1201
|
Abstract
Episodic memory is affected by cognitive ageing, and memory impairment beyond that expected on the basis of usual ageing may be an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease. Although memory complaints are common in midlife, it is reassuring that the natural menopausal transition is unaccompanied by objective memory loss. Less is known about memory after surgical menopause. Estrogen-containing hormone therapy initiated during the late postmenopause increases dementia risk and does not improve memory. It is unclear whether hormone use during the menopausal transition or early postmenopause affects Alzheimer risk. Observational studies imply a protective association consistent with the so-called critical window hypothesis, but these findings could be biased. Clinical practice implications are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Henderson
- Departments of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) and of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, 259 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
1202
|
Morris DR, Parker GF. Effects of advanced age and dementia on restoration of competence to stand trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2009; 32:156-160. [PMID: 19321205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Elderly defendants (age 65+) and defendants with dementia adjudicated incompetent to stand trial and hospitalized for restoration to competence (RTC) often present unique challenges to clinicians charged with their restoration. In this study, we attempted to better identify predictors of successful RTC by building upon previous research correlating increased age with decreased likelihood of RTC. We identified elderly non-demented defendants (n=31) and defendants diagnosed with dementia (n=47) from a state database of 1380 individuals hospitalized for competence restoration from 1988-2004. Using regression analysis and correcting for demographic variables and common admission psychiatric diagnoses, we studied the relationship of age at hospital admission and dementia diagnosis on the likelihood of successful RTC. Both advanced age and dementia diagnosis were associated with decreased RTC. After correcting for dementia diagnosis, increased age retained its negative correlation with restoration success. Both elderly non-demented defendants and defendants diagnosed with dementia were significantly less likely to be restored to competence than all other RTC admissions (n=1302). However, a substantial percentage of both demented and elderly non-demented defendants were successfully restored to competence, potentially justifying restoration attempts for both of these groups of defendants.
Collapse
|
1203
|
|
1204
|
Mayo AM, Wallhagen MI. Considerations of Informed Consent and Decision-Making Competence in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment. Res Gerontol Nurs 2009; 2:103-11. [DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20090401-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
1205
|
Connell CM, Scott Roberts J, McLaughlin SJ, Akinleye D. Racial differences in knowledge and beliefs about Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009; 23:110-6. [PMID: 19474569 PMCID: PMC8141173 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e318192e94d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a growing public health problem that disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities, including African Americans. Given that the perceptions of illness can influence response to treatment options and coping with disease burden, we examined differences between African Americans and whites with regard to their attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about AD. A total of 301 participants (mean age = 57 y; 80% female; 47% African American) were surveyed by telephone, with overrepresentation of caregivers and first-degree relatives of people with AD (62% of sample). After controlling for potentially confounding covariates, the 2 groups differed in terms of the following: (1) their knowledge about the disease (eg, recognizing that AD is not a part of normal aging); (2) concern about AD (eg, worry about developing the disease); (3) beliefs about putative causes of AD (eg, stress); and 4) beliefs about the effectiveness of various options for reducing risk of and treating AD (eg, physical activity). Findings suggest that AD outreach and education efforts may do well to take into account divergent illness perceptions across racial and ethnic groups. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in more representative samples and to identify factors that explain these racial differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen M Connell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 109 Observatory Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1206
|
|
1207
|
Rogers MAM, Plassman BL, Kabeto M, Fisher GG, McArdle JJ, Llewellyn DJ, Potter GG, Langa KM. Parental education and late-life dementia in the United States. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009; 22:71-80. [PMID: 19073840 PMCID: PMC2670459 DOI: 10.1177/0891988708328220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relation between parental education and dementia in the United States. Participants in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study were included, with information regarding parental education obtained from the Health and Retirement Study. The odds of dementia in elderly Americans whose mothers had less then 8 years of schooling were twice (95% CI, 1.1-3.8) that of individuals with higher maternal education, when adjusted for paternal education. Of elderly Americans with less educated mothers, 45.4% (95% CI, 37.4-53.4%) were diagnosed with dementia or ;;cognitive impairment, no dementia'' compared to 31.2% (95% CI, 25.0-37.4%) of elderly Americans whose mothers had at least an 8th grade education. The population attributable risk of dementia due to low maternal education was 18.8% (95% CI, 9.4-28.2%). The education of girls in a population may be protective of dementia in the next generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. M. Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
| | | | - Mohammed Kabeto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John J. McArdle
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David J. Llewellyn
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guy G. Potter
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth M. Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
1208
|
Takahashi PY, Dyrbye LN, Thomas KG, Cedeno OQ, North F, Stroebel RJ, DeJesus RS, Targonski PV. The association of transient ischemic attack symptoms with memory impairment among elderly participants of the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009; 22:46-51. [PMID: 19073836 DOI: 10.1177/0891988708328218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is a well-known risk factor for vascular dementia. However, the association of transient ischemic attacks with cognitive impairment is less well-established. METHODS Records from Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were abstracted for demographic and medical information for participants with an age >or=60 years who reported being free of stroke. Five self-reported symptoms (weakness, numbness, loss of vision, inability to speak, and severe dizziness) were used as surrogates representing transient ischemic attacks. Information on conventional risk factors for vascular dementia was also obtained. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine risk factors for memory impairment. RESULTS 4617 participants were included with a sample-weighted prevalence of memory impairment of 6.6% (1417 participants). The final multivariable analysis revealed a significant association between transient weakness and memory impairment (odds ratio 1.52, 95% CI 1.11-2.07). The other 4 transient ischemic attacks symptoms were not significantly associated with memory impairment in the final model. Systolic blood pressure >140 was most strongly associated with prevalent memory impairment (odds ratio, 9.78, 95% CI 1.49-64.3). Other associated risk factors included non-white race, male gender, age, education <or=12 years, and history of any alcohol use. CONCLUSION Among transient ischemic attacks symptoms, self-reported weakness in the face, arm, or leg was significantly associated with memory impairment. This study indicates that transient ischemic attacks symptoms are, even in the absence of stroke, associated with memory impairment. Aggressive risk factor modification in patients with TIA symptoms may be warranted to prevent potential future memory loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Y Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1209
|
Howland RH. Risks and benefits of antipsychotic drugs in elderly patients with dementia. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2009; 46:19-23. [PMID: 19051574 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20081101-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory impairment and other cognitive disturbances characterize dementia, but other noncognitive behavioral and psychiatric symptoms are very common. The most important behavioral and psychiatric symptoms associated with dementia (BPSAD) are agitation, aggression, and psychosis, and they have serious consequences for patients and caregivers. No medication has been approved for the treatment of BPSAD, but antipsychotic drugs are the best studied and most commonly used. However, in addition to these drugs' expected side effects, cerebrovascular adverse events and death are two serious adverse effects associated with their use in dementia patients. This article highlights the studies examining the risks and benefits of antipsychotic drugs for BPSAD. Weighing small but significant risks compared with possible benefits is a complex treatment decision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Howland
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
1210
|
Klepin H, Mohile S, Hurria A. Geriatric assessment in older patients with breast cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009; 7:226-36. [PMID: 19200420 PMCID: PMC4397965 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2009.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in older adults. Older women have an increased risk for breast cancer-specific mortality and are at higher risk for treatment-associated morbidity than younger women. However, they are also less likely to be offered preventive care or adjuvant therapy for this disease. Major gaps in evidence exist regarding the optimal evaluation and treatment of older women with breast cancer because of significant underrepresentation in clinical trials. Chronologic age alone is an inadequate predictor of treatment tolerance and benefit in this heterogeneous population. Multiple issues uniquely associated with aging impact cancer care, including functional impairment, comorbidity, social support, cognitive function, psychological state, and financial stress. Applying geriatric principles and assessment to this older adult population would inform decision making by providing estimates of life expectancy and identifying individuals most vulnerable to morbidity. Ongoing research is seeking to identify which assessment tools can best predict outcomes in this population, and thus guide experts in tailoring treatments to maximize benefits in older adults with breast cancer.
Collapse
|
1211
|
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are widespread among older adults. Degenerative neurologic disorders that cause dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, exacerbate age-related changes in sleep, as do many common comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions. Medications used to treat chronic illness and insomnia have many side effects that can further disrupt sleep and place patients at risk for injury. This article reviews the neurophysiology of sleep in normal aging and sleep changes associated with common dementia subtypes and comorbid conditions. Current pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic evidence-based treatment options are discussed, including the use of light therapy, increased physical and social activity, and multicomponent cognitive-behavioral interventions for improving sleep in institutionalized and community-dwelling adults with dementia.
Collapse
|
1212
|
Small GW, Siddarth P, Burggren AC, Kepe V, Ercoli LM, Miller KJ, Lavretsky H, Thompson PM, Cole GM, Huang SC, Phelps ME, Bookheimer SY, Barrio JR. Influence of cognitive status, age, and APOE-4 genetic risk on brain FDDNP positron-emission tomography imaging in persons without dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:81-7. [PMID: 19124691 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Amyloid senile plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles are neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease that accumulate in the brains of people without dementia years before they develop dementia. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans after intravenous injections of 2-(1-{6-[(2-[F-18]fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile (FDDNP), which binds to plaques and tangles in vitro, demonstrate increased cerebral binding in patients with Alzheimer disease compared with cognitively intact controls. Here we investigated whether known risk factors for Alzheimer disease and dementia are associated with FDDNP-PET binding. OBJECTIVE To determine if impaired cognitive status, older age, apolipoprotein E-4 (APOE-4) genetic risk for Alzheimer disease, family history of dementia, and less education are associated with increased regional cerebral FDDNP-PET binding. DESIGN Cross-sectional clinical study. SETTING A university research institute. PARTICIPANTS Volunteer sample of 76 middle-aged and older persons without dementia (mean age, 67 years) including 36 with mild cognitive impairment. Of the 72 subjects with genetic data, 34 were APOE-4 carriers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The FDDNP-PET signal in brain regions of interest, including medial and lateral temporal, posterior cingulate, parietal, and frontal. RESULTS For all regions studied, cognitive status was associated with increased FDDNP binding (P < .02 to .005). Older age was associated with increased lateral temporal FDDNP binding. Carriers of APOE-4 demonstrated higher frontal FDDNP binding than noncarriers. In the mild cognitive impairment group, age was associated with increased medial and lateral temporal FDDNP binding, and APOE-4 carriers had higher medial temporal binding than noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS Impaired cognitive status, older age, and APOE-4 carrier status are associated with increased brain FDDNP-PET binding in persons without dementia, consistent with previous clinical and postmortem studies associating these risk factors with amyloid plaque and tau tangle accumulation. Stratifying subject groups according to APOE-4 carrier status, age, and cognitive status may therefore be an informative strategy in future clinical trials using FDDNP-PET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Small
- Semel Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Ste 88-201, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1213
|
Qiu C, Kivipelto M, von Strauss E. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009; 11:111-28. [PMID: 19585947 PMCID: PMC3181909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
More than 25 million people in the world today are affected by dementia, most suffering from Alzheimer's disease. In both developed and developing nations, Alzheimer's disease has had tremendous impact on the affected individuals, caregivers, and society. The etiological factors, other than older age and genetic susceptibility, remain to be determined. Nevertheless, increasing evidence strongly points to the potential risk roles of vascular risk factors and disorders (eg, cigarette smoking, midlife high blood pressure and obesity, diabetes, and cerebrovascular lesions) and the possible beneficial roles of psychosocial factors (eg, high education, active social engagement, physical exercise, and mentally stimulating activity) in the pathogenetic process and clinical manifestation of the dementing disorders. The long-term multidomain interventions toward the optimal control of multiple vascular risk factors and the maintenance of socially integrated lifestyles and mentally stimulating activities are expected to reduce the risk or postpone the clinical onset of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxuan Qiu
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
1214
|
Abstract
Gene expression changes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and gene responses to therapeutic drugs, provide new ways to identify central nervous system (CNS) targets for drug discovery. This review summarizes gene and pathway targets replicated in expression profiling of human postmortem brain, animal models, and cell culture studies. Analysis of isolated human neurons implicates targets for Alzheimer's disease and the cognitive decline associated with normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. In addition to tau, amyloid-beta precursor protein, and amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta), these targets include all three high-affinity neurotrophin receptors and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system, synapse markers, glutamate receptors (GluRs) and transporters, and dopamine (DA) receptors, particularly the D2 subtype. Gene-based candidates for Parkinson's disease (PD) include the ubiquitin-proteosome system, scavengers of reactive oxygen species, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its receptor, TrkB, and downstream target early growth response 1, Nurr-1, and signaling through protein kinase C and RAS pathways. Increasing variability and decreases in brain mRNA production from middle age to old age suggest that cognitive impairments during normal aging may be addressed by drugs that restore antioxidant, DNA repair, and synaptic functions including those of DA to levels of younger adults. Studies in schizophrenia identify robust decreases in genes for GABA function, including glutamic acid decarboxylase, HINT1, glutamate transport and GluRs, BDNF and TrkB, numerous 14-3-3 protein family members, and decreases in genes for CNS synaptic and metabolic functions, particularly glycolysis and ATP generation. Many of these metabolic genes are increased by insulin and muscarinic agonism, both of which are therapeutic in psychosis. Differential genomic signals are relatively sparse in bipolar disorder, but include deficiencies in the expression of 14-3-3 protein members, implicating these chaperone proteins and the neurotransmitter pathways they support as possible drug targets. Brains from persons with major depressive disorder reveal decreased expression for genes in glutamate transport and metabolism, neurotrophic signaling (eg, FGF, BDNF and VGF), and MAP kinase pathways. Increases in these pathways in the brains of animals exposed to electroconvulsive shock and antidepressant treatments identify neurotrophic and angiogenic growth factors and second messenger stimulation as therapeutic approaches for the treatment of depression.
Collapse
|
1215
|
Andrade C, Radhakrishnan R. The prevention and treatment of cognitive decline and dementia: An overview of recent research on experimental treatments. Indian J Psychiatry 2009; 51:12-25. [PMID: 19742190 PMCID: PMC2738400 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.44900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly has assumed increasing importance in an aging population. This article presents a qualitative review of recent research on experimental interventions for the prevention and treatment of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in elderly subjects. Interventions addressed range from lifestyle measures to pharmacological treatments. Epidemiological studies suggest that dietary measures, physical exercise, and mental activity may reduce the risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in elderly subjects. Statins may protect against incident dementia, and lithium may convey similar benefits to bipolar patients. Ginkgo appears ineffective as a primary preventive measure. Donepezil but not Vitamin E may benefit persons with mild cognitive impairment. Experimental treatments potentially useful for Alzheimer's disease include dimebon, PBT2 and etanercept; the safety and efficacy of the Alzheimer's vaccine remains to be proven, and growth hormone secretagogue and tarenflurbil are likely ineffective. Herbal treatments merit study in elderly subjects with cognitive syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Andrade
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore - 560 029, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
1216
|
Taylor DH, Østbye T, Langa KM, Weir D, Plassman BL. The accuracy of Medicare claims as an epidemiological tool: the case of dementia revisited. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 17:807-15. [PMID: 19542620 PMCID: PMC3697480 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2009-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our study estimates the sensitivity and specificity of Medicare claims to identify clinically-diagnosed dementia, and documents how errors in dementia assessment affect dementia cost estimates. We compared Medicare claims from 1993-2005 to clinical dementia assessments carried out in 2001-2003 for the Aging Demographics and Memory Study (ADAMS) cohort (n = 758) of the Health and Retirement Study. The sensitivity and specificity of Medicare claims was 0.85 and 0.89 for dementia (0.64 and 0.95 for AD). Persons with dementia cost the Medicare program (in 2003) $7,135 more than controls (P < 0.001) when using claims to identify dementia, compared to $5,684 more when using ADAMS (P < 0.001). Using Medicare claims to identify dementia results in a 110% increase in costs for those with dementia as compared to a 68% increase when using ADAMS to identify disease, net of other variables. Persons with false positive Medicare claims notations of dementia were the most expensive group of subjects ($11,294 versus $4,065, for true negatives P < 0.001). Medicare claims overcount the true prevalence of dementia, but there are both false positive and negative assessments of disease. The use of Medicare claims to identify dementia results in an overstatement of the increase in Medicare costs that are due to dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald H Taylor
- Center for Health Policy, Sanford Duke School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1217
|
Sudore RL, Schillinger D. Interventions to Improve Care for Patients with Limited Health Literacy. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OUTCOMES MANAGEMENT : JCOM 2009; 16:20-29. [PMID: 20046798 PMCID: PMC2799039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To propose a framework and describe best practices for improving care for patients with limited health literacy (LHL). METHODS: Review of the literature. RESULTS: Approximately half of the U.S. adult population has LHL. Because LHL is associated with poor health outcomes and contributes to health disparities, the adoption of evidence-based best practices is imperative. Feasible interventions at the clinician-patient level (eg, patient-centered communication, clear communication techniques, teach-to-goal methods, and reinforcement), at the system-patient level (eg, clear health education materials, visual aids, clear medication labeling, self-management support programs, and shame-free clinical environments), and at the community-patient level (eg, adult education referrals, lay health educators, and harnessing the mass media) can improve health outcomes for patients with LHL. CONCLUSION: Because LHL is prevalent, and because the recommended communication strategies can benefit patients of all literacy levels, clinicians, health system planners, and health policy leaders should promote the uptake of these strategies into routine care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Sudore
- Division of Geriatrics (Dr. Sudore), and the Division of General Internal Medicine (Dr. Schillinger), University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
1218
|
Andrade C, Radhakrishnan R. Safety and efficacy of antipsychotic drugs for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Indian J Psychiatry 2009; 51 Suppl 1:S87-92. [PMID: 21416025 PMCID: PMC3038527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic drugs are commonly used in the treatment of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a qualitative review of the data on the efficacy and safety of antipsychotic drugs for BPSD. We more specifically examine safety issues with an especial focus on recent research. We examine two safety studies in detail to provide readers with a critical perspective. RESULTS Typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs both attenuate the severity of BPSD; however, both categories of drugs increase the risk of cerebrovascular and other adverse events, as well as the risk of death. The risk appears greater with the typical drugs, with higher doses, and during the initial weeks of treatment. The risk probably persists for as long as a year after the initiation of treatment. Both drug- and patient-related factors appear to mediate this increase in risk. CONCLUSIONS Antipsychotic drugs should be considered for BPSD only if there is a specific need, or if other treatments have failed; decision-making should be individualized and documented after a risk-benefit analysis. Atypical antipsychotics appear safer than the typical drugs. The lowest effective dose should be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Andrade
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560 029, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
1219
|
Willingness to participate in Alzheimer disease research and attitudes towards proxy-informed consent: results from the Health and Retirement Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 17:65-74. [PMID: 19092313 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e31818cd3d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate public opinion about participation in Alzheimer disease (AD) research and willingness to have a proxy-informed consent. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING A national survey of community-dwelling adults over the age of 50 and their spouse of any age. PARTICIPANTS The 2006 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 1,517). MEASUREMENTS Willingness to participate in one of four possible research scenarios and to have a proxy-informed consent for AD research. RESULTS Overall, 65.8% agreed to participate in AD research and 70.7% agreed to proxy-informed consent. Relative to a minimal benefit and moderate risk scenario, participants were more likely to favor participation in a moderate benefit and minimal risk scenario and less likely to endorse a minimal benefit and severe risk scenario. Those agreeing to participate in the study were more likely to agree to proxy consent and to give leeway to a research proxy to go against their will. CONCLUSIONS Most participants view AD research favorably and are agreeable toward participating in such research as well as toward having a research proxy. Participants are able to distinguish between studies of different levels of benefit and risk. Nevertheless, over 50% agreed to a study of minimal benefit and severe risk. Researchers and clinicians should be aware that those less agreeable toward AD research are less interested in having a research proxy.
Collapse
|
1220
|
|
1221
|
Bain LJ, Jedrziewski K, Morrison-Bogorad M, Albert M, Cotman C, Hendrie H, Trojanowski JQ. Healthy brain aging: a meeting report from the Sylvan M. Cohen Annual Retreat of the University of Pennsylvania Institute on Aging. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:443-6. [PMID: 18945646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Bain
- Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1222
|
Yang M, Teplow DB. Amyloid beta-protein monomer folding: free-energy surfaces reveal alloform-specific differences. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:450-64. [PMID: 18835397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alloform-specific differences in structural dynamics between amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) 40 and Abeta42 appear to underlie the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. To elucidate these differences, we performed microsecond timescale replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations to sample the conformational space of the Abeta monomer and constructed its free-energy surface. We find that neither peptide monomer is unstructured, but rather that each may be described as a unique statistical coil in which five relatively independent folding units exist, comprising residues 1-5, 10-13, 17-22, 28-37, and 39-42, which are connected by four turn structures. The free-energy surfaces of both peptides are characterized by two large basins, comprising conformers with either substantial alpha-helix or beta-sheet content. Conformational transitions within and between these basins are rapid. The two additional hydrophobic residues at the Abeta42 C-terminus, Ile41 and Ala42, significantly increase contacts within the C-terminus, and between the C-terminus and the central hydrophobic cluster (Leu17-Ala21). As a result, the beta-structure of Abeta42 is more stable than that of Abeta40, and the conformational equilibrium in Abeta42 shifts towards beta-structure. These results suggest that drugs stabilizing alpha-helical Abeta conformers (or destabilizing the beta-sheet state) would block formation of neurotoxic oligomers. The atomic-resolution conformer structures determined in our simulations may serve as useful targets for this purpose. The conformers also provide starting points for simulations of Abeta oligomerization-a process postulated to be the key pathogenetic event in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Yang
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Molecular Biology Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
1223
|
Fillenbaum GG, van Belle G, Morris JC, Mohs RC, Mirra SS, Davis PC, Tariot PN, Silverman JM, Clark CM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Heyman A. Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD): the first twenty years. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:96-109. [PMID: 18631955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) was funded by the National Institute on Aging in 1986 to develop standardized, validated measures for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present report describes the measures that CERAD developed during its first decade and their continued use in their original and translated forms. These measures include clinical, neuropsychological, neuropathologic, and behavioral assessments of AD and also assessment of family history and parkinsonism in AD. An approach to evaluating neuroimages did not meet the standards desired. Further evaluations that could not be completed because of lack of funding (but where some materials are available) include evaluation of very severe AD and of service use and need by patient and caregiver. The information that was developed in the U.S. and abroad permits standardized assessment of AD in clinical practice, facilitates epidemiologic studies, and provides information valuable for individual and public health planning. CERAD materials and data remain available for those wishing to use them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda G Fillenbaum
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1224
|
Laudisio A, Marzetti E, Pagano F, Cocchi A, Franceschi C, Bernabei R, Zuccalà G. Association of metabolic syndrome with cognitive function: the role of sex and age. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:747-54. [PMID: 18715681 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cognitive impairment is a prevalent condition in older populations, independently associated with disability and mortality. Some studies have suggested a negative correlation between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive functioning, but results in older subjects are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of cognitive performance with MetS in an older unselected population. METHODS We evaluated the association of the Hodkinson Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) score with MetS, as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program's ATP-III criteria, in all 353 subjects aged 75+ living in Tuscania (Italy). RESULTS MetS was positively associated with the AMT score in multivariable linear regression analysis, after adjusting (B=0.45, 95% CI=0.04-0.90; p=0.03). When the same regression model was analyzed after stratifying for sex, such an association was significant in women (B=0.76, 95% CI=0.16-1.36; p=0.01), but not in men. Also, when the regression model was analyzed in women, MetS was associated with better cognition (B=1.41, 95% CI=0.51-2.30; p<0.01) among participants aged 80+. CONCLUSIONS MetS is associated with better cognitive performance in community-dwelling elderly; such an association seems to depend upon the oldest female subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Laudisio
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Catholic University of Medicine, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1225
|
Abstract
Dementia of the Alzheimer type is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative condition characterized by deterioration in cognition and memory, progressive impairment in the ability to carry out activities of daily living, and a number of neuropsychiatric symptoms. This narrative review summarizes the literature regarding descriptive epidemiology, clinical course, and characteristic neuropathological changes of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Although there are no definitive imaging or laboratory tests, except for brain biopsy, for diagnosis, brief screening instruments and neuropsychiatric test batteries used to assess the disease are discussed. Insufficient evidence exists for the use of biomarkers in clinical practice for diagnosis or disease management, but promising discoveries are summarized. Optimal treatment requires both nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions, yet none have been shown to modify the disease's clinical course. This review describes the current available options and summarizes promising new avenues for treatment. Issues related to the care of persons with dementia of the Alzheimer type, including caregiver burden, long-term care, and the proliferation of dementia special care units, are discussed. Although advances have been made, more research is needed to address the gaps in our understanding of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Jalbert
- Department of Community Health - Epidemiology, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, 121 South Main, Box G, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
1226
|
|
1227
|
Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, Heeringa SG, Weir DR, Ofstedal MB, Burke JR, Hurd MD, Potter GG, Rodgers WL, Steffens DC, McArdle JJ, Willis RJ, Wallace RB. Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:427-34. [PMID: 18347351 PMCID: PMC2670458 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-148-6-200803180-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment without dementia is associated with increased risk for disability, increased health care costs, and progression to dementia. There are no population-based prevalence estimates of this condition in the United States. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States and determine longitudinal cognitive and mortality outcomes. DESIGN Longitudinal study from July 2001 to March 2005. SETTING In-home assessment for cognitive impairment. PARTICIPANTS Participants in ADAMS (Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study) who were age 71 years or older drawn from the nationally representative HRS (Health and Retirement Study). Of 1770 selected individuals, 856 completed initial assessment, and of 241 selected individuals, 180 completed 16- to 18-month follow-up assessment. MEASUREMENTS Assessments, including neuropsychological testing, neurologic examination, and clinical and medical history, were used to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment without dementia, or dementia. National prevalence rates were estimated by using a population-weighted sample. RESULTS In 2002, an estimated 5.4 million people (22.2%) in the United States age 71 years or older had cognitive impairment without dementia. Prominent subtypes included prodromal Alzheimer disease (8.2%) and cerebrovascular disease (5.7%). Among participants who completed follow-up assessments, 11.7% with cognitive impairment without dementia progressed to dementia annually, whereas those with subtypes of prodromal Alzheimer disease and stroke progressed at annual rates of 17% to 20%. The annual death rate was 8% among those with cognitive impairment without dementia and almost 15% among those with cognitive impairment due to medical conditions. LIMITATIONS Only 56% of the nondeceased target sample completed the initial assessment. Population sampling weights were derived to adjust for at least some of the potential bias due to nonresponse and attrition. CONCLUSION Cognitive impairment without dementia is more prevalent in the United States than dementia, and its subtypes vary in prevalence and outcomes.
Collapse
|
1228
|
|
1229
|
Jarvik L, LaRue A, Blacker D, Gatz M, Kawas C, McArdle JJ, Morris JC, Mortimer JA, Ringman JM, Ercoli L, Freimer N, Gokhman I, Manly JJ, Plassman BL, Rasgon N, Roberts JS, Sunderland T, Swan GE, Wolf PA, Zonderman AB. Children of persons with Alzheimer disease: what does the future hold? Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2008; 22:6-20. [PMID: 18317242 PMCID: PMC3377487 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e31816653ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Children of persons with Alzheimer disease (AD), as a group, face an increased risk of developing AD. Many of them, throughout their adult lives, seek input on how to reduce their chances of one day suffering their parent's fate. We examine the state of knowledge with respect to risk and protective factors for AD and recommend a research agenda with special emphasis on AD offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lissy Jarvik
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
1230
|
Hodes RJ, Buckholtz N, Cahan V, Morrison-Bogorad M. Eyes on the prize: federal Alzheimer's research effort aims to facilitate interventions. Alzheimers Dement 2007; 4:S37-47. [PMID: 18631998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The public Alzheimer's disease (AD) research enterprise began in earnest in the mid-1970s with the creation by Congress of the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health. Today, AD research is a maturing field of study, with federal effort seeking to encourage the creativity and insights of individual investigators, and targeting special areas for emphasis. It is inspired by the legacy of our friend and colleague Leon Thal, whose innovative and collaborative approach to scientific research serves as a guidepost as we move toward the discovery of new and effective ways to prevent AD or slow its progression. This article describes the progress to date and potentially promising areas of study from the vantage point of the National Institute on Aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hodes
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|