1051
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Zheng HJ, Zhang X, Guo J, Zhang W, Ai S, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu WJ. Lysosomal dysfunction-induced autophagic stress in diabetic kidney disease. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8276-8290. [PMID: 32583573 PMCID: PMC7412686 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome for degradation, known as autophagy, is thought to act as a cytoprotective mechanism in response to stress or as a pathogenic process contributing towards cell death. Animal and human studies have shown that autophagy is substantially dysregulated in renal cells in diabetes, suggesting that activating autophagy could be a therapeutic intervention. However, under prolonged hyperglycaemia with impaired lysosome function, increased autophagy induction that exceeds the degradative capacity in cells could contribute toward autophagic stress or even the stagnation of autophagy, leading to renal cytotoxicity. Since lysosomal function is likely key to linking the dual cytoprotective and cytotoxic actions of autophagy, it is important to develop novel pharmacological agents that improve lysosomal function and restore autophagic flux. In this review, we first provide an overview of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, particularly focusing on stages of lysosomal degradation during autophagy. Then, we discuss the role of adaptive autophagy and autophagic stress based on lysosomal function. More importantly, we focus on the role of autophagic stress induced by lysosomal dysfunction according to the pathogenic factors (including high glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), urinary protein, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid overload) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), respectively. Finally, therapeutic possibilities aimed at lysosomal restoration in DKD are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Juan Zheng
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sinan Ai
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxian Wang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, and Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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1052
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Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase promotes the inflammatory and autophagy responses in Huntington disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15989-15999. [PMID: 32581130 PMCID: PMC7354937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002144117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic disorder caused by glutamine-expansion in the huntingtin (mHTT) protein, which affects motor, psychiatric, and cognitive function, but the mechanisms remain unclear. mHTT is known to induce DNA damage and affect autophagy, both associated with inflammatory responses, but what mediates all these were unknown. Here we report that cGAS, a DNA damage sensor, is highly upregulated in the striatum of a mouse model and HD human patient’s tissue. We found ribosomes, which make proteins, are robustly accumulated on the cGAS mRNA in HD cells. cGAS depletion decreases—and cGAS expression increases—both inflammatory and autophagy responses in HD striatal cells. Thus, cGAS is a therapeutic target for HD. Blocking cGAS will prevent/slow down HD symptoms. Huntington disease (HD) is caused by an expansion mutation of the N-terminal polyglutamine of huntingtin (mHTT). mHTT is ubiquitously present, but it induces noticeable damage to the brain’s striatum, thereby affecting motor, psychiatric, and cognitive functions. The striatal damage and progression of HD are associated with the inflammatory response; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a DNA sensor, is a critical regulator of inflammatory and autophagy responses in HD. Ribosome profiling revealed that the cGAS mRNA has high ribosome occupancy at exon 1 and codon-specific pauses at positions 171 (CCG) and 172 (CGT) in HD striatal cells. Moreover, the protein levels and activity of cGAS (based on the phosphorylated STING and phosphorylated TBK1 levels), and the expression and ribosome occupancy of cGAS-dependent inflammatory genes (Ccl5 and Cxcl10) are increased in HD striatum. Depletion of cGAS diminishes cGAS activity and decreases the expression of inflammatory genes while suppressing the up-regulation of autophagy in HD cells. In contrast, reinstating cGAS in cGAS-depleted HD cells activates cGAS activity and promotes inflammatory and autophagy responses. Ribosome profiling also revealed that LC3A and LC3B, the two major autophagy initiators, show altered ribosome occupancy in HD cells. We also detected the presence of numerous micronuclei, which are known to induce cGAS, in the cytoplasm of neurons derived from human HD embryonic stem cells. Collectively, our results indicate that cGAS is up-regulated in HD and mediates inflammatory and autophagy responses. Thus, targeting the cGAS pathway may offer therapeutic benefits in HD.
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1053
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Hu X, Xia M, Wang J, Yu H, Chai J, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Su J, Sun L. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PKI-402 suppresses the growth of ovarian cancer cells by degradation of Mcl-1 through autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110397. [PMID: 32585451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) /AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is frequently mutated in cancers, leading to increased cell proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance. Currently, a number of small molecule inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway have been assessed in preclinical and clinical studies. It has been found that dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancers, but the mechanism is still being explored. Therefore, determining the role of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors PKI-402 in cancer cells may facilitate overcoming chemoresistance. By referring to a gene database and screening gene sequences, we found that human ovarian cancer epithelial cell lines SKOV3 and A2780 had mutations of the PIK3CA gene, which might be relatively sensitive to dual-targeted PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. In this study, our data indicated that dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PKI-402 disrupted the balance of Bcl-2 family proteins by degrading the Mcl-1 protein through autophagy. Moreover, the autophagy receptor protein p62 bound to Mcl-1 through its ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA domain) to participate in the degradation of Mcl-1 through autophagy. This offers hope for the treatment of ovarian cancer patients with mutations of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Meihui Xia
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Huimei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiannan Chai
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yupei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Su
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Liankun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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1054
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Al-Bari AA. Facts and Myths: Efficacies of Repurposing Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of COVID-19. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1703-1721. [PMID: 32552642 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200617133142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The 2019-nCoV first broke out in Wuhan and subsequently spread worldwide owing to its extreme transmission efficiency. The fact that the COVID-19 cases and mortalities are reported globally and the WHO has declared this outbreak as the pandemic, the international health authorities have focused on rapid diagnosis and isolation of patients as well as search for therapies able to counter the disease severity. Due to the lack of known specific, effective and proven therapies as well as the situation of public-health emergency, drug repurposing appears to be the best armour to find a therapeutic solution against 2019-nCoV infection. Repurposing anti-malarial drugs and chloroquine (CQ)/ hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown efficacy to inhibit most coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1 coronavirus. These CQ analogues have shown potential efficacy to inhibit 2019-nCoV in vitro that leads to focus several future clinical trials. This review discusses the possible effective roles and mechanisms of CQ analogues for interfering with the 2019-nCoV replication cycle and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Alim Al-Bari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
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1055
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Mubagwa K. Cardiac effects and toxicity of chloroquine: a short update. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106057. [PMID: 32565195 PMCID: PMC7303034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is currently increased interest in the use of the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of other diseases, including cancer and viral infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the risk of cardiotoxic effects tends to limit their use. In this review, the effects of these drugs on the electrical and mechanical activities of the heart as well as on remodelling of cardiac tissue are presented and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are discussed. The drugs can have proarrhythmic as well as antiarrhythmic actions resulting from their inhibition of ion channels, including voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels, background and voltage-dependent K+ channels, and pacemaker channels. The drugs also exert a vagolytic effect due at least in part to a muscarinic receptor antagonist action. They also interfere with normal autophagy flux, an effect that could aggravate ischaemia/reperfusion injury or post-infarct remodelling. Most of the toxic effects occur at high concentrations, following prolonged drug administration or in the context of drug associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanigula Mubagwa
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, DR Congo.
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1056
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Lin T, Zhang Q, Yuan A, Wang B, Zhang F, Ding Y, Cao W, Chen W, Guo H. Synergy of Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling and Autophagy Inhibition to Sensitize Radiation for Bladder Cancer Treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7683-7696. [PMID: 32685013 PMCID: PMC7359086 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia, acidosis, and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) were the main characteristics of the bladder tumor microenvironment (TME), and abnormal TME led to autophagy activation, which facilitated cancer cell proliferation. The therapeutic efficacy of autophagy inhibitors might also be impeded by abnormal TME. To address these issues, we proposed a new strategy that utilized manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles to optimize the abnormal TME and revitalize autophagy inhibitors, and both oxygenation and autophagy inhibition may sensitize the tumor cells to radiation therapy. Methods: By taking advantage of the strong affinity between negatively charged MnO2 and positively charged chloroquine (CQ), the nanoparticles were fabricated by integrating MnO2 and CQ in human serum albumin (HSA)-based nanoplatform (HSA-MnO2-CQ NPs). Results: HSA-MnO2-CQ NPs NPs efficiently generated O2 and increased pH in vitro after reaction with H+/H2O2 and then released the encapsulated CQ in a H+/H2O2 concentration-dependent manner. The NPs restored the autophagy-inhibiting activity of chloroquine in acidic conditions by increasing its intracellular uptake, and markedly blocked hypoxia-induced autophagic flux. In vivo studies showed the NPs improved pharmacokinetic behavior of chloroquine and effectively accumulated in tumor tissues. The NPs exhibited significantly decreased tumor hypoxia areas and increased tumor pH, and had remarkable autophagy inhibition efficacy on bladder tumors. Finally, a significant anti-tumor effect achieved by the enhanced autophagy inhibition and radiation sensitization. Conclusions: HSA-MnO2-CQ NPs synergistically regulated the abnormal TME and inhibited autophagic flux, and effectively sensitized radiation therapy to treat bladder cancers.
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1057
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Luo Z, Ang MJY, Chan SY, Yi Z, Goh YY, Yan S, Tao J, Liu K, Li X, Zhang H, Huang W, Liu X. Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:6925296. [PMID: 32607499 PMCID: PMC7315394 DOI: 10.34133/2020/6925296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus, known as 2019-nCoV, a pandemic, as the coronavirus has now infected over 2.6 million people globally and caused more than 185,000 fatalities as of April 23, 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a respiratory illness with symptoms such as dry cough, fever, sudden loss of smell, and, in more severe cases, difficulty breathing. To date, there is no specific vaccine or treatment proven effective against this viral disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is thus critical to curbing its spread and improving health outcomes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is commonly used to detect the presence of COVID-19. Other techniques, such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and microfluidics, have allowed better disease diagnosis. Here, as part of the effort to expand screening capacity, we review advances and challenges in the rapid detection of COVID-19 by targeting nucleic acids, antigens, or antibodies. We also summarize potential treatments and vaccines against COVID-19 and discuss ongoing clinical trials of interventions to reduce viral progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Melgious Jin Yan Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhigao Yi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yi Yiing Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Shuangqian Yan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jun Tao
- Sports Medical Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350807, China
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1058
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Bryan MR, O'Brien MT, Nordham KD, Rose DIR, Foshage AM, Joshi P, Nitin R, Uhouse MA, Di Pardo A, Zhang Z, Maglione V, Aschner M, Bowman AB. Acute manganese treatment restores defective autophagic cargo loading in Huntington's disease cell lines. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3825-3841. [PMID: 31600787 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular etiology linking the pathogenic mutations in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene with Huntington's disease (HD) is unknown. Prior work suggests a role for Htt in neuronal autophagic function and mutant HTT protein disrupts autophagic cargo loading. Reductions in the bioavailability of the essential metal manganese (Mn) are seen in models of HD. Excess cellular Mn impacts autophagic function, but the target and molecular basis of these changes are unknown. Thus, we sought to determine if changes in cellular Mn status impact autophagic processes in a wild-type or mutant Htt-dependent manner. We report that the HD genotype is associated with reduced Mn-induced autophagy and that acute Mn exposure increases autophagosome induction/formation. To determine if a deficit in bioavailable Mn is mechanistically linked to the autophagy-related HD cellular phenotypes, we examined autophagosomes by electron microscopy. We observed that a 24 h 100 uM Mn restoration treatment protocol attenuated an established HD 'cargo-recognition failure' in the STHdh HD model cells by increasing the percentage of filled autophagosomes. Mn restoration had no effect on HTT aggregate number, but a 72 h co-treatment with chloroquine (CQ) in GFP-72Q-expressing HEK293 cells increased the number of visible aggregates in a dose-dependent manner. As CQ prevents autophagic degradation this indicates that Mn restoration in HD cell models facilitates incorporation of aggregates into autophagosomes. Together, these findings suggest that defective Mn homeostasis in HD models is upstream of the impaired autophagic flux and provide proof-of-principle support for increasing bioavailable Mn in HD to restore autophagic function and promote aggregate clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles R Bryan
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Michael T O'Brien
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Kristen D Nordham
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Daniel I R Rose
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | | | - Piyush Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Rachana Nitin
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Michael A Uhouse
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | | | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.,Purdue University, School of Health Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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1059
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Jang E, Kim IY, Kim H, Lee DM, Seo DY, Lee JA, Choi KS, Kim E. Quercetin and chloroquine synergistically kill glioma cells by inducing organelle stress and disrupting Ca 2+ homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114098. [PMID: 32540484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most uncompromising cancers, with a median survival of 15 months among those receiving maximal therapy. Therefore, new effective approaches are urgently required for the treatment of GBM. In this study, we show that combined treatments with the flavonoid quercetin and chloroquine (CQ), which is a lysosomotropic agent with antimalarial activity, synergistically induce caspase-independent cell death in malignant glioma cells. The combination of quercetin and CQ triggered excessive expansion of autolysosomes and lysosomes due to overloading with undigested cellular components and protein aggregates, leading to cell death, whereas quercetin alone increased autophagic flux. These results suggest that CQ-mediated lysosomal inhibition prolongs quercetin-mediated autophagic flux, resulting in autophagic catastrophe and severe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Additionally, we found that 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated Ca2+ release from the ER and the following mitochondrial uniporter (MCU)-mediated Ca2+ influx into mitochondria as well as ROS generation are critically involved in the cytotoxicity by this combination. Collectively, the lysosomal defects induced by quercetin plus CQ may trigger the stress to both the ER and mitochondria and consequently their functional defects, contributing to glioma cell death. The combination of quercetin and CQ may be an effective therapeutic option for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ahn Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Sook Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunhee Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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1060
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Interleukin-22 Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Production by Blocking Virus-Mediated Subversion of Cellular Autophagy. iScience 2020; 23:101256. [PMID: 32580124 PMCID: PMC7317237 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause severe bronchiolitis in infants requiring hospitalization, whereas the elderly and immunocompromised are prone to RSV-induced pneumonia. RSV primarily infects lung epithelial cells. Given that no vaccine against RSV is currently available, we tested the ability of the epithelial-barrier protective cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) to control RSV production. When used in a therapeutic modality, IL-22 efficiently blunted RSV production from infected human airway and alveolar epithelial cells and IL-22 administration drastically reduced virus titer in the lungs of infected newborn mice. RSV infection resulted in increased expression of LC3B, a key component of the cellular autophagic machinery, and knockdown of LC3B ablated virus production. RSV subverted LC3B with evidence of co-localization and caused a significant reduction in autophagic flux, both reversed by IL-22 treatment. Our findings inform a previously unrecognized anti-viral effect of IL-22 that can be harnessed to prevent RSV-induced severe respiratory disease. RSV infection of lung epithelial cells subverts the cellular autophagic machinery RSV infection inhibits autophagic flux in infected cells IL-22 inhibits RSV production from human lung epithelial cells and in neonatal mice IL-22 blocks RSV-LC3B co-localization and restores cellular autophagic flux
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1061
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De L, Yuan T, Yong Z. ST1926 inhibits glioma progression through regulating mitochondrial complex II. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110291. [PMID: 32526455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor activity of atypical adamantyl retinoid ST1926 has been frequently reported in cancer studies; nevertheless, its effect on glioma has not been fully understood. Mitochondria are critical in regulating tumorigenesis and are defined as a promising target for anti-tumor therapy. In the present study, we found that ST1926 might be a mitochondria-targeting anti-glioma drug. ST1926 showed significantly inhibitory role in the viability of glioma cells mainly through inducing apoptosis and autophagy. The results showed that ST1926 alleviated mitochondria-regulated bioenergetics in glioma cells via reducing ATP production and promoting reactive oxygen species production. Importantly, ST1926 significantly impaired complex II (CII) function, which was associated with the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. In addition, the effects of ST1926 on the induction of apoptosis and ROS were further promoted by the treatment of CII inhibitors, including TTFA and 3-NPA. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments confirmed the role of ST1926 in suppressing xenograft tumor growth with few toxicity. Therefore, ST1926 might be an effective anti-glioma drug through targeting CII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu De
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Tang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Zheng Yong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518101, China.
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1062
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Kim HN, Seo BR, Kim H, Koh JY. Cilostazol restores autophagy flux in bafilomycin A1-treated, cultured cortical astrocytes through lysosomal reacidification: roles of PKA, zinc and metallothionein 3. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9175. [PMID: 32514052 PMCID: PMC7280249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, reduces the amyloid-beta (Aβ) burden in mouse models of Alzheimer disease by as yet unidentified mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the possibility that cilostazol ameliorates lysosomal dysfunction. Astrocytes treated with bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) exhibited markedly reduced DND-189 and acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, indicating reduced lysosomal acidity. In both cases, BafA1-induced alkalization was reversed by addition of cilostazol, dibutyryl cAMP or forskolin. All three agents significantly increased free zinc levels in lysosomes, and addition of the zinc chelator TPEN abrogated lysosomal reacidification. These treatments did not raise free zinc levels or reverse BafA1-mediated lysosomal alkalization in metallothionein 3 (Mt3)-null astrocytes, indicating that the increases in zinc in astrocytes were derived mainly from Mt3. Lastly, in FITC-Aβ-treated astrocytes, cilostazol reversed lysosomal alkalization, increased cathepsin D activity, and reduced Aβ accumulation in astrocytes. Cilostazol also reduced mHtt aggregate formation in GFP-mHttQ74–expressing astrocytes. Collectively, our results present the novel finding that cAMP/PKA can overcome the v-ATPase blocking effect of BafA1 in a zinc- and Mt3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Na Kim
- Neural Injury Lab, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Seo
- Neural Injury Lab, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Neural Injury Lab, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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1063
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Obergasteiger J, Frapporti G, Lamonaca G, Pizzi S, Picard A, Lavdas AA, Pischedda F, Piccoli G, Hilfiker S, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Hicks AA, Corti C, Pramstaller PP, Volta M. Kinase inhibition of G2019S-LRRK2 enhances autolysosome formation and function to reduce endogenous alpha-synuclein intracellular inclusions. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:45. [PMID: 32550012 PMCID: PMC7280235 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated kinase Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a crucial modulator of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, but unclarity exists on the precise mechanics of its role and the direction of this modulation. In particular, LRRK2 is involved in the degradation of pathological alpha-synuclein, with pathogenic mutations precipitating neuropathology in cellular and animal models of PD, and a significant proportion of LRRK2 patients presenting Lewy neuropathology. Defects in autophagic processing and lysosomal degradation of alpha-synuclein have been postulated to underlie its accumulation and onset of neuropathology. Thus, it is critical to obtain a comprehensive knowledge on LRRK2-associated pathology. Here, we investigated a G2019S-LRRK2 recombinant cell line exhibiting accumulation of endogenous, phosphorylated alpha-synuclein. We found that G2019S-LRRK2 leads to accumulation of LC3 and abnormalities in lysosome morphology and proteolytic activity in a kinase-dependent fashion, but independent from constitutively active Rab10. Notably, LRRK2 inhibition was ineffective upon upstream blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion events, highlighting this step as critical for alpha-synuclein clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Obergasteiger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Frapporti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN Italy
| | - Giulia Lamonaca
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sara Pizzi
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anne Picard
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandros A. Lavdas
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischedda
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN Italy
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Medical Science Building, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1023, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1023, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Corrado Corti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Via Böhler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mattia Volta
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck - Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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1064
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Singh R, Vijayan V. Chloroquine: A Potential Drug in the COVID-19 Scenario. TRANSACTIONS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 5:399-410. [PMID: 38624400 PMCID: PMC7275976 DOI: 10.1007/s41403-020-00114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Today, the whole world is fighting a public health emergency called 'COVID-19' caused by a new infectious virus called SARS-CoV2. Any person can catch COVID-19 from an infected person via aerosol droplets when the person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. To limit such a transmission, World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended people to wear masks and physically distance themselves by staying at least 1 m (3 feet) away from others. As aerosol droplets (by cough or sneeze) land on objects and surfaces around the person such as tables, doorknobs and handrails, and remain active on these surfaces for hours to days, people are advised to use soaps for at least 20 s. and alcohol-based sanitizers as well. As the public made efforts, clinicians and researchers investigated and found that drugs which were initially used to treat other diseases may work as a treatment option for COVID-19. One of those drugs was Chloroquine and its related derivative called hydroxychloroquine. In this review article, we have systematically searched for details of COVID-19 pandemic till May 2020 and assembled few data pertaining to (i) Corona viruses; (ii) SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19' and (iii) How chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine mediates anti-viral effect in both prophylactic and therapeutic setting. These data have been acquired mostly from PubMed and websites of WHO and Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). We did a systematic search and found that the properties of chloroquine are very much essential for the COVID-19 scenario. We also bring to you some evidence that the anti-lysosomal activity of chloroquine may be increased by botanicals like betulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 046 India
| | - Viji Vijayan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 581 India
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1065
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Thome R, Boehm A, Ishikawa LLW, Casella G, Munhoz J, Ciric B, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Comprehensive Analysis of the Immune and Stromal Compartments of the CNS in EAE Mice Reveal Pathways by Which Chloroquine Suppresses Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060348. [PMID: 32516999 PMCID: PMC7349328 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), where leukocytes and CNS resident cells play important roles in disease development and pathogenesis. The antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) has been shown to suppress EAE by modulating dendritic cells (DCs) and Th17 cells. However, the mechanism of action by which CQ modulates EAE is far from being elucidated. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the CNS of CQ and PBS-treated EAE mice to identify and characterize the cells that are affected by CQ. Our results show that leukocytes are largely modulated by CQ and have a reduction in the expression of inflammatory markers. Intriguingly, CQ vastly modulated the CNS resident cells astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (OLs) and microglia (MG), with the latter producing IL-10 and IL-12p70. Overall, our results show a panoramic view of the cellular components that are affect by CQ and provide further evidence that drug repurposing of CQ will be beneficial to MS patients.
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1066
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Frangež Ž, Fernández-Marrero Y, Stojkov D, Seyed Jafari SM, Hunger RE, Djonov V, Riether C, Simon HU. BIF-1 inhibits both mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production: its downregulation promotes melanoma growth. Oncogene 2020; 39:4944-4955. [PMID: 32493957 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endophilin B1, also known as BAX-interacting protein 1 (BIF-1), is part of the endophilin B protein family, and is a multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and mitochondrial morphology. The role of BIF-1 in cancer is controversial since previous reports indicated to both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive roles, perhaps depending on the cancer cell type. In the present study, we report that BIF-1 is significantly downregulated in both primary and metastatic melanomas, and that patients with high levels of BIF-1 expression exhibited a better overall survival. Depleting BIF-1 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in melanoma cells resulted in higher proliferation rates both in vitro and in vivo, a finding that was associated with increased ATP production, metabolic acidification, and mitochondrial respiration. We also observed mitochondrial hyperpolarization, but no increase in the mitochondrial content of BIF-1-knockout melanoma cells. In contrast, such knockout melanoma cells were equally sensitive to anticancer drug- or UV irradiation-induced cell death, and exhibited similar autophagic activities as compared with control cells. Taken together, it appears that downregulation of BIF-1 contributes to tumorigenesis in cutaneous melanoma by upregulating mitochondrial respiration and metabolism, independent of its effect on apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Frangež
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Morteza Seyed Jafari
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Carsten Riether
- Tumor Immunology, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
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1067
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Meng Q, Zhang Y, Hu LG. Targeting Autophagy Facilitates T Lymphocyte Migration by Inducing the Expression of CXCL10 in Gastric Cancer Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2020; 10:886. [PMID: 32582551 PMCID: PMC7280490 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a type of cellular catabolic degradation process that occurs in response to nutrient starvation or metabolic stress, and is a valuable resource for highly proliferating cancer cells. Autophagy also facilitates the resistance of cancer cells to antitumor therapies. However, the involvement of autophagy in regulating CXCL10 expression in gastric cancer (GC) cells and T lymphocyte migration remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of autophagy inhibition on CXCL10 expression and T lymphocyte infiltration in GC and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Analysis of public databases revealed a positive correlation between CXCL10 expression and both prognosis of patients with GC and the expression profile of T lymphocyte markers in the GCs. Chemotaxis and spheroid infiltration assays revealed that CXCL10 induced T lymphocyte migration and infiltration into GC spheroids, an in vitro three-dimensional cell culture model. In addition, in vitro autophagy inhibition in GC cells increased CXCL10 expression under both normal and hypoxic culture conditions. Further investigation on the underlying mechanism showed that in vitro autophagy inhibition suppressed the JNK signaling pathway and further enhanced CXCL10 expression in GC cells. Collectively, our results provide novel insights for understanding the role of autophagy in regulation of intra-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Meng
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Science, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihong Zhang
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Science, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbiao George Hu
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Science, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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1068
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Ochaba J, Powers AF, Tremble KA, Greenlee S, Post NM, Matson JE, MacLeod AR, Guo S, Aghajan M. A novel and translational role for autophagy in antisense oligonucleotide trafficking and activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11284-11303. [PMID: 31612951 PMCID: PMC6868497 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanism by which cells sense their environment and internalize various nutrients, growth factors and signaling molecules. This process initiates at the plasma membrane, converges with autophagy, and terminates at the lysosome. It is well-established that cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) proceeds through the endocytic pathway; however, only a small fraction escapes endosomal trafficking while the majority are rendered inactive in the lysosome. Since these pathways converge and share common molecular machinery, it is unclear if autophagy-related trafficking participates in ASO uptake or whether modulation of autophagy affects ASO activity and localization. To address these questions, we investigated the effects of autophagy modulation on ASO activity in cells and mice. We found that enhancing autophagy through small-molecule mTOR inhibition, serum-starvation/fasting, and ketogenic diet, increased ASO-mediated target reduction in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, autophagy activation enhanced the localization of ASOs into autophagosomes without altering intracellular concentrations or trafficking to other compartments. These results support a novel role for autophagy and the autophagosome as a previously unidentified compartment that participates in and contributes to enhanced ASO activity. Further, we demonstrate non-chemical methods to enhance autophagy and subsequent ASO activity using translatable approaches such as fasting or ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ochaba
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | | | | | - Noah M Post
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - John E Matson
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - Shuling Guo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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1069
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Abena PM, Decloedt EH, Bottieau E, Suleman F, Adejumo P, Sam-Agudu NA, Muyembe TamFum JJ, Seydi M, Eholie SP, Mills EJ, Kallay O, Zumla A, Nachega JB. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19 in Africa: Caution for Inappropriate Off-label Use in Healthcare Settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1184-1188. [PMID: 32323646 PMCID: PMC7253100 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 pandemic has spread to Africa, where nearly all countries have reported laboratory-confirmed cases of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Although there are ongoing clinical trials of repurposed and investigational antiviral and immune-based therapies, there are as yet no scientifically proven, clinically effective pharmacological treatments for COVID-19. Among the repurposed drugs, the commonly used antimalarials chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have become the focus of global scientific, media, and political attention despite a lack of randomized clinical trials supporting their efficacy. Chloroquine has been used worldwide for about 75 years and is listed by the WHO as an essential medicine to treat malaria. Hydroxychloroquine is mainly used as a therapy for autoimmune diseases. However, the efficacy and safety of CQ/HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19 remains to be defined. Indiscriminate promotion and widespread use of CQ/HCQ have led to extensive shortages, self-treatment, and fatal overdoses. Shortages and increased market prices leave all countries vulnerable to substandard and falsified medical products, and safety issues are especially concerning for Africa because of its healthcare system limitations. Much needed in Africa is a cross-continental collaborative network for coordinated production, distribution, and post-marketing surveillance aligned to low-cost distribution of any approved COVID-19 drug; this would ideally be piggybacked on existing global aid efforts. Meanwhile, African countries should strongly consider implementing prescription monitoring schemes to ensure that any off-label CQ/HCQ use is appropriate and beneficial during this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale M. Abena
- Infectious Diseases Outpatient Clinic, Cameroon and Infectious Diseases Society of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Eric H. Decloedt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fatima Suleman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prisca Adejumo
- Department of Nursing, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nadia A. Sam-Agudu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe TamFum
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Fann, Université Cheik Anta-Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Serge P. Eholie
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Treichville University Teaching Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Dermatologie et Infectiologie, Unité de Formation et de Recherche, Université Félix Houphouet Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Edward J. Mills
- University of Kigali School of Public Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Oscar Kallay
- Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean B. Nachega
- Center for Infectious Diseases, at Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of International Health and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and Center for Global Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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1070
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Lu CC, Chen MY, Chang YL. Potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19: What we know so far. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:534-536. [PMID: 32243270 PMCID: PMC7176266 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 continues to spread all over the world. Agents or vaccines of proven efficacy to treat or prevent human coronavirus infection are in urgent need and are being investigated vigorously worldwide. This review summarizes the current evidence of potential therapeutic agents, such as lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon, ribavirin, tocilizumab, and sarilumab. More clinical trials are being conducted for further confirmation of the efficacy and safety of these agents in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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1071
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Gerner MC, Ziegler LS, Schmidt RLJ, Krenn M, Zimprich F, Uyanik‐Ünal K, Konstantopoulou V, Derdak S, Del Favero G, Schwarzinger I, Boztug K, Schmetterer KG. The TGF-b/SOX4 axis and ROS-driven autophagy co-mediate CD39 expression in regulatory T-cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:8367-8384. [PMID: 32319705 PMCID: PMC7317981 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ectonucleotidase CD39 on human regulatory T-cells (Treg) is an important immune regulator which is dysregulated in autoimmune diseases and cancer immunosuppression. We here define that CD39 expression on Treg is independent of the Treg-specific transcription factors FOXP3 and HELIOS and promoted by canonical TGF-b- and mTOR-signaling. Furthermore, the TGF-b mediated upregulation of CD39 is counteracted by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven autophagy. In line, CD39+ peripheral blood Treg constitute a distinct lineage with low autophagic flux and absent ROS production. Patients with rare genetic defects in autophagy show supraphysiological levels of CD39+ Treg, validating our observations in vivo. These biological processes rely on a distinct transcriptional program with CD39+ Treg expressing low levels of two genes with putative involvement in autophagy, NEFL and PLAC8. Furthermore, the TGF-b downstream transcription factor SOX4 is selectively upregulated in CD39+ Treg. Overexpression of SOX4 in Treg strongly increases CD39 expression, while Crispr/Cas9-mediated knockout of SOX4 in Treg has the opposing effect. Thus, we identify a crucial role of SOX4 in immune regulation and provide new insights involving the interplay of tolerogenic cues and autophagy in Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene C. Gerner
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Liesa S. Ziegler
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ralf L. J. Schmidt
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Martin Krenn
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facility GenomicsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and ToxicologyFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ilse Schwarzinger
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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1072
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TM7SF1, an important autophagy regulatory protein in mouse podocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:213-219. [PMID: 32482387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The autophagy, which can be regulated by lysosomal membrane proteins, plays a critical role in maintaining normal podocyte function. TM7SF1 is a novel lysosomal membrane protein, but its effect on autophagy is still unknown. This study aimed to identify the role of TM7SF1 in mouse podocyte (MPC5) autophagy. Interestingly, we detected an increase in LC3BII and SQSTM1/P62 in MPC5 through inhibiting TM7SF1, and which can be completely corrected after blocking the autolysosome degradation with chloroquine (CQ). Moreover, inhibition of TM7SF1 expression did not increase the mRNA level of SQSTM1/P62. Theses results suggested that inhibition of TM7SF1 led to impaired degradation of autophagy products, which manifest as an abnormal accumulation of LC3BII and SQSTM1/P62. Further studies showed that the downregulation of TM7SF1 resulted in a significant decrease in the number of acid lysosomes, which directly led to decreases in the number and function of autolysosomes. In conclusion, TM7SF1 is therefore essential for autolysosomes degradation pathway at the end of autophagy flow, and for the maintenance of podocyte function.
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1073
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Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Xu M, Pradhan M, Tran BN, Zhu W, Shamim K, Huang W, Hu X, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Itkin Z, Shinn P, Simeonov A, Michael S, Hall MD, Lo DC, Zheng W. The SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect is blocked with autophagy modulators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.16.091520. [PMID: 32511355 PMCID: PMC7259466 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.16.091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-02 is a new type of coronavirus capable of rapid transmission and causing severe clinical symptoms; much of which has unknown biological etiology. It has prompted researchers to rapidly mobilize their efforts towards identifying and developing anti-viral therapeutics and vaccines. Discovering and understanding the virus' pathways of infection, host-protein interactions, and cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the design of new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. While it is known that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple cellular effects including inhibiting autophagy, there are also dose-limiting toxicities in patients that make clearly establishing their potential mechanisms-of-action problematic. Therefore, we evaluated a range of other autophagy modulators to identify an alternative autophagy-based drug repurposing opportunity. In this work, we found that 6 of these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells with EC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices ranging from 1.5 to >10-fold. Immunofluorescence staining for LC3B and LysoTracker dye staining assays in several cell lines indicated their potency and efficacy for inhibiting autophagy correlated with the measurements in the SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect assay. Our data suggest that autophagy pathways could be targeted to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections and become an important component of drug combination therapies to improve the treatment outcomes for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Khalida Shamim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Sam Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
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1074
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Huang HW, Bow YD, Wang CY, Chen YC, Fu PR, Chang KF, Wang TW, Tseng CH, Chen YL, Chiu CC. DFIQ, a Novel Quinoline Derivative, Shows Anticancer Potential by Inducing Apoptosis and Autophagy in NSCLC Cell and In Vivo Zebrafish Xenograft Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051348. [PMID: 32466291 PMCID: PMC7281296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide due to chemoresistance in patients with late-stage disease. Quinoline derivatives show biological activity against HIV, malaria, bacteriuria, and cancer. DFIQ is a novel synthetic quinoline derivative that induces cell death in both in vitro and in vivo zebrafish xenograft models. DFIQ induced cell death, including apoptosis, and the IC50 values were 4.16 and 2.31 μM at 24 and 48 h, respectively. DFIQ was also found to induce apoptotic protein cleavage and DNA damage, reduce cell cycle-associated protein expression, and disrupt reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction, thus resulting in the accumulation of superoxide radicals. Autophagy is also a necessary process associated with chemotherapy-induced cell death. Lysosome accumulation and lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP2) depletion were observed after DFIQ treatment, and cell death induction was restored upon treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Nevertheless, ROS production was found to be involved in DFIQ-induced autophagy activation and LAMP2 depletion. Our data provide the first evidence for developing DFIQ for clinical usage and show the regulatory mechanism by which DFIQ affects ROS, autophagy, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurng-Wern Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Ding Bow
- Ph.D Program in Life Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (P.-R.F.); (K.-F.C.); (T.-W.W.)
| | - Pei-Rong Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (P.-R.F.); (K.-F.C.); (T.-W.W.)
| | - Kuo-Feng Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (P.-R.F.); (K.-F.C.); (T.-W.W.)
| | - Tso-Wen Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (P.-R.F.); (K.-F.C.); (T.-W.W.)
| | - Chih-Hua Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yeh-Long Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.C.); (C.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2684) (Y.-L.C.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2368) (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-7-312-5339 (Y.-L.C. & C.-C.C.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (P.-R.F.); (K.-F.C.); (T.-W.W.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- The Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.C.); (C.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2684) (Y.-L.C.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2368) (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-7-312-5339 (Y.-L.C. & C.-C.C.)
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1075
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Bonam SR, Bayry J, Tschan MP, Muller S. Progress and Challenges in The Use of MAP1LC3 as a Legitimate Marker for Measuring Dynamic Autophagy In Vivo. Cells 2020; 9:E1321. [PMID: 32466347 PMCID: PMC7291013 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been made these last decades to increase our knowledge of intracellular degradative systems, especially in the field of autophagy. The role of autophagy in the maintenance of cell homeostasis is well documented and the existence of defects in the autophagic machinery has been largely described in diseases and aging. Determining the alterations occurring in the many forms of autophagy that coexist in cells and tissues remains complicated, as this cellular process is highly dynamic in nature and can vary from organ to organ in the same individual. Although autophagy is extensively studied, its functioning in different tissues and its links with other biological processes is still poorly understood. Several assays have been developed to monitor autophagy activity in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, based on different markers, the use of various inhibitors and activators, and distinct techniques. This review emphasizes the methods applied to measure (macro-)autophagy in tissue samples and in vivo via a protein, which centrally intervenes in the autophagy pathway, the microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (MAP1LC3), which is the most widely used marker and the first identified to associate with autophagosomal structures. These approaches are presented and discussed in terms of pros and cons. Some recommendations are provided to improve the reliability of the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67412 Strasbourg University/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Mario P. Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67412 Strasbourg University/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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1076
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Chennakrishnaiah S, Tsering T, Gregory C, Tawil N, Spinelli C, Montermini L, Karatzas N, Aprikian S, Choi D, Klewes L, Mai S, Rak J. Extracellular vesicles from genetically unstable, oncogene-driven cancer cells trigger micronuclei formation in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8532. [PMID: 32444772 PMCID: PMC7244541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation impacts cancer cell interactions with their stroma, including through formation of abnormal blood vessels. This influence is often attributed to angiogenic growth factors, either soluble, or associated with tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we examine some of the cancer-specific components of EV-mediated tumor-vascular interactions, including the impact of genetic driver mutations and genetic instability. Cancer cells expressing mutant HRAS oncogene exhibit aberrations of chromatin architecture, aneuploidy, cytoplasmic chromatin deposition and formation of micronuclei with a non-random chromosome content. EVs released from such HRAS-driven cells carry genomic DNA, including oncogenic sequences, and transfer this material to endothelial cells while inducing abnormal formation of micronuclei, along with cell migration and proliferation. Micronuclei were also triggered following treatment with EVs derived from glioma cells (and stem cells) expressing EGFRvIII oncogene, and in both endothelial cells and astrocytes. EVs from HRAS and EGFRvIII-driven cancer cells carry 19 common proteins while EVs from indolent control cells exhibit more divergent proteomes. Immortalized endothelial cell lines with disrupted TP53 pathway were refractory to EV-mediated micronuclei induction. We suggest that oncogenic transformation and intercellular trafficking of cancer-derived EVs may contribute to pathological vascular responses in cancer due to intercellular transmission of genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Thupten Tsering
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Caroline Gregory
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nadim Tawil
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nicolaos Karatzas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Saro Aprikian
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Dongsic Choi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ludger Klewes
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabine Mai
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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1077
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Abstract
The emergence of a new coronaviral respiratory disease calls for repurposing existing drugs
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kiplin Guy
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | | | - Frank Romanelli
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca E Dutch
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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1078
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Harris M, El Hindy M, Usmari-Moraes M, Hudd F, Shafei M, Dong M, Hezwani M, Clark P, House M, Forshaw T, Kehoe P, Conway ME. BCAT-induced autophagy regulates Aβ load through an interdependence of redox state and PKC phosphorylation-implications in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:755-766. [PMID: 31982508 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leucine, nutrient signal and substrate for the branched chain aminotransferase (BCAT) activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) and regulates autophagic flux, mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). BCAT is upregulated in AD, where a moonlighting role, imparted through its redox-active CXXC motif, has been suggested. Here we demonstrate that the redox state of BCAT signals differential phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) regulating the trafficking of cellular pools of BCAT. We show inter-dependence of BCAT expression and proteins associated with the P13K/Akt/mTORC1 and autophagy signalling pathways. In response to insulin or an increase in ROS, BCATc is trafficked to the membrane and docks via palmitoylation, which is associated with BCATc-induced autophagy through PKC phosphorylation. In response to increased levels of BCATc, as observed in AD, amyloid β (Aβ) levels accumulate due to a shift in autophagic flux. This effect was diminished when incubated with leucine, indicating that dietary levels of amino acids show promise in regulating Aβ load. Together these findings show that increased BCATc expression, reported in human AD brain, will affect autophagy and Aβ load through the interdependence of its redox-regulated phosphorylation offering a novel target to address AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harris
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M El Hindy
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Usmari-Moraes
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - F Hudd
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Shafei
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Dong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Market Street, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - M Hezwani
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - P Clark
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M House
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - T Forshaw
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - P Kehoe
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M E Conway
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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1079
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Fu R, Zhang L, Li Y, Li B, Ming Y, Li Z, Xing H, Chen J. Saikosaponin D inhibits autophagosome‑lysosome fusion and induces autophagy‑independent apoptosis in MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1026-1034. [PMID: 32468000 PMCID: PMC7339770 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effect of Saikosaponin D (SSD) and its underlying mechanism on apoptosis and autophagy in human breast cancer MDA‑MB‑231 cells. MTT assay, flow cytometry, western blotting and confocal fluorescence microscopy detection were employed. SSD, a kind of triterpenoid saponins extracted from Radix bupleuri, has been demonstrated to have the effects of anti‑inflammatory, antioxidative and anticancer effects and can regulate autophagy. The present study revealed that SSD induced apoptosis through the activation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in human breast cancer MDA‑MB‑231 cells. The administration of SSD promoted the phosphorylation/activation of p38 MAPK in MDA‑MB‑231 cells, whereas pretreatment with SB203580, an effective p38 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated SSD‑mediated apoptosis, the cleavage of PARP and the activation of caspase‑3. In addition, SSD blocked autophagic degradation by inhibiting autolysosome formation, resulting in the accumulation of autophagosomes. Mechanistically, the results of the present study revealed that SSD inhibited the formation of autophagosomes by inhibiting autophagosome‑lysosome fusion, rather than by damaging lysosome function. Furthermore, blocking autophagy degradation was not associated with SSD‑mediated apoptosis. The genetic knockdown of autophagy‑related protein 5 markedly reduced SSD‑mediated LC3B‑II accumulation; however, it did not affect the SSD‑mediated phosphorylation/activation of p38, cleavage of PARP, activation of caspase‑3 or apoptosis. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that SSD may induce apoptosis and block autophagic degradation, which provides further evidence of the association between the inhibition of autophagic degradation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqiu Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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1080
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Pahan P, Pahan K. Smooth or Risky Revisit of an Old Malaria Drug for COVID-19? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:174-180. [PMID: 32415419 PMCID: PMC7225253 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09923-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an old medication for malaria. In addition to handling this parasitic disease, HCQ is also used to treat a number of autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus when other medications are not effective. Recently a new viral infection (COVID-19) is rocking the entire world so much that it has already taken more than 200,000 lives throughout the world within the last two months and the World Health Organization was forced to declare it as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Interestingly, some reports indicate that this wonder drug may be also beneficial for COVID-19 and accordingly, many clinical trials have begun. Here, we discuss different modes of action (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, inhibition of endosomal acidification, suppression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 or ACE2 glycosylation, etc.) of HCQ that might be responsible for its possible anti-COVID-19 effect. On the other hand, this review also makes an honest attempt to delineate mechanisms (increase in vasoconstriction, inhibition of autophagy, depletion of T cells, etc.) indicating how it may aggravate certain conditions and why caution should be taken before granting widespread repurposing of HCQ for COVID-19. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St Suite Cohn 310, 60612, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St Suite Cohn 310, 60612, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
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1081
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High Levels of ROS Impair Lysosomal Acidity and Autophagy Flux in Glucose-Deprived Fibroblasts by Activating ATM and Erk Pathways. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050761. [PMID: 32414146 PMCID: PMC7277562 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under glucose deprivation, cells heavily mobilize oxidative phosphorylation to maintain energy homeostasis. This leads to the generation of high levels of ATP, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), from mitochondria. In nutrient starvation, autophagy is activated, likely to facilitate resource recycling, but recent studies suggest that autophagy flux is inhibited in cells undergoing glucose deprivation. In this study, we analyzed the status of autophagic flux in glucose-deprived human fibroblasts. Although lysosomes increased in quantity due in part to an increase of biogenesis, a large population of them suffered low acidity in the glucose-deprived cells. Autophagosomes also accumulated due to poor autolysis in these cells. A treatment of antioxidants not only restored lysosomal acidity but also released the flux blockade. The inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) serine/threonine kinase, which is activated by ROS, also attenuated the impairment of lysosomal acidity and autophagic flux, suggesting an effect of ROS that might be mediated through ATM activation. In addition, the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) increased upon glucose deprivation, but this was also compromised by a treatment of antioxidants. Furthermore, the Erk inhibitor treatment also alleviated the failure in lysosomal acidity and autophagic flux. These together indicate that, upon glucose deprivation, cells undergo a failure of autophagy flux through an impairment of lysosomal acidity and that a high-level ROS-induced activation of Erk and ATM is involved in this impairment.
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1082
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Fantini J, Chahinian H, Yahi N. Synergistic antiviral effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in combination against SARS-CoV-2: What molecular dynamics studies of virus-host interactions reveal. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106020. [PMID: 32405156 PMCID: PMC7219429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global pandemic disease Hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination therapy is currently being tested Molecular mimicry between azithromycin and ganglioside sugar is revealed Azithromycin binds to the virus spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and hydroxychloroquine binds to gangliosides Hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin have synergistic effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection
The emergence of SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global pandemic disease referred to as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Hydroxychloroquine (CLQ-OH)/azithromycin (ATM) combination therapy is currently being tested for the treatment of COVID-19, with promising results. However, the molecular mechanism of action of this combination is not yet established. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this study shows that the drugs act in synergy to prevent any close contact between the virus and the plasma membrane of host cells. Unexpected molecular similarity is shown between ATM and the sugar moiety of GM1, a lipid raft ganglioside acting as a host attachment cofactor for respiratory viruses. Due to this mimicry, ATM interacts with the ganglioside-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This binding site shared by ATM and GM1 displays a conserved amino acid triad Q-134/F-135/N-137 located at the tip of the spike protein. CLQ-OH molecules are shown to saturate virus attachment sites on gangliosides in the vicinity of the primary coronavirus receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2). Taken together, these data show that ATM is directed against the virus, whereas CLQ-OH is directed against cellular attachment cofactors. We conclude that both drugs act as competitive inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host-cell membrane. This is consistent with a synergistic antiviral mechanism at the plasma membrane level, where therapeutic intervention is likely to be most efficient. This molecular mechanism may explain the beneficial effects of CLQ-OH/ATM combination therapy in patients with COVID-19. Incidentally, the data also indicate that the conserved Q-134/F-135/N-137 triad could be considered as a target for vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nouara Yahi
- Aix-Marseille Université, 13015 Marseille, France
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1083
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Gao C, Sun X, Wu Z, Yuan H, Han H, Huang H, Shu Y, Xu M, Gao R, Li S, Zhang J, Tian J. A Novel Benzofuran Derivative Moracin N Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis Through ROS Generation in Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:391. [PMID: 32477104 PMCID: PMC7235196 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The leaves of Morus alba L is a traditional Chinese medicine widely applied in lung diseases. Moracin N (MAN), a secondary metabolite extracted form the leaves of Morus alba L, is a potent anticancer agent. But its molecular mechanism remains unveiled. Objective In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of MAN on human lung cancer and reveal the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods MTT assay was conducted to measure cell viability. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. Confocal microscope was performed to determine the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Flow cytometry was performed to quantify cell death. Western blotting was used to determine the related-signaling pathway. Results In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that MAN inhibitd cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. We found that MAN treatment dysregulated mitochondrial function and led to mitochondrial apoptosis in A549 and PC9 cells. Meanwhile, MAN enhanced autophagy flux by the increase of autophagosome formation, the fusion of autophagsomes and lysosomes and lysosomal function. Moreover, mTOR signaling pathway, a classical pathway regualting autophagy, was inhibited by MAN in a time- and dose-dependent mannner, resulting in autophagy induction. Interestingly, autophagy inhibition by CQ or Atg5 knockdown attenuated cell apoptosis by MAN, indicating that autophagy serves as cell death. Furthermore, autophagy-mediated cell death by MAN can be blocked by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger NAC, indicating that ROS accumulation is the inducing factor of apoptosis and autophagy. In summary, we revealed the molecular mechanism of MAN against lung cancer through apoptosis and autophagy, suggesting that MAN might be a novel therapeutic agent for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Gao
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individual Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Clinical Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individual Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhipan Wu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahua Yuan
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haote Han
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Huang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics and Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Shu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruilan Gao
- Institution of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shouxin Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Clinical Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individual Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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1084
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Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HCD, Shannar A, Peter R, Chou PJ, Li S, Hudlikar R, Liu X, Liu Z, Poiani GJ, Amorosa L, Brunetti L, Kong AN. An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:56-70. [PMID: 32395418 PMCID: PMC7211915 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has presented unprecedented challenges to the healthcare systems in almost every country around the world. Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus. Current clinical management includes infection prevention and control measures and supportive care including supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilatory support. Evolving research and clinical data regarding the virologic SARS-CoV-2 suggest a potential list of repurposed drugs with appropriate pharmacological effects and therapeutic efficacies in treating COVID-19 patients. In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. We hope that this review will provide useful and most updated therapeutic drugs to prevent, control, and treat COVID-19 patients until the approval of vaccines and specific drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Wu
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Lujing Wang
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Hsiao-Chen Dina Kuo
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Ahmad Shannar
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Rebecca Peter
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Pochung Jordan Chou
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Shanyi Li
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Rasika Hudlikar
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Xia Liu
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.,2Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.,3Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 China
| | - George J Poiani
- 4Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, Somerville, NJ 08876 USA.,5Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Louis Amorosa
- 5Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- 4Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, Somerville, NJ 08876 USA.,6Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
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1085
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Edelstein CL, Venkatachalam MA, Dong Z. Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could adversely affect acute kidney injury and other organ injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int 2020; 98:234-235. [PMID: 32437765 PMCID: PMC7207116 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Edelstein
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Manjeri A Venkatachalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medical Research, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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1086
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Rao L, Mak VCY, Zhou Y, Zhang D, Li X, Fung CCY, Sharma R, Gu C, Lu Y, Tipoe GL, Cheung ANY, Mills GB, Cheung LWT. p85β regulates autophagic degradation of AXL to activate oncogenic signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2291. [PMID: 32385243 PMCID: PMC7210311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PIK3R2 encodes the p85β regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and is frequently amplified in cancers. The signaling mechanism and therapeutic implication of p85β are poorly understood. Here we report that p85β upregulates the protein level of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL to induce oncogenic signaling in ovarian cancer. p85β activates p110 activity and AKT-independent PDK1/SGK3 signaling to promote tumorigenic phenotypes, which are all abolished upon inhibition of AXL. At the molecular level, p85β alters the phosphorylation of TRIM2 (an E3 ligase) and optineurin (an autophagy receptor), which mediate the selective regulation of AXL by p85β, thereby disrupting the autophagic degradation of the AXL protein. Therapeutically, p85β expression renders ovarian cancer cells vulnerable to inhibitors of AXL, p110, or PDK1. Conversely, p85β-depleted cells are less sensitive to these inhibitors. Together, our findings provide a rationale for pharmacological blockade of the AXL signaling axis in PIK3R2-amplified ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Rao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Victor C Y Mak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dong Zhang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xinran Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chloe C Y Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George L Tipoe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Annie N Y Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lydia W T Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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1087
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Ballout RA, Sviridov D, Bukrinsky MI, Remaley AT. The lysosome: A potential juncture between SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and Niemann-Pick disease type C, with therapeutic implications. FASEB J 2020; 34:7253-7264. [PMID: 32367579 PMCID: PMC7383733 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000654r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is potentially the fastest available option in the race to identify safe and efficacious drugs that can be used to prevent and/or treat COVID‐19. By describing the life cycle of the newly emergent coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, in light of emerging data on the therapeutic efficacy of various repurposed antimicrobials undergoing testing against the virus, we highlight in this review a possible mechanistic convergence between some of these tested compounds. Specifically, we propose that the lysosomotropic effects of hydroxychloroquine and several other drugs undergoing testing may be responsible for their demonstrated in vitro antiviral activities against COVID‐19. Moreover, we propose that Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC), a lysosomal storage disorder, may provide new insights into potential future therapeutic targets for SARS‐CoV‐2, by highlighting key established features of the disorder that together result in an “unfavorable” host cellular environment that may interfere with viral propagation. Our reasoning evolves from previous biochemical and cell biology findings related to NPC, coupled with the rapidly evolving data on COVID‐19. Our overall aim is to suggest that pharmacological interventions targeting lysosomal function in general, and those particularly capable of reversibly inducing transient NPC‐like cellular and biochemical phenotypes, constitute plausible mechanisms that could be used to therapeutically target COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Ballout
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael I Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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1088
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Maimaitijuma T, Yu JH, Ren YL, Yang X, Liu H, Meng ZC, Wang R, Cui YP, Wu H, Pan LP, Jiao Y, Chen YY, Cao YP. PHF23 negatively regulates the autophagy of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis. Life Sci 2020; 253:117750. [PMID: 32380078 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Osteoarthritis (OA) is the main cause of disability and joint replacement surgery in the elderly. As a crucial cell survival mechanism, autophagy has been reported to decrease in OA. PHF23 is a new autophagy inhibitor which was first reported by us previously. This study aimed to explore the anti-autophagic mechanism of PHF23 to make it a possible therapeutic target of OA. MAIN METHOD Lentiviral vectors specific to PHF23 were used on chondrocytes (C28/I2) to establish PHF23 overexpressed or knockdown stable cell strains. Interleukin (IL)-1β (10 ng/mL) and chloroquine (CQ, 25 uM) were used as an inducer of OA and inhibitor of lysosome, respectively. Autophagy was evaluated by autophagosome formation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blot analysis of P62 and LC3B on different groups of cells. Effects of PHF23 on OA were evaluated by collagen II immunofluorescent staining and western blot analysis of OA-associated proteins MMP13 and ADAMTS5. Effects of PHF23 on AMPK and mTOR/S6K pathways and mitophagy were determined by western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS Knockdown of PHF23 enhanced IL-1β-induced autophagy, while overexpression of PHF23 exerted the opposite effect. Knockdown of PHF23 protected chondrocytes against IL-1β-induced OA by decreasing the levels of OA-associated proteins and increasing expression of Collagen II. Knockdown of PHF23 also increased mitophagy level and altered the phosphorylation levels of AMPK, mTOR, and S6K. SIGNIFICANCE PHF23 downregulates autophagy, mitophagy in IL-1β-induced OA-like chondrocytes and alters the activities of AMPK and mTOR/S6K, which suggests that PHF23 may be a possible therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia-Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Ren
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Meng
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Peng Cui
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Pan
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Ping Cao
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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1089
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Bauer MA, Zimmermann A, Kainz K, Hofer SJ, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Digesting the crisis: autophagy and coronaviruses. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2020; 7:119-128. [PMID: 32391393 PMCID: PMC7199282 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.05.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway with multifaceted roles in cellular homeostasis. This process is also involved in the antiviral response at multiple levels, including the direct elimination of intruding viruses (virophagy), the presentation of viral antigens, the fitness of immune cells, and the inhibition of excessive inflammatory reactions. In line with its central role in immunity, viruses have evolved mechanisms to interfere with or to evade the autophagic process, and in some cases, even to harness autophagy or constituents of the autophagic machinery for their replication. Given the devastating consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the question arises whether manipulating autophagy might be an expedient approach to fight the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In this piece, we provide a short overview of the evidence linking autophagy to coronaviruses and discuss whether such links may provide actionable targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A. Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioHealth Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian J. Hofer
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioHealth Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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1090
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Atri D, Siddiqi HK, Lang JP, Nauffal V, Morrow DA, Bohula EA. COVID-19 for the Cardiologist: Basic Virology, Epidemiology, Cardiac Manifestations, and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:518-536. [PMID: 32292848 PMCID: PMC7151394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has reached pandemic status. As it spreads across the world, it has overwhelmed health care systems, strangled the global economy, and led to a devastating loss of life. Widespread efforts from regulators, clinicians, and scientists are driving a rapid expansion of knowledge of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19. The authors review the most current data, with a focus on the basic understanding of the mechanism(s) of disease and translation to the clinical syndrome and potential therapeutics. The authors discuss the basic virology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, multiorgan consequences, and outcomes. With a focus on cardiovascular complications, they propose several mechanisms of injury. The virology and potential mechanism of injury form the basis for a discussion of potential disease-modifying therapies.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- CFR, case fatality rate
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- CoV, coronavirus
- DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ICU, intensive care unit
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2
- cardiovascular
- hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
- treatments
- virology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua P. Lang
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor Nauffal
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A. Morrow
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin A. Bohula
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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1091
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Ehebauer F, Ghavampour S, Kraus D. Glucose availability regulates nicotinamide N-methyltransferase expression in adipocytes. Life Sci 2020; 248:117474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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1092
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Sardana K, Sinha S, Sachdeva S. Hydroxychloroquine in Dermatology and Beyond: Recent Update. Indian Dermatol Online J 2020; 11:453-464. [PMID: 32695719 PMCID: PMC7367590 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_280_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine is one of the most frequently used drugs in dermatology with a wide variety of uses due to its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective, and metabolic actions and low side effect profile. Demonstration of its antiviral action in vitro has led to renewed interest by physicians worldwide during the ongoing coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Like its immunomodulatory action, its antiviral activity is also due to its ability to alkalinize the intracytoplasmic milieu, leading to disordered viral entry/fusion and deranged viral protein synthesis. However, randomized controlled trials are the need of the hour to conclusively determine its clinical efficacy in such infections. A review of the multitude of mechanisms of action, updated screening and monitoring guidelines, drug interactions, side effects, and its use in special populations is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Sardana
- Department of Dermatology, STD and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) (PGIMER), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Surabhi Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, STD and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) (PGIMER), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Sachdeva
- Department of Dermatology, STD and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) (PGIMER), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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1093
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CPI-613 rewires lipid metabolism to enhance pancreatic cancer apoptosis via the AMPK-ACC signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:73. [PMID: 32345326 PMCID: PMC7187515 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most rapidly progressive and deadly malignancies worldwide. Current treatment regimens only result in small improvements in overall survival for patients with this cancer type. CPI-613 (Devimistat), a novel lipoate analog inhibiting mitochondrial metabolism, shows the new hope for pancreatic cancer treatment as an efficient and well-tolerated therapeutic option treated alone or in combination with chemotherapy. METHODS Pancreatic cancer cells growing in planar 2D cultures and 3D scaffold were used as research platforms. Cell viability was measured by MTT and alamarBlue, and apoptosis was assessed by JC-1 staining and flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The mechanism behind CPI-613 action was analyzed by western blot, transmission electron microscopy, and lipolysis assay kits, in the presence or absence of additional signaling pathway inhibitors or gene modifications. RESULTS CPI-613 exhibits anticancer activity in pancreatic cancer cells by triggering ROS-associated apoptosis, which is accompanied by increased autophagy and repressed lipid metabolism through activating the AMPK signaling. Intriguingly, ACC, the key enzyme modulating lipid metabolism, is identified as a vital target of CPI-613, which is inactivated in an AMPK-dependent manner and influences apoptotic process upon CPI-613. Blockade or enhancement of autophagic process does not increase or blunt apoptosis to CPI-613, but inhibition of the AMPK-ACC signaling significantly attenuates apoptosis induced by CPI-613, suggesting CPI-613-mediated lipid metabolism reduction contributes to its cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings explore the critical role of lipid metabolism in apoptosis, providing new insights into the AMPK-ACC signaling axis in crosstalk between lipid metabolism and apoptosis in CPI-613 treatment.
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1094
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Pavlinov I, Salkovski M, Aldrich LN. Beclin 1-ATG14L Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor Selectively Inhibits Autophagy through Disruption of VPS34 Complex I. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8174-8182. [PMID: 32320221 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic recycling process, has been implicated as a critical pathway in cancer. Its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis helps to nourish hypoxic, nutrient-starved tumors and protects them from chemotherapy-induced death. Recent efforts to target autophagy in cancer have focused on kinase inhibition, which has led to molecules that lack specificity due to the multiple roles of key kinases in this pathway. For example, the lipid kinase VPS34 is present in two multiprotein complexes responsible for the generation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate. Complex I generates the autophagosome, and Complex II is crucial for endosomal trafficking. Molecules targeting VPS34 inhibit both complexes, which inhibits autophagy but causes undesirable defects in vesicle trafficking. The lack of specific autophagy modulators has limited the utility of autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. We hypothesize that disruption of the Beclin 1-ATG14L protein-protein interaction, which is required for the formation, proper localization, and function of VPS34 Complex I but not Complex II, will disrupt Complex I formation and selectively inhibit autophagy. To this end, a high-throughput, cellular NanoBRET assay was developed targeting this interaction. An initial screen of 2560 molecules yielded 19 hits that effectively disrupted the interaction, and it was confirmed that one hit disrupted VPS34 Complex I formation and inhibited autophagy. In addition, the molecule did not disrupt the Beclin 1-UVRAG interaction, critical for VPS34 Complex II, and thus had little impact on vesicle trafficking. This molecule is a promising new tool that is critical for understanding how modulation of the Beclin 1-ATG14L interaction affects autophagy. More broadly, its discovery demonstrates that targeting protein-protein interactions found within the autophagy pathway is a viable strategy for the discovery of autophagy-specific probes and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pavlinov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Maryna Salkovski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Leslie N Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago Illinois 60607, United States
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1095
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Das A, Bell CM, Berlinicke CA, Marsh-Armstrong N, Zack DJ. Programmed switch in the mitochondrial degradation pathways during human retinal ganglion cell differentiation from stem cells is critical for RGC survival. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101465. [PMID: 32473993 PMCID: PMC7327961 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the root cause for vision loss in glaucoma as well as in other forms of optic neuropathy. A variety of studies have implicated abnormal mitochondrial quality control (MQC) as contributing to RGC damage and degeneration in optic neuropathies. The ability to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into RGCs provides an opportunity to study RGC MQC in great detail. Degradation of damaged mitochondria is a critical step of MQC, and here we have used hPSC-derived RGCs (hRGCs) to analyze how altered mitochondrial degradation pathways in hRGCs affect their survival. Using pharmacological methods, we have investigated the role of the proteasomal and endo-lysosomal pathways in degrading damaged mitochondria in hRGCs and their precursor stem cells. We found that upon mitochondrial damage induced by the proton uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), hRGCs more efficiently degraded mitochondria than did their precursor stem cells. We further identified that for degrading damaged mitochondria, stem cells predominantly use the ubiquitine-proteasome system (UPS) while hRGCs use the endo-lysosomal pathway. UPS inhibition causes apoptosis and cell death in stem cells, while hRGC viability is dependent on the endo-lysosomal pathway but not on the UPS pathway. These findings suggest that manipulation of the endo-lysosomal pathway could be therapeutically relevant for RGC protection in treating optic neuropathies associated with mitophagy defects. Endo-lysosome dependent cell survival is also conserved in other human neurons as we found that differentiated human cerebral cortical neurons also degenerated upon endo-lysosomal inhibition but not with proteasome inhibition. Human retinal ganglion cells (hRGCs) degrade damaged mitochondria more efficiently than the origin stem cells. Human stem cells rely on the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) for damaged mitochondrial clearance and survival. hRGCs rely on the endo-lysosomal pathway for mitochondrial clearance and survival. Unlike stem cells, proteasomal inhibition did not cause severe cell death for hRGCs. Transition from the UPS to endo-lysosomal pathway during differentiation was also observed for cerebral cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arupratan Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
| | - Claire M Bell
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Cynthia A Berlinicke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | | | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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1096
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Hu Z, Pan Y, Cheng A, Zhang X, Wang M, Chen S, Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Huang J, Zhang S, Mao S, Ou X, Yu Y, Zhang L, Liu Y, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Yin Z, Jia R. Autophagy Is a Potential Therapeutic Target Against Duck Tembusu Virus Infection in vivo. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:155. [PMID: 32351903 PMCID: PMC7174708 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck tembusu virus (DTMUV) is newly emerged in poultry and causes great losses to the breeding industry in China and neighboring countries. Effective antiviral strategies are still being studied. Autophagy is a cellular degradative pathway, and our lab's previous data show that autophagy promotes DTMUV replication in vitro. To study the role of autophagy further in vivo, we utilized ducks as the animal model to investigate the autophagy responses in DTMUV-targeted tissues. And also, we utilized autophagy regulators, including Rapamycin (Rapa) as the autophagy enhancer, 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and Chloroquine (CQ) as the autophagy inhibitors, to adjust the host autophagic levels and then study the effects of autophagy on tissue damages and virus replication. As a result, we first found DTMUV infection trigged autophagy and autophagy regulator treatments regulated autophagy levels successfully in duck spleens and brains. Next, we found that autophagy inhibitors inhibited DTMUV replication and alleviated DTMUV-induced pathological symptoms, whereas the autophagy inducer treatment led to the opposite effects. And we also found that autophagic regulation was correlated with the expression of innate immune genes, including pattern recognition receptors, type I interferons, and cytokines, and caused different effects in different tissues. In summary, we demonstrated that autophagy facilitated DTMUV replication, aggravated the developments of pathological symptoms and possibly counteracts the host's innate immunity response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yuhong Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xingcui Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
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1097
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Lysosomal Exocytosis, Exosome Release and Secretory Autophagy: The Autophagic- and Endo-Lysosomal Systems Go Extracellular. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072576. [PMID: 32276321 PMCID: PMC7178086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the consolidated role in degrading and recycling cellular waste, the autophagic- and endo-lysosomal systems play a crucial role in extracellular release pathways. Lysosomal exocytosis is a process leading to the secretion of lysosomal content upon lysosome fusion with plasma membrane and is an important mechanism of cellular clearance, necessary to maintain cell fitness. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles originating from the inward budding of the membrane of late endosomes, which may not fuse with lysosomes but be released extracellularly upon exocytosis. In addition to garbage disposal tools, they are now considered a cell-to-cell communication mechanism. Autophagy is a cellular process leading to sequestration of cytosolic cargoes for their degradation within lysosomes. However, the autophagic machinery is also involved in unconventional protein secretion and autophagy-dependent secretion, which are fundamental mechanisms for toxic protein disposal, immune signalling and pathogen surveillance. These cellular processes underline the crosstalk between the autophagic and the endosomal system and indicate an intersection between degradative and secretory functions. Further, they suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying fusion, either with lysosomes or plasma membrane, are key determinants to maintain cell homeostasis upon stressing stimuli. When they fail, the accumulation of undigested substrates leads to pathological consequences, as indicated by the involvement of autophagic and lysosomal alteration in human diseases, namely lysosomal storage disorders, age-related neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge on the functional role of extracellular release pathways involving lysosomes and the autophagic- and endo-lysosomal systems, evaluating their implication in health and disease.
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1098
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Rutin protects Huntington's disease through the insulin/IGF1 (IIS) signaling pathway and autophagy activity: Study in Caenorhabditis elegans model. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111323. [PMID: 32278002 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is inherited neurodegenerative disease, it is characterized by excessive motor movements and cognitive and emotional deficits. HD is caused by an abnormally long polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the huntingtin (Htt) protein, which confers toxic functions to mutant Htt leading to neurodegeneration. Rutin is a flavonoid found in plants, buckwheat, some teas and also in apples. Although previous studies have already indicated that rutin has some protective effects in HD's models, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. In our study, we investigated the effects of rutin in Caenorhabditis elegans model of HD. We assessed polyQ aggregation, oxidative damage, neurodegeneration level and lifespan, and investigated the possible role of autophagy and insulin/IGF1 (IIS) signaling pathways in the beneficial effects induced by rutin. Overall, our data demonstrate that chronic rutin treatment reduced polyglutamine (polyQ) protein aggregation in muscle, reduced polyQ-mediated neuronal death in ASH sensory neurons, and extended lifespan. The possible mechanisms involved are antioxidant activity, activation of protein degradation (autophagy) and insulin/IGF1 (IIS) signaling pathways. These findings indicate that rutin consumption might be helpful in preventing HD and also provide possible pathways to be explored to search for new therapies against proteinopathies related to aging.
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1099
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Brun P, Tarricone E, Di Stefano A, Mattiuzzo E, Mehrbod P, Ghavami S, Leonardi A. The regulatory activity of autophagy in conjunctival fibroblasts and its possible role in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:1210-1213.e9. [PMID: 32272130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Tarricone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, SpA, S B, Pavia, Italy; Istituto di Veruno, Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Mattiuzzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrea Leonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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1100
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Du Y, Qian Y, Tang X, Guo Y, Chen S, Jiang M, Yang B, Cao W, Huang S, Zhang A, Jia Z, Zhang Y. Chloroquine attenuates lithium-induced NDI and proliferation of renal collecting duct cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1199-F1209. [PMID: 32249612 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00478.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium is widely used in psychiatry as the golden standard for more than 60 yr due to its effectiveness. However, its adverse effect has been limiting its long-term use in clinic. About 40% of patients taking lithium develop nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Lithium can also induce proliferation of collecting duct cells, leading to microcyst formation in the kidney. Lithium was considered an autophagy inducer that might contribute to the therapeutic benefit of neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, we hypothesized that autophagy may play a role in lithium-induced kidney nephrotoxicity. To address our hypothesis, we fed mice with a lithium-containing diet with chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, concurrently. Lithium-treated mice presented enhanced autophagy activity in the kidney cortex and medulla. CQ treatment significantly ameliorated lithium-induced polyuria, polydipsia, natriuresis, and kaliuresis accompanied with attenuated downregulation of aquaporin-2 and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter protein. The protective effect of CQ on aquaporin-2 protein abundance was confirmed in cultured cortical collecting duct cells. In addition, we found that lithium-induced proliferation of collecting duct cells was also suppressed by CQ as detected by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. Moreover, both phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin and β-catenin expression, which have been reported to be increased by lithium and associated with cell proliferation, were reduced by CQ. Taken together, our study demonstrated that CQ protected against lithium-induced NDI and collecting duct cell proliferation possibly through inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingzhu Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingyu Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weidong Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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