1351
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Monteleone G, Caprioli F. Why are molecular mechanisms of immune activation important in IBD? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 Suppl 2:S106-7. [PMID: 18816650 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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1352
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fina
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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1353
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Generation and regulation of human CD4+ IL-17-producing T cells in ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15505-10. [PMID: 18832156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710686105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the important role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, their prevalence and the mechanisms by which they are generated and regulated in cancer remain unclear. Here, we report the presence of a high percentage of CD4(+) Th17 cells at sites of ovarian cancer, compared with a low percentage of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and cancer patients. Analysis of cytokine production profiles revealed that ovarian tumor cells, tumor-derived fibroblasts, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) secreted several key cytokines including IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta, which formed a cytokine milieu that regulated and expanded human IL-17-producing T-helper (Th17) cells. We further show that IL-1beta was critically required for the differentiation and expansion of human Th17 cells, whereas IL-6 and IL-23 may also play a role in the expansion of memory Th17 cells, even though IL-23 levels are low or undetectable in ovarian cancer. Further experiments demonstrated that coculture of naïve or memory CD4(+) T cells with tumor cells, APCs, or both could generate high percentages of Th17 cells. Treatment with anti-IL-1 alone or a combination of anti-IL-1 and anti-IL-6 reduced the ability of tumor cells to expand memory Th17 cells. Thus, we have identified a set of key cytokines secreted by ovarian tumor cells and tumor-associated APCs that favor the generation and expansion of human Th17 cells. These findings should accelerate efforts to define the function of this important subset of CD4(+) T cells in the human immune response to cancer.
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1354
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA
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1355
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Brenchley JM, Paiardini M, Knox KS, Asher AI, Cervasi B, Asher TE, Scheinberg P, Price DA, Hage CA, Kholi LM, Khoruts A, Frank I, Else J, Schacker T, Silvestri G, Douek DC. Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections. Blood 2008; 112:2826-35. [PMID: 18664624 PMCID: PMC2556618 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-159301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute HIV infection is characterized by massive loss of CD4 T cells from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Th17 cells are critical in the defense against microbes, particularly at mucosal surfaces. Here we analyzed Th17 cells in the blood, GI tract, and broncheoalveolar lavage of HIV-infected and uninfected humans, and SIV-infected and uninfected sooty mangabeys. We found that (1) human Th17 cells are specific for extracellular bacterial and fungal antigens, but not common viral antigens; (2) Th17 cells are infected by HIV in vivo, but not preferentially so; (3) CD4 T cells in blood of HIV-infected patients are skewed away from a Th17 phenotype toward a Th1 phenotype with cellular maturation; (4) there is significant loss of Th17 cells in the GI tract of HIV-infected patients; (5) Th17 cells are not preferentially lost from the broncheoalveolar lavage of HIV-infected patients; and (6) SIV-infected sooty mangabeys maintain healthy frequencies of Th17 cells in the blood and GI tract. These observations further elucidate the immunodeficiency of HIV disease and may provide a mechanistic basis for the mucosal barrier breakdown that characterizes HIV infection. Finally, these data may help account for the nonprogressive nature of nonpathogenic SIV infection in sooty mangabeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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1356
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Saruta M, Papadakis KA. Why are cytokines targeted for biological therapy in IBD? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 Suppl 2:S121-2. [PMID: 18816684 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saruta
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
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1357
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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1358
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Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Maggi E, Romagnani S. The phenotype of human Th17 cells and their precursors, the cytokines that mediate their differentiation and the role of Th17 cells in inflammation. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1361-8. [PMID: 18820263 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (T(h)17) cells represent a new subset of CD4+ effector T cells which have been described in both mice and humans. However, some differences seem to exist between murine and human T(h)17 cells with regard to their features, origin and role in immunopathology. Murine T(h)17 cells share their developmental origin with Foxp3+ Treg cells, indeed naive T-cell precursors can be differentiated to regulatory T (Treg) cells by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) alone, whereas the contemporaneous presence of TGF-beta and IL-6 gives origin to T(h)17 cells. Human T(h)17 cells which consistently express the CC chemokine receptor 6 and the equivalent of the murine NK1.1, CD161, appear to exclusively originate in response to IL-1beta and IL-23 from a small subset of CD161+CD4+ T-cell precursors detectable in the thymus and in umbilical cord blood. These cells constitutively express the T(h)17-driving transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)gamma t and the IL-23R and can also give origin to T(h)1 cells or T(h)2 cells under the appropriate polarizing conditions. By contrast, human CD161-naive T cells only give rise to T(h)1 and T(h)2 cells, but not T(h)17 cells. TGF-beta may not exert a direct critical role in human T(h)17 cell differentiation, but indirectly favours their development by inhibiting the development of T(h)1 cells, which are much more susceptible than T(h)17 cells to its suppressive activity on cell proliferation. Moreover, while murine T(h)17 are pathogenic in some murine models of autoimmunity where T(h)1 cells seem to play a protective role, both T(h)17 and T(h)1 certainly contribute to the pathogenesis of human autoimmune and other chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Annunziato
- Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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1359
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Verhoeven D, Teijaro JR, Farber DL. Heterogeneous memory T cells in antiviral immunity and immunopathology. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:99-113. [PMID: 18476772 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells are generated following an initial viral infection, and have the potential for mediating robust protective immunity to viral re-challenge due to their rapid and enhanced functional responses. In recent years, it has become clear that the memory T cell response to most viruses is remarkably diverse in phenotype, function, and tissue distribution, and can undergo dynamic changes during its long-term maintenance in vivo. However, the role of this variegation and compartmentalizationof memory T cells in protective immunity to viruses remains unclear. In this review,we discuss the diverse features of memory T cells that can delineate different subsets, the characteristics of memory T cells thus far identified to promote protective immune responses, and how the heterogeneous nature of memory T cells may also promote immunopathology during antiviral responses. We propose that given the profound heterogeneity of memory T cells, regulation of memory T cells during secondary responses could focus the response to participation of specific subsets,and/or inhibit memory T-cell subsets and functions that can lead to immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Verhoeven
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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1360
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Márquez A, Mendoza JL, Taxonera C, Díaz-Rubio M, De La Concha EG, Urcelay E, Martínez A. IL23R and IL12B polymorphisms in Spanish IBD patients: no evidence of interaction. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:1192-6. [PMID: 18383521 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genomic surveys have identified IL23R and IL12B as susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim in the present study was to ascertain whether the IL23R and IL12B associations with IBD are also observed in our population, and to analyze possible genetic interactions between polymorphisms at IL12B and IL23R, ligand and receptor, respectively. METHODS In all, 707 IBD patients (344 with Crohn's disease and 363 with ulcerative colitis) and 547 healthy controls from the same ethnic origin (Caucasian Spaniards) were included in the present study. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL23R (rs7517847 and rs11209026) and 2 in IL12B (rs3212227 and rs6887695) genes were analyzed by TaqMan technology. Genetic frequencies were compared with a chi-square test. Interaction between genes was analyzed by case-only comparisons. RESULTS The data show an association of both IL23R SNPs with overall IBD (statistically stronger, rs7517847; odds ratio [OR] = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-0.94, minor allele frequencies: 0.355 in IBD patients versus 0.410 in controls; P = 0.005), somewhat stronger in Crohn's disease (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.91) than in ulcerative colitis (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.69-1.03). IL12B rs6887695 showed a weak association with IBD (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04-1.47, minor allele frequencies: 0.375 in IBD patients versus 0.326 in controls, P = 0.012), stronger in UC (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.60, P = 0.007). No statistically significant differences were apparent when patients were stratified according to clinical characteristics. No interaction was observed between any of the polymorphisms studied at IL12B and IL23R. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the association of IL23R and IL12B with IBD in the Spanish population, but no interaction between either loci could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Márquez
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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1361
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Hölttä V, Klemetti P, Sipponen T, Westerholm-Ormio M, Kociubinski G, Salo H, Räsänen L, Kolho KL, Färkkilä M, Savilahti E, Vaarala O. IL-23/IL-17 immunity as a hallmark of Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:1175-84. [PMID: 18512248 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the balance between ileal T-effector cells versus T-regulatory cells in active and inactive Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS We compared effector and regulatory T-cell-related markers such as interleukin (IL)-17, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-4, and Foxp3 transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta CTLA-4 and markers for innate immune activation such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-12p70, studied with immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in ileal biopsies from patients with active or inactive CD and from control subjects. IL-17 in fecal samples was detected by ELISA. The effect of IL-17 on IL-8 and TNF-alpha mRNA expression in epithelial cell line Caco-2 was studied. RESULTS The numbers of IL-4-, IL-17-, and IL-23(p19)-positive cells in the lamina propria were higher in patients with CD, both active and inactive, than in the controls. mRNA expression of IL-17A, IL-6, and Foxp3 was increased in the biopsies both from patients with active disease and those in remission, whereas mRNA expression of IL-23 was increased only in active disease. Fecal IL-17 concentration was increased in patients with active disease. IL-17 enhanced the IL-8 and TNF-alpha response of the epithelial cell line to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that activation of the IL-23/IL-17 axis is fundamentally connected to the etiology of CD and may represent the basis for the relapsing nature of the disease by increasing the sensitivity of epithelium to microbial LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Hölttä
- Laboratory for Immunobiology, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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1362
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Abstract
The discovery of the Th1/Th2 paradigm of CD4(+) T-cell subsets redefined our understanding of immunity by highlighting the essential roles of cytokine networks in the induction and regulation of immune responses. Most recently, the identification of an additional subset, known as Th17 cells, has further illustrated the complexity and diversity of effector CD4(+) T cells. Th17 responses have been closely associated with the cytokine interleukin (IL)-23 and, although originally pinpointed as having a deleterious role in autoimmune tissue pathology, the IL-23/Th17 axis has also been associated with protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Recent progress has highlighted the heterogeneous nature of Th17 responses, has demonstrated diverse cellular sources for Th17-associated cytokines, and has begun to dissect the individual roles of these cytokines in different disease processes. Here, we will review the evidence linking the IL-23/Th17 axis to chronic intestinal inflammation and also will discuss its beneficial roles in intestinal protection and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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1363
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Gaffen SL, Hajishengallis G. A new inflammatory cytokine on the block: re-thinking periodontal disease and the Th1/Th2 paradigm in the context of Th17 cells and IL-17. J Dent Res 2008; 87:817-28. [PMID: 18719207 PMCID: PMC2692983 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost two decades, the Th1/Th2 paradigm has offered a productive conceptual framework for investigating the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, as with many other inflammatory diseases, the observed role of T-cell-mediated immunity in periodontitis did not readily fit this model. A new subset of CD4+ T-cells was recently discovered that explains many of the discrepancies in the classic Th1/Th2 model, and has been termed "Th17" based on its secretion of the novel pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17. The identification of Th17 cells as a novel effector T-cell population compels re-examination of periodontitis in the context of the new subset and its signature cytokines. This review aims to offer a clarifying insight into periodontal pathogenesis under the extended Th1/Th2/Th17 paradigm, and is predicated on the principle that periodontal disease activity is determined by a complex interplay between the immune system and periodontal pathogens. The re-examination of existing periodontal literature and further studies in the light of these new discoveries may help explain how the inflammatory response results in damage to the periodontium while generally failing to control the pathogens. This knowledge is essential for the development of immunomodulatory intervention strategies for fine-tuning the host response to maximize the protective and minimize the destructive aspects of the periodontal host response. Moreover, with the advent of anti-cytokine biologic drugs that target the Th1 and Th17 pathways in autoimmunity, the potential consequences to periodontal disease susceptibility in humans need to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, 36 Foster Hall, 3435 Main St., State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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1364
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20:631-2. [PMID: 18698190 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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1365
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Airway infiltration of CD4+ CCR6+ Th17 type cells associated with chronic cigarette smoke induced airspace enlargement. Immunol Lett 2008; 121:13-21. [PMID: 18706444 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, patients with tobacco smoke induced emphysema have been shown to exhibit classical signs of T cell mediated autoimmunity characterized by autoantibody production and Th1 type responses. As the recently described Th17 type subset has been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune diseases previously considered to be Th1 driven, we sought to examine whether a Th17 type response was associated with airspace enlargement in a murine model of emphysema. Six to eight months exposure of mice to inhalation of mainstream cigarette smoke led to progressive airspace enlargement as defined by morphometric analysis. Flow cytometric analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from these mice demonstrated a significant increase in the overall number of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells present. These cells were subsequently examined for skewing towards a Th1, Th2 or Th17 phenotype by intracellular cytokine analysis. Distinct populations of BAL CD4+ T cells were found to express IFN-gamma or IL-17 demonstrating the presence of both a Th1 and Th17 type response. No expression of the Th2 associated cytokine IL-4 was detected. Further analysis of this Th17 subset demonstrated that the majority of cells with this effector phenotype express the chemokine receptor CCR6. Together these data identify a novel T cell subset associated with pulmonary inflammation as a result of cigarette smoke exposure. Given the reported roles of CCR6 and IL-17 in promoting pulmonary inflammation, this subset may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke induced autoimmunity.
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1366
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Abstract
Microenvironment molecular cues direct T helper (Th) cell differentiation; however, Th17 fate determination is still imprecisely understood in humans. To assess the role of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in Th expansion, we activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by CD3 cross-linking. In the presence of exogenous PGE(2), peripheral blood mononuclear cells produced higher interleukin-17 (IL-17), C-C chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20)/macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (MIP-3alpha), CXC chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8)/IL-8, and lower interferon-gamma and IL-22 levels than in control cultures. Exogenous PGE(2) and IL-23 synergized in inducing IL-17, whereas indomethacin and IL-23 blockade drastically reduced IL-17 but not interferon-gamma production. Furthermore, IL-1 but not tumor necrosis factor was absolutely required for IL-17 production. PGE(2) doubled the frequency of CD4+ T cells producing IL-17 and within the CD4+ subset enhanced C-C chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and CCR4 while decreasing CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) expression. Furthermore, in CD4+ T-cell lines, the production of IL-17 segregated with the CCR6+ subset. In the presence of CCR6+ compared with CXCR3+ Th cells, monocytes/macrophages produced much higher levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3, and -9 but similar levels of CXCL10 and IL-1beta. These results identify PGE(2) and IL-23 as participating in the expansion of CD4+ T cells endowed with high IL-17 production capacity, which in turn favors monocyte production of mediators important for host defense and tissue destruction.
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1367
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Xavier RJ, Rioux JD. Genome-wide association studies: a new window into immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:631-43. [PMID: 18654571 DOI: 10.1038/nri2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the recent explosion of genetic discoveries, 2007 is becoming known to human geneticists as the year of genome-wide association studies. In fact, more genetic risk factors for common diseases were identified in this one year than had been collectively reported before 2007. In particular, 2007 witnessed the discovery of many genes that influence susceptibility to individual immune-mediated diseases, as well as other genes that are associated with susceptibility to more than one disease. Although much work remains to be done, in this Review we discuss what effect these studies are having on our understanding of disease pathogenesis and their potential impact on future immunology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramnik J Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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1368
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Takatori H, Kanno Y, Chen Z, O'Shea JJ. New complexities in helper T cell fate determination and the implications for autoimmune diseases. Mod Rheumatol 2008; 18:533-41. [PMID: 18679768 PMCID: PMC2596867 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-008-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, new complexities in cell fate decision for helper T cells have emerged. One new lineage, which has come to be called Th17 cells, selectively produces proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-17 (IL-17, A and F), IL-21, and IL-22. In conjunction with transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1), IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23, which activate the transcription factor, signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), the expression of another transcription factor, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-gammat (RORgammat) leads to the differentiation of Th17 cells in mice. Other cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and IL-27 inhibit Th17 differentiation. However, IL-2 acting with TGFbeta-1 induces differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to become regulatory T cells (Tregs). Th17 cells are now known to play an important role not only in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, but also host defense against extracellular bacteria. Conversely, extensive data substantiate the role of Tregs as essential in maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Selectively targeting Tregs and Th17 cells are likely to be important strategies in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Mice
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takatori
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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1369
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Ramoner R, Rahm A, Gander H, Stollenwerk B, Falkensammer C, Leonhartsberger N, Thurnher M. Serum antibodies against Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a new prognostic indicator in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1207-14. [PMID: 18322685 PMCID: PMC11030831 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A recent study reported that a diet rich in bread and refined cereals might have an unfavorable role in the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). To test whether an underlying intolerance of bread ingredients is responsible for the unfavorable influence of bread on RCC, we examined patient sera for the presence of food-specific IgG. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A commercial test was used to detect food-specific IgG directed against a panel of 113 food antigens in sera of 54 patients with metastatic RCC. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used for univariate survival analysis, and differences in survival curves were assessed with the log-rank test. Multivariate survival analysis was done using a Cox regression model. RESULTS We found that RCC patients with elevated serum levels of IgG antibodies against S. cerevisiae, commonly known as baker's yeast and yet another bread component, have an unfavorable clinical course. Median survival of patients with high levels of S. cerevisiae IgG was only 17.8 months, whereas median survival of patients with low S. cerevisiae IgG was 43.8 months (P = 0.0022; log-rank). Multivariate survival analysis identified high levels of S. cerevisiae IgG as a strong and independent prognostic risk factor (risk ratio 4.6, P = 0.001; 95% CI 1.61-13.08). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that serum levels of IgG against S. cerevisiae may predict survival in patients with metastatic RCC. The data suggest not cereals but baker's yeast being the critical component of bread that may cause immune deviation and impaired immunosurveillance in predisposed RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Ramoner
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Rahm
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Gander
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Björn Stollenwerk
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT—University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Claudia Falkensammer
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolai Leonhartsberger
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DL, Cho JH, Duerr RH, Rioux JD, Brant SR, Silverberg MS, Taylor KD, Barmada MM, Bitton A, Dassopoulos T, Datta LW, Green T, Griffiths AM, Kistner EO, Murtha MT, Regueiro MD, Rotter JI, Schumm LP, Steinhart AH, Targan SR, Xavier RJ, Libioulle C, Sandor C, Lathrop M, Belaiche J, Dewit O, Gut I, Heath S, Laukens D, Mni M, Rutgeerts P, Van Gossum A, Zelenika D, Franchimont D, Hugot JP, de Vos M, Vermeire S, Louis E, Cardon LR, Anderson CA, Drummond H, Nimmo E, Ahmad T, Prescott NJ, Onnie CM, Fisher SA, Marchini J, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Gwilliam R, Tremelling M, Deloukas P, Mansfield J, Jewell D, Satsangi J, Mathew CG, Parkes M, Georges M, Daly MJ. Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease. Nat Genet 2008; 40:955-62. [PMID: 18587394 PMCID: PMC2574810 DOI: 10.1038/ng.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2004] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several risk factors for Crohn's disease have been identified in recent genome-wide association studies. To advance gene discovery further, we combined data from three studies on Crohn's disease (a total of 3,230 cases and 4,829 controls) and carried out replication in 3,664 independent cases with a mixture of population-based and family-based controls. The results strongly confirm 11 previously reported loci and provide genome-wide significant evidence for 21 additional loci, including the regions containing STAT3, JAK2, ICOSLG, CDKAL1 and ITLN1. The expanded molecular understanding of the basis of this disease offers promise for informed therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Barrett
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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1371
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Dendritic cells mediate the induction of polyfunctional human IL17-producing cells (Th17-1 cells) enriched in the bone marrow of patients with myeloma. Blood 2008; 112:2878-85. [PMID: 18669891 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-143222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IL17-producing (Th17) cells are a distinct lineage of T helper cells that regulate immunity and inflammation. The role of antigen-presenting cells in the induction of Th17 cells in humans remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that human dendritic cells (DCs) are efficient inducers of Th17 cells in culture, including antigen-specific Th17 cells. Although most freshly isolated circulating human Th17 cells secrete IL17 alone or with IL2, those induced by DCs are polyfunctional and coexpress IL17 and IFNgamma (Th17-1 cells). The capacity of DCs to expand Th17-1 cells is enhanced upon DC maturation, and mature DCs are superior to monocytes for the expansion of autologous Th17 cells. In myeloma, where tumors are infiltrated by DCs, Th17 cells are enriched in the bone marrow relative to circulation. Bone marrow from patients with myeloma contains a higher proportion of Th17-1 cells compared with the marrow in preneoplastic gammopathy (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance [MGUS]). Uptake of apoptotic but not necrotic myeloma tumor cells by DCs leads to enhanced induction of Th17-1 cells. These data demonstrate the capacity of DCs to induce expansion of polyfunctional IL17-producing T cells in humans, and suggest a role for DCs in the enrichment of Th17-1 cells in the tumor bed.
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1372
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Mansour H, Homs S, Desvaux D, Badoual C, Dahan K, Matignon M, Audard V, Lang P, Grimbert P. Intragraft levels of Foxp3 mRNA predict progression in renal transplants with borderline change. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:2277-81. [PMID: 18667728 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal therapeutic management of borderline lymphocytic infiltrates in renal allografts, described by Banff criteria, is unknown, largely because of the inability to predict clinical outcome in these cases. For determination of molecular factors that may predict outcome in cases of borderline change histology, mRNA levels of Foxp3, Granzyme B, IFN-gamma, IL-23, and RORgammat were measured in renal tissue from 46 untreated patients. Twenty-five patients were considered "nonprogressive," defined by a serum creatinine that remained <110% of baseline during the 40 d after biopsy. Twenty-one patients were considered "progressive," defined by an increase in serum creatinine >110% from baseline and by repeat histologic examination within 40 d showing progression toward acute rejection. Only Foxp3 mRNA levels were significantly higher in nonprogressors than in progressors (P = 0.001). Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that the outcome for patients with biopsies showing borderline change could be predicted with 90% sensitivity and 79.1% specificity using the optimal Foxp3 mRNA cutoff value. Our findings suggest that the measurement of Foxp3 mRNA offers a means of improving prediction of outcome of borderline change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Mansour
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Centre de Recherche INSERM 841, CHU Henri Mondor and Université Paris XII, Créteil, Association pour l'Utilisation du Rein Artificiel, Paris, France
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1373
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Ma CS, Chew GYJ, Simpson N, Priyadarshi A, Wong M, Grimbacher B, Fulcher DA, Tangye SG, Cook MC. Deficiency of Th17 cells in hyper IgE syndrome due to mutations in STAT3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1551-7. [PMID: 18591410 PMCID: PMC2442632 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyper–immunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is a primary immune deficiency characterized by abnormal and devastating susceptibility to a narrow spectrum of infections, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Recent investigations have identified mutations in STAT3 in the majority of HIES patients studied. Despite the identification of the genetic cause of HIES, the mechanisms underlying the pathological features of this disease remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate a failure of CD4+ T cells harboring heterozygous STAT3 mutations to generate interleukin 17–secreting (i.e., T helper [Th]17) cells in vivo and in vitro due to a failure to express sufficient levels of the Th17-specific transcriptional regulator retinoid-related orphan receptor γt. Because Th17 cells are enriched for cells with specificities against fungal antigens, our results may explain the pattern of infection susceptibility characteristic of patients with HIES. Furthermore, they underscore the importance of Th17 responses in normal host defense against the common pathogens S. aureus and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Ma
- Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia
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1374
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de Beaucoudrey L, Puel A, Filipe-Santos O, Cobat A, Ghandil P, Chrabieh M, Feinberg J, von Bernuth H, Samarina A, Jannière L, Fieschi C, Stéphan JL, Boileau C, Lyonnet S, Jondeau G, Cormier-Daire V, Le Merrer M, Hoarau C, Lebranchu Y, Lortholary O, Chandesris MO, Tron F, Gambineri E, Bianchi L, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Zitnik SE, Vasconcelos J, Guedes M, Vitor AB, Marodi L, Chapel H, Reid B, Roifman C, Nadal D, Reichenbach J, Caragol I, Garty BZ, Dogu F, Camcioglu Y, Gülle S, Sanal O, Fischer A, Abel L, Stockinger B, Picard C, Casanova JL. Mutations in STAT3 and IL12RB1 impair the development of human IL-17-producing T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1543-50. [PMID: 18591412 PMCID: PMC2442631 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines controlling the development of human interleukin (IL) 17--producing T helper cells in vitro have been difficult to identify. We addressed the question of the development of human IL-17--producing T helper cells in vivo by quantifying the production and secretion of IL-17 by fresh T cells ex vivo, and by T cell blasts expanded in vitro from patients with particular genetic traits affecting transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, IL-1, IL-6, or IL-23 responses. Activating mutations in TGFB1, TGFBR1, and TGFBR2 (Camurati-Engelmann disease and Marfan-like syndromes) and loss-of-function mutations in IRAK4 and MYD88 (Mendelian predisposition to pyogenic bacterial infections) had no detectable impact. In contrast, dominant-negative mutations in STAT3 (autosomal-dominant hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome) and, to a lesser extent, null mutations in IL12B and IL12RB1 (Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases) impaired the development of IL-17--producing T cells. These data suggest that IL-12Rbeta1- and STAT-3--dependent signals play a key role in the differentiation and/or expansion of human IL-17-producing T cell populations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic de Beaucoudrey
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, U550, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75015 Paris, France.
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1375
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Niesner U, Albrecht I, Janke M, Doebis C, Loddenkemper C, Lexberg MH, Eulenburg K, Kreher S, Koeck J, Baumgrass R, Bonhagen K, Kamradt T, Enghard P, Humrich JY, Rutz S, Schulze-Topphoff U, Aktas O, Bartfeld S, Radbruch H, Hegazy AN, Löhning M, Baumgart DC, Duchmann R, Rudwaleit M, Häupl T, Gitelman I, Krenn V, Gruen J, Sieper J, Zeitz M, Wiedenmann B, Zipp F, Hamann A, Janitz M, Scheffold A, Burmester GR, Chang HD, Radbruch A. Autoregulation of Th1-mediated inflammation by twist1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1889-901. [PMID: 18663125 PMCID: PMC2525589 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor twist1, as an antagonist of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–dependent cytokine expression, is involved in the regulation of inflammation-induced immunopathology. We show that twist1 is expressed by activated T helper (Th) 1 effector memory (EM) cells. Induction of twist1 in Th cells depended on NF-κB, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and interleukin (IL)-12 signaling via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4. Expression of twist1 was transient after T cell receptor engagement, and increased upon repeated stimulation of Th1 cells. Imprinting for enhanced twist1 expression was characteristic of repeatedly restimulated EM Th cells, and thus of the pathogenic memory Th cells characteristic of chronic inflammation. Th lymphocytes from the inflamed joint or gut tissue of patients with rheumatic diseases, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis expressed high levels of twist1. Expression of twist1 in Th1 lymphocytes limited the expression of the cytokines interferon-γ, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and ameliorated Th1-mediated immunopathology in delayed-type hypersensitivity and antigen-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Niesner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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1376
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Cosmi L, De Palma R, Santarlasci V, Maggi L, Capone M, Frosali F, Rodolico G, Querci V, Abbate G, Angeli R, Berrino L, Fambrini M, Caproni M, Tonelli F, Lazzeri E, Parronchi P, Liotta F, Maggi E, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. Human interleukin 17-producing cells originate from a CD161+CD4+ T cell precursor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1903-16. [PMID: 18663128 PMCID: PMC2525581 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that CD161 is a highly up-regulated gene in human interleukin (IL) 17 T helper cell (Th17) clones and that all IL-17-producing cells are contained in the CD161(+) fraction of CD4(+) T cells present in the circulation or in inflamed tissues, although they are not CD1-restricted natural killer T cells. More importantly, we show that all IL-17-producing cells originate from CD161(+) naive CD4(+) T cells of umbilical cord blood, as well as of the postnatal thymus, in response to the combined activity of IL-1 beta and IL-23. These findings implicate CD161 as a novel surface marker for human Th17 cells and demonstrate the exclusive origin of these cells from a CD161(+)CD4(+) T cell progenitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Internal Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
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1377
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Cox CA, Shi G, Yin H, Vistica BP, Wawrousek EF, Chan CC, Gery I. Both Th1 and Th17 are immunopathogenic but differ in other key biological activities. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7414-22. [PMID: 18490741 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of Th17 lymphocytes in immunopathogenic processes has been well established, but little is known about their basic cell features. In this study, we compared polarized Th1 and Th17 for key biological activities related to pathogenicity and trafficking. Th1 and Th17 lineages were derived from TCR-transgenic CD4 murine cells specific against hen egg lysozyme. When adoptively transferred into mice expressing hen egg lysozyme in their eyes, both Th1 and Th17 induced ocular inflammation but with slight differences in histological pathology. PCR analysis revealed selective expression of IFN-gamma or IL-17 in eyes of Th1 or Th17 recipients, respectively. Additionally, Th1 and Th17 were found to differ in three other key activities: 1) Th17 cells were inferior to Th1 cells in their capacity to trigger massive lymphoid expansion and splenomegaly; 2) the proportion of Th1 cells among infiltrating cells in inflamed recipient eyes declined rapidly, becoming a minority by day 7, whereas Th17 cells remained in the majority throughout this period; and 3) remarkable differences were noted between Th1 and Th17 cells in their expression of certain surface markers. In particular, reactivated Th1 expressed higher levels of CD49d and alpha(4)beta(7) (mucosal homing) in vitro and higher levels of CXCR3 (Th1 trafficking) in vivo. Reactivated Th17, however, expressed higher levels of alpha(E)beta(7) (epithelial tissue homing) and CD38 (activation, maturation and trafficking) in vitro, but in vivo Th17 expressed higher levels of alpha(4)beta(7) and CCR6 (lymphocyte trafficking). These data reveal that Th1 and Th17 cells differ in several key biological activities influencing migration and pathogenic behavior during inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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1378
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Abstract
The effector T-cell lineage shows great plasticity. Th17 cells are acknowledged to be instrumental in the response against microbial infection, but are also associated with autoimmune inflammatory processes. Here, we report that human regulatory T cells (CD4(pos)CD25(high)Foxp3(pos)CD127(neg)CD27(pos)) can differentiate into IL-17-producing cells, when stimulated by allogeneic antigen-presenting cells, especially monocytes, in the presence of rhIL-2/rhIL-15. These regulatory T cell (Treg)-derived IL-17-producing cells showed high expression of the Th17-related transcription factor RORgammat and were positively identified by CCR6 expression. This differentiation process was enhanced by exogenous IL-1beta, IL-23, and IL-21, whereas IL-6 or TGFbeta did not affect the emergence of IL-17-producing cells. The addition of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), but not anti-IL-23 antibody, reduced IL-17-producing cell numbers. When an histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) was evaluated, we found a profound negative effect on the emergence of IL-17-producing cells from Tregs, implying that Treg differentiation into IL-17-producing cells depends on histone/protein deacetylase activity. Thus, the data suggest that epigenetic modification underlies the phenomenon of Treg plasticity here described.
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1379
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Kamada N, Hisamatsu T, Okamoto S, Chinen H, Kobayashi T, Sato T, Sakuraba A, Kitazume MT, Sugita A, Koganei K, Akagawa KS, Hibi T. Unique CD14 intestinal macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease via IL-23/IFN-gamma axis. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2269-80. [PMID: 18497880 DOI: 10.1172/jci34610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages play a central role in regulation of immune responses against commensal bacteria. In general, intestinal macrophages lack the expression of innate-immune receptor CD14 and do not produce proinflammatory cytokines against commensal bacteria. In this study, we identified what we believe to be a unique macrophage subset in human intestine. This subset expressed both macrophage (CD14, CD33, CD68) and DC markers (CD205, CD209) and produced larger amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-23, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, than typical intestinal resident macrophages (CD14-CD33+ macrophages). In patients with Crohn disease (CD), the number of these CD14+ macrophages were significantly increased compared with normal control subjects. In addition to increased numbers of cells, these cells also produced larger amounts of IL-23 and TNF-alpha compared with those in normal controls or patients with ulcerative colitis. In addition, the CD14+ macrophages contributed to IFN-gamma production rather than IL-17 production by lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) dependent on IL-23 and TNF-alpha. Furthermore, the IFN-gamma produced by LPMCs triggered further abnormal macrophage differentiation with an IL-23-hyperproducing phenotype. Collectively, these data suggest that this IL-23/IFN-gamma-positive feedback loop induced by abnormal intestinal macrophages contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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1380
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1381
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Vogelzang A, McGuire HM, Yu D, Sprent J, Mackay CR, King C. A fundamental role for interleukin-21 in the generation of T follicular helper cells. Immunity 2008; 29:127-37. [PMID: 18602282 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell help to B cells is a fundamental property of adaptive immunity, yet only recently have many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of T cell help emerged. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the CD4(+) T helper cells that provide cognate help to B cells for high-affinity antibody production in germinal centers (GC). Tfh cells produce interleukin-21 (IL-21), and we show that IL-21 was necessary for GC formation. However, the central role of IL-21 in GC formation reflected its effects on Tfh cell generation rather than on B cells. Expression of the inducible costimulator (ICOS) was necessary for optimal production of IL-21, indicative of interplay between these two Tfh cell-expressed molecules. Finally, we demonstrate that IL-21's costimulatory capacity for T helper cell differentiation operated at the level of the T cell receptor signalosome through Vav1, a signaling molecule that controls T cell helper function. This study reveals a previously unappreciated role for Tfh cells in the formation of the GC and isotype switching through a CD4(+) T cell-intrinsic requirement for IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Vogelzang
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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1382
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Borgogni E, Sarchielli E, Sottili M, Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Gelmini S, Lombardi A, Cantini G, Perigli G, Luconi M, Vannelli GB, Annunziato F, Adorini L, Serio M, Crescioli C. Elocalcitol inhibits inflammatory responses in human thyroid cells and T cells. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3626-34. [PMID: 18372324 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T-helper 1 (Th1) cell-mediated inflammatory responses predominate in the early pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD), whereas Th2 cell-mediated immunity may play a role in later stages. The chemokine CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 are expressed in most thyroid glands of early GD patients. Circulating CXCL10 levels inversely correlate with disease duration; CXCL10 maximal expression also correlates with interferon (IFN)gamma levels in recent GD onset. Methimazole (MMI) reduces CXCL10 secretion by isolated thyrocytes, decreases serum CXCL10 levels, and promotes a transition from Th1 to Th2 dominance in patients in GD active phase. Vitamin D receptor agonists exhibit antiinflammatory properties and promote tolerance induction. We investigated the effects and the mechanism of action of a nonhypercalcemic vitamin D receptor agonist, elocalcitol (BXL-628), compared with MMI on CXCL10 secretion induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we studied the effects of both drugs on Th1, Th17, and Th2 cytokine secretion in CD4+ T cells. ELISA, cytometry, immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR were used for protein and gene analysis. In human thyrocytes, elocalcitol inhibited IFNgamma and TNFalpha-induced CXCL10 protein secretion more potently than MMI. Elocalcitol impaired both cytokine intracellular pathways, whereas MMI was effective only on the IFNgamma pathway. In CD4+ T cells, elocalcitol decreased Th1- and Th17-type cytokines, and promoted Th2-type cytokine secretion. Elocalcitol and MMI inhibited Th1 cytokine-mediated responses in thyrocytes and CD4+ T cells. In addition, elocalcitol promoted a shift toward a Th2 response. In conclusion, elocalcitol could represent a novel pharmacological tool in the treatment of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Borgogni
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy
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1383
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To inform readers of recent advances in our understanding of the development and function of Th17 T cells and emerging data suggesting that the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of CD4+ Th17 T cells and the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis has challenged existing paradigms and the role of Th1 T cells in many autoimmune diseases. The development and cytokine profile of Th17 T cells differs in mice and humans. In humans, interleukin-23 synergizes with interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 to promote Th17 development. In mice, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-6 are critical, whereas interleukin-23 is more important at later stages promoting interleukin-17 production. In mice, CD4+ cells producing interferon-gamma appear to be distinct from interleukin-17-producing cells, while in humans cells secreting both cytokines have been observed. Growing evidence from animal models, cytokine analyses of patient fluids, and whole-genome association studies suggest that the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis plays an important role in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis. Possible links between an HLA-B27-induced unfolded protein response and activation of the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis have been observed in animal models and may contribute to the development of the spondyloarthritis phenotype. SUMMARY Activation of the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis in spondyloarthritis has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Layh-Schmitt
- William S. Rowe Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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1384
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Webb A, Johnson A, Fortunato M, Platt A, Crabbe T, Christie MI, Watt GF, Ward SG, Jopling LA. Evidence for PI-3K-dependent migration of Th17-polarized cells in response to CCR2 and CCR6 agonists. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1202-12. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0408234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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1385
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TH17 cells in development: an updated view of their molecular identity and genetic programming. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:337-48. [PMID: 18408735 DOI: 10.1038/nri2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 810] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following activation, CD4+ T cells differentiate into different lineages of helper T (T(H)) cells that are characterized by distinct developmental regulation and biological functions. T(H)17 cells have recently been identified as a new lineage of effector T(H) cells, and they have been shown to be important in immune responses to infectious agents, as well as in various immune diseases. Over the past two to three years, there has been a rapid progress in our understanding of the differentiation programme of T(H)17 cells. Here, I summarize our current knowledge of the unique gene expression, cytokine-mediated regulation and transcriptional programming of T(H)17 cells, and provide my personal perspectives on the future studies that are required to elucidate this lineage in more detail.
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1386
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Fransson ME, Liljenfeldt LSE, Fagius J, Tötterman TH, Loskog ASI. The T-cell pool is anergized in patients with multiple sclerosis in remission. Immunology 2008; 126:92-101. [PMID: 18624727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with oscillating phases of relapse and remission. RRMS has been considered to be driven by T helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes but new data indicate the involvement of Th17 responses. In the present study, blood samples from patients (n=48) and healthy individuals (n=44) were evaluated for their immunological status. T cells from patients with RRMS expressed high levels of the activation marker CD28 (P<0.05) and secreted both interferon-gamma (CD8: P<0.05) and interleukin-17 upon polyclonal mitogen or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antigen stimulation. However, T cells from patients with RRMS in remission, in contrast to relapse, had poor proliferative capacity (P<0.05) suggesting that they are controlled and kept in anergy. This anergy could be broken with CD28 stimulation that restored the T-cell replication. Furthermore, the patients with RRMS had normal levels of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells but the frequency of Foxp3(+) cells lacking CD127 (interleukin-7 receptor) was lower in patients with MS (mean 12%) compared to healthy controls (mean 29%). Still, regulatory cells (CD25(+) sorted cells) from patients with RRMS displayed no difference in suppressive capacity. In conclusion, patients in relapse/remission demonstrate in vitro T-cell responses that are both Th1 and Th17 that, while in remission, appear to be controlled by tolerogenic mechanisms yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa E Fransson
- Clinical Immunology Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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1387
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Takagi R, Higashi T, Hashimoto K, Nakano K, Mizuno Y, Okazaki Y, Matsushita S. B Cell Chemoattractant CXCL13 Is Preferentially Expressed by Human Th17 Cell Clones. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:186-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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1388
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Liu H, Rohowsky-Kochan C. Regulation of IL-17 in human CCR6+ effector memory T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 180:7948-57. [PMID: 18523258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
IL-17-secreting T cells represent a distinct CD4(+) effector T cell lineage (Th17) that appears to be essential in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although extensively studied in the murine system, human Th17 cells have not been well characterized. In this study, we identify CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CCR7(-)CCR6(+) effector memory T cells as the principal IL-17-secreting T cells. Human Th17 cells have a unique cytokine profile because the majority coexpress TNF-alpha but not IL-6 and a minor subset express IL-17 with IL-22 or IL-17 and IFN-gamma. We demonstrate that the cytokines that promote the differentiation of human naive T cells into IL-17-secreting cells regulate IL-17 production by memory T cells. IL-1beta alone or in association with IL-23 and IL-6 markedly increase IL-17(+) CCR6(+) memory T cells and induce IL-17 production in CCR6(-) memory T cells. We also show that T cell activation induces Foxp3 expression in T cells and that the balance between the percentage of Foxp3(+) and IL-17(+) T cells is inversely influenced by the cytokine environment. These studies suggest that the cytokine environment may play a critical role in the expansion of memory T cells in chronic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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1389
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King C, Tangye SG, Mackay CR. T follicular helper (TFH) cells in normal and dysregulated immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:741-66. [PMID: 18173374 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T cell help for antibody production is a fundamental aspect of immune responses. Only recently has a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for T cell help emerged. A subset of T cells, termed T follicular helper cells (T(FH) cells), provides a helper function to B cells and represents one of the most numerous and important subsets of effector T cells in lymphoid tissues. T(FH) cells are distinguishable from Th1 and Th2 cells by several criteria, including chemokine receptor expression (CXCR5), location/migration (B cell follicles), and function (B cell help). Central to the function of CD4(+) T cells is IL-21, a "helper" cytokine produced by T(FH) cells that potently stimulates the differentiation of B cells into Ab-forming cells through IL-21R. Consequently, dysregulation of T(FH) cell function, and over- or under-expression of T(FH) cell-associated molecules such as ICOS or IL-21, most likely contributes to the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases or immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile King
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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1390
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Medoff BD, Thomas SY, Luster AD. T cell trafficking in allergic asthma: the ins and outs. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:205-32. [PMID: 18304002 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells are critical mediators of the allergic airway inflammation seen in asthma. Pathogenic allergen-specific T cells are generated in regional lymph nodes and are then recruited into the airway by chemoattractants produced by the asthmatic lung. These recruited effector T cells and their products then mediate the cardinal features of asthma: airway eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperreactivity. There has been considerable progress in delineating the molecular mechanisms that control T cell trafficking into peripheral tissue, including the asthmatic lung. In this review, we summarize these advances and formulate them into a working model that proposes that T cell trafficking into and out of the allergic lung is controlled by several discrete regulatory pathways that involve the collaboration of innate and acquired immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Medoff
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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1391
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George-Chandy A, Nordström I, Nygren E, Jonsson IM, Postigo J, Collins LV, Eriksson K. Th17 development and autoimmune arthritis in the absence of reactive oxygen species. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1118-26. [PMID: 18383034 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) express a functional NADPH oxidase and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon interaction with microbes and T cells. Exposure to ROS leads to DC activation and maturation, as evidenced by phenotypic and functional changes. We have evaluated how endogenous ROS production affects the cytokine secretion pattern and T cell-activating capacity of bone marrow-derived murine DC. DC treated with ROS scavengers, as well as DC from mice that lack a functional NADPH oxidase (and thereby inherently deficient in ROS production) produced significantly increased levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta in response to microbial activation. DC deficient in ROS production induced high levels of IFN-gamma and IL-17 in responding T cells after Ag-specific or superantigen-induced activation. Finally, we show that ROS deficiency affected the induction of a T cell-dependent inflammatory condition, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). C57BL/6 mice that lack a functional NADPH oxidase developed a severe and erosive CD4-dependent CIA, whereas the majority of the congenic wild-type animals remained healthy. These data suggest that ROS act as immunomodulators in DC-driven T cell activation and perhaps also in T cell-dependent immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie George-Chandy
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Division of Medicine, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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1392
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Bozza S, Zelante T, Moretti S, Bonifazi P, DeLuca A, D'Angelo C, Giovannini G, Garlanda C, Boon L, Bistoni F, Puccetti P, Mantovani A, Romani L. Lack of Toll IL-1R8 exacerbates Th17 cell responses in fungal infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4022-31. [PMID: 18322211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
TLRs contribute to the inflammatory response in fungal infections. Although inflammation is an essential component of the protective response to fungi, its dysregulation may significantly worsen fungal diseases. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Toll IL-1R8 (TIR8)/single Ig IL-1-related receptor, a member of the IL-1R family acting as a negative regulator of TLR/IL-1R signaling, affects TLR responses in fungal infections. Genetically engineered Tir8(-/-) mice were assessed for inflammatory and adaptive Th cell responses to Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Inflammatory pathology and susceptibility to infection were higher in Tir8(-/-) mice and were causally linked to the activation of the Th17 pathway. IL-1R signaling was involved in Th17 cell activation by IL-6 and TGF-beta in that limited inflammatory pathology and relative absence of Th17 cell activation were observed in IL-1RI(-/-) mice. These data demonstrate that TIR8 is required for host resistance to fungal infections and that it functions to negatively regulate IL-1-dependent activation of inflammatory Th17 responses. TIR8 may contribute toward fine-tuning the balance between protective immunity and immunopathology in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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1393
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Apostolaki M, Manoloukos M, Roulis M, Wurbel MA, Müller W, Papadakis KA, Kontoyiannis DL, Malissen B, Kollias G. Role of beta7 integrin and the chemokine/chemokine receptor pair CCL25/CCR9 in modeled TNF-dependent Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:2025-35. [PMID: 18439426 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the present work, we address the requirement for intestinal-specific homing molecules, the chemokine/chemokine receptor pair CCL25/CCR9 and beta7 integrin, in the pathogenesis of the CD8(+) T cell-dependent Tnf(DeltaARE) mouse model of Crohn's-like inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS We investigated by flow cytometry lymphocyte recruitment in the intestinal epithelium and lamina propria (LP); cytokine production by intraepithelial and LP lymphocytes; and peripheral expression of CCR9, alpha4beta7, and alphaEbeta7 integrin. The functional significance of CCL25/CCR9 and beta7 integrin in inflammatory lymphocyte recruitment and intestinal disease development was assessed in Tnf(DeltaARE) mice genetically lacking these molecules. RESULTS Intestinal inflammation in the Tnf(DeltaARE) mice is associated with early reduction of CD8alphaalpha-expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes, decreased T helper cell 1 and increased T helper cell 17 responses by LP CD4(+) lymphocytes, increased alphaEbeta7 integrin expression in peripheral activated/memory intestinal-homing CD8alphabeta lymphocytes, and predominance of tumor necrosis factor/interferon-gamma-producing CD8alphabeta lymphocytes in the epithelium. Although CCL25/CCR9 have been strongly implicated in T-lymphocyte recruitment to the small intestine, inflammatory pathology develops unperturbed in the genetic absence of CCL25/CCR9. Furthermore, CD8alphabeta lymphocyte recruitment in the intestinal epithelium and inflammatory infiltration in the LP are not impaired in CCR9- or CCL25-deficient Tnf(DeltaARE) mice. In contrast, genetic ablation of beta7 integrin results in complete amelioration of intestinal pathology. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that development of intestinal inflammation in the Tnf(DeltaARE) mice is critically dependent on beta7 integrin-mediated T-lymphocyte recruitment, whereas the function of the CCL25/CCR9 axis appears dispensable in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apostolaki
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
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1394
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Abstract
Although the precise aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear, recent discoveries have led to an improved understanding of disease pathogenesis. Whilst these findings have underscored the central role of innate and adaptive immune responses in intestinal inflammation, they have also precipitated a paradigm shift in the key cytokine pathways that drive disease. The prevailing dogma that IBD was mediated by interleukin (IL)-12-driven T-helper (Th)1 CD4 T cell responses towards the bacterial flora has been largely dispelled by findings that the closely related cytokine IL-23 appears to be the key mediator of intestinal inflammation. IL-23 is associated with a novel subset of IL-17-secreting CD4 T cells termed Th17 cells and rodent studies have implicated the IL-23/IL-17 axis in autoimmune inflammation. Genome-wide association studies in IBD patients have confirmed the predominant role of the IL-23 pathway, indicating that this could represent an important future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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1395
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Monteleone G, Pallone F, MacDonald TT. Interleukin-21: a critical regulator of the balance between effector and regulatory T-cell responses. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:290-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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1396
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Huett A, Xavier RJ. Neither hide nor hair: the difficulty of identifying useful disease biomarkers. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:2164-8. [PMID: 18486617 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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1397
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Lochner M, Peduto L, Cherrier M, Sawa S, Langa F, Varona R, Riethmacher D, Si-Tahar M, Di Santo JP, Eberl G. In vivo equilibrium of proinflammatory IL-17+ and regulatory IL-10+ Foxp3+ RORgamma t+ T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1381-93. [PMID: 18504307 PMCID: PMC2413035 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor retinoic acid receptor–related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) is required for the generation of T helper 17 cells expressing the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17. In vivo, however, less than half of RORγt+ T cells express IL-17. We report here that RORγt+ Tαβ cells include Foxp3+ cells that coexist with IL-17–producing RORγt+ Tαβ cells in all tissues examined. The Foxp3+ RORγt+ Tαβ express IL-10 and CCL20, and function as regulatory T cells. Furthermore, the ratio of Foxp3+ to IL-17–producing RORγt+ Tαβ cells remains remarkably constant in mice enduring infection and inflammation. This equilibrium is tuned in favor of IL-10 production by Foxp3 and CCL20, and in favor of IL-17 production by IL-6 and IL-23. In the lung and skin, the largest population of RORγt+ T cells express the γδ T cell receptor and produce the highest levels of IL-17 independently of IL-6. Thus, potentially antagonistic proinflammatory IL-17–producing and regulatory Foxp3+ RORγt+ T cells coexist and are tightly controlled, suggesting that a perturbed equilibrium in RORγt+ T cells might lead to decreased immunoreactivity or, in contrast, to pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lochner
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Tissue Development, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
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1398
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Li J, Li L, Shang X, Benson J, Merle Elloso M, Schantz A, Bracht M, Orlovsky Y, Sweet R. Negative regulation of IL-17 production by OX40/OX40L interaction. Cell Immunol 2008; 253:31-7. [PMID: 18501882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell cytokine IL-17 is implicated in multiple inflammatory diseases through its induction of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in a broad range of cell targets. Production of IL-17 defines the Th17 subset of helper T-cells associated with protection against microorganisms, a profile best characterized in the murine system. Multiple regulators of Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 production are reported, but the impact of OX40L is not described. OX40 ligand (OX40L) is an early-stage activator of T-cells through its interaction with CD134 (OX40) that is up-regulated on antigen challenged T-cells. Here, we show that OX40L suppresses IL-17 production by PHA-stimulated human PBMC and purified CD4 and CD8 cells. In agreement with prior reports, OX40L signaling through CD134 increased IFNgamma and IL-4, both of which are reported to inhibit the production of IL-17. OX40L suppression of IL-17 was completely reversed by a neutralizing IFNgamma antibody while there was no effect with a neutralizing IL-4 antibody. Moreover, OX40L also suppressed IL-17 in the presence of IL-23, an established inducer of IL-17 and differentiation factor for Th17 cells. Presuming mediation by IFNgamma, we evaluated expression of this cytokine in the presence of OX40L and IL-23. Surprisingly, IL-23 also induced IFNgamma by PHA-stimulated T-cells and this effect was enhanced in the presence of OX40L. Addition of the IFNgamma antibody not only reversed the OX40L suppression of IL-17 in the presence of IL-23, it markedly enhanced the level of IL-17. These results further establish IFNgamma as a primary modulator of IL-17 production in the human cells, much as in the murine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Centocor Inc., 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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1399
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Müller A, Lamprecht P. [Interleukin-17 in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and Wegener's granulomatosis]. Z Rheumatol 2008; 67:72-4. [PMID: 18004573 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-007-0236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Data from recent animal experiments and clinical studies show that interleukin-17 (IL-17A, B, C, D, E, and F) plays an important role as proinflammatory cytokine in the host response to extracellular bacteria and in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. These findings have led to a revision of the well-known T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis. In rheumatoid arthritis elevated IL-17 serum levels, Th-17 cells in synovial fluid and in T-cell-rich areas of inflamed synovia are found. In Wegener's granulomatosis, IL-17D is expressed in nasal granulomas. In Crohn's disease IL-17 as well as IL-17 plus IFN-gamma producing CD4(+) T-cells are detected in peripheral blood and inflamed intestinal mucosa. So far, CD4(+)IL-17(+)IFN-gamma(+) T-cells have been described only in humans. These and other findings indicate a number of differences in the cytokine response between murine models and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Müller
- Poliklinik für Rheumatologie, Vaskulitiszentrum UKSH und Rheumaklinik Bad Bramstedt, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland.
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1400
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Pène J, Chevalier S, Preisser L, Vénéreau E, Guilleux MH, Ghannam S, Molès JP, Danger Y, Ravon E, Lesaux S, Yssel H, Gascan H. Chronically Inflamed Human Tissues Are Infiltrated by Highly Differentiated Th17 Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7423-30. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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