1101
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Insulin reveals Akt signaling as a novel regulator of norepinephrine transporter trafficking and norepinephrine homeostasis. J Neurosci 2010; 30:11305-16. [PMID: 20739551 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0126-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Noradrenergic signaling in the CNS plays an essential role in circuits involving attention, mood, memory, and stress as well as providing pivotal support for autonomic function in the peripheral nervous system. The high-affinity norepinephrine (NE) transporter (NET) is the primary mechanism by which noradrenergic synaptic transmission is terminated. Data indicate that NET function is regulated by insulin, a hormone critical for the regulation of metabolism. Given the high comorbidity of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity with mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, we sought to determine how insulin signaling regulates NET function and thus noradrenergic homeostasis. Here, we show that acute insulin treatment, through the downstream kinase protein kinase B (Akt), significantly decreases NET surface expression in mouse hippocampal slices and superior cervical ganglion neuron boutons (sites of synaptic NE release). In vivo manipulation of insulin/Akt signaling, with streptozotocin, a drug that induces a type 1-like diabetic state in mice, also results in aberrant NET function and NE homeostasis. Notably, we also demonstrate that Akt inhibition or stimulation, independent of insulin, is capable of altering NET surface availability. These data suggest that aberrant states of Akt signaling such as in diabetes and obesity have the potential to alter NET function and noradrenergic tone in the brain. Furthermore, they provide one potential molecular mechanism by which Akt, a candidate gene for mood disorders such as schizophrenia and depression, can impact brain monoamine homeostasis.
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1102
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Pancreatic beta cell mass PET imaging and quantification with [11C]DTBZ and [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ in rodent models of diabetes. Mol Imaging Biol 2010; 13:973-84. [PMID: 20824509 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to compare the utility of two positron emission tomography (PET) imaging ligands ((+)-[(11)C]dihydrotetrabenazine ([(11)C]DTBZ) and the fluoropropyl analog ([(18)F]FP-(+)-DTBZ)) that target islet β-cell vesicular monoamine transporter type II to measure pancreatic β-cell mass (BCM). PROCEDURES [(11)C]DTBZ or [(18)F]FP-(+)-DTBZ was injected, and serial PET images were acquired in rat models of diabetes (streptozotocin-treated and Zucker diabetic fatty) and β-cell compensation (Zucker fatty). Radiotracer standardized uptake values (SUV) were correlated to pancreas insulin content measured biochemically and histomorphometrically. RESULTS On a group level, a positive correlation of [(11)C]DTBZ pancreatic SUV with pancreas insulin content and BCM was observed. In the STZ diabetic model, both [(18)F]FP-(+)-DTBZ and [(11)C]DTBZ correlated positively with BCM, although only ∼25% of uptake could be attributed to β-cell uptake. [(18)F]FP-(+)-DTBZ displacement studies indicate that there is a substantial fraction of specific binding that is not to pancreatic islet β cells. CONCLUSIONS PET imaging with [(18)F]FP-(+)-DTBZ provides a noninvasive means to quantify insulin-positive BCM and may prove valuable as a diagnostic tool in assessing treatments to maintain or restore BCM.
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1103
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Bitel CL, Feng Y, Souayah N, Frederikse PH. Increased expression and local accumulation of the prion protein, Alzheimer Aβ peptides, superoxide dismutase 1, and nitric oxide synthases 1 & 2 in muscle in a rabbit model of diabetes. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 10:18. [PMID: 20819221 PMCID: PMC2944213 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Muscle disease associated with different etiologies has been shown to produce localized accumulations of amyloid and oxidative stress-related proteins that are more commonly associated with neurodegeneration in the brain. In this study we examined changes in muscle tissue in a classic model of diabetes and hyperglycemia in rabbits to determine if similar dysregulation of Alzheimer Aβ peptides, the prion protein (PrP), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), as well as nitric oxide synthases is produced in muscle in diabetic animals. This wild-type rabbit model includes systemic physiological expression of human-like Alzheimer precursor proteins and Aβ peptides that are considered key in Alzheimer protein studies. Results Diabetes was produced in rabbits by injection of the toxic glucose analogue alloxan, which selectively enters pancreatic beta cells and irreversibly decreases insulin production, similar to streptozotocin. Quadriceps muscle from rabbits 16 wks after onset of diabetes and hyperglycemia were analyzed with biochemical and in situ methods. Immunoblots of whole muscle protein samples demonstrated increased PrP, SOD1, as well as neuronal and inducible Nitric oxide synthases (NOS1 and NOS2) in diabetic muscle. In contrast, we detected little change in Alzheimer Aβ precursor protein expression, or BACE1 and Presenilin 1 levels. However, Aβ peptides measured by ELISA increased several fold in diabetic muscle, suggesting a key role for Aβ cleavage in muscle similar to Alzheimer neurodegeneration in this diabetes model. Histological changes in diabetic muscle included localized accumulations of PrP, Aβ, NOS1 and 2, and SOD1, and evidence of increased central nuclei and cell infiltration. Conclusions The present study provides evidence that several classic amyloid and oxidative stress-related disease proteins coordinately increase in overall expression and form localized accumulations in diabetic muscle. The present study highlights the capacity of this wild-type animal model to produce an array of hallmark pathological features that have also been described in other muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine L Bitel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 S, Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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1104
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Guo JY, Han CC, Liu YM. A Contemporary Treatment Approach to Both Diabetes and Depression by Cordyceps sinensis, Rich in Vanadium. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2010; 7:387-9. [PMID: 19948751 PMCID: PMC2887337 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is accompanied by hormonal and neurochemical changes that can be associated with anxiety and depression. Both diabetes and depression negatively interact, in that depression leads to poor metabolic control and hyperglycemia exacerbates depression. We hypothesize one novel vanadium complex of vanadium-enriched Cordyceps sinensis (VECS), which is beneficial in preventing depression in diabetes, and influences the long-term course of glycemic control. Vanadium compounds have the ability to imitate the action of insulin, and this mimicry may have further favorable effects on the level of treatment satisfaction and mood. C. sinensis has an antidepressant-like activity, and attenuates the diabetes-induced increase in blood glucose concentrations. We suggest that the VECS may be a potential strategy for contemporary treatment of depression and diabetes through the co-effect of C. sinensis and vanadium. The validity of the hypothesis can most simply be tested by examining blood glucose levels, and swimming and climbing behavior in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People’s Republic of China and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chao Han
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People’s Republic of China and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People’s Republic of China and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, People's Republic of China
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1105
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Ramin N, Thieme R, Fischer S, Schindler M, Schmidt T, Fischer B, Navarrete Santos A. Maternal diabetes impairs gastrulation and insulin and IGF-I receptor expression in rabbit blastocysts. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4158-67. [PMID: 20631000 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Women with type 1 diabetes are subfertile. Diabetes negatively affects pregnancy by causing early miscarriage and poor prenatal outcomes. In this study we examine consequences of maternal type 1 diabetes on early embryo development, metabolic gene expression, and the pattern of insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) distribution in rabbit blastocysts. In female rabbits, type 1 diabetes was induced by alloxan treatment. Six-day-old blastocysts were recovered and assessed for receptor distribution and metabolic gene expression. In vitro culture of blastocysts was performed in medium containing 1 mm, 10 mm, or 25 mm glucose, simulating normo- and hyperglycemic developmental condition in vitro. The fertility rate of the diabetic rabbits clearly mirrored subfertility with a drop in blastocyst numbers by 40% (13.3 blastocysts in diabetic vs. 21.9 in control females). In blastocysts onset and progression of gastrulation was delayed and expression of IR and IGF-IR and their metabolic target genes (hexokinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), both in vivo and in vitro, was down-regulated. The amount of apoptotic cells in the embryonic disc was increased, correlating closely with the reduced transcription of the bcl-x(L) gene. Blastocyst development is clearly impaired by type 1 diabetes during early pregnancy. Insulin-stimulated metabolic genes and IR and IGF-IR are down-regulated, resulting in reduced insulin and IGF sensitivity and a delay in development. Dysregulation of the IGF system and embryonic glucose metabolism are potential reasons for diabetogenous subfertility and embryopathies and start as soon as during the first days of life.
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MESH Headings
- Alloxan
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blastocyst/cytology
- Blastocyst/metabolism
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Embryo Culture Techniques
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gastrulation/genetics
- Gastrulation/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Immunoblotting
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)/genetics
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy in Diabetics/blood
- Pregnancy in Diabetics/physiopathology
- Rabbits
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ramin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany
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1106
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Chung CH, Levine F. Adult pancreatic alpha-cells: a new source of cells for beta-cell regeneration. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7:124-31. [PMID: 21060971 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2010.7.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-cell deficit is the major pathological feature in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients, and plays a key role in disease progression. In principle, beta-cell regeneration can occur by replication of pre-existing beta-cells, or by beta-cell neogenesis from stem/progenitors. Unfortunately, beta-cell replication is limited by the almost complete absence of beta-cells in patients with type 1 diabetes, and the increasing recognition that the beta-cell replicative capacity declines severely with age. Therefore, beta-cell neogenesis has received increasing interest. Many different cell types within the pancreas have been suggested as potential beta-cell stem/progenitor cells, but the data have been conflicting. In some cases, this may be due to different regeneration models. On the other hand, different results have been obtained with similar regeneration models, leading to confusion about the nature and existence of beta-cell neogenesis in adult animals. Here, we review the major candidates for adult regeneration pathways, and focus on the recent discovery that alpha-cells can function as a novel beta-cell progenitor. Of note, this is a pathway that appears to be unique to beta-cell neogenesis in the adult, as the embryonic pathway of beta-cell neogenesis does not proceed through a glucagon-positive intermediate. We conclude that beta-cell neogenesis from alpha-cells is a new pathway of potential therapeutic significance, making it of high importance to elucidate the molecular events in alpha- to beta-cell conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ho Chung
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, CA 92037, USA
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1107
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Campanucci V, Krishnaswamy A, Cooper E. Diabetes depresses synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia by inactivating nAChRs through a conserved intracellular cysteine residue. Neuron 2010; 66:827-34. [PMID: 20620869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Most people with diabetes develop severe complications of the autonomic nervous system; yet, the underlying causes of many diabetic-induced dysautonomias are poorly understood. Here we explore the idea that these dysautonomias results, in part, from a defect in synaptic transmission. To test this idea, we investigated cultured sympathetic neurons and show that hyperglycemia inactivates nAChRs through a mechanism involving an elevation in reactive oxygen species and an interaction with highly conserved cysteine residues located near the intracellular mouth of the nAChR channel. Consistent with this, we show that diabetic mice have depressed ganglionic transmission and reduced sympathetic reflexes, whereas diabetic mice expressing mutant postsynaptic nAChRs that lack the conserved cysteine residues on the alpha3 subunit have normal synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia and normal sympathetic reflexes. Our work suggests a new model for diabetic-induced dysautonomias and identifies ganglionic nAChRs as targets of hyperglycemia-induced downstream signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Campanucci
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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1108
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Abstract
Cardiovascular function is regulated at multiple levels. Some of the most important aspects of such regulation involve alterations in an ever-growing list of posttranslational modifications. One such modification orchestrates input from numerous metabolic cues to modify proteins and alter their localization and/or function. Known as the beta-O-linkage of N-acetylglucosamine (ie, O-GlcNAc) to cellular proteins, this unique monosaccharide is involved in a diverse array of physiological and pathological functions. This review introduces readers to the general concepts related to O-GlcNAc, the regulation of this modification, and its role in primary pathophysiology. Much of the existing literature regarding the role of O-GlcNAcylation in disease addresses the protracted elevations in O-GlcNAcylation observed during diabetes. In this review, we focus on the emerging evidence of its involvement in the cardiovascular system. In particular, we highlight evidence of protein O-GlcNAcylation as an autoprotective alarm or stress response. We discuss recent literature supporting the idea that promoting O-GlcNAcylation improves cell survival during acute stress (eg, hypoxia, ischemia, oxidative stress), whereas limiting O-GlcNAcylation exacerbates cell damage in similar models. In addition to addressing the potential mechanisms of O-GlcNAc-mediated cardioprotection, we discuss technical issues related to studying protein O-GlcNAcylation in biological systems. The reader should gain an understanding of what protein O-GlcNAcylation is and that its roles in the acute and chronic disease settings appear distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys A Ngoh
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 South Preston St, 404C, Baxter II-404C, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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1109
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Oboki K, Ohno T, Kajiwara N, Saito H, Nakae S. IL-33 and IL-33 receptors in host defense and diseases. Allergol Int 2010; 59:143-60. [PMID: 20414050 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.10-rai-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, which includes IL-1 and IL-18. IL-33 is considered to be crucial for induction of Th2-type cytokine-associated immune responses such as host defense against nematodes and allergic diseases by inducing production of such Th2-type cytokines as IL-5 and IL-13 by Th2 cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. In addition, IL-33 is involved in the induction of non-Th2-type acute and chronic inflammation as a proinflammatory cytokine, similar to IL-1 and IL-18. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the roles of IL-33 and IL-33 receptors in host defense and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oboki
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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1110
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Maier B, Ogihara T, Trace AP, Tersey SA, Robbins RD, Chakrabarti SK, Nunemaker CS, Stull ND, Taylor CA, Thompson JE, Dondero RS, Lewis EC, Dinarello CA, Nadler JL, Mirmira RG. The unique hypusine modification of eIF5A promotes islet beta cell inflammation and dysfunction in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2156-70. [PMID: 20501948 PMCID: PMC2877928 DOI: 10.1172/jci38924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, pancreatic islet dysfunction results in part from cytokine-mediated inflammation. The ubiquitous eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which is the only protein to contain the amino acid hypusine, contributes to the production of proinflammatory cytokines. We therefore investigated whether eIF5A participates in the inflammatory cascade leading to islet dysfunction during the development of diabetes. As described herein, we found that eIF5A regulates iNOS levels and that eIF5A depletion as well as the inhibition of hypusination protects against glucose intolerance in inflammatory mouse models of diabetes. We observed that following knockdown of eIF5A expression, mice were resistant to beta cell loss and the development of hyperglycemia in the low-dose streptozotocin model of diabetes. The depletion of eIF5A led to impaired translation of iNOS-encoding mRNA within the islet. A role for the hypusine residue of eIF5A in islet inflammatory responses was suggested by the observation that inhibition of hypusine synthesis reduced translation of iNOS-encoding mRNA in rodent beta cells and human islets and protected mice against the development of glucose intolerance the low-dose streptozotocin model of diabetes. Further analysis revealed that hypusine is required in part for nuclear export of iNOS-encoding mRNA, a process that involved the export protein exportin1. These observations identify the hypusine modification of eIF5A as a potential therapeutic target for preserving islet function under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Maier
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Takeshi Ogihara
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Anthony P. Trace
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sarah A. Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Reiesha D. Robbins
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Swarup K. Chakrabarti
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig S. Nunemaker
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Natalie D. Stull
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Catherine A. Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John E. Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Richard S. Dondero
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eli C. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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1111
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Sabo A, Stilinovic N, Vukmirovic S, Bukumiric Z, Capo I, Jakovljevic V. Pharmacodynamic action of a commercial preparation of the mushroom Coprinus comatus
in rats. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1532-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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1112
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Gutierrez JC, Bahamonde J, Prater MR, Yefi CP, Holladay SD. Production of a type 2 maternal diabetes rodent model using the combination of high-fat diet and moderate dose of streptozocin. Endocr Res 2010; 35:59-70. [PMID: 20408754 DOI: 10.3109/07435801003641939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy may be complicated by maternal diabetes. The following experiments were performed in an attempt to produce mouse models of insulin-resistant maternal diabetes. METHODS CD1 females received 200 mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) to model insulin-dependent diabetes (T1 group). Another group of females (T2 group) was put on a HFD 4 weeks before receiving 100 mg/kg STZ. After 4 additional weeks of HFD, hyperglycemic females were separated and bred. In another experiement, CD1 females were fed a HFD for 4 weeks before receiving an intravenous (GDM1 group) or intraperitoneal (GDM2 group) injection of 100 mg/kg STZ. Females from GDM2 group were bred at the same day of the STZ injection. Females from GDM1 group were bred 4 weeks after the STZ injection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION About 25% of the females from T2 group became hyperglycemic after 4 weeks of the injection of STZ. Fifty percent of the females from GDM1 group reached hyperglycemic levels greater than 250 mg/dl during pregnancy. The combination of HFD and moderate STZ in CD1 mice therefore produced hyperglycemic females; however numbers of these mice were somewhat low.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claudio Gutierrez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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1113
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Evaluation of the antiradical activity of Schisandra chinensis lignans using different experimental models. Molecules 2010; 15:1223-31. [PMID: 20335975 PMCID: PMC6257236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antiradical activity of Schisandra chinensis lignans was investigated using DPPH, ABTS+, Fenton reaction inhibition and tyrosine-nitration inhibition assays, as were the in vivo antidiabetic activities of selected lignans in an animal model of alloxan-induced diabetes. Different degrees of antiradical activity were found, depending upon the structural parameters of the tested compounds. Unfortunately, the compounds showed no antidiabetic activity in concentration range tested.
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1114
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Nakaoka F, Sasakawa Y, Yamamoto K, Nakao M, Nakamura M, Tong C, Fukuhama C, Kagawa K. Anti-diabetic effects of globin digest and its active ingredient Leu-Ser-Glu-Leu in ICR mice, streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice. Life Sci 2010; 86:424-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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1115
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Alloxan reduces amplitude of ventricular myocyte shortening and intracellular Ca2+ without altering L-type Ca2+ current, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content or myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+ in Wistar rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 340:115-23. [PMID: 20174963 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alloxan is widely used to induce diabetes mellitus in experimental animals. Recent studies have provided evidence that alloxan has direct actions on cardiac muscle contraction. The aim of this study was to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of alloxan on ventricular myocyte shortening and intracellular Ca(2+) transport. Amplitude of myocyte shortening was reduced in a dose-dependent manner as the concentration of alloxan was increased in the range 10(-7)-10(-4) M. Amplitude of shortening was reduced (56.8 +/- 6.6%, n = 27) by 10(-6) M alloxan and was partially reversed during a 10 min washout. Amplitude of the Ca(2+) transient was also reduced (79.7 +/- 2.9%, n = 29) by 10(-6) M alloxan. Caffeine-evoked sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release, fractional release of Ca(2+), assessed by comparing the amplitude of electrically evoked with that of caffeine-evoked Ca(2+) transients, and fura-2-cell length trajectory during the late stages of relaxation of myocyte twitch contraction were not significantly altered by alloxan. The amplitude of L-type Ca(2+) current was not altered by alloxan. Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) transport, myofilament sensitivity to Ca(2+), and L-type Ca(2+) current do not appear to underlie the negative inotropic effects of alloxan.
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1116
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Nawa A, Fujita Hamabe W, Tokuyama S. Inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated decrease of intestinal P-glycoprotein expression under streptozotocin-induced diabetic conditions. Life Sci 2010; 86:402-9. [PMID: 20097209 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS P-glycoprotein (P-gp), one of the important drug-efflux pumps, is known to be affected by pathological conditions such as inflammation or infection. Recently, it is reported that high glucose or hyperglycemia can alternate P-gp expression levels at the blood-brain barrier or in the kidney, although the details are still unknown. Here, we analyzed the alteration of intestinal P-gp expression and function in the development of diabetes and elucidated the mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Type 1 diabetes was induced in male ddY mice by an i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (230 mg/kg). We analyzed ileal P-gp expression and function using Western blot analysis and an in situ closed loop method, respectively. KEY FINDINGS A significant reduction of P-gp expression level in ileum was found 9 days after STZ administration. In contrast, a remarkable decrease in P-gp function was observed on the 3rd and 9th days. Interestingly, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in ilea was significantly increased on the 9th day. The decrease of P-gp expression levels observed on the 9th day was completely suppressed by L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a broad range NOS inhibitor, or aminoguanidine, a specific inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate the possibility that nitric oxide (NO), produced by iNOS in the ileum, is involved in the reduction of ileal P-gp expression under STZ-induced diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Nawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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1117
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Aseervatham J, Palanivelu S, Sachdanandam P. Cytoprotective effect of Semecarpus anacardium against toxicity induced by Streptozotocin in rats. J Exp Pharmacol 2010; 2:135-43. [PMID: 27186099 PMCID: PMC4863295 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leakage of cellular enzymes into the plasma is a clear indication of cell damage. When liver plasma membrane is damaged, a variety of enzymes normally located in the cytosol are released into the blood stream and their estimation is a quantitative marker for the extent of damage. The cytoprotective effect of Semecarpus anacardium was evaluated in rats that were rendered diabetic by administration of streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. The activities of the marker enzymes were assayed in the serum, liver and kidney. The indicators of renal damage such as urea, uric acid and creatinine were assayed in addition to the blood profile. The results of the present study reveal that Semecarpus anacardium was able to reverse the levels of the marker enzymes, and protect the kidney by reverting back to the normal levels of urea, uric acid, and creatinine. The abnormal blood parameters were also reverted to near normal levels indicating the drug’s cytoprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, India
| | - Shanthi Palanivelu
- Department of Pathology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, India
| | - Panchanadham Sachdanandam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, India
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1118
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La Torre D, Lernmark A. Immunology of beta-cell destruction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:537-83. [PMID: 20217514 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet beta-cells are the target for an autoimmune process that eventually results in an inability to control blood glucose due to the lack of insulin. The different steps that eventually lead to the complete loss of the beta-cells are reviewed to include the very first step of a triggering event that initiates the development of beta-cell autoimmunity to the last step of appearance of islet-cell autoantibodies, which may mark that insulitis is about to form. The observations that the initial beta-cell destruction by virus or other environmental factors triggers islet autoimmunity not in the islets but in the draining pancreatic lymph nodes are reviewed along with possible basic mechanisms of loss of tolerance to islet autoantigens. Once islet autoimmunity is established the question is how beta-cells are progressively killed by autoreactive lymphocytes which eventually results in chronic insulitis. Many of these series of events have been dissected in spontaneously diabetic mice or rats, but controlled clinical trials have shown that rodent observations are not always translated into mechanisms in humans. Attempts are therefore needed to clarify the step 1 triggering mechanisms and the step to chronic autoimmune insulitis to develop evidence-based treatment approaches to prevent type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria La Torre
- Lund University, CRC, Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital MAS, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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1119
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Arcolino FO, Ribeiro DL, Gobbo MG, Taboga SR, Góes RM. Proliferation and apoptotic rates and increased frequency of p63-positive cells in the prostate acinar epithelium of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 91:144-54. [PMID: 20041964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of experimental type 1 diabetes were investigated in the acinar epithelium of rat ventral prostate, focusing on the rates of cell proliferation and the frequency of apoptosis and p63-positive cells. Type 1 diabetes was induced in adult male Wistar rats by a single alloxan administration (42 mg/kg b.w.) and its effects were analysed for 1 week and 3 months after the establishment of the disease. A group of diabetic rats was treated daily with 5 IU of insulin during 1 week after diabetes had been diagnosed. Immunocytochemical methods for the localization of cell proliferation antigen (PCNA), androgen receptor (AR) and p63 protein were carried out, and apoptotic cells were identified by TUNEL essay. In diabetic rats, testosterone levels reduced drastically after 1 week and in a lower degree after 3 months. In short-term diabetic rats, cell proliferation decreased, and in medium-term, epithelial apoptotic rates increased. In both periods after the onset of diabetes, the frequency of p63-positive cells doubled. Insulin treatment was effective in preventing testosterone decrease, p63-positive cell increase and apoptotic rates, but did not interfere in cell proliferation. This investigation shows that, soon after diabetes onset, there are important modifications in cell proliferation within the acinar prostatic epithelium, and in longer term, there is a marked impact on kinetics of differentiation and cell death, which may initially be attributable to an androgenic fall, but is probably also because of other factors related to diabetes, as changes are considerably different from those resulting from castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Oliveira Arcolino
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University-Unesp, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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1120
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Newsholme P, Morgan D, Rebelato E, Oliveira-Emilio HC, Procopio J, Curi R, Carpinelli A. Insights into the critical role of NADPH oxidase(s) in the normal and dysregulated pancreatic beta cell. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2489-98. [PMID: 19809798 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to cell and tissue dysfunction and damage in diabetes. The source of ROS in the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells has traditionally been considered to be the mitochondrial electron transport chain. While this source is undoubtedly important, we fully describe in this article recent information and evidence of NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS in pancreatic beta cells and identify the various isoforms that contribute to O(2)(*-) and H(2)O(2) production in various conditions. While glucose-stimulated ROS generation may be important for acute regulation of insulin secretion, at higher levels ROS may disrupt mitochondrial energy metabolism. However, ROS may alter other cellular processes such as signal transduction, ion fluxes and/or cell proliferation/death. The various beta cell isoforms of NADPH oxidase (described in this review) may, via differences in the kinetics and species of ROS generated, positively and negatively regulate insulin secretion and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Newsholme
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and Health Sciences Centre, UCD Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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1121
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Roma LP, Bosqueiro JR, Cunha DA, Carneiro EM, Gurgul-Convey E, Lenzen S, Boschero AC, Souza KLA. Protection of insulin-producing cells against toxicity of dexamethasone by catalase overexpression. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1386-93. [PMID: 19698781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells are very sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and this might play an important role in beta cell death in diabetes. Dexamethasone is a synthetic diabetogenic glucocorticoid, which impairs pancreatic beta cell function. Therefore we investigated the toxicity of dexamethasone in RINm5F insulin-producing cells and its dependence on the expression level of the antioxidant enzyme catalase, which inactivates hydrogen peroxide. This was correlated with oxidative stress and cell death. An increased generation of ROS was observed in dexamethasone-treated cells together with an increase in caspase-3 activity and apoptosis rate. Interestingly, exposure to dexamethasone increased the cytosolic superoxide dismutase Cu/ZnSOD protein expression and activity, whereas the mitochondrial MnSOD isoform was not affected by the glucocorticoid. Catalase overexpression in insulin-producing cells prevented all the cytotoxic effects of dexamethasone. In conclusion, dexamethasone-induced cell death in insulin-producing cells is ROS mediated. Increased levels of expression and activity of the Cu/ZnSOD might favor the generation of hydrogen peroxide in dexamethasone-treated cells. Increased ROS scavenging capacity in insulin-producing cells, through overexpression of catalase, prevents a deleterious increase in hydrogen peroxide generation and thus prevents dexamethasone-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia P Roma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13.083-970, Brazil
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1122
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Harmon JS, Bogdani M, Parazzoli SD, Mak SSM, Oseid EA, Berghmans M, Leboeuf RC, Robertson RP. beta-Cell-specific overexpression of glutathione peroxidase preserves intranuclear MafA and reverses diabetes in db/db mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4855-62. [PMID: 19819955 PMCID: PMC2775976 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress, which contributes to damage in various tissues and cells, including pancreatic beta-cells. The expression levels of antioxidant enzymes in the islet are low compared with other tissues, rendering the beta-cell more susceptible to damage caused by hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether increasing levels of endogenous glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), specifically in beta-cells, can protect them against the adverse effects of chronic hyperglycemia and assess mechanisms that may be involved. C57BLKS/J mice overexpressing the antioxidant enzyme GPx-1 only in pancreatic beta-cells were generated. The biological effectiveness of the overexpressed GPx-1 transgene was documented when beta-cells of transgenic mice were protected from streptozotocin. The transgene was then introgressed into the beta-cells of db/db mice. Without use of hypoglycemic agents, hyperglycemia in db/db-GPx(+) mice was initially ameliorated compared with db/db-GPx(-) animals and then substantially reversed by 20 wk of age. beta-Cell volume and insulin granulation and immunostaining were greater in db/db-GPx(+) animals compared with db/db-GPx(-) animals. Importantly, the loss of intranuclear musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA) that was observed in nontransgenic db/db mice was prevented by GPx-1 overexpression, making this a likely mechanism for the improved glycemic control. These studies demonstrate that enhancement of intrinsic antioxidant defenses of the beta-cell protects it against deterioration during hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Harmon
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA
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1123
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Yang JY, Walicki J, Jaccard E, Dubuis G, Bulat N, Hornung JP, Thorens B, Widmann C. Expression of the NH(2)-terminal fragment of RasGAP in pancreatic beta-cells increases their resistance to stresses and protects mice from diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58:2596-606. [PMID: 19696184 PMCID: PMC2768177 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our laboratory has previously established in vitro that a caspase-generated RasGAP NH(2)-terminal moiety, called fragment N, potently protects cells, including insulinomas, from apoptotic stress. We aimed to determine whether fragment N can increase the resistance of pancreatic beta-cells in a physiological setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A mouse line, called rat insulin promoter (RIP)-N, was generated that bears a transgene containing the rat insulin promoter followed by the cDNA-encoding fragment N. The histology, functionality, and resistance to stress of RIP-N islets were then assessed. RESULTS Pancreatic beta-cells of RIP-N mice express fragment N, activate Akt, and block nuclear factor kappaB activity without affecting islet cell proliferation or the morphology and cellular composition of islets. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests revealed that RIP-N mice control their glycemia similarly as wild-type mice throughout their lifespan. Moreover, islets isolated from RIP-N mice showed normal glucose-induced insulin secretory capacities. They, however, displayed increased resistance to apoptosis induced by a series of stresses including inflammatory cytokines, fatty acids, and hyperglycemia. RIP-N mice were also protected from multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and this was associated with reduced in vivo beta-cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Fragment N efficiently increases the overall resistance of beta-cells to noxious stimuli without interfering with the physiological functions of the cells. Fragment N and the pathway it regulates represent, therefore, a potential target for the development of antidiabetes tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yan Yang
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jöel Walicki
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evrim Jaccard
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Dubuis
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Bulat
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Hornung
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Genopode Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Christian Widmann,
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1124
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Tripathi UN, Chandra D. The plant extracts of Momordica charantia and Trigonella foenum-graecum have anti-oxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties for cardiac tissue during diabetes mellitus. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2009; 2:290-6. [PMID: 20716916 PMCID: PMC2835917 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.5.9529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is currently suggested to play a major role in the development of diabetes mellitus. There is an increasing demand of natural anti-diabetic agents, as continuous administration of existing drugs and insulin are associated with many side effects and toxicity. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Momordica charantia (MC) and Trigonella foenum graecum (TFG) extracts (aqueous) on antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue of normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. In a 30 days treatment, rats were divided into six groups (I-VI) of five animals in each,experiments were repeated thrice. Administration of MC (13.33 g pulp/kg body weight/day) and TFG (9 g seeds powder/kg body weight/day) extracts in diabetic rats has remarkably improved the elevated levels of fasting blood glucose. A significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (p<0.001) and significant increase in the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH ) contents in heart tissue of diabetic rats were observed (group V and VI) upon MC and TFG treatment. Our studies demonstrate the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potential of Momordica charantia and Trigonella foenum graecum, which could exert beneficial effects against the diabetes and associated free radicals complications in heart tissue.
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1125
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Abstract
To unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in beta-cell renewal and expansion throughout life, several different experimental models were devised in the past. A number of experimental approaches and transgenic models have been engineered to trigger specifically pancreatic injury and thus explore regeneration. Globally, three main strategies are followed to induce pancreas damage: surgical, chemical and genetic. Some of the most relevant studies regarding these three approaches are briefly summarized in this short overview. Although significant progress has been achieved in recent years, there is much room for improving our understanding of many fundamental processes regulating beta-cell mass maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.
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1126
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Kikumoto Y, Sugiyama H, Inoue T, Morinaga H, Takiue K, Kitagawa M, Fukuoka N, Saeki M, Maeshima Y, Wang DH, Ogino K, Masuoka N, Makino H. Sensitization to alloxan-induced diabetes and pancreatic cell apoptosis in acatalasemic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:240-6. [PMID: 19883754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human acatalasemia may be a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism by which diabetes is induced is still poorly understood. The impact of catalase deficiency on the onset of diabetes has been studied in homozygous acatalasemic mutant mice or control wild-type mice by intraperitoneal injection of diabetogenic alloxan. The incidence of diabetes was higher in acatalasemic mice treated with a high dose (180 mg/kg body weight) of alloxan. A higher dose of alloxan accelerated severe atrophy of pancreatic islets and induced pancreatic beta cell apoptosis in acatalasemic mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Catalase activity remained low in the acatalasemic pancreas without the significant compensatory up-regulation of glutathione peroxidase or superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, daily intraperitoneal injection of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist telmisartan (0.1 mg/kg body weight) prevented the development of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in acatalasemic mice. This study suggests that catalase plays a crucial role in the defense against oxidative-stress-mediated pancreatic beta cell death in an alloxan-induced diabetes mouse model. Treatment with telmisartan may prevent the onset of alloxan-induced diabetes even under acatalasemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kikumoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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1127
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Raghavamenon AC, Dupard-Julien CL, Kandlakunta B, Uppu RM. Determination of alloxan by fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:498-502. [PMID: 19817659 DOI: 10.3109/15376510903334862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A fluorometric, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method that allows quantitation of low levels of alloxan has been described. The method involved derivatization of alloxan with 500-200,000-fold excess of 1, 2-phenylenediamine (PD) in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5 for 15 min at room temperature. The fluorescent product alloxazine (excitation: 382 nm; emission: 435 nm) was then analyzed by RP-HPLC using an Eclipse XDB-C18 (4.6 x 150 mm) column and a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 15/85 (v/v) acetonitrile/water at a flow of 1 mL/min (injection volume: 20 microL). The method is robust, and as low as 0.1 pmol of the analyte could be successfully detected and quantified. Following a minimal pre-treatment such as ultrafiltration (molecular weight cut-off 5000 Da) or protein precipitation using perchloric acid, acetonitrile, or phosphotungstic acid, the method is suitable for analysis of alloxan in complex physiological fluids (e.g. fetal bovine serum) and tissue homogenates (e.g. heart and kidney). The method has been rigorously evaluated and adapted in the laboratory for routine analysis and determination of alloxan added to cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achuthan C Raghavamenon
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and the Health Research Center, Southern University A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
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1128
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Villiger M, Goulley J, Friedrich M, Grapin-Botton A, Meda P, Lasser T, Leitgeb RA. In vivo imaging of murine endocrine islets of Langerhans with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1599-607. [PMID: 19484218 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Structural and functional imaging of the islets of Langerhans and the insulin-secreting beta cells represents a significant challenge and a long-lasting objective in diabetes research. In vivo microscopy offers a valuable insight into beta cell function but has severe limitations regarding sample labelling, imaging speed and depth, and was primarily performed on isolated islets lacking native innervations and vascularisation. This article introduces extended-focus optical coherence microscopy (xfOCM) to image murine pancreatic islets in their natural environment in situ, i.e. in vivo and in a label-free condition. METHODS Ex vivo measurements on excised pancreases were performed and validated by standard immunohistochemistry to investigate the structures that can be observed with xfOCM. The influence of streptozotocin on the signature of the islets was investigated in a second step. Finally, xfOCM was applied to make measurements of the murine pancreas in situ and in vivo. RESULTS xfOCM circumvents the fundamental physical limit that trades lateral resolution for depth of field, and achieves fast volumetric imaging with high resolution in all three dimensions. It allows label-free visualisation of pancreatic lobules, ducts, blood vessels and individual islets of Langerhans ex vivo and in vivo, and detects streptozotocin-induced islet destruction. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate the potential value of xfOCM in high-resolution in vivo studies to assess islet structure and function in animal models of diabetes, aiming towards its use in longitudinal studies of diabetes progression and islet transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Villiger
- Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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1129
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Takemoto K, Tanaka M, Iwata H, Nishihara R, Ishihara K, Wang DH, Ogino K, Taniuchi K, Masuoka N. Low catalase activity in blood is associated with the diabetes caused by alloxan. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 407:43-6. [PMID: 19563792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide is enzymatically processed by catalase, and catalase deficiency in blood is known as acatalasemia. We examined whether low catalase activity is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus. METHODS Blood glucose, insulin and glucose tolerance test were examined in acatalasemic and normal mice under non-stress and oxidative stress conditions. Alloxan administration was used as oxidative stress. RESULTS Alloxan, which was a drug that caused diabetes mellitus, mostly generated hydrogen peroxide by the reaction of alloxan and reduced glutathione, in vitro. Incidence of hyperglycemia in alloxan-untreated acatalasemic mice was as low as that in the normal mice. However, the incidence of acatalasemia mice treated with alloxan was higher than that in normal mice, and the number of pancreatic beta-cells in the acatalasemic mice was less than that in normal mice. CONCLUSION These results indicate that low catalase activity in the blood is associated with the diabetes mellitus caused by alloxan administration.
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1130
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Abstract
Our understanding of the genetics, aetiology and pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) was propelled by the discovery of animal models of T1D in the late 1970s and early 1980s, particularly the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Since then, transgenic and gene-targeting technologies allowed the generation of many models with reduced genetic and pathogenic complexity. These models allowed researchers to zoom in on specific aspects of this complex disease. In this review, we provide an overview of currently available mouse models for T1D.
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1131
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Amao H, Iwamoto R, Komukai Y, Dobashi Y, Takahashi K, Tohei A, Nakama K, Toyama-Honda K. Effect of intraperitoneal needling on pancreatic beta-cell cytotoxicity mediated via alloxan in mice with an FVB/N genetic background. Exp Anim 2009; 58:151-8. [PMID: 19448338 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.58.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether pre-stimulation with intraperitoneal (i.p.) needling protects against development of diabetes in alloxan-treated transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing the human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene or non-Tg littermates of the FVB/N strain. Twenty minutes before the alloxan treatment (60 mg/kg) the mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.05 ml saline while control mice received only the alloxan treatment. Hyperglycemic responses of the saline-injected mice to alloxan were significantly suppressed in the Tg mice (P<0.05). A similar reduction of response was also observed in non-Tg littermates, but the effect was less than that in the Tg mice. This protective effect on the diabetogenic action of alloxan was also demonstrated by an analysis of the number of days positive for urinary glucose, and by immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic insulin-positive cells. A similar suppressive effect on the hyperglycemic response of alloxan was observed in the mice stimulated by i.p. needling alone. However, suppression of the hyperglycemic response was not observed in ICR mice receiving an i.p. injection. These results suggest that the diabetogenic action of alloxan can be suppressed by i.p. needling-mediated stimulation in mice that have a genetic background of the FVB/N strain. Since a slight protective effects of alloxan-induced diabetes was also observed in the Tg mice compared to FVB/N mice treated with only alloxan, this phenomenon could be more clearly seen in the Tg mice than in non-Tg littermates with an FVB/N background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Amao
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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1132
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The Effects of the Pentoxifylline on Survival of the Skin Flaps in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 62:446-50. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31817f01c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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1133
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Dekel Y, Glucksam Y, Elron-Gross I, Margalit R. Insights into modeling streptozotocin-induced diabetes in ICR mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2009; 38:55-60. [PMID: 19165193 DOI: 10.1038/laban0209-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in ICR mice is often used to model diabetes mellitus and its complications, as well as other pathologies. In studies of diabetes progression and effects of newly developed treatments, experimental results may be difficult to interpret because blood glucose levels (BGLs) of untreated diabetic control animals tend to decline substantially during typical experimental time spans of 8-11 h. To address this problem, the authors examined several experimental conditions that might affect BGL stability, including STZ dose, initial mouse weight, fasting regimen and light:dark cycle. The authors found that diabetes severity was dependent on initial mouse weight and that weight loss after diabetes induction was less severe in heavier mice. Furthermore, a dose of 150 mg STZ per kg body weight was sufficient to induce stabilized acute diabetes without causing many complications. Finally, BGL could be stabilized in diabetic mice that were not treated with insulin by avoiding pre-fasting before an 8-h experiment and by allowing mice limited access to food during the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Dekel
- Department of Biochemistry, The George W. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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1134
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Evidence of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the testis of prepubertal diabetic rats. Int J Impot Res 2009; 21:198-206. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2009.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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1135
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Chen J, Gusdon AM, Thayer TC, Mathews CE. Role of increased ROS dissipation in prevention of T1D. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1150:157-66. [PMID: 19120287 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1447.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protection of pancreatic beta cells is an approach to prevent autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to protect transplanted islets. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of beta cell death during the development of T1D. We have examined the role of elevated ROS dissipation in the prevention of T1D using the ALR mouse strain. The selection of ALR, for resistance against alloxan-induced free radical-mediated diabetes, led to a strain of mice with an elevated systemic as well as pancreatic ROS dissipation. Independent genetic mapping studies have identified ALR-derived diabetes protective loci. Conplastic and congenic mouse as well as cell line studies have confirmed the genetic mapping and demonstrated that the elevated ROS dissipation protects ALR beta cells from autoimmune destruction. Our data support the hypothesis that elevated ROS dissipation protects beta cells against autoimmune destruction and prevents T1D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0275, USA
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1136
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Yasuda H, Jin Z, Nakayama M, Yamada K, Kishi M, Okumachi Y, Arai T, Moriyama H, Yokono K, Nagata M. NO-mediated cytotoxicity contributes to multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes but not to NOD diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83:200-7. [PMID: 19117633 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused mostly by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, the precise mechanism of which remains unclear. Two major effector mechanisms have been proposed: direct cell-mediated and indirect cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity. Cytokine-mediated beta-cell destruction is presumed mainly caused by NO production. To evaluate the role of iNOS expression in T1D, this study used a novel iNOS inhibitor ONO-1714. ONO-1714 significantly reduced cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity and NO production in both MIN6N9a cells and C57BL/6 islets in the presence of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. To evaluate whether NO contributes to diabetes progression in vivo, ONO-1714 was administered to four different mouse models of autoimmune diabetes: multiple low-dose STZ (MLDS)-induced C57BL/6, CY-induced, adoptive transfer and spontaneous NOD diabetes. Exposure to STZ in vitro induced NO production in MIN6N9a cells and C57BL/6 islets, and in vivo injection of ONO-1714 to MLDS-treated mice significantly reduced hyperglycemia and interestingly, led to complete suppression of cellular infiltration of pancreatic islets. In contrast, when ONO-1714 was injected into spontaneous NOD mice and CY-induced and adoptive transfer models of NOD diabetes, overt diabetes could not be inhibited in these models. These findings suggest that NO-mediated cytotoxicity significantly contributes to MLDS-induced diabetes but not to NOD diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisafumi Yasuda
- Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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1137
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Laczy B, Hill BG, Wang K, Paterson AJ, White CR, Xing D, Chen YF, Darley-Usmar V, Oparil S, Chatham JC. Protein O-GlcNAcylation: a new signaling paradigm for the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H13-28. [PMID: 19028792 PMCID: PMC2637779 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01056.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The posttranslational modification of serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by the O-linked attachment of the monosaccharide beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a highly dynamic and ubiquitous protein modification. Protein O-GlcNAcylation is rapidly emerging as a key regulator of critical biological processes including nuclear transport, translation and transcription, signal transduction, cytoskeletal reorganization, proteasomal degradation, and apoptosis. Increased levels of O-GlcNAc have been implicated as a pathogenic contributor to glucose toxicity and insulin resistance, which are both major hallmarks of diabetes mellitus and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. Conversely, there is a growing body of data demonstrating that the acute activation of O-GlcNAc levels is an endogenous stress response designed to enhance cell survival. Reports on the effect of altered O-GlcNAc levels on the heart and cardiovascular system have been growing rapidly over the past few years and have implicated a role for O-GlcNAc in contributing to the adverse effects of diabetes on cardiovascular function as well as mediating the response to ischemic injury. Here, we summarize our present understanding of protein O-GlcNAcylation and its effect on the regulation of cardiovascular function. We examine the pathways regulating protein O-GlcNAcylation and discuss, in more detail, our understanding of the role of O-GlcNAc in both mediating the adverse effects of diabetes as well as its role in mediating cellular protective mechanisms in the cardiovascular system. In addition, we also explore the parallels between O-GlcNAc signaling and redox signaling, as an alternative paradigm for understanding the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglarka Laczy
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA
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1138
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de Almeida Leme JAC, de Araújo MB, de Moura LP, Gomes RJ, de Moura RF, Rogatto GP, de Mello MAR, Luciano E. Effects of physical training on serum and pituitary growth hormone contents in diabetic rats. Pituitary 2009; 12:304-8. [PMID: 19370419 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-009-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of moderate physical training on some of the parameters in the GH-IGF axis in experimental diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were allocated into the following groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic, trained diabetic. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (32 mg/kg, b.w. iv). The physical training protocol consisted of 1 h swimming session/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks supporting a load corresponding to 90% of maximal lactate steady state. After the experimental period, blood was collected to measure serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, albumin, insulin-like growth factors-I (IGF-I), and growth hormone (GH). Pituitary gland was removed for GH quantification. Diabetes increased blood glucose and triglycerides and decreased insulin, IGF-I, serum and pituitary GH. Physical training decreased glucose and triglycerides, and also counteracted the reduction of serum IGF-I in diabetic rats. In conclusion, physical training recovered serum IGF-I showing no alteration of serum or pituitary GH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alexandre Curiacos de Almeida Leme
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida 24A no. 1515, Caixa Postal 199, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, CEP 13506-900, Brazil.
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1139
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Kwon DY, Kim YS, Ahn IS, Kim DS, Kang S, Hong SM, Park S. Exendin-4 Potentiates Insulinotropic Action Partly via Increasing β-Cell Proliferation and Neogenesis and Decreasing Apoptosis in Association With the Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Islets of Diabetic Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 111:361-71. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09178fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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1140
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He Y, Martinez-Fleites C, Bubb A, Gloster TM, Davies GJ. Structural insight into the mechanism of streptozotocin inhibition of O-GlcNAcase. Carbohydr Res 2008; 344:627-31. [PMID: 19217614 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of its use in diabetes research, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of streptozotocin (STZ) toward pancreatic beta-islet cells has remained a topic of discussion. Although STZ toxicity is likely a function of its capacity to promote DNA alkylation, it has been proposed that STZ induces pancreatic beta-cell death through O-GlcNAcase inhibition. In this report, we explore the binding mode of STZ to a close homolog of human O-GlcNAcase, BtGH84 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Our results show that STZ binds in the enzyme active site in its intact form, without the formation of a covalent adduct, consistent with solution studies on BtGH84 and human O-GlcNAcase, as well as with structural work on a homolog from Clostridium perfringens. The active site of the BtGH84 is considerably deformed upon STZ binding and as a result the catalytic machinery is expelled from the binding cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Structural Biology Laboratory, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, UK
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1141
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Abstract
Antioxidative defence mechanisms of pancreatic beta-cells are particularly weak and can be overwhelmed by redox imbalance arising from overproduction of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. The consequences of this redox imbalance are lipid peroxidation, oxidation of proteins, DNA damage and interference of reactive species with signal transduction pathways, which contribute significantly to beta-cell dysfunction and death in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Reactive oxygen species, superoxide radicals (O(2)(*-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and, in a final iron-catalysed reaction step, the most reactive and toxic hydroxyl radicals (OH(*)) are produced during both pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated beta-cell attack in Type 1 diabetes and glucolipotoxicity-mediated beta-cell dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes. In combination with NO(*), which is toxic in itself, as well as through its reaction with the O(2)(*-) and subsequent formation of peroxynitrite, reactive species play a central role in beta-cell death during the deterioration of glucose tolerance in the development of diabetes.
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1142
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Abstract
The control of glucose metabolism by pancreatic endocrine cells throughout life relies on a tight regulation of the mass of insulin-producing beta-cells. How this homoeostasis is achieved is not well understood. Over the last few years, experimental rodent models with altered beta-cell mass, and, more recently, new transgenic approaches designed to tackle this problem, have provided abundant information. Processes such as beta-cell proliferation and apoptosis, or even beta-cell differentiation from poorly characterized progenitor cells, whether immature or differentiated, appear to be implicated. A complex picture is thus emerging in which the nature of the pancreatic lesion appears to determine the kind of regenerative response. The environment formed by acinar and ductal cells, and also by vascular and neuronal structures, which surround islets and penetrate into their beta-cell core, might play crucial roles so far unsuspected, which should be explored in the near future.
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1143
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Abstract
Visualization and quantification of the native beta-cell mass in vivo in humans appear to be important in the study of the natural course of diabetes, and in ongoing trials aimed at preserving beta-cell mass in patients with diabetes. This cannot be done by biopsy sampling, and therefore there is a great need for development of a non-invasive method. This article discusses the principle theoretical requirements for reaching this goal. In addition, it provides an overview of tracer probes, which have been examined as potential beta-cell mass imaging agents in the past. Finally, some future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schneider
- Medical Department 1, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany.
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1144
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Pinent M, Castell A, Baiges I, Montagut G, Arola L, Ardévol A. Bioactivity of Flavonoids on Insulin-Secreting Cells. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2008; 7:299-308. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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1145
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The sensitivity of pancreatic β-cells to mitochondrial injuries triggered by lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36:930-4. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0360930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are essential for the maintenance of glucose homoeostasis, and dysfunction of these insulin-secreting cells results in the development of diabetes. In the course of events leading from obesity to Type 2 diabetes, several mechanisms are currently envisaged. Among them, lipids and oxidative stress are considered as toxic candidates for the β-cell. The cellular link between fatty acids and ROS (reactive oxygen species) is essentially the mitochondrion, a key organelle for the control of insulin secretion. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS and are also the primary target of oxidative attacks. The present review presents the current knowledge of lipotoxicity related to oxidative stress in the context of mitochondrial function in the β-cell.
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