antitumor immunity. Here we demonstrate a role for STING in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis through regulation of the cell cycle. Depletion of STING in human and murine cancer cells and tumors resulted in increased proliferation compared with wild-type controls. Microarray analysis revealed genes involved in cell-cycle regulation are differentially expressed in STINGko compared with WT MEFs. STING-mediated regulation of the cell cycle converged on NFκB- and p53-driven activation of p21. The absence of STING led to premature activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), early onset to S-phase and mitosis, and increased chromosome instability, which was enhanced by ionizing radiation. These results suggest a pivotal role for STING in maintaining cellular homeostasis and response to genotoxic stress. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings provide clear mechanistic understanding of the role of STING in cell-cycle regulation, which may be exploited in cancer therapy because most normal cells express STING, while many tumor cells do not.See related commentary by Gius and Zhu, p. 1295.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rose E Ranoa
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan C Widau
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen Mallon
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Akash D Parekh
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael J Bolt
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ainhoa Arina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Renate Parry
- Translational Medicine, Varian Medical Systems Inc., Palo Alto, California
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikolai N Khodarev
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. .,The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. .,The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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1005
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Guo X, Ni J, Liang Z, Xue J, Fenech MF, Wang X. The molecular origins and pathophysiological consequences of micronuclei: New insights into an age-old problem. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 779:1-35. [PMID: 31097147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN), the small nucleus-like bodies separated from the primary nucleus, can exist in cells with numerical and/or structural chromosomal aberrations in apparently normal tissues and more so in tumors in humans. While MN have been observed for over 100 years, they were merely and constantly considered as passive indicators of chromosome instability (CIN) for a long time. Relatively little is known about the molecular origins and biological consequences of MN. Rapid technological advances are helping to close these gaps. Very recent studies provide exciting evidence that MN act as key platform for chromothripsis and a trigger of innate immune response, suggesting that MN could affect cellular functions by both genetic and nongenetic means. These previously unappreciated findings have reawakened widespread interests in MN. In this review, the diverse mechanisms leading to MN generation and the complex fate profiles of MN are discussed, together with the evidence for their contribution to CIN, inflammation, senescence and cell death. Moreover, we put this knowledge together into a speculative perspective on how MN may be responsible for cancer development and how their presence may influence the choice of treatment. We suggest that the heterogeneous responses to MN may function physiological to ensure the arrestment, elimination and immune clearance of damaged cells, but pathologically, may enable the survival and oncogenic transformation of cells bearing CIN. These insights not only underscore the complexity of MN biology, but also raise a host of new questions and provide fertile ground for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ziqing Liang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Michael F Fenech
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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1006
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Khoo LT, Chen LY. Role of the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer development and oncotherapeutic approaches. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846935. [PMID: 30446584 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway mediates anti-microbial innate immunity by inducing the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines upon recognition of microbial DNA. Recent studies reveal that self-DNA from tumors and by-products of genomic instability also activates the cGAS-STING pathway and either promotes or inhibits tumor development. This has led to the development of cancer therapeutics using STING agonists alone and in combination with conventional cancer treatment or immune checkpoint targeting. On the other hand, for cancers lacking the cGAS-STING pathway and thus a regular innate immunity response, oncolytic virus therapy has been shown to have therapeutic potential. We here review and discuss the dichotomous roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer development and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Teng Khoo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liuh-Yow Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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1007
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Site occupancy calibration of taxane pharmacology in live cells and tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11406-E11414. [PMID: 30429313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800047115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug receptor site occupancy is a central pharmacology parameter that quantitatively relates the biochemistry of drug binding to the biology of drug action. Taxanes and epothilones bind to overlapping sites in microtubules (MTs) and stabilize them. They are used to treat cancer and are under investigation for neurodegeneration. In cells, they cause concentration-dependent inhibition of MT dynamics and perturbation of mitosis, but the degree of site occupancy required to trigger different effects has not been measured. We report a live cell assay for taxane-site occupancy, and relationships between site occupancy and biological effects across four drugs and two cell lines. By normalizing to site occupancy, we were able to quantitatively compare drug activities and cell sensitivities independent of differences in drug affinity and uptake/efflux kinetics. Across all drugs and cells tested, we found that inhibition of MT dynamics, postmitotic micronucleation, and mitotic arrest required successively higher site occupancy. We also found interesting differences between cells and drugs, for example, insensitivity of the spindle assembly checkpoint to site occupancy. By extending our assay to a mouse xenograft tumor model, we estimated the initial site occupancy required for paclitaxel to completely prevent tumor growth as 80%. The most important cellular action of taxanes for cancer treatment may be formation of micronuclei, which occurs over a broad range of site occupancies.
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1008
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Gronroos E, López-García C. Tolerance of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6529-6535. [PMID: 30420473 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the result of ongoing changes in the number (aneuploidy) and structure of chromosomes. CIN is induced by chromosome missegregation in mitosis and leads to karyotypic diversity within the cancer cell population, thereby adding to intratumor heterogeneity. Regardless of the overall pro-oncogenic function of CIN, its onset is typically detrimental for cell fitness and thus tumors must develop CIN-tolerance mechanisms in order to propagate. There is overwhelming genetic and functional evidence linking mutations in the tumor suppressor TP53 with CIN-tolerance. However, the pathways leading to p53 activation following chromosome missegregation remain controversial. Recently, additional mechanisms have been identified in CIN-surveillance, resulting in a more complex network of pathways acting independently or in cooperation with p53. Tolerance might also be achieved by modifying aspects of the cancer cell physiology in order to attenuate CIN or by adaptation to the consequences of aneuploid karyotypes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms of CIN-tolerance in cancer, the adaptations observed in CIN cells buffering CIN levels, its consequences for cellular homeostasis, and the potential of exploiting these adaptations in order to design new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gronroos
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos López-García
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom. .,National Heart and Lung Institute, Airway Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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1009
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Mukherjee S, Sinha D, Bhattacharya S, Srinivasan K, Abdisalaam S, Asaithamby A. Werner Syndrome Protein and DNA Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113442. [PMID: 30400178 PMCID: PMC6274846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Werner Syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the premature development of aging features. Individuals with WS also have a greater predisposition to rare cancers that are mesenchymal in origin. Werner Syndrome Protein (WRN), the protein mutated in WS, is unique among RecQ family proteins in that it possesses exonuclease and 3' to 5' helicase activities. WRN forms dynamic sub-complexes with different factors involved in DNA replication, recombination and repair. WRN binding partners either facilitate its DNA metabolic activities or utilize it to execute their specific functions. Furthermore, WRN is phosphorylated by multiple kinases, including Ataxia telangiectasia mutated, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related, c-Abl, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, in response to genotoxic stress. These post-translational modifications are critical for WRN to function properly in DNA repair, replication and recombination. Accumulating evidence suggests that WRN plays a crucial role in one or more genome stability maintenance pathways, through which it suppresses cancer and premature aging. Among its many functions, WRN helps in replication fork progression, facilitates the repair of stalled replication forks and DNA double-strand breaks associated with replication forks, and blocks nuclease-mediated excessive processing of replication forks. In this review, we specifically focus on human WRN's contribution to replication fork processing for maintaining genome stability and suppressing premature aging. Understanding WRN's molecular role in timely and faithful DNA replication will further advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Debapriya Sinha
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Souparno Bhattacharya
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kalayarasan Srinivasan
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Salim Abdisalaam
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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1010
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Abstract
In mammals, cytosolic detection of nucleic acids is critical in initiating innate antiviral responses against invading pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites). These programs are mediated by multiple cytosolic and endosomal sensors and adaptor molecules (c-GAS/STING axis and TLR9/MyD88 axis, respectively) and lead to the production of type I interferons (IFNs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. While the identity and role of multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been elucidated, such immune surveillance systems must be tightly regulated to limit collateral damage and prevent aberrant responses to self- and non-self-nucleic acids. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how cytosolic sensing of DNA is controlled during inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Abe
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sagi D Shapira
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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1011
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Nuclear cGAS suppresses DNA repair and promotes tumorigenesis. Nature 2018; 563:131-136. [PMID: 30356214 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate repair of DNA double-stranded breaks by homologous recombination preserves genome integrity and inhibits tumorigenesis. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates innate immunity by initiating the STING-IRF3-type I IFN signalling cascade1,2. Recognition of ruptured micronuclei by cGAS links genome instability to the innate immune response3,4, but the potential involvement of cGAS in DNA repair remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that cGAS inhibits homologous recombination in mouse and human models. DNA damage induces nuclear translocation of cGAS in a manner that is dependent on importin-α, and the phosphorylation of cGAS at tyrosine 215-mediated by B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase-facilitates the cytosolic retention of cGAS. In the nucleus, cGAS is recruited to double-stranded breaks and interacts with PARP1 via poly(ADP-ribose). The cGAS-PARP1 interaction impedes the formation of the PARP1-Timeless complex, and thereby suppresses homologous recombination. We show that knockdown of cGAS suppresses DNA damage and inhibits tumour growth both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that nuclear cGAS suppresses homologous-recombination-mediated repair and promotes tumour growth, and that cGAS therefore represents a potential target for cancer prevention and therapy.
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1012
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Samstein RM, Riaz N. The DNA damage response in immunotherapy and radiation. Adv Radiat Oncol 2018; 3:527-533. [PMID: 30370352 PMCID: PMC6200889 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Deficiencies in DNA damage repair (DDR) and response represent a common alteration in tumors, and exploitation of this feature using therapeutics has become more prominent. Methods and materials Recent work has highlighted the important interaction between DDR defects, as well as DDR targeting agents such as radiation and the immunogenicity of the tumor. This relationship emphasizes the potential for combination therapeutics with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Somatic mutations and DDR defects are some of the strongest predictors of response to ICI. Results This review highlights the interplay among DDR pathways, ionizing radiation, and ICI efficacy. The mechanisms of radiation immunogenicity, including the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS/STING pathways, are also described. Conclusions A greater mechanistic understanding of the complex interaction between the DNA damage response and the immune system will expand the therapeutic potential of immunotherapy for patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Samstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nadeem Riaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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1013
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Chen Y, Zhou Z, Min W. Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Innate Immunity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1487. [PMID: 30405440 PMCID: PMC6200916 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical functions of mitochondria include the regulation of cellular survival, orchestration of anabolic and metabolic pathways, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. Recent discoveries, nevertheless, have demonstrated that mitochondria are also critical elements to stimulate innate immune signaling cascade that is able to intensify the inflammation upon cytotoxic stimuli beyond microbial infection. Here we review the expanding research field of mitochondria and oxidative stress in innate immune system to highlight the new mechanistic insights and discuss the pathological relevance of mitochondrial dysregulation induced aberrant innate immune responses in a growing list of sterile inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyang Zhou
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Min
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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1014
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Lewinska A, Bocian A, Petrilla V, Adamczyk-Grochala J, Szymura K, Hendzel W, Kaleniuk E, Hus KK, Petrillova M, Wnuk M. Snake venoms promote stress-induced senescence in human fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6147-6160. [PMID: 30317566 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are widely studied in terms of their systemic toxicity and proteolytic, hemotoxic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic activities. However, little is known about snake-venom-mediated effects when used at low, noncytotoxic concentrations. In the current study, two human fibroblast cell lines of different origin, namely WI-38 fetal lung fibroblasts and BJ foreskin fibroblasts were used to investigate snake-venom-induced adaptive response at a relatively noncytotoxic concentration (0.01 µg/ml). The venoms of Indochinese spitting cobra ( Naja siamensis), western green mamba ( Dendroaspis viridis), forest cobra ( Naja melanoleuca), and southern copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix) were considered. Snake venoms promoted FOXO3a-mediated oxidative stress response and to a lesser extent DNA damage response, which lead to changes in cell cycle regulators both at messenger RNA and protein levels, limited cell proliferation and migration, and induced cellular senescence. Taken together, we have shown for the first time that selected snake venoms may also exert adverse effects when used at relatively noncytotoxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewinska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bocian
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Vladimir Petrilla
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Zoological Department, Zoological Garden Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jagoda Adamczyk-Grochala
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Karolina Szymura
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Hendzel
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Edyta Kaleniuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Konrad K Hus
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Monika Petrillova
- Department of General Education Subjects, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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1015
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1016
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Hooy RM, Sohn J. The allosteric activation of cGAS underpins its dynamic signaling landscape. eLife 2018; 7:39984. [PMID: 30295605 PMCID: PMC6211831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic G/AMP synthase (cGAS) initiates type-1 interferon responses against cytosolic double-stranded (ds)DNA, which range from antiviral gene expression to apoptosis. The mechanism by which cGAS shapes this diverse signaling landscape remains poorly defined. We find that substrate-binding and dsDNA length-dependent binding are coupled to the intrinsic dimerization equilibrium of cGAS, with its N-terminal domain potentiating dimerization. Notably, increasing the dimeric fraction by raising cGAS and substrate concentrations diminishes duplex length-dependent activation, but does not negate the requirement for dsDNA. These results demonstrate that reaction context dictates the duplex length dependence, reconciling competing claims on the role of dsDNA length in cGAS activation. Overall, our study reveals how ligand-mediated allostery positions cGAS in standby, ready to tune its signaling pathway in a switch-like fashion. The human immune system protects the body from various threats such as damaged cells or invading microbes. Many of these threats can move molecules of DNA, which are usually only found within a central compartment in the cell known as the nucleus, to the surrounding area, the cytoplasm. An enzyme called cGAS searches for DNA in the cytoplasm of human cells. When DNA binds to cGAS it activates the enzyme to convert certain molecules (referred to as ‘substrates’) into another molecule (the ‘signal’) that triggers various immune responses to protect the body against the threat. To produce the signal, two cGAS enzymes need to work together as a single unit called a dimer. The length of DNA molecules in the cytoplasm of cells can vary widely. It was initially thought that DNA molecules of any length binding to cGAS could activate the enzyme to a similar degree, but later studies demonstrated that this is not the case. However, it remains unclear how the length of the DNA could affect the activity of the enzyme, or why some of the earlier studies reported different findings. Hooy and Sohn used biochemical approaches to study the human cGAS enzyme. The experiments show that cGAS can form dimers even when no DNA is present. However, when DNA bound to cGAS, the enzyme was more likely to form dimers. Longer DNA molecules were better at promoting cGAS dimers to form than shorter DNA molecules. The binding of substrates to cGAS also made it more likely that the enzyme would form dimers. These findings suggest that inside cells cGAS is primed to trigger a switch-like response when it detects DNA in the cytoplasm. The work of Hooy and Sohn establishes a simple set of rules to predict how cGAS might respond in a given situation. Such information may aid in designing and tailoring efforts to regulate immune responses in human patients, and may provide insight into why the body responds to biological threats in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Hooy
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jungsan Sohn
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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1017
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Coquel F, Neumayer C, Lin YL, Pasero P. SAMHD1 and the innate immune response to cytosolic DNA during DNA replication. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 56:24-30. [PMID: 30292848 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA of endogenous or exogenous origin is sensed by the cGAS-STING pathway to activate innate immune responses. Besides microbial DNA, this pathway detects self-DNA in the cytoplasm of damaged or abnormal cells and plays a central role in antitumor immunity. The mechanism by which cytosolic DNA accumulates under genotoxic stress conditions is currently unclear, but recent studies on factors mutated in the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome cells, such as SAMHD1, RNase H2 and TREX1, are shedding new light on this key process. In particular, these studies indicate that the rupture of micronuclei and the release of ssDNA fragments during the processing of stalled replication forks and chromosome breaks represent potent inducers of the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Coquel
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier France
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier France
| | - Yea-Lih Lin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier France.
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier France.
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1018
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Medler T, Patel JM, Alice A, Baird JR, Hu HM, Gough MJ. Activating the Nucleic Acid-Sensing Machinery for Anticancer Immunity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:173-214. [PMID: 30798988 PMCID: PMC6754183 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensing pathways have likely evolved as part of a broad pathogen sensing strategy intended to discriminate infectious agents and initiate appropriate innate and adaptive controls. However, in the absence of infectious agents, nucleic acid sensing pathways have been shown to play positive and negative roles in regulating tumorigenesis, tumor progression and metastatic spread. Understanding the normal biology behind these pathways and how they are regulated in malignant cells and in the tumor immune environment can help us devise strategies to exploit nucleic acid sensing to manipulate anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Medler
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jaina M Patel
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jason R Baird
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.
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1019
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Lhuillier C, Vanpouille-Box C, Galluzzi L, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Emerging biomarkers for the combination of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockers. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:125-134. [PMID: 29258856 PMCID: PMC6004231 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, multiple immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have achieved unprecedented clinical success and have been approved by regulatory agencies for the treatment of an increasing number of malignancies. However, only a limited fraction of patients responds to ICBs employed as a standalone intervention, calling for the development of combinatorial regimens. Radiation therapy (RT) stands out as a very promising candidate for this purpose. Indeed, RT mediates antineoplastic effects not only by cytotoxic and cytostatic mechanisms, but also by modulating immunological functions, both locally (within the irradiated field) and systemically. As combinatorial regimens involving RT and ICBs are being developed and clinically tested at an accelerating pace, it is paramount to identify biomarkers that reliably predict the likelihood of individual patients to respond. Here, we discuss emerging biomarkers that may potentially predict the response of cancer patients to RT plus ICBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Chiara Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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1020
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Lahaye X, Gentili M, Silvin A, Conrad C, Picard L, Jouve M, Zueva E, Maurin M, Nadalin F, Knott GJ, Zhao B, Du F, Rio M, Amiel J, Fox AH, Li P, Etienne L, Bond CS, Colleaux L, Manel N. NONO Detects the Nuclear HIV Capsid to Promote cGAS-Mediated Innate Immune Activation. Cell 2018; 175:488-501.e22. [PMID: 30270045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Detection of viruses by innate immune sensors induces protective antiviral immunity. The viral DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is necessary for detection of HIV by human dendritic cells and macrophages. However, synthesis of HIV DNA during infection is not sufficient for immune activation. The capsid protein, which associates with viral DNA, has a pivotal role in enabling cGAS-mediated immune activation. We now find that NONO is an essential sensor of the HIV capsid in the nucleus. NONO protein directly binds capsid with higher affinity for weakly pathogenic HIV-2 than highly pathogenic HIV-1. Upon infection, NONO is essential for cGAS activation by HIV and cGAS association with HIV DNA in the nucleus. NONO recognizes a conserved region in HIV capsid with limited tolerance for escape mutations. Detection of nuclear viral capsid by NONO to promote DNA sensing by cGAS reveals an innate strategy to achieve distinction of viruses from self in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lahaye
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matteo Gentili
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Conrad
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Léa Picard
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; LBBE-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive CNRS UMR 5558, Universite Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elina Zueva
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Nadalin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gavin J Knott
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fenglei Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Marlène Rio
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Archa H Fox
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lucie Etienne
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Laurence Colleaux
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France.
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1021
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Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG. The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:35-136. [PMID: 30904196 PMCID: PMC6445394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, is an ancient form of host defense found in all animals, from sponges to humans. During infection, innate immune receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns, such as microbial surface molecules, metabolites produces during infection, or nucleic acids of the microbe's genome. When initiated, the innate immune response activates a host defense program that leads to the synthesis proteins capable of pathogen killing. In mammals, the induction of cytokines during the innate immune response leads to the recruitment of professional immune cells to the site of infection, leading to an adaptive immune response. While a fully functional innate immune response is crucial for a proper host response and curbing microbial infection, if the innate immune response is dysfunctional and is activated in the absence of infection, autoinflammation and autoimmune disorders can develop. Therefore, it follows that the innate immune response must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from host-derived molecules, yet still unencumbered to respond to infection. In this review, we will focus on the innate immune response activated from cytosolic nucleic acids, derived from the microbe or host itself. We will depict how viruses and bacteria activate these nucleic acid sensing pathways and their mechanisms to inhibit the pathways. We will also describe the autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders that develop when these pathways are hyperactive. Finally, we will discuss gaps in knowledge with regard to innate immune response failure and identify where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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1022
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Helm A, Ebner DK, Tinganelli W, Simoniello P, Bisio A, Marchesano V, Durante M, Yamada S, Shimokawa T. Combining Heavy-Ion Therapy with Immunotherapy: An Update on Recent Developments. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:84-93. [PMID: 31773022 PMCID: PMC6871592 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials and case reports of cancer therapies combining radiation therapy with immunotherapy have at times demonstrated total reduction or elimination of metastatic disease. While virtually all trials focus on the use of immunotherapy combined with conventional photon irradiation, the dose-distributive benefits of particles, in particular the distinct biological effects of heavy ions, have unknown potential vis-a-vis systemic disease response. Here, we review recent developments and evidence with a focus on the potential for heavy-ion combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Helm
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications-National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniel K. Ebner
- Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
- Hospital of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Walter Tinganelli
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications-National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Trento, Italy
| | - Palma Simoniello
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchesano
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications-National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Trento, Italy
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Durante
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications-National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Trento, Italy
| | - Shigeru Yamada
- Hospital of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimokawa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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1023
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Vanpouille-Box C, Demaria S, Formenti SC, Galluzzi L. Cytosolic DNA Sensing in Organismal Tumor Control. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:361-378. [PMID: 30216189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Besides constituting a first layer of defense against microbial challenges, the detection of cytosolic DNA is fundamental for mammalian organisms to control malignant transformation and tumor progression. The accumulation of DNA in the cytoplasm can initiate the proliferative inactivation (via cellular senescence) or elimination (via regulated cell death) of neoplastic cell precursors. Moreover, cytosolic DNA sensing is intimately connected to the secretion of cytokines that support innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms whereby cytosolic DNA enables cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic oncosuppression, and their relevance for the development of novel therapeutic approaches that reinstate anticancer immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.
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1024
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Bakhoum SF, Cantley LC. The Multifaceted Role of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer and Its Microenvironment. Cell 2018; 174:1347-1360. [PMID: 30193109 PMCID: PMC6136429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of human cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. CIN results from errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis, leading to structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities. In addition to generating genomic heterogeneity that acts as a substrate for natural selection, CIN promotes inflammatory signaling by introducing double-stranded DNA into the cytosol, engaging the cGAS-STING anti-viral pathway. These multipronged effects distinguish CIN as a central driver of tumor evolution and as a genomic source for the crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment, in the course of immune editing and evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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1025
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Hiller B, Hoppe A, Haase C, Hiller C, Schubert N, Müller W, Reijns MAM, Jackson AP, Kunkel TA, Wenzel J, Behrendt R, Roers A. Ribonucleotide Excision Repair Is Essential to Prevent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5917-5926. [PMID: 30154151 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of imperfect discrimination against ribonucleoside triphosphates by the replicative DNA polymerases, large numbers of ribonucleotides are incorporated into the eukaryotic nuclear genome during S-phase. Ribonucleotides, by far the most common DNA lesion in replicating cells, destabilize the DNA, and an evolutionarily conserved DNA repair machinery, ribonucleotide excision repair (RER), ensures ribonucleotide removal. Whereas complete lack of RER is embryonically lethal, partial loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding subunits of RNase H2, the enzyme essential for initiation of RER, cause the SLE-related type I interferonopathy Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Here, we demonstrate that selective inactivation of RER in mouse epidermis results in spontaneous DNA damage and epidermal hyperproliferation associated with loss of hair follicle stem cells and hair follicle function. The animals developed keratinocyte intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma with complete penetrance, despite potent type I interferon production and skin inflammation. These results suggest that compromises to RER-mediated genome maintenance might represent an important tumor-promoting principle in human cancer.Significance: Selective inactivation of ribonucleotide excision repair by loss of RNase H2 in the murine epidermis results in spontaneous DNA damage, type I interferon response, skin inflammation, and development of squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5917-26. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hiller
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Hoppe
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christa Haase
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christina Hiller
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Schubert
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A M Reijns
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Kunkel
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jörg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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1026
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Sun Y, Coppé JP, Lam EWF. Cellular Senescence: The Sought or the Unwanted? Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:871-885. [PMID: 30153969 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a process that results in irreversible cell-cycle arrest, and is thought to be an autonomous tumor-suppressor mechanism. During senescence, cells develop distinctive metabolic and signaling features, together referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP is implicated in several aging-related pathologies, including various malignancies. Accumulating evidence argues that cellular senescence acts as a double-edged sword in human cancer, and new agents and innovative strategies to tackle senescent cells are in development pipelines to counter the adverse effects of cellular senescence in the clinic. We focus on recent discoveries in senescence research and SASP biology, and highlight the potential of SASP suppression and senescent cell clearance in advancing precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care Systems (VAPSHCS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jean-Philippe Coppé
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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1027
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The therapeutic significance of mutational signatures from DNA repair deficiency in cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3292. [PMID: 30120226 PMCID: PMC6098043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of the genome and inherited deficiencies in DNA repair pathways are well established to increase lifetime cancer risk. Computational analysis of pan-cancer data has identified signatures of mutational processes thought to be responsible for the pattern of mutations in any given cancer. These analyses identified altered DNA repair pathways in a much broader spectrum of cancers than previously appreciated with significant therapeutic implications. The development of DNA repair deficiency biomarkers is critical to the implementation of therapeutic targeting of repair-deficient tumors, using either DNA damaging agents or immunotherapy for the personalization of cancer therapy. Targeting DNA repair-deficient tumors is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies in cancer research; however, accurately predicting which tumors will respond can be a challenge. Here the authors present a review of the current state of knowledge in DNA repair deficiency across human cancers.
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1028
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Usman M, Volpi EV. DNA damage in obesity: Initiator, promoter and predictor of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 778:23-37. [PMID: 30454680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence linking obesity with increased risk of cancer is steadily growing, although the causative aspects underpinning this association are only partially understood. Obesity leads to a physiological imbalance in the regulation of adipose tissue and its normal functioning, resulting in hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and inflammation. These states promote the generation of oxidative stress, which is exacerbated in obesity by a decline in anti-oxidant defence systems. Oxidative stress can have a marked impact on DNA, producing mutagenic lesions that could prove carcinogenic. Here we review the current evidence for genomic instability, sustained DNA damage and accelerated genome ageing in obesity. We explore the notion of genotoxicity, ensuing from systemic oxidative stress, as a key oncogenic factor in obesity. Finally, we advocate for early, pre-malignant assessment of genome integrity and stability to inform surveillance strategies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonisah Usman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Emanuela V Volpi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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1029
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1030
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Abstract
Microbial nucleic acids are major signatures of invading pathogens, and their recognition by various host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) represents the first step toward an efficient innate immune response to clear the pathogens. The nucleic acid-sensing PRRs are localized at the plasma membrane, the cytosol, and/or various cellular organelles. Sensing of nucleic acids and signaling by PRRs involve recruitment of distinct signaling components, and PRRs are intensively regulated by cellular organelle trafficking. PRR-mediated innate immune responses are also heavily regulated by posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, polyubiquitination, sumoylation, and glutamylation. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of recognition of microbial nucleic acid by PRRs, particularly on their regulation by organelle trafficking and posttranslational modifications. We also discuss how sensing of self nucleic acids and dysregulation of PRR-mediated signaling lead to serious human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Hu
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; ,
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; ,
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1031
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Wu L, Cao J, Cai WL, Lang SM, Horton JR, Jansen DJ, Liu ZZ, Chen JF, Zhang M, Mott BT, Pohida K, Rai G, Kales SC, Henderson MJ, Hu X, Jadhav A, Maloney DJ, Simeonov A, Zhu S, Iwasaki A, Hall MD, Cheng X, Shadel GS, Yan Q. KDM5 histone demethylases repress immune response via suppression of STING. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006134. [PMID: 30080846 PMCID: PMC6095604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon genes (STING) senses pathogen-derived or abnormal self-DNA in the cytosol and triggers an innate immune defense against microbial infection and cancer. STING agonists induce both innate and adaptive immune responses and are a new class of cancer immunotherapy agents tested in multiple clinical trials. However, STING is commonly silenced in cancer cells via unclear mechanisms, limiting the application of these agonists. Here, we report that the expression of STING is epigenetically suppressed by the histone H3K4 lysine demethylases KDM5B and KDM5C and is activated by the opposing H3K4 methyltransferases. The induction of STING expression by KDM5 blockade triggered a robust interferon response in a cytosolic DNA-dependent manner in breast cancer cells. This response resulted in resistance to infection by DNA and RNA viruses. In human tumors, KDM5B expression is inversely associated with STING expression in multiple cancer types, with the level of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, and with patient survival in cancers with a high level of cytosolic DNA, such as human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive head and neck cancer. These results demonstrate a novel epigenetic regulatory pathway of immune response and suggest that KDM5 demethylases are potential targets for antipathogen treatment and anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Wesley L. Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sabine M. Lang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - John R. Horton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Jansen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zongzhi Z. Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn F. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bryan T. Mott
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine Pohida
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Kales
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gerald S. Shadel
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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1032
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Hagiwara Y, Sato H, Permata TBM, Niimi A, Yamauchi M, Oike T, Nakano T, Shibata A. Analysis of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in primary normal human dermal fibroblasts after DNA damage. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:627-631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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1033
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Benitez-Guijarro M, Lopez-Ruiz C, Tarnauskaitė Ž, Murina O, Mian Mohammad M, Williams TC, Fluteau A, Sanchez L, Vilar-Astasio R, Garcia-Canadas M, Cano D, Kempen MJH, Sanchez-Pozo A, Heras SR, Jackson AP, Reijns MA, Garcia-Perez JL. RNase H2, mutated in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, promotes LINE-1 retrotransposition. EMBO J 2018; 37:e98506. [PMID: 29959219 PMCID: PMC6068448 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Long INterspersed Element class 1 (LINE-1) elements are a type of abundant retrotransposons active in mammalian genomes. An average human genome contains ~100 retrotransposition-competent LINE-1s, whose activity is influenced by the combined action of cellular repressors and activators. TREX1, SAMHD1 and ADAR1 are known LINE-1 repressors and when mutated cause the autoinflammatory disorder Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). Mutations in RNase H2 are the most common cause of AGS, and its activity was proposed to similarly control LINE-1 retrotransposition. It has therefore been suggested that increased LINE-1 activity may be the cause of aberrant innate immune activation in AGS Here, we establish that, contrary to expectations, RNase H2 is required for efficient LINE-1 retrotransposition. As RNase H1 overexpression partially rescues the defect in RNase H2 null cells, we propose a model in which RNase H2 degrades the LINE-1 RNA after reverse transcription, allowing retrotransposition to be completed. This also explains how LINE-1 elements can retrotranspose efficiently without their own RNase H activity. Our findings appear to be at odds with LINE-1-derived nucleic acids driving autoinflammation in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Benitez-Guijarro
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Cesar Lopez-Ruiz
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Žygimantė Tarnauskaitė
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olga Murina
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mahwish Mian Mohammad
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas C Williams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adeline Fluteau
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laura Sanchez
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Vilar-Astasio
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Garcia-Canadas
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - David Cano
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Marie-Jeanne Hc Kempen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Pozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara R Heras
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Am Reijns
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jose L Garcia-Perez
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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1034
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Tanaka K, Goto H, Nishimura Y, Kasahara K, Mizoguchi A, Inagaki M. Tetraploidy in cancer and its possible link to aging. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2632-2640. [PMID: 29949679 PMCID: PMC6125447 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidy, a condition in which a cell has four homologous sets of chromosomes, is often seen as a natural physiological condition but is also frequently seen in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer. Tetraploidy facilitates chromosomal instability (CIN), which is an elevated level of chromosomal loss and gain that can cause production of a wide variety of aneuploid cells that carry structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomes. The resultant genomic heterogeneity supposedly expedites karyotypic evolution that confers oncogenic potential in spite of the reduced cellular fitness caused by aneuploidy. Recent studies suggest that tetraploidy might also be associated with aging; mice with mutations in an intermediate filament protein have revealed that these tetraploidy‐prone mice exhibit tissue disorders associated with aging. Cellular senescence and its accompanying senescence‐associated secretory phenotype have now emerged as critical factors that link tetraploidy and tetraploidy‐induced CIN with cancer, and possibly with aging. Here, we review recent findings about how tetraploidy is related to cancer and possibly to aging, and discuss underlying mechanisms of the relationship, as well as how we can exploit the properties of cells exhibiting tetraploidy‐induced CIN to control these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Goto
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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1035
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Zhou W, Whiteley AT, de Oliveira Mann CC, Morehouse BR, Nowak RP, Fischer ES, Gray NS, Mekalanos JJ, Kranzusch PJ. Structure of the Human cGAS-DNA Complex Reveals Enhanced Control of Immune Surveillance. Cell 2018; 174:300-311.e11. [PMID: 30007416 PMCID: PMC6084792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognition of cytosolic DNA is critical for immune responses to pathogen replication, cellular stress, and cancer. Existing structures of the mouse cGAS-DNA complex provide a model for enzyme activation but do not explain why human cGAS exhibits severely reduced levels of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthesis compared to other mammals. Here, we discover that enhanced DNA-length specificity restrains human cGAS activation. Using reconstitution of cGAMP signaling in bacteria, we mapped the determinant of human cGAS regulation to two amino acid substitutions in the DNA-binding surface. Human-specific substitutions are necessary and sufficient to direct preferential detection of long DNA. Crystal structures reveal why removal of human substitutions relaxes DNA-length specificity and explain how human-specific DNA interactions favor cGAS oligomerization. These results define how DNA-sensing in humans adapted for enhanced specificity and provide a model of the active human cGAS-DNA complex to enable structure-guided design of cGAS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron T Whiteley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carina C de Oliveira Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Radosław P Nowak
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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1036
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Rodríguez-Ruiz ME, Vanpouille-Box C, Melero I, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Immunological Mechanisms Responsible for Radiation-Induced Abscopal Effect. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:644-655. [PMID: 30001871 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been used for more than a hundred years as a local tumor treatment. The occurrence of systemic antitumor effects manifesting as regression of tumors outside of the irradiated field (abscopal effect) was occasionally observed but deemed too rare and unpredictable to be a therapeutic goal. This has changed with the advent of immunotherapy. Remarkable systemic effects have been observed in patients receiving radiotherapy to control tumors that were progressing during immune checkpoint blockade, stimulating interest in using radiation to overcome primary and acquired cancer resistance to immunotherapy. Here, we review the immunological mechanisms that are responsible for the ability of focal radiation to promote antitumor T cell responses that mediate tumor rejection and, in some cases, result in systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Co-first authors
| | - Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Co-first authors
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Chiara Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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1037
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Abstract
This review by Levine and Holland reviews the sources of mitotic errors in human tumors and their effect on cell fitness and transformation. They discuss new findings that suggest that chromosome missegregation can produce a proinflammatory environment and impact tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy and survey the vulnerabilities exposed by cell division errors and how they can be exploited therapeutically. Mitosis is a delicate event that must be executed with high fidelity to ensure genomic stability. Recent work has provided insight into how mitotic errors shape cancer genomes by driving both numerical and structural alterations in chromosomes that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Here, we review the sources of mitotic errors in human tumors and their effect on cell fitness and transformation. We discuss new findings that suggest that chromosome missegregation can produce a proinflammatory environment and impact tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy. Finally, we survey the vulnerabilities exposed by cell division errors and how they can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Levine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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1038
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Melzig C, Golestaneh AF, Mier W, Schwager C, Das S, Schlegel J, Lasitschka F, Kauczor HU, Debus J, Haberkorn U, Abdollahi A. Combined external beam radiotherapy with carbon ions and tumor targeting endoradiotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29985-30004. [PMID: 30042828 PMCID: PMC6057461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with carbon ions and endoradiotherapy using radiolabeled tumor targeting agents are emerging concepts in precision cancer therapy. We report on combination effects of these two promising strategies. Tumor targeting 131I-labelled anti-EGFR-antibody (Cetuximab) was used in the prototypic EGFR-expressing A431 human squamous cell carcinoma xenograft model. A 131I-labelled melanin-binding benzamide derivative was utilized targeting B16F10 melanoma in an orthotopic syngeneic C57bl6 model. Fractionated EBRT was performed using carbon ions in direct comparison with conventional photon irradiation. Tumor uptake of 131I-Cetuximab and 131I-Benzamide was enhanced by fractionated EBRT as determined by biodistribution studies. This effect was independent of radiation quality and significant for the small molecule 131I-Benzamide, i.e., >30% more uptake in irradiated vs. non-irradiated melanoma was found (p<0.05). Compared to each monotherapy, dual combination with 131I-Cetuximab and EBRT was most effective in inhibiting A431 tumor growth. A similar trend was seen for 131I-Benzamide and EBRT in B16F10 melanoma model. Addition of 131I-Benzamide endoradiotherapy to EBRT altered expression of genes related to DNA-repair, cell cycle and cell death. In contrast, immune-response related pathways such as type 1 interferon response genes (ISG15, MX1) were predominantly upregulated after combined 131I-Cetuximab and EBRT. The beneficial effects of combined 131I-Cetuximab and EBRT was further attributed to a reduced microvascular density (CD31) and decreased proliferation index (Ki-67). Fractionated EBRT could be favorably combined with endoradiotherapy. 131I-Benzamide endoradiotherapy accelerated EBRT induced cytotoxic effects. Activation of immune-response by carbon ions markedly enhanced anti-EGFR based endoradiotherapy suggesting further evaluation of this novel and promising radioimmunotherapy concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Melzig
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Azadeh Fahim Golestaneh
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schwager
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samayita Das
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Schlegel
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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1039
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Luijten MNH, Lee JXT, Crasta KC. Mutational game changer: Chromothripsis and its emerging relevance to cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 777:29-51. [PMID: 30115429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the paradigm that genomic abnormalities in cancer cells arise through progressive accumulation of mutational events has been challenged by the discovery of single catastrophic events. One such phenomenon termed chromothripsis, involving massive chromosomal rearrangements arising all at once, has emerged as a major mutational game changer. The strong interest in this process stems from its widespread association with a range of cancer types and its potential as a mutational driver. In this review, we first describe chromothripsis detection and incidence in cancers. We then explore recently proposed underlying mechanistic origins, which explain the curious observations of the highly localised nature of the rearrangements on chromothriptic chromosomes. Detection of chromothriptic patterns following incorporation of single chromosomes into micronuclei or following telomere attrition have greatly contributed to our understanding of the reasons behind this chromosomal restriction. These underlying cellular events have been found to be participants in the tumourigenic process, strongly suggesting a potential role for chromothripsis in cancer development. Thus, we discuss potential implications of chromothripsis for cancer progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore.
| | - Karen Carmelina Crasta
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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1040
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Ko EC, Raben D, Formenti SC. The Integration of Radiotherapy with Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5792-5806. [PMID: 29945993 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Five-year survival rates for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) range from 14% to 49% for stage I to stage IIIA disease, and are <5% for stage IIIB/IV disease. Improvements have been made in the outcomes of patients with NSCLC due to advancements in radiotherapy (RT) techniques, the use of concurrent chemotherapy with RT, and the emergence of immunotherapy as first- and second-line treatment in the metastatic setting. RT remains the mainstay treatment in patients with inoperable early-stage NSCLC and is given concurrently or sequentially with chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced unresectable disease. There is emerging evidence that RT not only provides local tumor control but also may influence systemic control. Multiple preclinical studies have demonstrated that RT induces immunomodulatory effects in the local tumor microenvironment, supporting a synergistic combination approach with immunotherapy to improve systemic control. Immunotherapy options that could be combined with RT include programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 blockers, as well as investigational agents such as OX-40 agonists, toll-like receptor agonists, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 inhibitors, and cytokines. Here, we describe the rationale for the integration of RT and immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC, present safety and efficacy data that support this combination strategy, review planned and ongoing studies, and highlight unanswered questions and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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1041
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Mitchison TJ, Pineda J, Shi J, Florian S. Is inflammatory micronucleation the key to a successful anti-mitotic cancer drug? Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170182. [PMID: 29142107 PMCID: PMC5717346 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a successful anti-cancer drug that kills cancer cells in two-dimensional culture through perturbation of mitosis, but whether it causes tumour regression by anti-mitotic actions is controversial. Drug candidates that specifically target mitosis, including inhibitors of kinesin-5, AurkA, AurkB and Plk1, disappointed in the clinic. Current explanations for this discrepancy include pharmacokinetic differences and hypothetical interphase actions of paclitaxel. Here, we discuss post-mitotic micronucleation as a special activity of taxanes that might explain their higher activity in solid tumours. We review data showing that cells which exit mitosis in paclitaxel are highly micronucleated and suffer post-mitotic DNA damage, and that these effects are much stronger for paclitaxel than kinesin-5 inhibitors. We propose that post-mitotic micronucleation promotes inflammatory signalling via cGAS–STING and other pathways. In tumours, this signalling may recruit cytotoxic leucocytes, damage blood vessels and prime T-cell responses, leading to whole-tumour regression. We discuss experiments that are needed to test the micronucleation hypothesis, and its implications for novel anti-mitotic targets and enhancement of taxane-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Pineda
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Shi
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, HK, Hong Kong
| | - S Florian
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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1042
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Zhu J, Tsai HJ, Gordon MR, Li R. Cellular Stress Associated with Aneuploidy. Dev Cell 2018; 44:420-431. [PMID: 29486194 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, chromosome stoichiometry that deviates from exact multiples of the haploid compliment of an organism, exists in eukaryotic microbes, several normal human tissues, and the majority of solid tumors. Here, we review the current understanding about the cellular stress states that may result from aneuploidy. The topics of aneuploidy-induced proteotoxic, metabolic, replication, and mitotic stress are assessed in the context of the gene dosage imbalance observed in aneuploid cells. We also highlight emerging findings related to the downstream effects of aneuploidy-induced cellular stress on the immune surveillance against aneuploid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hung-Ji Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Molly R Gordon
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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1043
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Durante M, Formenti SC. Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Aberrations and Immunotherapy: Micronuclei, Cytosolic DNA, and Interferon-Production Pathway. Front Oncol 2018; 8:192. [PMID: 29911071 PMCID: PMC5992419 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations represent an early marker of late effects, including cell killing and transformation. The measurement of cytogenetic damage in tissues, generally in blood lymphocytes, from patients treated with radiotherapy has been studied for many years to predict individual sensitivity and late morbidity. Acentric fragments are lost during mitosis and create micronuclei (MN), which are well correlated to cell killing. Immunotherapy is rapidly becoming a most promising new strategy for metastatic tumors, and combination with radiotherapy is explored in several pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Recent evidence has shown that the presence of cytosolic DNA activates immune response via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes pathway, which induces type I interferon transcription. Cytosolic DNA can be found after exposure to ionizing radiation either as MN or as small fragments leaking through nuclear envelope ruptures. The study of the dependence of cytosolic DNA and MN on dose and radiation quality can guide the optimal combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The role of densely ionizing charged particles is under active investigation to define their impact on the activation of the interferon pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Durante
- Trento Institute for Fundamental and Applied Physics (TIFPA), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia C. Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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1044
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Shannon JL, Murphy MS, Kantheti U, Burnett JM, Hahn MG, Dorrity TJ, Bacas CJ, Mattice EB, Corpuz KD, Barker BR. Polyglutamine binding protein 1 (PQBP1) inhibits innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:182-190. [PMID: 29807326 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of immune sensing of cytosolic DNA of both pathogen and host origin. We aimed to examine the role of DNA sensors interferon-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) in responding to cytosolic DNA. We show IFI16 and cGAS can synergistically induce IFNb transcriptional activity in response to cytoplasmic DNA. We also examined the role of polyglutamine binding protein 1 (PQBP1), a protein predominantly expressed in lymphoid and myeloid cells that has been shown to lead to type I interferon production in response to retroviral infection. We show PQBP1 associates with cGAS and IFI16 in THP-1 cells. Unexpectedly, knockout of PQBP1 in THP-1 cells causes significantly increased type I IFN production in response to transfected cytosolic nucleic acids or DNA damage, unlike what is seen in response to retroviral infection. Overexpression of PQBP1 in HEK293 T cells impairs IFI16/cGAS-induced IFNb transcriptional activity. In human cancer patients, low expression of PQBP1 is correlated with improved survival, the opposite correlation of that seen with cGAS or IFI16 expression. Our findings suggest that PQBP1 inhibits IFI16/cGAS-induced signaling in response to cytosolic DNA, in contrast to the role of this protein in response to retroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Shannon
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Molly S Murphy
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Uma Kantheti
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Jordan M Burnett
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Marina G Hahn
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Tyler J Dorrity
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Constantinos J Bacas
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Ethan B Mattice
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Kathryna D Corpuz
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Brianne R Barker
- Department of Biology, Drew University, 36 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, United States.
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1045
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Johnson WL, Xie KT, Kwon M, Liu S, Pellman D. How the Genome Folds, Divides, Lives, and Dies. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 82:349-360. [PMID: 29802151 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.035527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L Johnson
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Kathleen T Xie
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Mijung Kwon
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David Pellman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
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1046
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Ahn J, Xia T, Rabasa Capote A, Betancourt D, Barber GN. Extrinsic Phagocyte-Dependent STING Signaling Dictates the Immunogenicity of Dying Cells. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:862-873.e5. [PMID: 29706455 PMCID: PMC6177226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of dying cells to activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is carefully controlled to avoid unwarranted inflammatory responses. Here, we show that engulfed cells containing cytosolic double-stranded DNA species (viral or synthetic) or cyclic di-nucleotides (CDNs) are able to stimulate APCs via extrinsic STING (stimulator of interferon genes) signaling, to promote antigen cross-presentation. In the absence of STING agonists, dying cells were ineffectual in the stimulation of APCs in trans. Cytosolic STING activators, including CDNs, constitute cellular danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) only generated by viral infection or following DNA damage events that rendered tumor cells highly immunogenic. Our data shed insight into the molecular mechanisms that drive appropriate anti-tumor adaptive immune responses, while averting harmful autoinflammatory disease, and provide a therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Ahn
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 511 Papanicolaou Building, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Tianli Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 511 Papanicolaou Building, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ailem Rabasa Capote
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 511 Papanicolaou Building, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dillon Betancourt
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 511 Papanicolaou Building, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 511 Papanicolaou Building, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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1047
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Burton DG, Stolzing A. Cellular senescence: Immunosurveillance and future immunotherapy. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 43:17-25. [PMID: 29427795 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In response to persistent DNA damage, induction into cell senescence promotes an immunogenic program which facilitates immune clearance of these damaged cells. Under physiological conditions, senescent cells can activate both innate and adaptive immune responses, functioning to maintain tissue homeostasis. In addition, emerging findings suggest that programmed induction of cell senescence may be important for regulating reproductive processes, partly facilitated by immune clearance. However, likely owing to ageing of the immune system, a failure to eliminate senescent cells can contribute to their persistence in tissues, leading to the development and progression of age-related diseases. Such immune failure may in part be due to activation of the senescence program in immune cells, leading to their dysfunction. Furthermore, senescent cells under certain biological contexts have been shown to instead promote immune suppression, a response that may reflect differences between an acute verses chronic senescent phenotype. In this review, we provide an overview of the research to date concerning senescence immunosurviellance, including a focused discussion on the mechanisms by which macrophages may recognise senescent cells. Senescence immunotherapy strategies as an alternative to senolytics for the removal of senescent cells will also be discussed.
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1048
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Chen J, Markelc B, Kaeppler J, Ogundipe VML, Cao Y, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ. STING-Dependent Interferon-λ1 Induction in HT29 Cells, a Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line, After Gamma-Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 101:97-106. [PMID: 29619982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the induction of type III interferons (IFNs) in human cancer cells by gamma-rays. METHODS AND MATERIALS Type III IFN expression in human cancer cell lines after gamma-ray irradiation in vitro was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Signaling pathways mediating type III IFN induction were examined by a variety of means, including immunoblotting, flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Key mediators in these pathways were further explored and validated using gene CRISPR knockout or short hairpin RNA knockdown. RESULTS Exposure to gamma-rays directly induced type III IFNs (mainly IFNL1) in human cancer cell lines in dose- and time-dependent fashions. The induction of IFNL1 was primarily mediated by the cytosolic DNA sensors-STING-TBK1-IRF1 signaling axis, with a lesser contribution from the nuclear factor kappa b signaling in HT29 cells. In addition, type III IFN signaling through its receptors serves as a positive feedback loop, further enhancing IFN expression via up-regulation of the kinases in the STING-TBK1 signaling axis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that IFNL1 can be up-regulated in human cancer cell lines after gamma-ray treatment. In HT29 cells this induction occurs via the STING pathway, adding another layer of complexity to the understanding of radiation-induced antitumor immunity, and may provide novel insights into IFN-based cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Chen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bostjan Markelc
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Kaeppler
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian M L Ogundipe
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yunhong Cao
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - W Gillies McKenna
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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1049
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SAMHD1 acts at stalled replication forks to prevent interferon induction. Nature 2018; 557:57-61. [PMID: 29670289 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SAMHD1 was previously characterized as a dNTPase that protects cells from viral infections. Mutations in SAMHD1 are implicated in cancer development and in a severe congenital inflammatory disease known as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. The mechanism by which SAMHD1 protects against cancer and chronic inflammation is unknown. Here we show that SAMHD1 promotes degradation of nascent DNA at stalled replication forks in human cell lines by stimulating the exonuclease activity of MRE11. This function activates the ATR-CHK1 checkpoint and allows the forks to restart replication. In SAMHD1-depleted cells, single-stranded DNA fragments are released from stalled forks and accumulate in the cytosol, where they activate the cGAS-STING pathway to induce expression of pro-inflammatory type I interferons. SAMHD1 is thus an important player in the replication stress response, which prevents chronic inflammation by limiting the release of single-stranded DNA from stalled replication forks.
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1050
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Ding S, Diep J, Feng N, Ren L, Li B, Ooi YS, Wang X, Brulois KF, Yasukawa LL, Li X, Kuo CJ, Solomon DA, Carette JE, Greenberg HB. STAG2 deficiency induces interferon responses via cGAS-STING pathway and restricts virus infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1485. [PMID: 29662124 PMCID: PMC5902600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a multi-subunit nuclear protein complex that coordinates sister chromatid separation during cell division. Highly frequent somatic mutations in genes encoding core cohesin subunits have been reported in multiple cancer types. Here, using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening approach to identify host dependency factors and novel innate immune regulators of rotavirus (RV) infection, we demonstrate that the loss of STAG2, an important component of the cohesin complex, confers resistance to RV replication in cell culture and human intestinal enteroids. Mechanistically, STAG2 deficiency results in spontaneous genomic DNA damage and robust interferon (IFN) expression via the cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. The resultant activation of JAK-STAT signaling and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression broadly protects against virus infections, including RVs. Our work highlights a previously undocumented role of the cohesin complex in regulating IFN homeostasis and identifies new therapeutic avenues for manipulating the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Jonathan Diep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Lili Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaw Shin Ooi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Linda L Yasukawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Xingnan Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David A Solomon
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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