1051
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van Aalderen MC, Remmerswaal EBM, ten Berge IJM, van Lier RAW. Blood and beyond: properties of circulating and tissue-resident human virus-specific αβ CD8(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:934-44. [PMID: 24448915 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) αβ T-cell responses form an essential line of defence against viral infections. An important part of the mechanisms that control the generation and maintenance of these responses have been elucidated in experimental mouse models. In recent years it has become clear that CD8(+) T-cell responses in humans not only show similarities, but also display differences to those occurring in mice. Furthermore, while several viral infections occur primarily in specialised organ systems, for obvious reasons, most human CD8(+) T-cell investigations were performed on cells deriving from the circulation. Indeed, several lines of evidence now point to essential functional differences between virus-specific CD8(+) memory T cells found in the circulation and those providing protection in organ systems, such as the lungs. In this review, we will focus on summarising recent insights into human CD8(+) T-cell differentiation in response to several viruses and emphasise that for a complete understanding of anti-viral immunity, it is pivotal to scrutinize such responses in both blood and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel C van Aalderen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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1052
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Cruz-Guilloty F, Saeed AM, Duffort S, Cano M, Ebrahimi KB, Ballmick A, Tan Y, Wang H, Laird JM, Salomon RG, Handa JT, Perez VL. T cells and macrophages responding to oxidative damage cooperate in pathogenesis of a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88201. [PMID: 24586307 PMCID: PMC3929609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major disease affecting central vision, but the pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. Using a mouse model, we examined the relationship of two factors implicated in AMD development: oxidative stress and the immune system. Carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP) is a lipid peroxidation product associated with AMD in humans and AMD-like pathology in mice. Previously, we demonstrated that CEP immunization leads to retinal infiltration of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages before overt retinal degeneration. Here, we provide direct and indirect mechanisms for the effect of CEP on macrophages, and show for the first time that antigen-specific T cells play a leading role in AMD pathogenesis. In vitro, CEP directly induced M1 macrophage polarization and production of M1-related factors by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In vivo, CEP eye injections in mice induced acute pro-inflammatory gene expression in the retina and human AMD eyes showed distinctively diffuse CEP immunolabeling within RPE cells. Importantly, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing CEP-specific T cells were identified ex vivo after CEP immunization and promoted M1 polarization in co-culture experiments. Finally, T cell immunosuppressive therapy inhibited CEP-mediated pathology. These data indicate that T cells and M1 macrophages activated by oxidative damage cooperate in AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cruz-Guilloty
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FCG); (VLP)
| | - Ali M. Saeed
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Duffort
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marisol Cano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katayoon B. Ebrahimi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Asha Ballmick
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yaohong Tan
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James M. Laird
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James T. Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor L. Perez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FCG); (VLP)
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1053
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Gong C, Linderman JJ, Kirschner D. Harnessing the heterogeneity of T cell differentiation fate to fine-tune generation of effector and memory T cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:57. [PMID: 24600448 PMCID: PMC3928592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that naïve T cells bearing identical T cell receptors experience heterogeneous differentiation and clonal expansion processes. The factors controlling this outcome are not well characterized, and their contributions to immune cell dynamics are similarly poorly understood. In this study, we develop a computational model to elaborate mechanisms occurring within and between two important physiological compartments, lymph nodes and blood, to determine how immune cell dynamics are controlled. Our multi-organ (multi-compartment) model integrates cellular and tissue level events and allows us to examine the heterogeneous differentiation of individual precursor cognate naïve T cells to generate both effector and memory T lymphocytes. Using this model, we simulate a hypothetical immune response and reproduce both primary and recall responses to infection. Increased numbers of antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) are predicted to raise production of both effector and memory T cells, and distinct “sweet spots” of peptide-MHC levels on those DCs exist that favor CD4+ or CD8+ T cell differentiation toward either effector or memory cell phenotypes. This has important implications for vaccine development and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gong
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Denise Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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1054
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Pham K, Sacirbegovic F, Russell SM. Polarized cells, polarized views: asymmetric cell division in hematopoietic cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 24550912 PMCID: PMC3909886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that alterations in cell shape and polarity play important roles in coordinating lymphocyte functions. In the last decade, a new aspect of lymphocyte polarity has attracted much attention, termed asymmetric cell division (ACD). ACD has previously been shown to dictate or influence many aspects of development in model organisms such as the worm and the fly, and to be disrupted in disease. Recent observations that ACD also occurs in lymphocytes led to exciting speculations that ACD might influence lymphocyte differentiation and function, and leukemia. Dissecting the role that ACD might play in these activities has not been straightforward, and the evidence to date for a functional role in lymphocyte fate determination has been controversial. In this review, we discuss the evidence to date for ACD in lymphocytes, and how it might influence lymphocyte fate. We also discuss current gaps in our knowledge, and suggest approaches to definitively test the physiological role of ACD in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pham
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia
| | - Faruk Sacirbegovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia ; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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1055
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Krummey SM, Floyd TL, Liu D, Wagener ME, Song M, Ford ML. Candida-elicited murine Th17 cells express high Ctla-4 compared with Th1 cells and are resistant to costimulation blockade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2495-504. [PMID: 24493820 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effector and memory T cells may cross-react with allogeneic Ags to mediate graft rejection. Whereas the costimulation properties of Th1 cells are well studied, relatively little is known about the costimulation requirements of microbe-elicited Th17 cells. The costimulation blocker CTLA-4 Ig has been ineffective in the treatment of several Th17-driven autoimmune diseases and is associated with severe acute rejection following renal transplantation, leading us to investigate whether Th17 cells play a role in CD28/CTLA-4 blockade-resistant alloreactivity. We established an Ag-specific model in which Th1 and Th17 cells were elicited via Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans immunization, respectively. C. albicans immunization elicited a higher frequency of Th17 cells and conferred resistance to costimulation blockade following transplantation. Compared with the M. tuberculosis group, C. albicans-elicited Th17 cells contained a higher frequency of IL-17(+)IFN-γ(+) producers and a lower frequency of IL-10(+) and IL-10(+)IL-17(+) cells. Importantly, Th17 cells differentially regulated the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway, expressing similarly high CD28 but significantly greater amounts of CTLA-4 compared with Th1 cells. Ex vivo blockade experiments demonstrated that Th17 cells are more sensitive to CTLA-4 coinhibition and therefore less susceptible to CTLA-4 Ig. These novel insights into the differential regulation of CTLA-4 coinhibition on CD4(+) T cells have implications for the immunomodulation of pathologic T cell responses during transplantation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Krummey
- Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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1056
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Afshar-Sterle S, Zotos D, Bernard NJ, Scherger AK, Rödling L, Alsop AE, Walker J, Masson F, Belz GT, Corcoran LM, O'Reilly LA, Strasser A, Smyth MJ, Johnstone R, Tarlinton DM, Nutt SL, Kallies A. Fas ligand-mediated immune surveillance by T cells is essential for the control of spontaneous B cell lymphomas. Nat Med 2014; 20:283-90. [PMID: 24487434 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function of the tumor suppressor gene PRDM1 (also known as BLIMP1) or deregulated expression of the oncogene BCL6 occurs in a large proportion of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases. However, targeted mutation of either gene in mice leads to only slow and infrequent development of malignant lymphoma, and despite frequent mutation of BCL6 in activated B cells of healthy individuals, lymphoma development is rare. Here we show that T cells prevent the development of overt lymphoma in mice caused by Blimp1 deficiency or overexpression of Bcl6 in the B cell lineage. Impairment of T cell control results in rapid development of DLBCL-like disease, which can be eradicated by polyclonal CD8(+) T cells in a T cell receptor-, CD28- and Fas ligand-dependent manner. Thus, malignant transformation of mature B cells requires mutations that impair intrinsic differentiation processes and permit escape from T cell-mediated tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoukat Afshar-Sterle
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [3]
| | - Dimitra Zotos
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [3]
| | - Nicholas J Bernard
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [3]
| | - Anna K Scherger
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Rödling
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amber E Alsop
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Walker
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederick Masson
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- 1] Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricky Johnstone
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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1057
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Opata MM, Stephens R. Early Decision: Effector and Effector Memory T Cell Differentiation in Chronic Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:190-206. [PMID: 24790593 PMCID: PMC4000274 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131126231209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As effector memory T cells (Tem) are the predominant population elicited by chronic parasitic infections,
increasing our knowledge of their function, survival and derivation, as phenotypically and functionally distinct from
central memory and effector T cells will be critical to vaccine development for these diseases. In some infections, memory
T cells maintain increased effector functions, however; this may require the presence of continued antigen, which can also
lead to T cell exhaustion. Alternatively, in the absence of antigen, only the increase in the number of memory cells
remains, without enhanced functionality as central memory. In order to understand the requirement for antigen and the
potential for longevity or protection, the derivation of each type of memory must be understood. A thorough review of the
data establishes the existence of both memory (Tmem) precursors and effector T cells (Teff) from the first hours of an
immune response. This suggests a new paradigm of Tmem differentiation distinct from the proposition that Tmem only
appear after the contraction of Teff. Several signals have been shown to be important in the generation of memory T cells,
such as the integrated strength of “signals 1-3” of antigen presentation (antigen receptor, co-stimulation, cytokines) as
perceived by each T cell clone. Given that these signals integrated at antigen presentation cells have been shown to
determine the outcome of Teff and Tmem phenotypes and numbers, this decision must be made at a very early stage. It
would appear that the overwhelming expansion of effector T cells and the inability to phenotypically distinguish memory
T cells at early time points has masked this important decision point. This does not rule out an effect of repeated
stimulation or chronic inflammatory milieu on populations generated in these early stages. Recent studies suggest that
Tmem are derived from early Teff, and we suggest that this includes Tem as well as Tcm. Therefore, we propose a
testable model for the pathway of differentiation from naïve to memory that suggests that Tem are not fully differentiated
effector cells, but derived from central memory T cells as originally suggested by Sallusto et al. in 1999, but much
debated since.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Opata
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, 300 University Avenue, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, 300 University Avenue, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
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1058
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Newell EW, Davis MM. Beyond model antigens: high-dimensional methods for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:149-57. [PMID: 24441473 PMCID: PMC4001742 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses often begin with the formation of a molecular complex between a T-cell receptor (TCR) and a peptide antigen bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. These complexes are highly variable, however, due to the polymorphism of MHC genes, the random, inexact recombination of TCR gene segments, and the vast array of possible self and pathogen peptide antigens. As a result, it has been very difficult to comprehensively study the TCR repertoire or identify and track more than a few antigen-specific T cells in mice or humans. For mouse studies, this had led to a reliance on model antigens and TCR transgenes. The study of limited human clinical samples, in contrast, requires techniques that can simultaneously survey TCR phenotype and function, and TCR reactivity to many T-cell epitopes. Thanks to recent advances in single-cell and cytometry methodologies, as well as high-throughput sequencing of the TCR repertoire, we now have or will soon have the tools needed to comprehensively analyze T-cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W. Newell
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138648
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305
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1059
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Abstract
The transcription factor IRF4 is known to be essential for differentiation of effector CD4(+) T cell subsets. In this issue, Yao et al. (2013) identify IRF4 as a regulator of checkpoints in the final steps and maintenance of CD8(+) T cell effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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1060
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Abstract
T-cell neoplasms include both mature T-cell leukemias and lymphomas and immature proliferations of precursor T cells. Molecular laboratories routinely assay suspected T-cell proliferations for evidence of clonality. In addition, some T-cell neoplasms are characterized by recurrent structural abnormalities that can be readily identified by such techniques as fluorescence in situ hybridization. New massively parallel sequencing technologies have led to the identification of numerous recurrent gene mutations in T-cell neoplasms. These findings are reviewed. As new technologies become implemented in molecular diagnostic laboratories and as targeted therapies are developed, it is anticipated that more extensive genomic characterization of T-cell neoplasms will be routinely performed in the future.
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1061
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Abstract
T and B cells share a common somatic gene rearrangement mechanism for assembling the genes that code for their antigen receptors; they also have developmental pathways with many parallels. Shared usage of basic helix-loop-helix E proteins as transcriptional drivers underlies these common features. However, the transcription factor networks in which these E proteins are embedded are different both in membership and in architecture for T and B cell gene regulatory programs. These differences permit lineage commitment decisions to be made in different hierarchical orders. Furthermore, in contrast to B cell gene networks, the T cell gene network architecture for effector differentiation is sufficiently modular so that E protein inputs can be removed. Complete T cell-like effector differentiation can proceed without T cell receptor rearrangement or selection when E proteins are neutralized, yielding natural killer and other innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125;
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1062
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Abstract
The development of specialized helper T cells has garnered much attention because of their critical role in coordinating the immune response to invading pathogens. Recent research emphasizing novel functions for specialized helper T cells in a variety of infectious disease settings, as well as autoimmune states, has reshaped our view on the capabilities of helper T cells. Notably, one previously underappreciated aspect of the lifespan of helper T cells is that they often retain the capacity to respond to changes in the environment by altering the composition of helper T cell lineage-specifying transcription factors they express, which, in turn, changes their phenotype. This emerging realization is changing our views on the stability versus flexibility of specialized helper T cell subtypes. Now, there is a new concerted effort to define the mechanistic events that contribute to the potential for flexibility in specialized helper T cell gene expression programs in the different environmental circumstances that allow for the re-expression of helper T cell lineage-specifying transcription factors. In addition, we are also now beginning to appreciate that "helper T cell" lineage-specifying transcription factors are expressed in diverse types of innate and adaptive immune cells and this may allow them to play roles in coordinating aspects of the immune response. Our current challenges include defining the conserved mechanisms that are utilized by these lineage-specifying transcription factors to coordinate gene expression programs in different settings as well as the mechanistic events that contribute to the differential downstream consequences that these factors mediate in unique cellular environments. In this review, we will explore our evolving views on these topics, often times using the Th1-lineage-specifying transcription factor T-bet as an example.
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1063
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Lucas CL, Kuehn HS, Zhao F, Niemela JE, Deenick EK, Palendira U, Avery DT, Moens L, Cannons JL, Biancalana M, Stoddard J, Ouyang W, Frucht DM, Rao VK, Atkinson TP, Agharahimi A, Hussey AA, Folio LR, Olivier KN, Fleisher TA, Pittaluga S, Holland SM, Cohen JI, Oliveira JB, Tangye SG, Schwartzberg PL, Lenardo MJ, Uzel G. Dominant-activating germline mutations in the gene encoding the PI(3)K catalytic subunit p110δ result in T cell senescence and human immunodeficiency. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:88-97. [PMID: 24165795 PMCID: PMC4209962 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The p110δ subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) is selectively expressed in leukocytes and is critical for lymphocyte biology. Here we report fourteen patients from seven families who were heterozygous for three different germline, gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD (which encodes p110δ). These patients presented with sinopulmonary infections, lymphadenopathy, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and viremia due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Strikingly, they had a substantial deficiency in naive T cells but an over-representation of senescent effector T cells. In vitro, T cells from patients exhibited increased phosphorylation of the kinase Akt and hyperactivation of the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTOR, enhanced glucose uptake and terminal effector differentiation. Notably, treatment with rapamycin to inhibit mTOR activity in vivo partially restored the abundance of naive T cells, largely 'rescued' the in vitro T cell defects and improved the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Lucas
- 1] Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2]
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2]
| | - Fang Zhao
- 1] Cell Signaling Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [3]
| | - Julie E Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- 1] Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. [2] St. Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- 1] Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. [2] St. Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leen Moens
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- Cell Signaling Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Biancalana
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiming Ouyang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Frucht
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Anahita Agharahimi
- 1] Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research Directorate-Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Clinical Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashleigh A Hussey
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Les R Folio
- Radiology and Imaging and Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas A Fleisher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joao B Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, Recife-Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- 1] Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. [2] St. Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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1064
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim R Göthert
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
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1065
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Huang W, August A. Editorial: Jack of all trades? The versatility of IL-4 in CD8+ T cell polarity. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1097-9. [PMID: 24296591 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- 1.College of Veterinary Medicine, VMC 5171, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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1066
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Beltrami S, Gordon J. Immune surveillance and response to JC virus infection and PML. J Neurovirol 2013; 20:137-49. [PMID: 24297501 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) is the established etiological agent of the debilitating and often fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Most healthy individuals have been infected with JCV and generate an immune response to the virus, yet remain persistently infected at subclinical levels. The onset of PML is rare in the general population, but has become an increasing concern in immunocompromised patients, where reactivation of JCV leads to uncontrolled replication in the CNS. Understanding viral persistence and the normal immune response to JCV provides insight into the circumstances which could lead to viral resurgence. Further, clues on the potential mechanisms of reactivation may be gleaned from the crosstalk among JCV and HIV-1, as well as the impact of monoclonal antibody therapies used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, on the development of PML. In this review, we will discuss what is known about viral persistence and the immune response to JCV replication in immunocompromised individuals to elucidate the deficiencies in viral containment that permit viral reactivation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beltrami
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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1067
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Sumida K, Shimoda S, Iwasaka S, Hisamoto S, Kawanaka H, Akahoshi T, Ikegami T, Shirabe K, Shimono N, Maehara Y, Selmi C, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. Characteristics of splenic CD8+ T cell exhaustion in patients with hepatitis C. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:172-8. [PMID: 23773130 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the role of T cell exhaustion and it is well known that the natural history of chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is modulated by CD8(+) T cell immunobiology. There are many pathways that alter the presence of exhaustive T cells and, in particular, they are functionally impaired by inhibitory receptors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3). We obtained spleen, liver and peripheral blood (before and after splenectomy) lymphoid cells from 25 patients with HCV-related cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation for end-stage disease or splenectomy for portal hypertension. In all samples we performed an extensive phenotypic study of exhaustion markers [PD-1, Tim-3, interferon (IFN)-γ) and their ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2, galectin-9] in CD8(+) T cell subpopulations (both total and HCV-specific) and in antigen-presenting cells (APC; monocytes and dendritic cells). In the spleen, total and HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells demonstrated enhanced markers of exhaustion, predominantly in the effector memory subpopulation. Similarly, splenic APC over-expressed inhibitory receptor ligands when compared to peripheral blood. Finally, when peripheral blood CD8(+) T cells were compared before and after splenectomy, markers of exhaustion were reduced in splenic CD8(+) T cells and APC. Our data in HCV-related cirrhosis suggest that CD8(+) T cells in the spleen manifest a significantly higher exhaustion compared to peripheral blood and may thus contribute to the failure to control HCV. Counteracting this process may contribute to inducing an effective immune response to HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sumida
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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1068
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Abstract
Pathogen-induced inflammation modulates CD8 T cell effector and memory differentiation. In this issue of Immunity, Plumlee et al. (2013) demonstrate that clonally distinct CD8 T cells have the ability to generate numerous types of effector cell fates based on extrinsic pathogen-induced environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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1069
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Mollo SB, Ingram JT, Kress RL, Zajac AJ, Harrington LE. Virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in the absence of Th1-associated transcription factors. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:705-713. [PMID: 24231259 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0813429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector and memory CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are critical for the control of many intracellular pathogens. The development of these populations is governed by transcription factors that molecularly control their differentiation, function, and maintenance. Two transcription factors known to be involved in these processes are Tbet and STAT4. Although Tbet has been shown to regulate CD8 T cell fate decisions and effector CD4 T cell choices, the contribution of STAT4 is less well understood. To address this, we examined the impact of STAT4 on T cell responses in the presence or absence of Tbet, following LCMV infection by using mice lacking Tbet, STAT4, or both transcription factors. STAT4 was not required for Tbet or Eomes expression; however, virus-specific effector CD8 T cells are skewed toward a memory-precursor phenotype in the absence of STAT4. This altered proportion of memory precursors did not result in an increase in memory CD8 T cells after the resolution of the infection. We also demonstrate that virus-specific effector and memory CD4 T cells formed independently of Tbet and STAT4, although a slight reduction in the number of antigen-specific CD4 T cells was apparent in mice lacking both transcription factors. Collectively, we have discovered distinct roles for Tbet and STAT4 in shaping the phenotype and function of virus-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Mollo
- Departments of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology
| | - Jennifer T Ingram
- Biology, and.,Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert L Kress
- Departments of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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1070
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Redmond WL, Linch SN, Kasiewicz MJ. Combined targeting of costimulatory (OX40) and coinhibitory (CTLA-4) pathways elicits potent effector T cells capable of driving robust antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:142-53. [PMID: 24778278 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0031-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of the TNF receptor family costimulatory molecule OX40 (CD134) with an agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) enhances antitumor immunity by augmenting T-cell differentiation as well as turning off the suppressive activity of the FoxP3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). In addition, antibody-mediated blockade of the checkpoint inhibitor CTLA-4 releases the "brakes" on T cells to augment tumor immunotherapy. However, monotherapy with these agents has limited therapeutic benefit particularly against poorly immunogenic murine tumors. Therefore, we examined whether the administration of agonist anti-OX40 therapy in the presence of CTLA-4 blockade would enhance tumor immunotherapy. Combined anti-OX40/anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy significantly enhanced tumor regression and the survival of tumor-bearing hosts in a CD4 and CD8 T cell-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies revealed that the combination immunotherapy directed the expansion of effector T-bet(high)/Eomes(high) granzyme B(+) CD8 T cells. Dual immunotherapy also induced distinct populations of Th1 [interleukin (IL)-2, IFN-γ], and, surprisingly, Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) CD4 T cells exhibiting increased T-bet and Gata-3 expression. Furthermore, IL-4 blockade inhibited the Th2 response, while maintaining the Th1 CD4 and effector CD8 T cells that enhanced tumor-free survival. These data demonstrate that refining the global T-cell response during combination immunotherapy can further enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Redmond
- Authors' Affiliation: Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
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1071
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Yao S, Buzo BF, Pham D, Jiang L, Taparowsky EJ, Kaplan MH, Sun J. Interferon regulatory factor 4 sustains CD8(+) T cell expansion and effector differentiation. Immunity 2013; 39:833-45. [PMID: 24211184 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection, CD8(+) T cells undergo a stepwise process of early activation, expansion, and differentiation into effector cells. How these phases are transcriptionally regulated is incompletely defined. Here, we report that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), dispensable for early CD8(+) T cell activation, was vital for sustaining the expansion and effector differentiation of CD8(+) T cells. Mechanistically, IRF4 promoted the expression and function of Blimp1 and T-bet, two transcription factors required for CD8(+) T cell effector differentiation, and simultaneously repressed genes that mediate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Selective ablation of Irf4 in peripheral CD8(+) T cells impaired antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses, viral clearance, and CD8(+) T cell-mediated host recovery from influenza infection. IRF4 expression was regulated by T cell receptor (TCR) signaling strength via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Our data reveal that IRF4 translates differential strength of TCR signaling into different quantitative and qualitative CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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1072
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Tolerance and exhaustion: defining mechanisms of T cell dysfunction. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:51-60. [PMID: 24210163 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cell activation and differentiation are tightly controlled, and dependent on the context in which naïve T cells encounter antigen, can either result in functional memory or T cell dysfunction, including exhaustion, tolerance, anergy, or senescence. With the identification of phenotypic and functional traits shared in different settings of T cell dysfunction, distinctions between such dysfunctional states have become blurred. Here, we discuss distinct states of CD8 T cell dysfunction, with an emphasis on: (i) T cell tolerance to self-antigens (self-tolerance); (ii) T cell exhaustion during chronic infections; and (iii) tumor-induced T cell dysfunction. We highlight recent findings on cellular and molecular characteristics defining these states, cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms that induce and maintain them, and strategies that can lead to their reversal.
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1073
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Follicular helper T‐cell memory: establishing new frontiers during antibody response. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:57-63. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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1074
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Mahnke YD, Brodie TM, Sallusto F, Roederer M, Lugli E. The who's who of T-cell differentiation: human memory T-cell subsets. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2797-809. [PMID: 24258910 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Following antigen encounter and subsequent resolution of the immune response, a single naïve T cell is able to generate multiple subsets of memory T cells with different phenotypic and functional properties and gene expression profiles. Single-cell technologies, first and foremost flow cytometry, have revealed the complex heterogeneity of the memory T-cell compartment and its organization into subsets. However, a consensus has still to be reached, both at the semantic (nomenclature) and phenotypic level, regarding the identification of these subsets. Here, we review recent developments in the characterization of the heterogeneity of the memory T-cell compartment, and propose a unified classification of both human and nonhuman primate T cells on the basis of phenotypic traits and in vivo properties. Given that vaccine studies and adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy protocols are influenced by these recent findings, it is important to use uniform methods for identifying and discussing functionally distinct subsets of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda D Mahnke
- Translational and Correlative Studies Laboratory, Abramson Family Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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1075
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Cho JH, Kim HO, Kim KS, Yang DH, Surh CD, Sprent J. Unique Features of Naive CD8+ T Cell Activation by IL-2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5559-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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1076
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Abstract
Acquisition of effector properties is a key step in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Here we show that inflammatory signals regulate Dicer expression in CTLs, and that deletion or depletion of Dicer in mouse or human activated CD8(+) T cells causes up-regulation of perforin, granzymes, and effector cytokines. Genome-wide analysis of microRNA (miR, miRNA) changes induced by exposure of differentiating CTLs to IL-2 and inflammatory signals identifies miR-139 and miR-150 as components of an miRNA network that controls perforin, eomesodermin, and IL-2Rα expression in differentiating CTLs and whose activity is modulated by IL-2, inflammation, and antigenic stimulation. Overall, our data show that strong IL-2R and inflammatory signals act through Dicer and miRNAs to control the cytolytic program and other aspects of effector CTL differentiation.
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1077
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Iancu EM, Gannon PO, Laurent J, Gupta B, Romero P, Michielin O, Romano E, Speiser DE, Rufer N. Persistence of EBV antigen-specific CD8 T cell clonotypes during homeostatic immune reconstitution in cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78686. [PMID: 24205294 PMCID: PMC3808305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viruses are kept in check by specific lymphocytes. The clonal T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), once established following primary infection, exhibits a robust stability over time. However, the determinants contributing to this long-term persistence are still poorly characterized. Taking advantage of an in vivo clinical setting where lymphocyte homeostasis was transiently perturbed, we studied EBV antigen-specific CD8 T cells before and after non-myeloablative lympho-depleting chemotherapy of melanoma patients. Despite more advanced T cell differentiation, patients T cells showed clonal composition comparable to healthy individuals, sharing a preference for TRBV20 and TRBV29 gene segment usage and several co-dominant public TCR clonotypes. Moreover, our data revealed the presence of relatively few dominant EBV antigen-specific T cell clonotypes, which mostly persisted following transient lympho-depletion (TLD) and lymphocyte recovery, likely related to absence of EBV reactivation and de novo T cell priming in these patients. Interestingly, persisting clonotypes frequently co-expressed memory/homing-associated genes (CD27, IL7R, EOMES, CD62L/SELL and CCR5) supporting the notion that they are particularly important for long-lasting CD8 T cell responses. Nevertheless, the clonal composition of EBV-specific CD8 T cells was preserved over time with the presence of the same dominant clonotypes after non-myeloablative chemotherapy. The observed clonotype persistence demonstrates high robustness of CD8 T cell homeostasis and reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela M. Iancu
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O. Gannon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Laurent
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bhawna Gupta
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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1078
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Weinmann AS. Regulatory mechanisms that control T-follicular helper and T-helper 1 cell flexibility. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:34-9. [PMID: 24080769 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Following antigenic stimulation, CD4(+) T cells have the potential to differentiate into a number of specialized effector cell subtypes. To date, much progress has been made in defining the basic molecular mechanisms that regulate initial helper T-cell differentiation decisions. Emerging research in the field is now uncovering more complexity in the series of events that control helper T-cell commitment decisions than was previously appreciated. During the commitment process, helper T cells need to integrate both signals derived from the T-cell receptor and from the surrounding microenvironment. These external signals are then translated into internal changes in gene expression potential to ultimately define the functional characteristics of the cell. In this review, this topic will be discussed from the perspective of T-follicular helper (Tfh) and T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell differentiation. The focus will be on examining how the cytokine environment is perceived by signaling through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family proteins to initiate fate choices. The activities of STAT proteins are then in turn translated into changes in the molecular balance between B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) and T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), the helper T-cell lineage-specifying transcription factors that regulate Tfh and Th1 effector cell differentiation, respectively. Collectively, the knowledge of the molecular pathways that regulate Tfh and Th1 commitment have provided insight into the relationship between these two specialized helper T-cell subtypes and the potential for flexibility in their gene programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Weinmann
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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1079
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Omilusik KD, Shaw LA, Goldrath AW. Remembering one's ID/E-ntity: E/ID protein regulation of T cell memory. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:660-6. [PMID: 24094885 PMCID: PMC3839785 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection, CD8(+) T cells proliferate and differentiate into armed effector cells capable of eliminating the assaulting pathogen. Although the majority of the antigen-specific T cells will die as the immune response wanes, a few will survive indefinitely to establish the memory population and provide long-lived protection against reinfection. E protein transcription factors and their inhibitors, ID proteins, operate to balance expression of genes that control CD8(+) T cell differentiation through this process. Here, we discuss the role of ID2 and ID3 in promoting the generation and survival of effector and memory populations, particularly highlighting their reciprocal roles in shaping the CD8(+) T cell response unique to the inflammatory milieu. We further examine this coordinated control of gene expression in the context of additional transcription factors within the transcriptional network that programs CD8(+) effector and memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- University of California San Diego, Division of Biology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, United States
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1080
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The transcription factor IRF4 is essential for TCR affinity-mediated metabolic programming and clonal expansion of T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1155-65. [PMID: 24056747 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During immune responses, T cells are subject to clonal competition, which leads to the predominant expansion of high-affinity clones; however, there is little understanding of how this process is controlled. We found here that the transcription factor IRF4 was induced in a manner dependent on affinity for the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and acted as a dose-dependent regulator of the metabolic function of activated T cells. IRF4 regulated the expression of key molecules required for the aerobic glycolysis of effector T cells and was essential for the clonal expansion and maintenance of effector function of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Thus, IRF4 is an indispensable molecular 'rheostat' that 'translates' TCR affinity into the appropriate transcriptional programs that link metabolic function with the clonal selection and effector differentiation of T cells.
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1081
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Abstract
Activated T cells require increased energy to proliferate and mediate effector functions, but the metabolic changes that occur in T cells following stimulation in vivo are poorly understood, particularly in the context of inflammation. We have previously shown that T cells activated during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) primarily rely on oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Here, we demonstrate that alloreactive effector T cells (Teff) use fatty acids (FAs) as a fuel source to support their in vivo activation. Alloreactive T cells increased FA transport, elevated levels of FA oxidation enzymes, up-regulated transcriptional coactivators to drive oxidative metabolism, and increased their rates of FA oxidation. Importantly, increases in FA transport and up-regulation of FA oxidation machinery occurred specifically in T cells during GVHD and were not seen in Teff following acute activation. Pharmacological blockade of FA oxidation decreased the survival of alloreactive T cells but did not influence the survival of T cells during normal immune reconstitution. These studies suggest that pathways controlling FA metabolism might serve as therapeutic targets to treat GVHD and other T-cell-mediated immune diseases.
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1082
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Sukumar M, Liu J, Ji Y, Subramanian M, Crompton JG, Yu Z, Roychoudhuri R, Palmer DC, Muranski P, Karoly ED, Mohney RP, Klebanoff CA, Lal A, Finkel T, Restifo NP, Gattinoni L. Inhibiting glycolytic metabolism enhances CD8+ T cell memory and antitumor function. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4479-88. [PMID: 24091329 DOI: 10.1172/jci69589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive CD8+ T cells rely upon oxidation of fatty acids as a primary source of energy. After antigen encounter, T cells shift to a glycolytic metabolism to sustain effector function. It is unclear, however, whether changes in glucose metabolism ultimately influence the ability of activated T cells to become long-lived memory cells. We used a fluorescent glucose analog, 2-NBDG, to quantify glucose uptake in activated CD8+ T cells. We found that cells exhibiting limited glucose incorporation had a molecular profile characteristic of memory precursor cells and an increased capacity to enter the memory pool compared with cells taking up high amounts of glucose. Accordingly, enforcing glycolytic metabolism by overexpressing the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase-1 severely impaired the ability of CD8+ T cells to form long-term memory. Conversely, activation of CD8+ T cells in the presence of an inhibitor of glycolysis, 2-deoxyglucose, enhanced the generation of memory cells and antitumor functionality. Our data indicate that augmenting glycolytic flux drives CD8+ T cells toward a terminally differentiated state, while its inhibition preserves the formation of long-lived memory CD8+ T cells. These results have important implications for improving the efficacy of T cell-based therapies against chronic infectious diseases and cancer.
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1083
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Takai S, Schlom J, Tucker J, Tsang KY, Greiner JW. Inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling promotes central memory T cell differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:2299-307. [PMID: 23904158 PMCID: PMC3889640 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study affirmed that isolated CD8(+) T cells express mRNA and produce TGF-β following cognate peptide recognition. Blockage of endogenous TGF-β with either a TGF-β-blocking Ab or a small molecule inhibitor of TGF-βRI enhances the generation of CD62L(high)/CD44(high) central memory CD8(+) T cells accompanied with a robust recall response. Interestingly, the augmentation within the central memory T cell pool occurs in lieu of cellular proliferation or activation, but with the expected increase in the ratio of the Eomesoderm/T-bet transcriptional factors. Yet, the signal transduction pathway(s) seems to be noncanonical, independent of SMAD or mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Enhancement of central memory generation by TGF-β blockade is also confirmed in human PBMCs. The findings underscore the role(s) that autocrine TGF-β plays in T cell homeostasis and, in particular, the balance of effector/memory and central/memory T cells. These results may provide a rationale to targeting TGF-β signaling to enhance Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell memory against a lethal infection or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takai
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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1084
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Zumwalde NA, Domae E, Mescher MF, Shimizu Y. ICAM-1-dependent homotypic aggregates regulate CD8 T cell effector function and differentiation during T cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3681-93. [PMID: 23997225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of T cell activation in vitro and in vivo is the clustering of T cells with each other via interaction of the LFA-1 integrin with ICAM-1. The functional significance of these homotypic aggregates in regulating T cell function remains unknown. We used an APC-free in vitro activation system to demonstrate that stimulation of purified naive CD8 T cells results in enhanced expression of ICAM-1 on T cells that is sustained by the inflammatory cytokine IL-12 and associated with robust T cell aggregates. ICAM-1-deficient CD8 T cells proliferate normally but demonstrate a striking failure to aggregate. Interestingly, loss of ICAM-1 expression results in elevated levels of IFN-γ and granzyme B, as well as enhanced cytotoxicity. Similar results were obtained when anti-LFA-1 Ab was used to block the clustering of wild-type T cells. ICAM-1 ligation is not required for IFN-γ regulation, as clustering of ICAM-1-deficient CD8 T cells with wild-type T cells reduces IFN-γ expression. Analysis using a fluorescent reporter that monitors TCR signal strength indicates that T cell clustering limits T cell exposure to Ag during activation. Furthermore, T cell clustering promotes the upregulation of the CTLA-4 inhibitory receptor and the downregulation of eomesodermin, which controls effector molecule expression. Activation of ICAM-1-deficient CD8 T cells in vivo results in an enhanced percentage of KLRG-1(+) T cells indicative of short-lived effectors. These results suggest that T cell clustering represents a mechanism that allows continued proliferation but regulates T cell effector function and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Zumwalde
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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1085
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The transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 is required for the generation of protective effector CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15019-24. [PMID: 23980171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309378110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cell response is important for immunity to intracellular pathogens. Here, we show that the transcription factor IFN Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) is crucial for the protective CD8(+) T-cell response to the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. IRF4-deficient (Irf4(-/-)) mice could not clear L. monocytogenes infection and generated decreased numbers of L. monocytogenes-specific CD8(+) T cells with impaired effector phenotype and function. Transfer of wild-type CD8(+) T cells into Irf4(-/-) mice improved bacterial clearance, suggesting an intrinsic defect of CD8(+) T cells in Irf4(-/-) mice. Following transfer into wild-type recipients, Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells became activated and showed initial proliferation upon L. monocytogenes infection. However, these cells could not sustain proliferation, produced reduced amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and failed to acquire cytotoxic function. Forced IRF4 expression in Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells rescued the defect. During acute infection, Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells demonstrated diminished expression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), inhibitor of DNA binding (Id)2, and T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), transcription factors programming effector-cell generation. IRF4 was essential for expression of Blimp-1, suggesting that altered regulation of Blimp-1 contributes to the defects of Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells. Despite increased levels of B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6), Eomesodermin, and Id3, Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells showed impaired memory-cell formation, indicating additional functions for IRF4 in this process. As IRF4 governs B-cell and CD4(+) T-cell differentiation, the identification of its decisive role in peripheral CD8(+) T-cell differentiation, suggests a common regulatory function for IRF4 in adaptive lymphocytes fate decision.
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1086
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Wortzman ME, Clouthier DL, McPherson AJ, Lin GHY, Watts TH. The contextual role of TNFR family members in CD8+T-cell control of viral infections. Immunol Rev 2013; 255:125-48. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek L. Clouthier
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Ann J. McPherson
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Gloria H. Y. Lin
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
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1087
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Kim MV, Ouyang W, Liao W, Zhang MQ, Li MO. The transcription factor Foxo1 controls central-memory CD8+ T cell responses to infection. Immunity 2013; 39:286-97. [PMID: 23932570 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells protect hosts from pathogen reinfection, but how these cells emerge from a pool of antigen-experienced T cells is unclear. Here, we show that mice lacking the transcription factor Foxo1 in activated CD8+ T cells have defective secondary, but not primary, responses to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Compared to short-lived effector T cells, memory-precursor T cells expressed higher amounts of Foxo1, which promoted their generation and maintenance. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed the transcription factor Tcf7 and the chemokine receptor Ccr7 as Foxo1-bound target genes, which have critical functions in central-memory T cell differentiation and trafficking. These findings demonstrate that Foxo1 is selectively incorporated into the genetic program that regulates memory CD8+ T cell responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungjoo V Kim
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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1088
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Harris TJ, Drake CG. Primer on tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2013; 1:12. [PMID: 24829749 PMCID: PMC4019888 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Individualized cancer therapy is a central goal of cancer biologists. Immunotherapy is a rational means to this end—because the immune system can recognize a virtually limitless number of antigens secondary to the biology of genetic recombination in B and T lymphocytes. The immune system is exquisitely structured to distinguish self from non-self, as demonstrated by anti-microbial immune responses. Moreover the immune system has the potential to recognize self from “altered-self”, which is the case for cancer. However, the immune system has mechanisms in place to inhibit self-reactive responses, many of which are usurped by evolving tumors. Understanding the interaction of cancer with the immune system provides insights into mechanisms that can be exploited to disinhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we summarize the 2012 SITC Primer, reviewing past, present, and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer—including targeting innate versus adaptive immune components; targeting and/or utilizing dendritic cells and T cells; the role of the tumor microenvironment; and immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Harris
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G Drake
- Department of Oncology and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1650 Orleans St., CRB I #410, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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1089
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Phenotypic and functional characterization of circulating polyomavirus BK VP1-specific CD8+ T cells in healthy adults. J Virol 2013; 87:10263-72. [PMID: 23864628 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01540-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) establishes a latent and asymptomatic infection in the majority of the population. In immunocompromised individuals, the virus frequently (re)activates and may cause severe disease such as interstitial nephritis and hemorrhagic cystitis. Currently, the therapeutic options are limited to reconstitution of the antiviral immune response. T cells are particularly important for controlling this virus, and T cell therapies may provide a highly specific and effective mode of treatment. However, little is known about the phenotype and function of BKV-specific T cells in healthy individuals. Using tetrameric BKV peptide-HLA-A02 complexes, we determined the presence, phenotype, and functional characteristics of circulating BKV VP1-specific CD8(+) T cells in 5 healthy individuals. We show that these cells are present in low frequencies in the circulation and that they have a resting CD45RA(-) CD27(+) memory and predominantly CCR7(-) CD127(+) KLRG1(+) CD49d(hi) CXCR3(hi) T-bet(int) Eomesodermin(lo) phenotype. Furthermore, their direct cytotoxic capacity seems to be limited, since they do not readily express granzyme B and express only little granzyme K. We compared these cells to circulating CD8(+) T cells specific for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and influenza virus (Flu) in the same donors and show that BKV-specific T cells have a phenotype that is distinct from that of CMV- and EBV-specific T cells. Lastly, we show that BKV-specific T cells are polyfunctional since they are able to rapidly express interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α, and also, to a much lower extent, MIP-1β and CD107a.
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1090
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Tejera MM, Kim EH, Sullivan JA, Plisch EH, Suresh M. FoxO1 controls effector-to-memory transition and maintenance of functional CD8 T cell memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:187-99. [PMID: 23733882 PMCID: PMC3691324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During a T cell response, naive CD8 T cells differentiate into effector cells. Subsequently, a subset of effector cells termed memory precursor effector cells further differentiates into functionally mature memory CD8 T cells. The transcriptional network underlying this carefully scripted process is not well understood. In this study, we report that the transcription factor FoxO1 plays an integral role in facilitating effector-to-memory transition and functional maturation of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. We find that FoxO1 is not required for differentiation of effector cells, but in the absence of FoxO1, memory CD8 T cells displayed features of senescence and progressive attrition in polyfunctionality, which in turn led to impaired recall responses and poor protective immunity. These data suggest that FoxO1 is essential for maintenance of functional CD8 T cell memory and protective immunity. Under competing conditions in bone marrow chimeric mice, FoxO1 deficiency did not perturb clonal expansion or effector differentiation. Instead, FoxO1-deficient memory precursor effector cells failed to survive and form memory CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, FoxO1 deficiency perturbed the memory CD8 T cell transcriptome, characterized by pronounced alterations in the expression of genes that encode transcription factors (including Tcf7), effector molecules, cell cycle regulators, and proteins that regulate fatty acid, purine, and pyramidine metabolism and mitochondrial functions. We propose that FoxO1 is a key regulator that reprograms and steers the differentiation of effector cells to functionally competent memory cells. These findings have provided fundamental insights into the mechanisms that regulate the quality of CD8 T cell memory to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melba Marie Tejera
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Eui Ho Kim
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jeremy A. Sullivan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Erin H. Plisch
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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1091
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Wensveen FM, Lenartic M, Jelencic V, Lemmermann NAW, ten Brinke A, Jonjic S, Polic B. NKG2D induces Mcl-1 expression and mediates survival of CD8 memory T cell precursors via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1307-15. [PMID: 23804716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory formation of activated CD8 T cells is the result of a specific combination of signals that promote long-term survival and inhibit differentiation into effector cells. Much is known about initial cues that drive memory formation, but it is poorly understood which signals are essential during the intermediate stages before terminal differentiation. NKG2D is an activating coreceptor on Ag-experienced CD8 T cells that promotes effector cell functions. Its role in memory formation is currently unknown. In this study, we show that NKG2D controls formation of CD8 memory T cells by promoting survival of precursor cells. We demonstrate that NKG2D enhances IL-15-mediated PI3K signaling of activated CD8 T cells, in a specific phase of memory cell commitment, after activation but before terminal differentiation. This signal is essential for the induction of prosurvival protein Mcl-1 and precursor cell survival. In vivo, NKG2D deficiency results in reduced memory cell formation and impaired protection against reinfection. Our findings show a new role for PI3K and the NKG2D/IL-15 axis in an underappreciated stage of effector to memory cell transition that is essential for the generation of antiviral immunity. Moreover, we provide novel insights how these receptors control both effector and memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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1092
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Araki K, Ahmed R. AMPK: a metabolic switch for CD8+ T-cell memory. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:878-81. [PMID: 23504580 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine kinase and is crucial for cellular energy homeostasis. The exact role of AMPK during memory CD8(+) T-cell differentiation, a process that changes from the metabolically active state of effector T cells to one of quiescence in memory cells is not well understood; however, a report by Cantrell and colleagues [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 889-896] in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology shows that AMPK, by sensing glucose stress, is an important upstream molecule of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 for memory CD8(+) T-cell differentiation. This study provides new insights into how AMPK monitors energy stress to control effector and memory CD8(+) T-cell formation as discussed in this Commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Araki
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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1093
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Palucka K, Banchereau J. Human dendritic cell subsets in vaccination. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:396-402. [PMID: 23725656 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their properties, dendritic cells (DCs) are often called 'nature's adjuvants' and thus have become the natural targets for antigen delivery. DCs provide an essential link between the innate and the adaptive immune responses. DCs are at the center of the immune system owing to their ability to control both tolerance and immunity. DCs are thus key targets for both preventive and therapeutic vaccination. Herein, we will discuss recent progresses in our understanding of DC subsets physiology as it applies to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Palucka
- Ralph M. Steinmann Center for Cancer Vaccines, Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
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1094
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Hess Michelini R, Doedens AL, Goldrath AW, Hedrick SM. Differentiation of CD8 memory T cells depends on Foxo1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1189-200. [PMID: 23712431 PMCID: PMC3674697 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Foxo1 is required for the differentiation of memory CD8+ T cells, and its absence hinders clearance of secondary infections. The forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO) integrate a range of extracellular signals, including growth factor signaling, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient availability, to substantially alter the program of gene expression and modulate cell survival, cell cycle progression, and many yet to be unraveled cell type–specific responses. Naive antigen-specific CD8+ T cells undergo a rapid expansion and arming of effector function within days of pathogen exposure. In addition, by the peak of expansion, they form precursors to memory T cells capable of self-renewal and indefinite survival. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong to probe the response to infection, we found that Foxo1−/− CD8+ T cells expand normally with no defects in effector differentiation, but continue to exhibit characteristics of effector T cells long after antigen clearance. The KLRG1lo CD8+ T cells that are normally enriched for memory-precursor cells retain Granzyme B and CD69 expression, and fail to up-regulate TCF7, EOMES, and other memory signature genes. As a correlate, Foxo1−/− CD8+ T cells were virtually unable to expand upon secondary infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate an intrinsic role for FOXO1 in establishing the post-effector memory program that is essential to forming long-lived memory cells capable of immune reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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1095
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Dominguez C, Cui W. Inside out: decoding the transcriptome of effector and memory T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:389-90. [PMID: 23628806 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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1096
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MicroRNA-17~92 regulates effector and memory CD8 T-cell fates by modulating proliferation in response to infections. Blood 2013; 121:4473-83. [PMID: 23596046 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise microRNAs and their target cellular processes involved in generation of durable T-cell immunity remain undefined. Here we show a dynamic regulation of microRNAs as CD8 T cells differentiate from naïve to effector and memory states, with short-lived effectors transiently expressing higher levels of oncogenic miR-17-92 compared with the relatively less proliferating memory-fated effectors. Conditional CD8 T-cell-intrinsic gain or loss of expression of miR-17-92 in mature cells after activation resulted in striking reciprocal effects compared with wild-type counterparts in the same infection milieu-miR-17-92 deletion resulted in lesser proliferation of antigen-specific cells during primary expansion while favoring enhanced IL-7Rα and Bcl-2 expression and multicytokine polyfunctionality; in contrast, constitutive expression of miR-17-92 promoted terminal effector differentiation, with decreased formation of polyfunctional lymphoid memory cells. Increased proliferation upon miR-17-92 overexpression correlated with decreased expression of tumor suppressor PTEN and increased PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling. Thus, these studies identify miR17-92 as a critical regulator of CD8 T-cell expansion and effector and memory lineages in the physiological context of acute infection, and present miR-17-92 as a potential target for modulating immunologic outcome after vaccination or immunotherapeutic treatments of cancer, chronic infections, or autoimmune disorders.
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1097
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Vinciguerra M, Tevy MF, Mazzoccoli G. A ticking clock links metabolic pathways and organ systems function in health and disease. Clin Exp Med 2013; 14:133-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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1098
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1099
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Rankin L, Groom J, Mielke LA, Seillet C, Belz GT. Diversity, function, and transcriptional regulation of gut innate lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2013; 4:22. [PMID: 23508190 PMCID: PMC3600536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical early role in host defense against viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells. Until recently, natural killer (NK) cells and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells were the primary members of the innate lymphocyte family: NK cells form the front-line interface between the external environment and the adaptive immune system, while LTi cells are essential for secondary lymphoid tissue formation. More recently, it has become apparent that the composition of this family is much more diverse than previously appreciated and newly recognized populations play distinct and essential functions in tissue protection. Despite the importance of these cells, the developmental relationships between different innate lymphocyte populations remain unclear. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the development of different innate immune cell subsets, the transcriptional programs that might be involved in driving fate decisions during development, and their relationship to NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Rankin
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna Groom
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa A. Mielke
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cyril Seillet
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T. Belz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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1100
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