1151
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Polymers with autonomous life-cycle control. Nature 2017; 540:363-370. [PMID: 27974778 DOI: 10.1038/nature21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lifetime of man-made materials is controlled largely by the wear and tear of everyday use, environmental stress and unexpected damage, which ultimately lead to failure and disposal. Smart materials that mimic the ability of living systems to autonomously protect, report, heal and even regenerate in response to damage could increase the lifetime, safety and sustainability of many manufactured items. There are several approaches to achieving these functions using polymer-based materials, but making them work in highly variable, real-world situations is proving challenging.
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1152
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Zhu F, Cheng L, Wang ZJ, Hong W, Wu ZL, Yin J, Qian J, Zheng Q. 3D-Printed Ultratough Hydrogel Structures with Titin-like Domains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11363-11367. [PMID: 28317377 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Titin is composed of repeated modular domains which unfold and dissipate energy upon loading. Here we employed such molecular-level paradigm to fabricate macroscopic ultratough hydrogel structures with titin-like domains, enabled by three-dimensional printing with multiple nozzles. Under stretch, the relatively thin and weak gel fibers in the printed structures break first and the hidden lengths postpone the failure of the main structures, mimicking the toughening principle in titin. These titin-like folded domains have been incorporated into a synthetic spider-web, which shows significantly enhanced extensibility and toughness. This work provides a new avenue of topological design for materials/structures with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Libo Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Zhi Jian Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jun Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310027, China
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1153
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Ji S, Guvendiren M. Recent Advances in Bioink Design for 3D Bioprinting of Tissues and Organs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:23. [PMID: 28424770 PMCID: PMC5380738 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing demand for alternative fabrication approaches to develop tissues and organs as conventional techniques are not capable of fabricating constructs with required structural, mechanical, and biological complexity. 3D bioprinting offers great potential to fabricate highly complex constructs with precise control of structure, mechanics, and biological matter [i.e., cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components]. 3D bioprinting is an additive manufacturing approach that utilizes a "bioink" to fabricate devices and scaffolds in a layer-by-layer manner. 3D bioprinting allows printing of a cell suspension into a tissue construct with or without a scaffold support. The most common bioinks are cell-laden hydrogels, decellulerized ECM-based solutions, and cell suspensions. In this mini review, a brief description and comparison of the bioprinting methods, including extrusion-based, droplet-based, and laser-based bioprinting, with particular focus on bioink design requirements are presented. We also present the current state of the art in bioink design including the challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Ji
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing (IBAM) Laboratory, Otto H. York Department of Chemical Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing (IBAM) Laboratory, Otto H. York Department of Chemical Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
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1154
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Ding Z, Yuan C, Peng X, Wang T, Qi HJ, Dunn ML. Direct 4D printing via active composite materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602890. [PMID: 28439560 PMCID: PMC5389747 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe an approach to print composite polymers in high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) architectures that can be rapidly transformed to a new permanent configuration directly by heating. The permanent shape of a component results from the programmed time evolution of the printed shape upon heating via the design of the architecture and process parameters of a composite consisting of a glassy shape memory polymer and an elastomer that is programmed with a built-in compressive strain during photopolymerization. Upon heating, the shape memory polymer softens, releases the constraint on the strained elastomer, and allows the object to transform into a new permanent shape, which can then be reprogrammed into multiple subsequent shapes. Our key advance, the markedly simplified creation of high-resolution complex 3D reprogrammable structures, promises to enable myriad applications across domains, including medical technology, aerospace, and consumer products, and even suggests a new paradigm in product design, where components are simultaneously designed to inhabit multiple configurations during service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ding
- SUTD Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Chao Yuan
- The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xirui Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tiejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - H. Jerry Qi
- The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Corresponding author. (H.J.Q.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Martin L. Dunn
- SUTD Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (H.J.Q.); (M.L.D.)
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1155
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Zhao Z, Wu J, Mu X, Chen H, Qi HJ, Fang D. Origami by frontal photopolymerization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602326. [PMID: 28508038 PMCID: PMC5409495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Origami structures are of great interest in microelectronics, soft actuators, mechanical metamaterials, and biomedical devices. Current methods of fabricating origami structures still have several limitations, such as complex material systems or tedious processing steps. We present a simple approach for creating three-dimensional (3D) origami structures by the frontal photopolymerization method, which can be easily implemented by using a commercial projector. The concept of our method is based on the volume shrinkage during photopolymerization. By adding photoabsorbers into the polymer resin, an attenuated light field is created and leads to a nonuniform curing along the thickness direction. The layer directly exposed to light cures faster than the next layer; this nonuniform curing degree leads to nonuniform curing-induced volume shrinkage. This further introduces a nonuniform stress field, which drives the film to bend toward the newly formed side. The degree of bending can be controlled by adjusting the gray scale and the irradiation time, an easy approach for creating origami structures. The behavior is examined both experimentally and theoretically. Two methods are also proposed to create different types of 3D origami structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeang Zhao
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jiangtao Wu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Xiaoming Mu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Haosen Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - H. Jerry Qi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Corresponding author. (H.J.Q.); or (D.F.)
| | - Daining Fang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (H.J.Q.); or (D.F.)
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1156
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Han MW, Ahn SH. Blooming Knit Flowers: Loop-Linked Soft Morphing Structures for Soft Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606580. [PMID: 28165168 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A loop-linked structure, which is capable of morphing in various modes, including volumetric transformation, is developed based on knitting methods. Morphing flowers (a lily-like, a daffodil-like, gamopetalous, and a calla-like flower) are fabricated using loop patterning, and their blooming motion is demonstrated by controlling a current that selectively actuates the flowers petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Woo Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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1157
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Gong J, Lin H, Dunlop JWC, Yuan J. Hierarchically Arranged Helical Fiber Actuators Derived from Commercial Cloth. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605103. [PMID: 28218811 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first hygroscopically tunable cloth actuator is realized via impregnation of a commercial cloth template by a three dimensionally (3D) nanoporous polymer/carbon nanotube hybrid network. The nanoporous hybrid guarantees diffusion of water into the cloth actuator and amplifies the deformation scale. The cloth actuators are mechanically stable with high tensile strength. Because the commercial cotton cloth is inexpensive, such actuators capable of complex motions can be produced in a large size and scale for a wide variety of utilities (e.g. electric generators and "smart" materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Gong
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
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1158
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1159
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Rekštytė S, Paipulas D, Malinauskas M, Mizeikis V. Microactuation and sensing using reversible deformations of laser-written polymeric structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:124001. [PMID: 28141577 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5d4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate reversible deformations of polymeric microstructures fabricated using direct laser writing three-dimensional lithography upon immersion in various solvents. Swelling and shrinkage of sub-micrometre size features are induced by interaction with surrounding solvent and such deformations can be exploited to create larger structures whose size, shape, and other structural parameters depend on the surroundings. We describe diffractive optical elements, micro-mechanical sensors and also hybrid deformable structures, that can be used to implement micro-actuation, micro-sensing, and other functionalities highly sought for micro-optical, micro-mechanical, and micro-fluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rekštytė
- Laser Research Center, Department of Quantum Electronics, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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1160
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Decoupling local mechanics from large-scale structure in modular metamaterials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3590-3595. [PMID: 28320939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620714114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of mechanical metamaterials is that their properties are determined by the organization of internal structure instead of the raw fabrication materials. This shift of attention to engineering internal degrees of freedom has coaxed relatively simple materials into exhibiting a wide range of remarkable mechanical properties. For practical applications to be realized, however, this nascent understanding of metamaterial design must be translated into a capacity for engineering large-scale structures with prescribed mechanical functionality. Thus, the challenge is to systematically map desired functionality of large-scale structures backward into a design scheme while using finite parameter domains. Such "inverse design" is often complicated by the deep coupling between large-scale structure and local mechanical function, which limits the available design space. Here, we introduce a design strategy for constructing 1D, 2D, and 3D mechanical metamaterials inspired by modular origami and kirigami. Our approach is to assemble a number of modules into a voxelized large-scale structure, where the module's design has a greater number of mechanical design parameters than the number of constraints imposed by bulk assembly. This inequality allows each voxel in the bulk structure to be uniquely assigned mechanical properties independent from its ability to connect and deform with its neighbors. In studying specific examples of large-scale metamaterial structures we show that a decoupling of global structure from local mechanical function allows for a variety of mechanically and topologically complex designs.
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1161
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Aßhoff SJ, Lancia F, Iamsaard S, Matt B, Kudernac T, Fletcher SP, Katsonis N. High-Power Actuation from Molecular Photoswitches in Enantiomerically Paired Soft Springs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3261-3265. [PMID: 28181400 PMCID: PMC5363340 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Motion in plants often relies on dynamic helical systems as seen in coiling tendrils, spasmoneme springs, and the opening of chiral seedpods. Developing nanotechnology that would allow molecular-level phenomena to drive such movements in artificial systems remains a scientific challenge. Herein, we describe a soft device that uses nanoscale information to mimic seedpod opening. The system exploits a fundamental mechanism of stimuli-responsive deformation in plants, namely that inflexible elements with specific orientations are integrated into a stimuli-responsive matrix. The device is operated by isomerization of a light-responsive molecular switch that drives the twisting of strips of liquid-crystal elastomers. The strips twist in opposite directions and work against each other until the pod pops open from stress. This mechanism allows the photoisomerization of molecular switches to stimulate rapid shape changes at the macroscale and thus to maximize actuation power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Aßhoff
- Bio-inspired and Smart MaterialsUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2077500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Federico Lancia
- Bio-inspired and Smart MaterialsUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2077500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Supitchaya Iamsaard
- Bio-inspired and Smart MaterialsUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2077500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Matt
- Bio-inspired and Smart MaterialsUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2077500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Tibor Kudernac
- Molecular Nanofabrication GroupUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2077500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Bio-inspired and Smart MaterialsUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2077500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
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1162
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Liu Y, Shaw B, Dickey MD, Genzer J. Sequential self-folding of polymer sheets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602417. [PMID: 28275736 PMCID: PMC5336351 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Shape plays an important role in defining the function of materials, particularly those found in nature. Several strategies exist to program materials to change from one shape to another; however, few can temporally and spatially control the shape. Programming the sequence of shape transformation with temporal control has been driven by the desire to generate complex shapes with high yield and to create multiple shapes from the same starting material. This paper demonstrates a markedly simple strategy for programmed self-folding of two-dimensional (2D) polymer sheets into 3D objects in a sequential manner using external light. Printed ink on the surface of the polymer sheets discriminately absorbs light on the basis of the wavelength of the light and the color of the ink that defines the hinge about which the sheet folds. The absorbed light gradually heats the underlying polymer across the thickness of the sheet, which causes relief of strain to induce folding. These color patterns can be designed to absorb only specific wavelengths of light (or to absorb differently at the same wavelength using color hues), thereby providing control of sheet folding with respect to time and space. This type of shape programming may have numerous applications, including reconfigurable electronics, actuators, sensors, implantable devices, smart packaging, and deployable structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brandi Shaw
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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1163
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Jeon SJ, Hauser AW, Hayward RC. Shape-Morphing Materials from Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Hybrids. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:161-169. [PMID: 28181798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of well-defined and functional three-dimensional (3D) structures by buckling of thin sheets subjected to spatially nonuniform stresses is common in biological morphogenesis and has become a subject of great interest in synthetic systems, as such programmable shape-morphing materials hold promise in areas including drug delivery, biomedical devices, soft robotics, and biomimetic systems. Given their ability to undergo large changes in swelling in response to a wide variety of stimuli, hydrogels have naturally emerged as a key type of material in this field. Of particular interest are hybrid systems containing rigid inclusions that can define both the anisotropy and spatial nonuniformity of swelling as well as nanoparticulate additives that can enhance the responsiveness and functionality of the material. In this Account, we discuss recent progress in approaches to achieve well-defined shape morphing in hydrogel hybrids. First, we provide an overview of materials and methods that facilitate fabrication of such systems and outline the geometry and mechanics behind shape morphing of thin sheets. We then discuss how patterning of stiff inclusions within soft responsive hydrogels can be used to program both bending and swelling, thereby providing access to a wide array of complex 3D forms. The use of discretely patterned stiff regions to provide an effective composite response offers distinct advantages in terms of scalability and ease of fabrication compared with approaches based on smooth gradients within a single layer of responsive material. We discuss a number of recent advances wherein control of the mechanical properties and geometric characteristics of patterned stiff elements enables the formation of 3D shapes, including origami-inspired structures, concatenated helical frameworks, and surfaces with nonzero Gaussian curvature. Next, we outline how the inclusion of functional elements such as nanoparticles can enable unique pathways to programmable and even reprogrammable shape-morphing materials. We focus to a large extent on photothermally reprogrammable systems that include one of a variety of additives that serve to efficiently absorb light and convert it into heat, thereby driving the response of a temperature-sensitive hydrogel. Such systems are advantageous in that patterns of light can be defined with very high spatial and temporal resolution in addition to offering the potential for wavelength-selective addressability of multiple different inclusions. We highlight recent advances in the preparation of light-responsive hybrid systems capable of undergoing reprogrammable bending and buckling into well-defined 3D shapes. In addition, we describe several examples where shape tuning of hybrid systems enables control over the motion of responsive hydrogel-based materials. Finally, we offer our perspective on open challenges and future areas of interest for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Jin Jeon
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Adam W. Hauser
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ryan C. Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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1164
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Aßhoff SJ, Lancia F, Iamsaard S, Matt B, Kudernac T, Fletcher SP, Katsonis N. High-Power Actuation from Molecular Photoswitches in Enantiomerically Paired Soft Springs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Aßhoff
- Bio-inspired and Smart Materials; University of Twente; P.O. Box 207 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Federico Lancia
- Bio-inspired and Smart Materials; University of Twente; P.O. Box 207 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Supitchaya Iamsaard
- Bio-inspired and Smart Materials; University of Twente; P.O. Box 207 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Matt
- Bio-inspired and Smart Materials; University of Twente; P.O. Box 207 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Kudernac
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group; University of Twente; P.O. Box 207 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Bio-inspired and Smart Materials; University of Twente; P.O. Box 207 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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1165
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Hsiao LC, Badruddoza AZM, Cheng LC, Doyle PS. 3D printing of self-assembling thermoresponsive nanoemulsions into hierarchical mesostructured hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:921-929. [PMID: 28094392 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spinodal decomposition and phase transitions have emerged as viable methods to generate a variety of bicontinuous materials. Here, we show that when arrested phase separation is coupled to the time scales involved in three-dimensional (3D) printing processes, hydrogels with multiple length scales spanning nanometers to millimeters can be printed with high fidelity. We use an oil-in-water nanoemulsion-based ink with rheological and photoreactive properties that satisfy the requirements of stereolithographic 3D printing. This ink is thermoresponsive and consists of poly(dimethyl siloxane) droplets suspended in an aqueous phase containing the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate and the cross-linker poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate. Control of the hydrogel microstructure can be achieved in the printing process due to the rapid structural recovery of the nanoemulsions after large strain-rate yielding, as well as the shear thinning behavior that allows the ink to conform to the build platform of the printer. Wiper operations are used to ensure even spreading of the yield stress ink on the optical window between successive print steps. Post-processing of the printed samples is used to generate mesoporous hydrogels that serve as size-selective membranes. Our work demonstrates that nanoemulsions, which belong to a class of solution-based materials with flexible functionalities, can be printed into prototypes with complex shapes using a commercially available 3D printer with a few modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian C Hsiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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1166
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Jeong J, Cho Y, Lee SY, Gong X, Kamien RD, Yang S, Yodh AG. Topography-guided buckling of swollen polymer bilayer films into three-dimensional structures. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:956-962. [PMID: 28078333 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02299e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thin films that exhibit spatially heterogeneous swelling often buckle into the third dimension to minimize stress. These effects, in turn, offer a promising strategy to fabricate complex three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional sheets. Here we employ surface topography as a new means to guide buckling of swollen polymer bilayer films and thereby control the morphology of resulting three-dimensional objects. Topographic patterns are created on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) films selectively coated with a thin layer of non-swelling parylene on different sides of the patterned films. After swelling in an organic solvent, various structures are formed, including half-pipes, helical tubules, and ribbons. We demonstrate these effects and introduce a simple geometric model that qualitatively captures the relationship between surface topography and the resulting swollen film morphologies. The model's limitations are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonwoo Jeong
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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1167
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Huang L, Jiang R, Wu J, Song J, Bai H, Li B, Zhao Q, Xie T. Ultrafast Digital Printing toward 4D Shape Changing Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605390. [PMID: 27936286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast 4D printing (<30 s) of responsive polymers is reported. Visible-light-triggered polymerization of commercial monomers defines digitally stress distribution in a 2D polymer film. Releasing the stress after the printing converts the structure into 3D. An additional dimension can be incorporated by choosing the printing precursors. The process overcomes the speed limiting steps of typical 3D (4D) printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ruiqi Jiang
- Soft Matter Research Center, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jingjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jizhou Song
- Soft Matter Research Center, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bogeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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1168
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A general patterning approach by manipulating the evolution of two-dimensional liquid foams. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14110. [PMID: 28134337 PMCID: PMC5290267 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of gas-liquid foams has been an attractive topic for more than half a century. However, it remains a challenge to manipulate the evolution of foams, which restricts the development of porous materials with excellent mechanical, thermal, catalytic, electrical or acoustic properties. Here we report a strategy to manipulate the evolution of two-dimensional (2D) liquid foams with a micropatterned surface. We demonstrate that 2D liquid foams can evolve beyond Ostwald ripening (large bubbles always consuming smaller ones). By varying the arrangement of pillars on the surface, we have prepared various patterns of foams in which the size, shape and position of the bubbles can be precisely controlled. Furthermore, these patterned bubbles can serve as a template for the assembly of functional materials, such as nanoparticles and conductive polymers, into desired 2D networks with nanoscale resolution. This methodology provides new insights in controlling curvature-driven evolution and opens a general route for the assembly of functional materials. Ostwald ripening is thermodynamically favoured in many liquid and gas systems, where small particles tend to dissolve into large ones. Against this effect, Huang et al. use patterned microstructures to guide the evolution of two-dimensional liquid foams as a platform for the assembly of nanoparticles.
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1169
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Yi HG, Lee H, Cho DW. 3D Printing of Organs-On-Chips. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:E10. [PMID: 28952489 PMCID: PMC5590440 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip engineering aims to create artificial living organs that mimic the complex and physiological responses of real organs, in order to test drugs by precisely manipulating the cells and their microenvironments. To achieve this, the artificial organs should to be microfabricated with an extracellular matrix (ECM) and various types of cells, and should recapitulate morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and functions according to the native organ. A promising strategy is 3D printing, which precisely controls the spatial distribution and layer-by-layer assembly of cells, ECMs, and other biomaterials. Owing to this unique advantage, integration of 3D printing into organ-on-a-chip engineering can facilitate the creation of micro-organs with heterogeneity, a desired 3D cellular arrangement, tissue-specific functions, or even cyclic movement within a microfluidic device. Moreover, fully 3D-printed organs-on-chips more easily incorporate other mechanical and electrical components with the chips, and can be commercialized via automated massive production. Herein, we discuss the recent advances and the potential of 3D cell-printing technology in engineering organs-on-chips, and provides the future perspectives of this technology to establish the highly reliable and useful drug-screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Gyeong Yi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Korea.
| | - Hyungseok Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Korea.
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Korea.
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1170
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Yu R, Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Wu X, Zhao T, Zhao Y, Huang W. Three-Dimensional Printing of Shape Memory Composites with Epoxy-Acrylate Hybrid Photopolymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:1820-1829. [PMID: 28009155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional printing, a new process to fabricate active materials through three-dimensional (3D) printing developed by MIT's Self-Assembly Lab in 2014, has attracted more and more research and development interests recently. In this paper, a type of epoxy-acrylate hybrid photopolymer was synthesized and applied to fabricate shape memory polymers through a stereolithography 3D printing technique. The glass-to-rubbery modulus ratio of the printed sample determined by dynamic mechanical analysis is as high as 600, indicating that it may possess good shape memory properties. Fold-deploy and shape memory cycle tests were applied to evaluate its shape memory performance. The shape fixity ratio and the shape recovery ratio in ten cycles of fold-deploy tests are about 99 and 100%, respectively. The shape recovery process takes less than 20 s, indicating its rapid shape recovery rate. The shape fixity ratio and shape recovery ratio during 18 consecutive shape memory cycles are 97.44 ± 0.08 and 100.02 ± 0.05%, respectively, showing that the printed sample has high shape fixity ratio, shape recovery ratio, and excellent cycling stability. A tensile test at 62 °C demonstrates that the printed samples combine a relatively large break strain of 38% with a large recovery stress of 4.7 MPa. Besides, mechanical and thermal stability tests prove that the printed sample has good thermal stability and mechanical properties, including high strength and good toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulei Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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1171
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Wei H, Zhang Q, Yao Y, Liu L, Liu Y, Leng J. Direct-Write Fabrication of 4D Active Shape-Changing Structures Based on a Shape Memory Polymer and Its Nanocomposite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:876-883. [PMID: 27997104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) active shape-changing structures based on shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape memory nanocomposites (SMNCs) are able to be controlled in both space and time and have attracted increasing attention worldwide. However, conventional processing approaches have restricted the design space of such smart structures. Herein, 4D active shape-changing architectures in custom-defined geometries exhibiting thermally and remotely actuated behaviors are achieved by direct-write printing of ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking poly(lactic acid)-based inks. The results reveal that, by the introduction of a UV cross-linking agent, the printed objects present excellent shape memory behavior, which enables three-dimensional (3D)-one-dimensional (1D)-3D, 3D-two-dimensional (2D)-3D, and 3D-3D-3D configuration transformations. More importantly, the addition of iron oxide successfully integrates 4D shape-changing objects with fast remotely actuated and magnetically guidable properties. This research realizes the printing of both SMPs and SMNCs, which present an effective strategy to design 4D active shape-changing architectures with multifunctional properties. This paves the way for the further development of 4D printing, soft robotics, flexible electronics, minimally invasive medicine, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Wei
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) , Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) , Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Yao
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) , Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwu Liu
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) , Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) , Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) , Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
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1172
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Nan K, Luan H, Yan Z, Ning X, Wang Y, Wang A, Wang J, Han M, Chang M, Li K, Zhang Y, Huang W, Xue Y, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Rogers JA. Engineered elastomer substrates for guided assembly of complex 3D mesostructures by spatially nonuniform compressive buckling. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2017; 27:1604281. [PMID: 28970775 PMCID: PMC5621772 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201604281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Approaches capable of creating three-dimensional (3D) mesostructures in advanced materials (device-grade semiconductors, electroactive polymers etc.) are of increasing interest in modern materials research. A versatile set of approaches exploits transformation of planar precursors into 3D architectures through the action of compressive forces associated with release of prestrain in a supporting elastomer substrate. Although a diverse set of 3D structures can be realized in nearly any class of material in this way, all previously reported demonstrations lack the ability to vary the degree of compression imparted to different regions of the 2D precursor, thus constraining the diversity of 3D geometries. This paper presents a set of ideas in materials and mechanics in which elastomeric substrates with engineered distributions of thickness yield desired strain distributions for targeted control over resultant 3D mesostructures geometries. This approach is compatible with a broad range of advanced functional materials from device-grade semiconductors to commercially available thin films, over length scales from tens of microns to several millimeters. A wide range of 3D structures can be produced in this way, some of which have direct relevance to applications in tunable optics and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Xin Ning
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Yiqi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Ao Wang
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA), Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China)
| | - Juntong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Mengdi Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (P. R. China)
| | - Matthew Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Kan Li
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (USA)
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China)
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
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1173
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Mathews AS, Abraham S, Kumaran SK, Fan J, Montemagno C. Bio nano ink for 4D printing membrane proteins. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07650a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo curable bio-nano ink was designed, developed and printed using a stereolithographic printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Stella Mathews
- Ingenuity Lab
- Edmonton
- Canada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
| | - Sinoj Abraham
- Ingenuity Lab
- Edmonton
- Canada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
| | - Surjith Kumar Kumaran
- Ingenuity Lab
- Edmonton
- Canada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
| | - Carlo Montemagno
- Ingenuity Lab
- Edmonton
- Canada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
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1174
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Albritton JL, Miller JS. 3D bioprinting: improving in vitro models of metastasis with heterogeneous tumor microenvironments. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:3-14. [PMID: 28067628 PMCID: PMC5278522 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with many advances in treatment over the past decades, cancer still remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the recognized relationship between metastasis and increased mortality rate, surprisingly little is known about the exact mechanism of metastatic progression. Currently available in vitro models cannot replicate the three-dimensionality and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment sufficiently to recapitulate many of the known characteristics of tumors in vivo Our understanding of metastatic progression would thus be boosted by the development of in vitro models that could more completely capture the salient features of cancer biology. Bioengineering groups have been working for over two decades to create in vitro microenvironments for application in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Over this time, advances in 3D printing technology and biomaterials research have jointly led to the creation of 3D bioprinting, which has improved our ability to develop in vitro models with complexity approaching that of the in vivo tumor microenvironment. In this Review, we give an overview of 3D bioprinting methods developed for tissue engineering, which can be directly applied to constructing in vitro models of heterogeneous tumor microenvironments. We discuss considerations and limitations associated with 3D printing and highlight how these advances could be harnessed to better model metastasis and potentially guide the development of anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Albritton
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jordan S Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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1175
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Zhang YS, Yue K, Aleman J, Moghaddam KM, Bakht SM, Yang J, Jia W, Dell’Erba V, Assawes P, Shin SR, Dokmeci MR, Oklu R, Khademhosseini A. 3D Bioprinting for Tissue and Organ Fabrication. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:148-163. [PMID: 27126775 PMCID: PMC5085899 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has progressed tremendously over the past few decades in its ability to fabricate functional tissue substitutes. Conventional approaches based on scaffolding and microengineering are limited in their capacity of producing tissue constructs with precise biomimetic properties. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology, on the other hand, promises to bridge the divergence between artificially engineered tissue constructs and native tissues. In a sense, 3D bioprinting offers unprecedented versatility to co-deliver cells and biomaterials with precise control over their compositions, spatial distributions, and architectural accuracy, therefore achieving detailed or even personalized recapitulation of the fine shape, structure, and architecture of target tissues and organs. Here we briefly describe recent progresses of 3D bioprinting technology and associated bioinks suitable for the printing process. We then focus on the applications of this technology in fabrication of biomimetic constructs of several representative tissues and organs, including blood vessel, heart, liver, and cartilage. We finally conclude with future challenges in 3D bioprinting as well as potential solutions for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kan Yue
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julio Aleman
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kamyar Mollazadeh Moghaddam
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Syeda Mahwish Bakht
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Comsats Institute of Information and Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jingzhou Yang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Weitao Jia
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Valeria Dell’Erba
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Pribpandao Assawes
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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1176
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Li T, Wang J, Zhang L, Yang J, Yang M, Zhu D, Zhou X, Handschuh-Wang S, Liu Y, Zhou X. “Freezing”, morphing, and folding of stretchy tough hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:5726-5732. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complex 3D structures were designed and fabricated from tough hydrogels by simply soaking Fe3+ ions or patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhen Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Jinbin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Mengyan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Deyong Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Yizhen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
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1177
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Johns MA, Bernardes A, De Azevêdo ER, Guimarães FEG, Lowe JP, Gale EM, Polikarpov I, Scott JL, Sharma RI. On the subtle tuneability of cellulose hydrogels: implications for binding of biomolecules demonstrated for CBM 1. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3879-3887. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Choice of molecular probe for determining porosity, surface area, or binding in never-dried cellulose hydrogels is critical to discern differences in structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Johns
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Bath
| | - A. Bernardes
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- Brazil
| | | | | | - J. P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- UK
| | - E. M. Gale
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
| | - I. Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - J. L. Scott
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
| | - R. I. Sharma
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Bath
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1178
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Zhao Z, Wu J, Mu X, Chen H, Qi HJ, Fang D. Desolvation Induced Origami of Photocurable Polymers by Digit Light Processing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeang Zhao
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Wu
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Xiaoming Mu
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Haosen Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - H. Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Daining Fang
- College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
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1179
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Truby RL, Lewis JA. Printing soft matter in three dimensions. Nature 2016; 540:371-378. [DOI: 10.1038/nature21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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1180
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Zarek M, Mansour N, Shapira S, Cohn D. 4D Printing of Shape Memory-Based Personalized Endoluminal Medical Devices. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt Zarek
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Nicola Mansour
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Shir Shapira
- Ulpanat Bnei Akiva Orot Modi'in; 21 Nakhal Tsalmon St Modi'in 71749 Israel
| | - Daniel Cohn
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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1181
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Li YC, Zhang YS, Akpek A, Shin SR, Khademhosseini A. 4D bioprinting: the next-generation technology for biofabrication enabled by stimuli-responsive materials. Biofabrication 2016; 9:012001. [PMID: 27910820 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/9/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, encompassing a wide range of disciplines including bioengineering, materials science, chemistry, and computer sciences, is emerging as the next-generation biofabrication technology. By utilizing stimuli-responsive materials and advanced three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting strategies, 4D bioprinting aims to create dynamic 3D patterned biological structures that can transform their shapes or behavior under various stimuli. In this review, we highlight the potential use of various stimuli-responsive materials for 4D printing and their extension into biofabrication. We first discuss the state of the art and limitations associated with current 3D printing modalities and their transition into the inclusion of the additional time dimension. We then suggest the potential use of different stimuli-responsive biomaterials as the bioink that may achieve 4D bioprinting where transformation of fabricated biological constructs can be realized. We finally conclude with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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1182
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1183
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sarah Y. Lockwood
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Dana M. Spence
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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1184
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Hadden WJ, Choi YS. The extracellular microscape governs mesenchymal stem cell fate. J Biol Eng 2016; 10:16. [PMID: 27895704 PMCID: PMC5117578 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-016-0037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Each cell forever interacts with its extracellular matrix (ECM); a stem cell relies on this interaction to guide differentiation. The stiffness, nanotopography, protein composition, stress and strain inherent to any given ECM influences stem cell lineage commitment. This interaction is dynamic, multidimensional and reciprocally evolving through time, and from this concerted exchange the macroscopic tissues that comprise living organisms are formed. Mesenchymal stem cells can give rise to bone, cartilage, tendon and muscle; thus attempts to manipulate their differentiation must heed the physical properties of incredibly complex native microenvironments to realize regenerative goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Hadden
- University of Sydney Medical School & Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Entrance 2, Hackett Dr, M309, Level 1, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
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1185
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Zhu F, Cheng L, Yin J, Wu ZL, Qian J, Fu J, Zheng Q. 3D Printing of Ultratough Polyion Complex Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31304-31310. [PMID: 27779379 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyion complex (PIC) hydrogels have been proposed as promising engineered soft materials due to their high toughness and good processability. In this work, we reported manufacturing of complex structures with tough PIC hydrogels based on three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The strategy relies on the distinct strength of ionic bonding in PIC hydrogels at different stages of printing. In concentrated saline solution, PIC forms viscous solution, which can be directly extruded out of a nozzle into water, where dialyzing out of salt and counterions results in sol-gel transition to form tough physical PIC gel with intricate structures. The printability of PIC solutions was systematically investigated by adjusting the PIC material formula and printing parameters in which proper viscosity and gelation rate were found to be key factors for successful 3D printing. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed to printed single fibers and multilayer grids, both exhibiting distinct yet controllable strength and toughness. More complex 3D structures with negative Poisson's ratio, gradient grid, and material anisotropy were constructed as well, demonstrating the flexible printability of PIC hydrogels. The methodology and capability here provide a versatile platform to fabricate complex structures with tough PIC hydrogels, which should broaden the use of such materials in applications such as biomedical devices and artificial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Libo Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Jun Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028, China
| | | | | | - Jianzhong Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028, China
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1186
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Singh A, Kuksenok O, Balazs AC. Embedding flexible fibers into responsive gels to create composites with controllable dexterity. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:9170-9184. [PMID: 27759145 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02006b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using computational modeling, we design a composite that encompasses a thermo-responsive gel and photo-responsive fibers that extend from the surface of the gel. By simulating the effect of light and heat on the sample, we isolate scenarios where cooperative interactions within the system allow the gel to actuate the "finger-like" motion of the embedded fibers. To achieve this distinctive behavior, we consider a gel formed from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), which shrinks when heated above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The fibers are functionalized with spirobenzopyran (SP) chromophores that extend a finite region into the polymer network. The application of heat causes the entire gel to shrink, while the application of light causes the regions around the functionalized fibers to collapse. With the fibers arranged in a square or circular pattern in the center of the gel, heating the non-illuminated samples drives the fibers to move apart as they bend outward (away from the center). With the application of light, the tips of fibers come together as the fibers bend inward. In this configuration, the fibers could act as grippers that bind objects in the presence of light. With the illumination turned off, the grippers could controllably release the objects. By placing the fibers closer to the edge of the sample, the combination of heat and light could be harnessed to bind and release larger objects. We also show that by illuminating the fibers separately, we can manipulate the motion of the individual finger-like objects, and thus, potentially expand the utility of the system. Overall, our findings provide guidelines for controllably reconfiguring the shape of soft materials and thus, tailoring the material to display different functionalities in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awaneesh Singh
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Olga Kuksenok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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1187
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Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole) nanofiber layered composite films with high thermomechanical performance. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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1188
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Hou K, Wang H, Lin Y, Chen S, Yang S, Cheng Y, Hsiao BS, Zhu M. Large Scale Production of Continuous Hydrogel Fibers with Anisotropic Swelling Behavior by Dynamic-Crosslinking-Spinning. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1795-1801. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Huiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Yunyin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Shengyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
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1189
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Han DD, Zhang YL, Ma JN, Liu YQ, Han B, Sun HB. Light-Mediated Manufacture and Manipulation of Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8328-8343. [PMID: 27435292 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a considerable growth of research interests in developing novel technologies that permit designable manufacture and controllable manipulation of actuators. Among various fabrication and driving strategies, light has emerged as an enabler to reach this end, contributing to the development of actuators. Several accessible light-mediated manufacturing technologies, such as ultraviolet (UV) lithography and direct laser writing (DLW), are summarized. A series of light-driven strategies including optical trapping, photochemical actuation, and photothermal actuation for controllable manipulation of actuators is introduced. Current challenges and future perspectives of this field are discussed. To generalize, light holds great promise for the development of actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Jiefang Road 119, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China.
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1190
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Wang ZJ, Zhu CN, Hong W, Wu ZL, Zheng Q. Programmed planar-to-helical shape transformations of composite hydrogels with bioinspired layered fibrous structures. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7075-7079. [PMID: 32263643 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02178f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-shaping materials have attracted tremendous interest due to their promising applications in soft robotics, and flexible electronics, etc. In this field, a crucial issue is how to construct complex yet elaborate structures in active materials. Here, we present the fabrication of composite hydrogels with both in-plane and out-of-plane structural gradients by multi-step photolithography and the resulting controllable deformations. A patterned gel with a layered fibrous structure like bean pod is developed, which shows programmed deformations from a flat shape to a twisted helix. The parameters of the helix can be deliberately tuned. This approach enables patterning different responsive polymers in specific regions of composite gels, leading to multiple shape transformations under stimulations. The controllability of intricate structures, together with tunable responses of localized gels, facilitates the generation of complex internal stresses and three-dimensional deformations of composite gels toward specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jian Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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1191
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Hölzl K, Lin S, Tytgat L, Van Vlierberghe S, Gu L, Ovsianikov A. Bioink properties before, during and after 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2016; 8:032002. [PMID: 27658612 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/032002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing from materials containing living cells. These materials, often referred to as bioink, are based on cytocompatible hydrogel precursor formulations, which gel in a manner compatible with different bioprinting approaches. The bioink properties before, during and after gelation are essential for its printability, comprising such features as achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity and cell survival. However, it is the final properties of the matured bioprinted tissue construct that are crucial for the end application. During tissue formation these properties are influenced by the amount of cells present in the construct, their proliferation, migration and interaction with the material. A calibrated computational framework is able to predict the tissue development and maturation and to optimize the bioprinting input parameters such as the starting material, the initial cell loading and the construct geometry. In this contribution relevant bioink properties are reviewed and discussed on the example of most popular bioprinting approaches. The effect of cells on hydrogel processing and vice versa is highlighted. Furthermore, numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogel construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hölzl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technical University Vienna, Austria. Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
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1192
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Whitford WG, Hoying JB. A bioink by any other name: terms, concepts and constructions related to 3D bioprinting. Future Sci OA 2016; 2:FSO133. [PMID: 28031977 PMCID: PMC5137896 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James B Hoying
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, 1901 Nelson Miller Parkway, Louisville, KY 40223, USA
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1193
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Kalaba S, Gerhard E, Winder JS, Pauli EM, Haluck RS, Yang J. Design Strategies and Applications of Biomaterials and Devices for Hernia Repair. Bioact Mater 2016; 1:2-17. [PMID: 28349130 PMCID: PMC5365083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hernia repair is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide, with a multi-billion dollar global market. Implant design remains a critical challenge for the successful repair and prevention of recurrent hernias, and despite significant progress, there is no ideal mesh for every surgery. This review summarizes the evolution of prostheses design toward successful hernia repair beginning with a description of the anatomy of the disease and the classifications of hernias. Next, the major milestones in implant design are discussed. Commonly encountered complications and strategies to minimize these adverse effects are described, followed by a thorough description of the implant characteristics necessary for successful repair. Finally, available implants are categorized and their advantages and limitations elucidated, including non-absorbable and absorbable (synthetic and biologically derived) prostheses, composite prostheses, and coated prostheses. This review not only summarizes the state of the art in hernia repair, but also suggests future research directions toward improved hernia repair utilizing novel materials and fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surge Kalaba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ethan Gerhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joshua S. Winder
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Eric M. Pauli
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Randy S. Haluck
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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1194
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A decade of progress in tissue engineering. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1775-81. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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1195
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Jung JP, Bhuiyan DB, Ogle BM. Solid organ fabrication: comparison of decellularization to 3D bioprinting. Biomater Res 2016; 20:27. [PMID: 27583168 PMCID: PMC5006370 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ fabrication is an ultimate goal of Regenerative Medicine. Since the introduction of Tissue Engineering in 1993, functional biomaterials, stem cells, tunable microenvironments, and high-resolution imaging technologies have significantly advanced efforts to regenerate in vitro culture or tissue platforms. Relatively simple flat or tubular organs are already in (pre)clinical trials and a few commercial products are in market. The road to more complex, high demand, solid organs including heart, kidney and lung will require substantive technical advancement. Here, we consider two emerging technologies for solid organ fabrication. One is decellularization of cadaveric organs followed by repopulation with terminally differentiated or progenitor cells. The other is 3D bioprinting to deposit cell-laden bio-inks to attain complex tissue architecture. We reviewed the development and evolution of the two technologies and evaluated relative strengths needed to produce solid organs, with special emphasis on the heart and other tissues of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwook P. Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Didarul B. Bhuiyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Brenda M. Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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1196
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Cui Z, Wang W, Obeng M, Chen M, Wu S, Kinloch I, Saunders BR. Using intra-microgel crosslinking to control the mechanical properties of doubly crosslinked microgels. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:6985-94. [PMID: 27476758 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01337f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microgels (MGs) are crosslinked polymer particles that swell when the pH approaches the pKa of the constituent polymer. Our earlier work showed that concentrated MG dispersions can be covalently interlinked to form macroscopic hydrogels, which are termed doubly crosslinked microgels (DX MGs). Here, we study for the first time the effects of intra-MG crosslinking on the swelling of the MGs and the mechanical properties of the DX MGs. The MGs were synthesised by emulsion copolymerisation of ethyl acrylate (EA) or methacrylic acid (MAA) and divinylbenzene (DVB). The latter was a crosslinking monomer. For comparison, MGs were prepared where DVB was replaced by either 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA) or a 1 : 1 mixture of both DVB and BDDA. The MG swelling behaviours were studied by dynamic light scattering; whereas, the DX MG mechanical properties were studied by dynamic rheology and uniaxial compression measurements. Inclusion of DVB within the MGs resulted in both highly swelling MGs and highly ductile DX MGs. The average strain-at-break value for the DVB-containing DX MGs was 76% which represents the highest value yet reported for a DX MG prepared using commercially available monomers. It was also shown that good tuneability of the DX MG properties could be obtained simply by controlling the DVB and BDDA contents within the MG particles. Analysis of the swelling and compression data enabled relationships between the volume-swelling ratio of the MGs and either the modulus or strain-at-break values for the DX MGs. These relationships also applied to a DVB-free system prepared with a low BDDA content. An interesting conclusion from this study is that the DX MGs can be thought of mechanically as macroscopic MG particles. The results of this study provide design tools for improving DX MG ductility and hence increasing the range of potential applications for this new class of hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Cui
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Wenkai Wang
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Melody Obeng
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mu Chen
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Shanglin Wu
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Ian Kinloch
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Brian R Saunders
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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1197
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Ge Q, Sakhaei AH, Lee H, Dunn CK, Fang NX, Dunn ML. Multimaterial 4D Printing with Tailorable Shape Memory Polymers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31110. [PMID: 27499417 PMCID: PMC4976324 DOI: 10.1038/srep31110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new 4D printing approach that can create high resolution (up to a few microns), multimaterial shape memory polymer (SMP) architectures. The approach is based on high resolution projection microstereolithography (PμSL) and uses a family of photo-curable methacrylate based copolymer networks. We designed the constituents and compositions to exhibit desired thermomechanical behavior (including rubbery modulus, glass transition temperature and failure strain which is more than 300% and larger than any existing printable materials) to enable controlled shape memory behavior. We used a high resolution, high contrast digital micro display to ensure high resolution of photo-curing methacrylate based SMPs that requires higher exposure energy than more common acrylate based polymers. An automated material exchange process enables the manufacture of 3D composite architectures from multiple photo-curable SMPs. In order to understand the behavior of the 3D composite microarchitectures, we carry out high fidelity computational simulations of their complex nonlinear, time-dependent behavior and study important design considerations including local deformation, shape fixity and free recovery rate. Simulations are in good agreement with experiments for a series of single and multimaterial components and can be used to facilitate the design of SMP 3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ge
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Center, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amir Hosein Sakhaei
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Center, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
| | - Howon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Conner K Dunn
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Martin L Dunn
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Center, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
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1198
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Gao P, Hunter A, Summe MJ, Phillip WA. A Method for the Efficient Fabrication of Multifunctional Mosaic Membranes by Inkjet Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19772-19779. [PMID: 27409714 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most conventional membrane systems are based on size-selective materials that permeate smaller molecules and retain larger ones. However, membranes that can permeate larger molecules more rapidly than smaller ones could find widespread utilization in multiple arenas of technology. Charge mosaic membranes are one example of such a system. Due to their unique nanostructure, which consists of discrete oppositely charged domains, charge mosaics are capable of permeating large dissolved salts more rapidly than smaller water molecules. Here, we present a combined inkjet printing and template synthesis technique to prepare charge mosaic membranes in a rapid and straightforward manner and demonstrate the unique transport properties that result from the mosaic membrane design. Poly(vinyl alcohol)-based composite inks containing poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) or poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) were used to pattern positively charged or negatively charged domains, respectively, on the surface of a polycarbonate track-etched membrane with 30 nm pores. The ability to control the net surface charge of the mosaic membranes through the rational deposition of oppositely charged materials was demonstrated and confirmed through nanostructural characterization, electrokinetic measurements, and piezodialysis experiments. Namely, mosaic membranes that possessed an overall neutral charge (i.e., membranes that had equal coverage of positively and negatively charged domains) were capable of enriching the concentration of potassium chloride in the solution that permeated through the membrane. These membranes can be deployed in the many established and emerging nanoscale technologies that rely on the selective transport and separation of ionic solutes from solution. Furthermore, because of the flexibility provided by the membrane fabrication platform, the efforts reported in this work can be extended to other mosaic designs with myriad other functional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Aaron Hunter
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mark J Summe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William A Phillip
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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1199
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Käpylä E, Delgado SM, Kasko AM. Shape-Changing Photodegradable Hydrogels for Dynamic 3D Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17885-17893. [PMID: 27322508 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural examples of swelling-actuated self-folding, we utilize photodegradable hydrogels as dynamically tunable, shape-changing scaffolds for culturing cells. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based thin films incorporating ortho-nitrobenzyl (o-NB) moieties are transformed from flat 2D sheets to folded 3D structures by exposure to 365 nm UV light. As the UV light is attenuated through the thickness of the gel, a cross-link density gradient is formed. This gradient gives rise to differential swelling and a bending moment, resulting in gel folding. By tuning the UV light dose and the molar ratio of photodegradable to nondegradable species, both the initial degree of folding and the relaxation of tubular structures can be accurately controlled. These self-folding photodegradable gels were further functionalized with a cell-adhesive RGD peptide for both seeding and encapsulation of C2C12 mouse myoblasts. Light-induced folding of RGD functionalized hydrogels from flat sheets to tubular structures was demonstrated 1 or 3 days after C2C12 seeding. The C2C12s remained adhered on the inner walls of folded tubes for up to 6 days after folding. The minimum measured diameter of a tubular structure containing C2C12s was 1 mm, which is similar to the size of muscle fascicles. Furthermore, the viability of encapsulated C2C12s was not adversely affected by the UV light-induced folding. This is the first account of a self-folding material system that allows 2D-3D shape change in the presence of both seeded and encapsulated cells at a user-directed time point of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Käpylä
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Stephanie M Delgado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andrea M Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California Nanosystems Institute , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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1200
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Na JH, Bende NP, Bae J, Santangelo CD, Hayward RC. Grayscale gel lithography for programmed buckling of non-Euclidean hydrogel plates. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4985-4990. [PMID: 27169886 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00714g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Shape programmable materials capable of morphing from a flat sheet into controlled three dimensional (3D) shapes offer promise in diverse areas including soft robotics, tunable optics, and bio-engineering. We describe a simple method of 'grayscale gel lithography' that relies on a digital micromirror array device (DMD) to control the dose of ultraviolet (UV) light, and therefore the extent of swelling of a photocrosslinkable poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm) copolymer film, with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. This approach allows for effectively smooth profiles of swelling to be prescribed, enabling the preparation of buckled 3D shapes with programmed Gaussian curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Na
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, USA.
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