1401
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Kyosseva SV, Harris EN, Weigel PH. The hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis mediates hyaluronan-dependent signal transduction via extracellular signal-regulated kinases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15047-55. [PMID: 18387958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709921200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronan (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE) mediates the endocytotic clearance of HA and other glycosaminoglycans from lymph and blood. Two isoforms of human HARE, 315- and 190-kDa, are highly expressed in sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver, lymph node, and spleen; HARE is also in specialized cells in the eye, heart, brain, and kidney. Here we determined whether HA binding to HARE initiates intracellular signaling in Flp-In 293 cells stably expressing either the 315- and 190-kDa HARE or the 190-kDa HARE alone. HARE was co-immunoprecipitated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38 members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. ERK phosphorylation increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner when HA was added to cells expressing full-length or 190-kDa HARE, but not cells with vector-only or a HARE(DeltaLink) construct with greatly decreased ( approximately 90%) HA uptake. HA did not induce phosphorylation of JNK or p38. A maximum increase in phospho-ERK1/2 occurred within 30 min at 5 mug/ml HA, and the response was dampened at >20 mug/ml HA. HA binding did not increase the level of HARE-ERK complexes, but did increase HARE phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate a novel functional response, when HARE binds HA, that leads to activation of ERK1/2, important mediators of intracellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Kyosseva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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1402
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Elron-Gross I, Glucksam Y, Melikhov D, Margalit R. Cyclooxygenase inhibition by diclofenac formulated in bioadhesive carriers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:931-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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1403
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Proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells on naturally derived scaffolds. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1862-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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1404
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Toole BP, Slomiany MG. Hyaluronan: a constitutive regulator of chemoresistance and malignancy in cancer cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:244-50. [PMID: 18534864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan not only is an important structural component of extracellular matrices but also interacts instructively with cells during embryonic development, healing processes, inflammation, and cancer. It binds to several different types of cell surface receptors, including CD44, thus leading to co-regulation of important signaling pathways, notably those induced by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. Consequently, interactions of both stromal and tumor cell-derived hyaluronan with tumor cells play important cooperative roles in several aspects of malignancy. This review focuses on cell autonomous hyaluronan-tumor cell interactions that lead to activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and enhanced drug resistance. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of hyaluronan-CD44 interactions in drug transporter expression and activity, especially in cancer stem-like cells that are highly malignant and resistant to chemotherapy. Antagonists of hyaluronan-CD44 interaction, especially small hyaluronan oligomers, may be useful in therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing tumor recurrence from these therapy-resistant sub-populations within malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Toole
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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1405
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Brown JR, Crawford BE, Esko JD. Glycan antagonists and inhibitors: a fount for drug discovery. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 42:481-515. [PMID: 18066955 DOI: 10.1080/10409230701751611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans, the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids, represent a relatively unexploited area for drug development compared with other macromolecules. This review describes the major classes of glycans synthesized by animal cells, their mode of assembly, and available inhibitors for blocking their biosynthesis and function. Many of these agents have proven useful for studying the biological activities of glycans in isolated cells, during embryological development, and in physiology. Some are being used to develop drugs for treating metabolic disorders, cancer, and infection, suggesting that glycans are excellent targets for future drug development.
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1406
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Sahoo S, Chung C, Khetan S, Burdick JA. Hydrolytically degradable hyaluronic acid hydrogels with controlled temporal structures. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1088-92. [PMID: 18324776 DOI: 10.1021/bm800051m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are being processed into biomaterials for numerous biological applications due to their native source in numerous tissues and biological functions. For instance, hyaluronic acid (HA) is found abundantly in the body, interacts with cells through surface receptors, and can regulate cellular behavior (e.g., proliferation, migration). HA was previously modified with reactive groups to form hydrogels that are degraded by hyaluronidases, either added exogenously or produced by cells. However, these hydrogels may be inhibitory and their applications are limited if the appropriate enzymes are not present. Here, for the first time, we synthesized HA macromers and hydrogels that are both hydrolytically (via ester group hydrolysis) and enzymatically degradable. The hydrogel degradation and growth factor release was tailored through the hydrogel cross-linking density (i.e., macromer concentration) and copolymerization with purely enzymatically degradable macromers. When mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were encapsulated in the hydrogels, cellular organization and tissue distribution was influenced by the copolymer concentration. Importantly, the distribution of released extracellular matrix molecules (e.g., chondroitin sulfate) was improved with increasing amounts of the hydrolytically degradable component. Overall, this new macromer allows for enhanced control over the structural evolution of the HA hydrogels toward applications as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Sahoo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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1407
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Golshani R, Lopez L, Estrella V, Kramer M, Iida N, Lokeshwar VB. Hyaluronic acid synthase-1 expression regulates bladder cancer growth, invasion, and angiogenesis through CD44. Cancer Res 2008; 68:483-91. [PMID: 18199543 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) promotes tumor metastasis and is an accurate diagnostic marker for bladder cancer. HA is synthesized by HA synthases HAS1, HAS2, or HAS3. We have previously shown that HAS1 expression in tumor tissues is a predictor of bladder cancer recurrence and treatment failure. In this study, we stably transfected HT1376 bladder cancer cells with HAS1-sense (HAS1-S), HAS1-antisense (HAS1-AS), or vector cDNA constructs. Whereas HAS1-S transfectants produced approximately 1.7-fold more HA than vector transfectants, HA production was reduced by approximately 70% in HAS1-AS transfectants. HAS1-AS transfectants grew 5-fold slower and were approximately 60% less invasive than vector and HAS1-S transfectants. HAS1-AS transfectants were blocked in G(2)-M phase of the cell cycle due to down-regulation of cyclin B1, cdc25c, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 levels. These transfectants were also 5- to 10-fold more apoptotic due to the activation of the Fas-Fas ligand-mediated extrinsic pathway. HAS1-AS transfectants showed a approximately 4-fold decrease in ErbB2 phosphorylation and down-regulation of CD44 variant isoforms (CD44-v3, CD44-v6, and CD44-E) both at the protein and mRNA levels. However, no decrease in RHAMM levels was observed. The decrease in CD44-v mRNA levels was not due to increased mRNA degradation. Whereas CD44 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection decreased cell growth and induced apoptosis in HT1376 cells, HA addition modestly increased CD44 expression and cell growth in HAS1-AS transfectants, which could be blocked by CD44 siRNA. In xenograft studies, HAS1-AS tumors grew 3- to 5-fold slower and had approximately 4-fold lower microvessel density. These results show that HAS1 regulates bladder cancer growth and progression by modulating HA synthesis and HA receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Golshani
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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1408
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Pályi-Krekk Z, Barok M, Isola J, Tammi M, Szöllosi J, Nagy P. Hyaluronan-induced masking of ErbB2 and CD44-enhanced trastuzumab internalisation in trastuzumab resistant breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2008; 43:2423-33. [PMID: 17911008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although trastuzumab, a recombinant humanised anti-ErbB2 antibody, is widely used in the treatment of breast cancer, neither its mechanism of action, nor the factors leading to resistance are fully understood. We have previously shown that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is pivotal in the in vivo effect of trastuzumab against JIMT-1, a cell line showing in vitro resistance to the antibody, and suggested that masking of the trastuzumab-binding epitope by MUC-4, a cell surface mucin, took place. Here, we further explored the role of masking of ErbB2 in connection with CD44 expression and synthesis of its ligand, hyaluronan. We show that high expression of CD44 observed in JIMT-1 cells correlates with ErbB2 downregulation in vivo, while siRNA-mediated inhibition of CD44 expression leads to decreased rate of trastuzumab internalisation and low cell proliferation in vitro. An inhibitor of hyaluronan synthesis, 4-methylumbelliferon (4-MU) significantly reduced the hyaluronan level of JIMT-1 cells both in vivo and in vitro leading to enhanced binding of trastuzumab to ErbB2 and increased ErbB2 down-regulation. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of trastuzumab on the growth of JIMT-1 xenografts was significantly increased by 4-MU treatment. Our results point to the importance of the CD44-hyaluronan pathway in the escape of tumour cells from receptor-oriented therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Pályi-Krekk
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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1409
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David-Raoudi M, Tranchepain F, Deschrevel B, Vincent JC, Bogdanowicz P, Boumediene K, Pujol JP. Differential effects of hyaluronan and its fragments on fibroblasts: relation to wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:274-87. [PMID: 18282267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is involved in wound healing and its biological properties depend on its molecular size. The effects of native HA and HA-12 and HA-880 saccharide fragments on human fibroblast proliferation and expression of matrix-related genes were studied. The three HA forms promoted cell adhesion and proliferation. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 mRNA were increased by all HA forms, whereas only HA-12 stimulated the expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1. HA-12 enhanced type I collagen and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) 1 expression. Interestingly, HA-12 and native HA stimulated type III collagen and TGF-beta3. HA and its fragments activated Akt and extracellular-regulated kinases 1/2 and p38. Inhibition of these signaling pathways suggested their implication in most of the effects. Only native HA activated nuclear factor-kappaB and activating protein 1. Use of CD44 siRNA suggests that this HA receptor is partly implicated in the effects, although it does not rule out the involvement of other receptors. Depending on its size, HA may exert differential regulation on the wound-healing process. Furthermore, the HA up-regulation of type III collagen and TGF-beta3 expression suggests that it may promote a fetal-like cell environment that favors scarless healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha David-Raoudi
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Biochemistry, Faculty of medicine, Caen, France
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1410
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Inhibition of CD44 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells enhances apoptosis, chemosensitivity, and reduces tumorigenesis and invasion. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 62:949-57. [PMID: 18259754 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD44 is overexpressed in various tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of CD44 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) alone or combination with doxorubicin on HCC cells in vitro. METHODS Cytotoxicity was measured by use of a cell viability assay in HCC cell line SNU-449. Tumorigenesis and invasion were accessed by colony formation, growth in soft agar and ECMatrix invasion assay. Apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by using double staining with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide. Protein expression and mRNA level were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. RESULTS We have designed novel CD44 ASO, which can effectively down-regulate CD44 expression in SNU-449. Colony formation, growth in soft agar and invasion were significantly impaired after CD44 ASO treatment in SNU-499. In company with CD44 down-regulated by CD44 ASO, MDR-1 and Bcl-2 expression were also greatly reduced. CD44 ASO also increased chemosensitivity to doxorubicin significantly, lowered IC(50 )by one order of magnitude. Apoptosis and necrosis were also induced by CD44 ASO alone or in combination treatment with doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of CD44 expression by CD44 ASO significantly induced apoptosis, decreased tumorigenesis and invasion, and increased chemosensitivity. Thus, CD44 ASO is potentially a therapy that is worth investigating in the clinical setting.
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1411
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Cordo Russo RI, García MG, Alaniz L, Blanco G, Alvarez E, Hajos SE. Hyaluronan oligosaccharides sensitize lymphoma resistant cell lines to vincristine by modulating P-glycoprotein activity and PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1012-8. [PMID: 17985348 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main reasons for failure of cancer therapy. It may be mediated by overexpression of ATP-dependent efflux pumps or by alterations in survival or apoptotic pathways. Fragments generated by enzymatic degradation of hyaluronan (oHA) were able to modulate growth and cell survival and sensitize MDR breast cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs. In this work the relationship between oHA and MDR in lymphoid malignancies was analyzed using murine lymphoma cell lines resistant to doxorubicin (LBR-D160) or vincristine (LBR-V160) and a sensitive line (LBR-). After oHA treatment, higher apoptosis levels were observed in the resistant cell lines than in the sensitive one. Besides, oHA sensitized LBR-D160 and LBR-V160 to vincristine showing increased apoptosis induction when used in combination with vincristine. Native hyaluronan failed to increase apoptosis levels. As different survival factors could be modulated by hyaluronan, we investigated the PI3K/Akt pathway through PIP3 production and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and survivin expression was also evaluated. Our results showed that oHA decreased p-Akt in the 3 cell lines while anti-CD44 treatment abolished this effect. Besides, survivin was downregulated only in LBR-V160 by oHA. When Pgp function was evaluated, we observed that oHA were able to inhibit Pgp efflux in murine and human resistant cell lines in a CD44-dependent way. In summary, we report for the first time that oHA per se modulate MDR in lymphoma cells by decreasing p-Akt as well as Pgp activity, thus suggesting that oHA could be useful in combination with classical chemotherapy in MDR hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía I Cordo Russo
- Department of Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), IDEHU-CONICET, Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
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1412
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Hirota-Takahata Y, Harada H, Tanaka I, Nakata T, Nakajima M, Takahashi M. F-19848 A, a novel inhibitor of hyaluronic acid binding to cellular receptor CD44. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2008; 60:633-9. [PMID: 17965479 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our screening for inhibitors of hyaluronic acid (HA) binding to cellular receptor CD44, a novel inhibitor, F-19848 A, was isolated from the cultured broth of the fungus strain Dacrymyces sp. SANK 20204. This compound inhibited the binding of CD44 and HA with an IC50 value of 23.5 microM and CD44-dependent HA degradation was inhibited with an IC50 value of 98.6 microM in a cell-based assay. The structure was elucidated by physico-chemical properties, analysis of spectral data, and decomposition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota-Takahata
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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1413
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Ghatak S, Hascall VC, Berger FG, Penas MMO, Davis C, Jabari E, He X, Norris JS, Dang Y, Markwald RR, Misra S. Tissue-specific shRNA delivery: a novel approach for gene therapy in cancer. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:265-9. [PMID: 18661357 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802147845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel tissue-specific shRNA delivery system has been developed using cre-lox technology. Conditionally silenced pSico vector containing oligonucleotides of CD44shRNA and tissue-specific promoter-driven Cre-recombinase expression vector are packaged into transferrin-coated nanoparticles that can deliver shRNA into specific tumors. This system has strong potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilenath Ghatak
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, MUSC, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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1414
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Zhu L, Zhuo L, Watanabe H, Kimata K. Equivalent involvement of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain isoforms in forming covalent complexes with hyaluronan. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:48-55. [PMID: 18293178 DOI: 10.1080/03008200701820955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IalphaI) family molecules are composed of a common light chain of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, bikunin, and one or two of three genetically distinct heavy chain isoforms (designated HC1, 2, 3) that are bound covalently to the chondroitin sulfate chain. Hyaluronan can substitute for chondroitin sulfate to form a covalent complex with HCs. Important physiological and pathological roles of the formation of HC-hyaluronan complex have been well established. However, the involvement of the three HC isoforms in the assembly of IalphaI family molecules and the subsequent formation of SHAP-hyaluronan complex has not been studied yet in mice. In this study, we showed that mouse IalphaI and pre-alpha inhibitor contain HC1 approximately HC3 and HC3, respectively. All three HC isoforms are found in the SHAP-hyaluronan complexes of physiological or pathological origins as well as that formed in vitro, indicating that the three HC isoforms are all potential in forming complex with hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhu
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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1415
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Casalini P, Carcangiu ML, Tammi R, Auvinen P, Kosma VM, Valagussa P, Greco M, Balsari A, Menard S, Tagliabue E. Two Distinct Local Relapse Subtypes in Invasive Breast Cancer: Effect on their Prognostic Impact. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:25-31. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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1416
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Abstract
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family proteins are mainly detected in plasma and urine and comprise the common light chain bikunin and at least 6 closely related heavy chains. The bikunin moiety exhibits protease inhibitory activity and has been studied extensively; however, the heavy chains have been largely overlooked. Recent studies clearly indicate that the heavy chain moieties have important biological functions either in association with or independent of bikunin. Because the heavy chains comprise the main part of the protein structure of this family, it is important to understand their functions. This review summarizes the domain structural features of heavy chains, the heavy chain-interacting molecules identified thus far, and the association of heavy chains with diseases to encourage the discovery of novel heavy chains-interacting molecules and to gain a deeper insight into their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Zhuo
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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1417
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1418
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Heldin P, Karousou E, Bernert B, Porsch H, Nishitsuka K, Skandalis SS. Importance of hyaluronan-CD44 interactions in inflammation and tumorigenesis. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:215-8. [PMID: 18661346 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802143323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is an apparently simple polysaccharide that is responsible for tissue hydration but also stimulates cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation via binding to cell surface receptors, such as CD44. The amounts of hyaluronan increase during inflammation and tumorigenesis through the action of chemokines and growth factors. This review discusses some of the evidence that hyaluronan-CD44 complexes trigger signaling cascades that modulate inflammation and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
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1419
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Misra S, Hascall VC, Berger FG, Markwald RR, Ghatak S. Hyaluronan, CD44, and cyclooxygenase-2 in colon cancer. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:219-24. [PMID: 18661347 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802143356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carcinomas arising from colon epithelia develop or progress in a stromal microenvironment that is elevated in hyaluronan; interactions between elevated hyaluronan and the CD44 receptors on epithelial tumor cells activate an HA-receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated cell survival pathway. In this review we provide evidence that the hyaluronan-ErbB2-PI3kinase/AKT-ss-catenin-COX-2 signaling axis leads to intestinal epithelial and colon tumor cell division and proliferation. This review includes a summary of the authors work over the past years as well as citations of specific reviews related to role of hyaluronan in the pathogenesis of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Misra
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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1420
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Vigetti D, Moretto P, Viola M, Genasetti A, Rizzi M, Karousou E, Clerici M, Bartolini B, Pallotti F, De Luca G, Passi A. Aortic smooth muscle cells migration and the role of metalloproteinases and hyaluronan. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:189-92. [PMID: 18661340 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802143141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) change their extracellular matrix composition during aging, with direct effects on cellular events and cell migration. For example, active matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is synthesized only by young AoSMCs, whereas aged cells produce only the inactive zymogen form. The pro-MMP-2 activation in young cells depends on an increase in membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase content. Furthermore, transcripts coding for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were upregulated in aged cells, and the increase of TIMPs also could prevent pro-MMP-2 activation. As consequence of these situations, young AoSMCs possess a higher migratory capability than aged cells on gelatin support. These data are confirmed by adding TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 to young cells which reproduces aged AoSMCs migratory behavior. The opposite effect was obtained in young cells silencing MMP-2 and TIMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vigetti
- Department of Experimental Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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1421
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Synthesis, characterization and chondroprotective properties of a hyaluronan thioethyl ether derivative. Biomaterials 2007; 29:1388-99. [PMID: 18158182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is widely used in the clinic for viscosurgery, viscosupplementation, and treatment of osteoarthritis. Four decades of chemical modifications of HA have generated derivatives in which the biophysical and biochemical properties, as well as the rates of enzymatic degradation in vivo have been manipulated and tailored for specific clinical needs. One earlier modification adds multiple thiol groups to HA through hydrazide linkages, leading to a readily crosslinkable material for adhesion prevention and wound healing. We now describe the synthesis and chemical characterization of a novel thioethyl ether derivative of HA, HA-sulfhydryl (HASH), with a minimal tether between the HA and the thiol group. Unlike earlier thiol-modified HA derivatives, HASH cannot be readily crosslinked to form a hydrogel using either oxidative or bivalent electrophilic conditions, thus offering a unique polymeric polythiol that remains soluble. Moreover, HASH showed no cytotoxicity towards primary human fibroblasts and reduced the apoptosis rates of primary chondrocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide in vitro. These properties foreshadow the clinical potential of HASH to moderate inflammation and to act as a chondroprotective agent in vivo.
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1422
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Buys TPH, Chari R, Lee EHL, Zhang M, MacAulay C, Lam S, Lam WL, Ling V. Genetic changes in the evolution of multidrug resistance for cultured human ovarian cancer cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:1069-79. [PMID: 17726699 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype is often attributed to the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as P-glycoprotein (ABCB1). Previous work has suggested that modulation of MDR may not necessarily be a single gene trait. To identify factors that contribute to the emergence of MDR, we undertook integrative genomics analysis of the ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 and a series of MDR derivatives of this line (SKVCRs). As resistance increased, comparative analysis of gene expression showed conspicuous activation of a network of genes in addition to ABCB1. Functional annotation and pathway analysis revealed that many of these genes were associated with the extracellular matrix and had previously been implicated in tumor invasion and cell proliferation. Further investigation by whole genome tiling-path array CGH suggested that changes in gene dosage were key to the activation of several of these overexpressed genes. Remarkably, alignment of whole genome profiles for SKVCR lines revealed the emergence and decline of specific segmental DNA alterations. The most prominent alteration was a novel amplicon residing at 16p13 that encompassed the ABC transporter genes ABCC1 and ABCC6. Loss of this amplicon in highly resistant SKVCR lines coincided with the emergence of a different amplicon at 7q21.12, which harbors ABCB1. Integrative analysis suggests that multiple genes are activated during escalation of drug resistance, including a succession of ABC transporter genes and genes that may act synergistically with ABCB1. These results suggest that evolution of the MDR phenotype is a dynamic, multi-genic process in the genomes of cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genomics
- Humans
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon P H Buys
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3.
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1423
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Koyama H, Kobayashi N, Harada M, Takeoka M, Kawai Y, Sano K, Fujimori M, Amano J, Ohhashi T, Kannagi R, Kimata K, Taniguchi S, Itano N. Significance of tumor-associated stroma in promotion of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis: pivotal role of a hyaluronan-rich tumor microenvironment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 172:179-93. [PMID: 18079437 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells, together with extracellular matrix components, provide a tumor microenvironment that is pivotal for cancer cell growth and progression. In our previous study using a conditional transgenic mouse model of breast cancer, the overproduction of hyaluronan, a major extracellular constituent, accelerated tumor angiogenesis through stromal cell recruitment. This finding led us to investigate the role of hyaluronan in the lymphatic vessel system. Here, we have found that microenvironmental hyaluronan promoted tumor lymphangiogenesis concurrently with the formation of stromal structures. Additionally, lymphatic vessels frequently penetrated and accumulated into stromal compartments, and up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and -D was detected at tumor-stromal interfaces. To assess the contribution of stromal cells to lymphangiogenesis in vivo, we established tumor-associated fibroblasts from hyaluronan-overproducing mammary tumors and implanted them together with carcinoma cells from control tumors or MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells in nude mice. Carcinoma cells grew rapidly in association with marked stromal reactions and lymphangiogenesis. Without the stromal cells, however, the tumors developed slowly with less stroma and lymphatic vessels. These findings underline the significance of tumor-associated stroma in the promotion of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis and suggest a pivotal role for the hyaluronan-rich tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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1424
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Vigetti D, Viola M, Karousou E, Rizzi M, Moretto P, Genasetti A, Clerici M, Hascall VC, De Luca G, Passi A. Hyaluronan-CD44-ERK1/2 regulate human aortic smooth muscle cell motility during aging. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:4448-58. [PMID: 18077444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) modulates cell proliferation and migration, and it is involved in several human vascular pathologies including atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis. During intima layer thickening, HA increases dramatically in the neointima extracellular matrix. Aging is one of the major risk factors for the insurgence of vascular diseases, in which smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a role by determining neointima formation through their migration and proliferation. Therefore, we established an in vitro aging model consisting of sequential passages of human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs). Comparing young and aged cells, we found that, during the aging process in vitro,HA synthesis significantly increases, as do HA synthetic enzymes (i.e. HAS2 and HAS3), the precursor synthetic enzyme (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase), and the HA receptor CD44. In aged cells, we also observed increased CD44 signaling that consisted of higher levels of phosphorylated MAP kinase ERK1/2. Further, aged AoSMCs migrated faster than young cells, and such migration could be modulated by HA, which alters the ERK1/2 phosphorylation. HA oligosaccharides of 6.8 kDa and an anti-CD44 blocking antibody prevented ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibited AoSMCs migration. These results indicate that, during aging, HA can modulate cell migration involving CD44-mediated signaling through ERK1/2. These data suggest that age-related HA accumulation could promote SMC migration and intima thickening during vascular neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vigetti
- Dip. di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
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1425
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Docampo MJ, Rabanal RM, Miquel-Serra L, Hernández D, Domenzain C, Bassols A. Altered expression of versican and hyaluronan in melanocytic tumors of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:1376-85. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.12.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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1426
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Chowdhury AR, Ghosh I, Datta K. Excessive reactive oxygen species induces apoptosis in fibroblasts: role of mitochondrially accumulated hyaluronic acid binding protein 1 (HABP1/p32/gC1qR). Exp Cell Res 2007; 314:651-67. [PMID: 18166172 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively expressed HABP1 in normal murine fibroblast cell line induces growth perturbation, morphological abnormalities along with initiation of apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that though HABP1 accumulation started in mitochondria from 48 hr of growth, induction of apoptosis with the release of cytochrome c and apoptosome complex formation occurred only after 60 hr. This mitochondrial dysfunction was due to gradual increase in ROS generation in HABP1 overexpressing cells. Along with ROS generation, increased Ca 2+ influx in mitochondria leading to drop in membrane potential was evident. Interestingly, upon expression of HABP1, the respiratory chain complex I was shown to be significantly inhibited. Electronmicrograph confirmed defective mitochondrial ultrastructure. The reduction in oxidant generation and drop in apoptotic cell population accomplished by disruption of HABP1 expression, corroborating the fact that excess ROS generation in HABP1 overexpressing cells leading to apoptosis was due to mitochondrial HABP1 accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Roy Chowdhury
- Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
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1427
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Evanko SP, Tammi MI, Tammi RH, Wight TN. Hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:1351-65. [PMID: 17804111 PMCID: PMC2174428 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a multifunctional glycosaminoglycan that forms the structural basis of the pericellular matrix. Hyaluronan is extruded directly through the plasma membrane by one of three hyaluronan synthases and anchored to the cell surface by the synthase or cell surface receptors such as CD44 or RHAMM. Aggregating proteoglycans and other hyaluronan-binding proteins, contribute to the material and biological properties of the matrix and regulate cell and tissue function. The pericellular matrix plays multiple complex roles in cell adhesion/de-adhesion, and cell shape changes associated with proliferation and locomotion. Time-lapse studies show that pericellular matrix formation facilitates cell detachment and mitotic cell rounding. Hyaluronan crosslinking occurs through various proteins, such as tenascin, TSG-6, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, pentraxin and TSP-1. This creates higher order levels of structured hyaluronan that may regulate inflammation and other biological processes. Microvillous or filopodial membrane protrusions are created by active hyaluronan synthesis, and form the scaffold of hyaluronan coats in certain cells. The importance of the pericellular matrix in cellular mechanotransduction and the response to mechanical strain are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Evanko
- The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Markku I. Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, Kuopio University, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija H. Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, Kuopio University, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- *Correspondence: Thomas N. Wight, The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, , Phone: (206) 341-1377, Fax: (206) 341-1370
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1428
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Lee H, Dellatore SM, Miller WM, Messersmith PB. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 2007; 318:426-30. [PMID: 17947576 DOI: 10.1126/science.1147241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6151] [Impact Index Per Article: 361.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report a method to form multifunctional polymer coatings through simple dip-coating of objects in an aqueous solution of dopamine. Inspired by the composition of adhesive proteins in mussels, we used dopamine self-polymerization to form thin, surface-adherent polydopamine films onto a wide range of inorganic and organic materials, including noble metals, oxides, polymers, semiconductors, and ceramics. Secondary reactions can be used to create a variety of ad-layers, including self-assembled monolayers through deposition of long-chain molecular building blocks, metal films by electroless metallization, and bioinert and bioactive surfaces via grafting of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeshin Lee
- Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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1429
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1430
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Chan CK, Wang J, Lin L, Hao Y, Chan SO. Enzymatic removal of hyaluronan affects routing of axons in the mouse optic chiasm. Neuroreport 2007; 18:1533-8. [PMID: 17885596 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282efa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations of interaction of hyaluronan (HA) with its receptor CD44 cause multiple errors in axon routing at the mouse optic chiasm. To investigate this interaction further on the chiasm routing, we studied the axon routing after enzymatic removal of HA from slice preparations of the optic pathway. Hyaluronidase treatment produced an obvious reduction in midline crossing of the first generated axons in E13 chiasms, but had no influence on routing ofthe uncrossed axons in E15 and E16 slices. These findings support a direct role of HA, acting probably through CD44, on axon decussation during early phase of chiasm development, but argue against a direct function of HA on the turning of uncrossed axons in the mouse optic chiasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kit Chan
- Department of Anatomy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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1431
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Nishitsuka K, Kashiwagi Y, Tojo N, Kanno C, Takahashi Y, Yamamoto T, Heldin P, Yamashita H. Hyaluronan production regulation from porcine hyalocyte cell line by cytokines. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:539-45. [PMID: 17707370 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study were to establish a cell line derived from porcine hyalocytes and to investigate the regulation of hyaluronan (HA) synthesis in response to cytokines. After 50 passages of the cells derived from porcine vitreous tissue, a cell line was generated. The immortalized cells showed fibroblastic morphology. The cell doubling time was 56.9h. In the mRNA level, the cells expressed plate-derived growth factor (PDGF) alpha receptor, PDGF beta receptor, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type I receptor, TGF-beta type II receptor, CD44, collagen type I, collagen type II, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 2, HAS 3 and beta-actin. In the protein level, GFAP was expressed in this cell line. S-100 protein and cytokeratin were not detected. Stimulation with TGF-beta1 and/or PDGF-BB induced a marked increase in the expression level of HAS2 mRNA, and induced HA production. TGF-beta1 stimulated HAS2 expression through the signal transduction pathway including Smad 2,3,4. In summary, this report constitutes the first successful immortalization of porcine hyalocyte cells. The production of HA was induced from the generated porcine hyalocyte cell line under the stimulation of TGF-beta1 and/or PDGF-BB, which may be related to the pathogenesis of proliferative membrane formation in proliferative vitreo-retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Nishitsuka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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1432
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Johnson LA, Prevo R, Clasper S, Jackson DG. Inflammation-induced uptake and degradation of the lymphatic endothelial hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33671-33680. [PMID: 17884820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702889200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 is selectively expressed in the endothelium of lymphatic capillaries, where it has been proposed to function in hyaluronan clearance and hyaluronan-mediated leukocyte adhesion. However, recent studies suggest that hyaluronan homeostasis is unperturbed in LYVE-1(-/-) mice and that lymphatic adhesion/transmigration may be largely mediated by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 rather than LYVE-1. Here we have explored the possibility that LYVE-1 functions during inflammation and report that the receptor is down-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using cultured primary lymphatic endothelial cells, we show that surface expression of LYVE-1 is rapidly and reversibly lost after exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and TNFbeta via internalization and degradation of the receptor in lysosomes, coupled with a shutdown in gene expression. Curiously, internalization does not result in significant uptake of hyaluronan, a process that is largely insensitive to the novel LYVE-1 adhesion blocking monoclonal antibody 3A, and proceeds almost equally in resting and inflammation-activated lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, we show that TNF can induce down-modulation of LYVE-1 in ex vivo murine dermal tissue explants and present evidence that the process occurs in vivo, in the context of murine allergen-induced skin inflammation. These findings suggest that LYVE-1 can function independently of hyaluronan and have implications for the use of LYVE-1 as a histological marker for lymphangiogenesis in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Johnson
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Remko Prevo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Clasper
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - David G Jackson
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
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1433
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Kujawa P, Schmauch G, Viitala T, Badia A, Winnik FM. Construction of Viscoelastic Biocompatible Films via the Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Hyaluronan and Phosphorylcholine-Modified Chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3169-76. [PMID: 17850111 DOI: 10.1021/bm7006339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Films of hyaluronan (HA) and a phosphorylcholine-modified chitosan (PC-CH) were constructed by the polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) deposition technique and their buildup in 0.15 M NaCl was followed by atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR), and dissipative quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The HA/PC-CH films were stable over a wide pH range (3.0-12.0), exhibiting a stronger resistance against alkaline conditions as compared to HA/CH films. The loss and storage moduli, G' and G", of the films throughout the growth of eight bilayer assemblies were derived from an impedance analysis of the QCM data recorded in situ. Both G' and G" values were one order of magnitude lower than the moduli of HA/CH films. The fluid gel-like characteristics of HA/PC-CH multilayers were attributed to their high water content (50 wt %), which was estimated by comparing the surface coverage values derived from SPR and QCM measurements. Given the versatility of the PEM methodology, HA/PC-CH films are attractive tools for developing biocompatible surface coatings of controlled mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kujawa
- Faculté de Pharmacie and Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C P 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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1434
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Choudhary M, Zhang X, Stojkovic P, Hyslop L, Anyfantis G, Herbert M, Murdoch AP, Stojkovic M, Lako M. Putative role of hyaluronan and its related genes, HAS2 and RHAMM, in human early preimplantation embryogenesis and embryonic stem cell characterization. Stem Cells 2007; 25:3045-57. [PMID: 17872502 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) promise tremendous potential as a developmental and cell therapeutic tool. The combined effort of stimulatory and inhibitory signals regulating gene expression, which drives the tissue differentiation and morphogenetic processes during early embryogenesis, is still very poorly understood. With the scarcity of availability of human embryos for research, hESC can be used as an alternative source to study the early human embryogenesis. Hyaluronan (HA), a simple hydrating sugar, is present abundantly in the female reproductive tract during fertilization, embryo growth, and implantation and plays an important role in early development of the mammalian embryo. HA and its binding protein RHAMM regulate various cellular and hydrodynamic processes from cell migration, proliferation, and signaling to regulation of gene expression, cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and metastasis via both extracellular and intracellular pathways. In this study, we show for the first time that HA synthase gene HAS2 and its binding receptor RHAMM are differentially expressed during all stages of preimplantation human embryos and hESC. RHAMM expression is significantly downregulated during differentiation of hESC, in contrast to HAS2, which is significantly upregulated. Most importantly, RHAMM knockdown results in downregulation of several pluripotency markers in hESC, induction of early extraembryonic lineages, loss of cell viability, and changes in hESC cycle. These data therefore highlight an important role for RHAMM in maintenance of hESC pluripotency, viability, and cell cycle control. Interestingly, HAS2 knockdown results in suppression of hESC differentiation without affecting hESC pluripotency. This suggests an intrinsic role for HAS2 in hESC differentiation process. In accordance with this, addition of exogenous HA to the differentiation medium enhances hESC differentiation to mesodermal and cardiac lineages. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Choudhary
- North East Institute for Stem Cell Research and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, International Centre for Life, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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1435
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Kim J, Park K, Hahn SK. Effect of hyaluronic acid molecular weight on the morphology of quantum dot-hyaluronic acid conjugates. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 42:41-5. [PMID: 17936350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The morphological analysis of novel quantum dot-hyaluronic acid (QDot-HA) conjugates was carried out with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Adipic acid dihydrazide-modified HA (HA-ADH) was synthesized and conjugated to quantum dots (QDots) having carboxyl terminal ligands which were activated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS). HA molecules with a molecular weight (MW) of 20K, 234 K and 3000 K were used to investigate the effect of MW on the morphology of QDot-HA conjugates. The TEM micrographs of QDot-HA conjugates showed branched and multi-layered chain type morphology formed by inter- and intra-molecular conjugation of QDots to HA molecules. The size of QDot-HA conjugate increased with the MW of HA. QDot-HA conjugate could be successfully used for real-time bio-imaging of HA derivatives in nude mice. The novel QDot-HA conjugate will be further used to investigate the biological roles of HA with a different MW in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseok Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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1436
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Cauwe B, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G. The biochemical, biological, and pathological kaleidoscope of cell surface substrates processed by matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 42:113-85. [PMID: 17562450 DOI: 10.1080/10409230701340019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of more than 20 endopeptidases. Identification of specific matrix and non-matrix components as MMP substrates showed that, aside from their initial role as extracellular matrix modifiers, MMPs play significant roles in highly complex processes such as the regulation of cell behavior, cell-cell communication, and tumor progression. Thanks to the comprehensive examination of the expanded MMP action radius, the initial view of proteases acting in the soluble phase has evolved into a kaleidoscope of proteolytic reactions connected to the cell surface. Important classes of cell surface molecules include adhesion molecules, mediators of apoptosis, receptors, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, proteases, intercellular junction proteins, and structural molecules. Proteolysis of cell surface proteins by MMPs may have extremely diverse biological implications, ranging from maturation and activation, to inactivation or degradation of substrates. In this way, modification of membrane-associated proteins by MMPs is crucial for communication between cells and the extracellular milieu, and determines cell fate and the integrity of tissues. Hence, insights into the processing of cell surface proteins by MMPs and the concomitant effects on physiological processes as well as on disease onset and evolution, leads the way to innovative therapeutic approaches for cancer, as well as degenerative and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Cauwe
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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1437
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Singleton PA, Salgia R, Moreno-Vinasco L, Moitra J, Sammani S, Mirzapoiazova T, Garcia JGN. CD44 regulates hepatocyte growth factor-mediated vascular integrity. Role of c-Met, Tiam1/Rac1, dynamin 2, and cortactin. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30643-57. [PMID: 17702746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of vascular endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity is critical to normal vessel homeostasis, with barrier dysfunction being a feature of inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and acute lung injury. Therefore, agents that preserve or restore vascular integrity have important therapeutic implications. In this study, we explored the regulation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated enhancement of EC barrier function via CD44 isoforms. We observed that HGF promoted c-Met association with CD44v10 and recruitment of c-Met into caveolin-enriched microdomains (CEM) containing CD44s (standard form). Treatment of EC with CD44v10-blocking antibodies inhibited HGF-mediated c-Met phosphorylation and c-Met recruitment to CEM. Silencing CD44 expression (small interfering RNA) attenuated HGF-induced recruitment of c-Met, Tiam1 (a Rac1 exchange factor), cortactin (an actin cytoskeletal regulator), and dynamin 2 (a vesicular regulator) to CEM as well as HGF-induced trans-EC electrical resistance. In addition, silencing Tiam1 or dynamin 2 reduced HGF-induced Rac1 activation, cortactin recruitment to CEM, and EC barrier regulation. We observed that both HGF- and high molecular weight hyaluronan (CD44 ligand)-mediated protection from lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability was significantly reduced in CD44 knock-out mice, thus validating these in vitro findings in an in vivo murine model of inflammatory lung injury. Taken together, these results suggest that CD44 is an important regulator of HGF/c-Met-mediated in vitro and in vivo barrier enhancement, a process with essential involvement of Tiam1, Rac1, dynamin 2, and cortactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Singleton
- Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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1438
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Wirrig EE, Snarr BS, Chintalapudi MR, O’Neal J, Phelps AL, Barth JL, Fresco VM, Kern CB, Mjaatvedt CH, Toole BP, Hoffman S, Trusk TC, Argraves WS, Wessels A. Cartilage link protein 1 (Crtl1), an extracellular matrix component playing an important role in heart development. Dev Biol 2007; 310:291-303. [PMID: 17822691 PMCID: PMC2254939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To expand our insight into cardiac development, a comparative DNA microarray analysis was performed using tissues from the atrioventricular junction (AVJ) and ventricular chambers of mouse hearts at embryonic day (ED) 10.5-11.0. This comparison revealed differential expression of approximately 200 genes, including cartilage link protein 1 (Crtl1). Crtl1 stabilizes the interaction between hyaluronan (HA) and versican, two extracellular matrix components essential for cardiac development. Immunohistochemical studies showed that, initially, Crtl1, versican, and HA are co-expressed in the endocardial lining of the heart, and in the endocardially derived mesenchyme of the AVJ and outflow tract (OFT). At later stages, this co-expression becomes restricted to discrete populations of endocardially derived mesenchyme. Histological analysis of the Crtl1-deficient mouse revealed a spectrum of cardiac malformations, including AV septal and myocardial defects, while expression studies showed a significant reduction in versican levels. Subsequent analysis of the hdf mouse, which carries an insertional mutation in the versican gene (CSPG2), demonstrated that haploinsufficient versican mice display septal defects resembling those seen in Crtl1(-/-) embryos, suggesting that reduced versican expression may contribute to a subset of the cardiac abnormalities observed in the Crtl1(-/-) mouse. Combined, these findings establish an important role for Crtl1 in heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine E Wirrig
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Brian S Snarr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Mastan R Chintalapudi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Jessica O’Neal
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Aimee L Phelps
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Victor M Fresco
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Christine B Kern
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Corey H Mjaatvedt
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Bryan P Toole
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Stanley Hoffman
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Thomas C Trusk
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - W Scott Argraves
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. Cardiovascular Developmental, Biology Center. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston SC, 29425 USA
- Corresponding author: Andy Wessels, PhD, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425; Tel: 843 792 8183, Fax: 843 792 0664,
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1439
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Lamontagne CA, Grandbois M. PKC-induced stiffening of hyaluronan/CD44 linkage; local force measurements on glioma cells. Exp Cell Res 2007; 314:227-36. [PMID: 17698062 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of cells with hyaluronan (HA) rich extracellular matrix involves the membrane receptor CD44. HA-CD44 interactions are particularly important in the development of glioma pathogenesis for its implication in tumor cells spreading. Highly motile states rely on the spaciotemporal regulation of HA-CD44 interactions occurring in specific cytoskeletal-supported membrane organization such as microvilli or the leading edge observed in migrating cell. We used AFM-based force measurement to probe the HA-CD44 interaction at localized regions at the surface of living glioma cells expressing high level of the CD44 standard isoform. We show that unstimulated cells interact with HA over their entire surfaces and are highly deformable when force is exerted on individual HA molecules bound to membrane CD44 receptors. Conversely, in PKC-activated cells the probed interactions are concentrated at the leading edge of the cells with reduced membrane deformability. Taken together, our results show that PKC-enhanced motility in glioma cells is associated with a redistribution of CD44 receptors at the leading edges concomitant with a stiffer anchoring of CD44 to the cell surface involving the actin cytoskeleton.
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1440
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Limozin L, Sengupta K. Modulation of vesicle adhesion and spreading kinetics by hyaluronan cushions. Biophys J 2007; 93:3300-13. [PMID: 17631530 PMCID: PMC2025668 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of giant unilamellar phospholipid vesicles to planar substrates coated with extracellular matrix mimetic cushions of hyaluronan is studied using quantitative reflection interference contrast microscopy. The absolute height of the vesicle membrane at the vicinity of the substrate is measured by considering, for the first time, the refractive indices of the reflecting media. The thickness of the cushion is varied in the range of approximately 50-100 nm, by designing various coupling strategies. On bare protein-coated substrates, the vesicles spread fast (0.5 s) and form a uniform adhesion disk, with the average membrane height approximately 4 nm. On thick hyaluronan cushions (>80 nm), the membrane height is approximately the same as the thickness of the cushion, implying that the vesicle lies on top of the cushion. On a thin and inhomogeneous hyaluronan cushion, the adhesion is modified but not prevented. The spreading is slow ( approximately 20 s) compared to the no-cushion case. The average membrane height is approximately 10 nm and the adhesion disk is studded with blisterlike structures. Observations with fluorescent hyaluronan indicate that the polymer is compressed under, rather than expelled from, the adhesion disk. The adhesion energy density is approximately threefold higher in the no-cushion case (1.2 microJ/m(2)) as compared to the thin-cushion case (0.54 microJ/m(2)). In the thin-cushion case, the presence of short ( approximately 4 nm) glyco-polymers on the vesicles results in a hitherto unreported stable partial adhesion state--the membrane height ranges from zero to approximately 250 nm. The minimal model system presented here mimics in vitro the hyaluronan-modulated early stages of cell adhesion, and demonstrates that the presence of a polymer cushion influences both the final equilibrium adhesion-state and the spreading kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Limozin
- Adhésion Cellulaire, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique UMR 6212, INSERM U600, Université de Mediterranée, Luminy, Marseille, France
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1441
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Hofinger ESA, Hoechstetter J, Oettl M, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A. Isoenzyme-specific differences in the degradation of hyaluronic acid by mammalian-type hyaluronidases. Glycoconj J 2007; 25:101-9. [PMID: 17620008 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) has been used as a spreading factor for many years and was primarily characterized by its enzymatic activity. As recombinant human hyaluronidases are now available the bovine preparations can be replaced by the human enzymes. However, data on the pH-dependent activity of hyaluronidases reported in literature are inconsistent in part or even contradictory. Detection of the pH-dependent activity of PH-20 type hyaluronidases, i.e. recombinant human PH-20 (rhPH-20) and BTH, showed a shift of the pH optimum from acidic pH values in a colorimetric activity assay to higher pH values in a turbidimetric activity assay. Contrarily, recombinant human Hyal-1 (rhHyal-1) and bee venom hyaluronidase (BVH) exhibited nearly identical pH profiles in both commonly used types of activity assays. Analysis of the hyaluronic acid (HA) degradation products by capillary zone electrophoresis showed that hyaluronan was catabolized by rhHyal-1 continuously into HA oligosaccharides. BTH and, to a less extent, rhPH-20 exhibited a different mode of action: at acidic pH (pH 4.5) HA was degraded as described for rhHyal-1, while at elevated pH (pH 5.5) small oligosaccharides were produced in addition to HA fragments of medium molecular weight, thus explaining the pH-dependent discrepancies in the activity assays. Our results suggest a sub-classification of mammalian-type hyaluronidases into a PH-20/BTH and a Hyal-1/BVH subtype. As the biological effects of HA fragments are reported to depend on the size of the molecules it can be speculated that different pH values at the site of hyaluronan degradation may result in different biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith S A Hofinger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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1442
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Hosono K, Nishida Y, Knudson W, Knudson CB, Naruse T, Suzuki Y, Ishiguro N. Hyaluronan oligosaccharides inhibit tumorigenicity of osteosarcoma cell lines MG-63 and LM-8 in vitro and in vivo via perturbation of hyaluronan-rich pericellular matrix of the cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:274-86. [PMID: 17591972 PMCID: PMC1941604 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between hyaluronan expression and the malignant properties of various kinds of cancer, and inhibition of hyaluronan production causes decreased tumor growth. Hyaluronan oligosaccharides have been shown to inhibit several tumor cell types via disruption of receptor-hyaluronan interaction. However, few studies have addressed hyaluronan with respect to osteosarcoma. In this study, we examined the effects of exogenously added hyaluronan oligosaccharides on tumorigenicity of murine osteosarcoma cells, LM-8, and human osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells, MG-63. Moreover, the critical size of oligomers needed to inhibit malignant properties was defined. Fluorescent hyaluronan oligosaccharides accumulated both on the surface of cells and in the cytoplasm, and this retention was blocked by pretreatment with an anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody. Hyaluronan octasaccharides significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis as defined by cell proliferation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assays, respectively. Octasaccharides also abrogated functional cell-associated matrices and significantly reduced the retention of endogenous hyaluronan. Further, octasaccharide treatment affected an inhibition of cell motility as well as cell invasiveness. Pretreatment of the cells with anti-CD44 antibody reduced the antitumor effect of the octasaccharides. In vivo, intratumoral injection of hyaluronan octasaccharides reduced the hyaluronan accumulation in local tumors, resulting in significant suppression of the formation of distant lung metastasis. Together these data suggest that hyaluronan oligosaccharides have potent antitumor effects functioning in part by the abrogation of hyaluronan-rich cell-associated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Hosono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65-Tsuruma, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
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1443
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Bharadwaj AG, Rector K, Simpson MA. Inducible Hyaluronan Production Reveals Differential Effects on Prostate Tumor Cell Growth and Tumor Angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20561-72. [PMID: 17502371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702964200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer progression can be predicted in human tumor biopsies by abundant hyaluronan (HA) and its processing enzyme, the hyaluronidase HYAL1. Accumulation of HA is dictated by the balance between expression levels of HA synthases, the enzymes that produce HA polymers, and hyaluronidases, which process polymers to oligosaccharides. Aggressive prostate tumor cells express 20-fold higher levels of the hyaluronan synthase HAS3, but the mechanistic relevance of this correlation has not been determined. We stably overexpressed HAS3 in prostate tumor cells. Adhesion to extracellular matrix and cellular growth kinetics in vitro were significantly reduced. Slow growth in culture was restored either by exogenous addition of hyaluronidase or by stable HYAL1 coexpression. Coexpression did not improve comparably slow growth in mice, however, suggesting that excess hyaluronan production by HAS3 may alter the balance required for induced tumor growth. To address this, we used a tetracycline-inducible HAS3 expression system in which hyaluronan production could be experimentally controlled. Adjusting temporal parameters of hyaluronan production directly affected growth rate of the cells. Relief from growth suppression in vitro but not in vivo by enzymatic removal of HA effectively uncoupled the respective roles of hyaluronan in growth and angiogenesis, suggesting that growth mediation is less critical to establishment of the tumor than early vascular development. Collectively results also imply that HA processing by elevated HYAL1 expression in invasive prostate cancer is a requirement for progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu G Bharadwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664, USA
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1444
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Gerecht S, Burdick JA, Ferreira LS, Townsend SA, Langer R, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Hyaluronic acid hydrogel for controlled self-renewal and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11298-303. [PMID: 17581871 PMCID: PMC2040893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703723104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of self-renewal and differentiation of human ES cells (hESCs) remains a challenge. This is largely due to the use of culture systems that involve poorly defined animal products and do not mimic the normal developmental milieu. Routine protocols involve the propagation of hESCs on mouse fibroblast or human feeder layers, enzymatic cell removal, and spontaneous differentiation in cultures of embryoid bodies, and each of these steps involves significant variability of culture conditions. We report that a completely synthetic hydrogel matrix can support (i) long-term self-renewal of hESCs in the presence of conditioned medium from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers, and (ii) direct cell differentiation. Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels were selected because of the role of HA in early development and feeder layer cultures of hESCs and the controllability of hydrogel architecture, mechanics, and degradation. When encapsulated in 3D HA hydrogels (but not within other hydrogels or in monolayer cultures on HA), hESCs maintained their undifferentiated state, preserved their normal karyotype, and maintained their full differentiation capacity as indicated by embryoid body formation. Differentiation could be induced within the same hydrogel by simply altering soluble factors. We therefore propose that HA hydrogels, with their developmentally relevant composition and tunable physical properties, provide a unique microenvironment for the self-renewal and differentiation of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Gerecht
- *Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology and
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Lino S. Ferreira
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Biocant Centro de Inovação em Biotecnologia, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Seth A. Townsend
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Robert Langer
- *Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology and
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- **Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Biomedical Engi neering, Columbia University, William Black Research Building 1605–1611, 650 West 168th Street, MC 104B, New York, NY 10032. E-mail:
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1445
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Lin L, Wang J, Chan CK, Chan SO. Effects of exogenous hyaluronan on midline crossing and axon divergence in the optic chiasm of mouse embryos. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1-11. [PMID: 17581255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation of the transmembrane glycoprotein, CD44, has been shown to cause multiple errors in axon routing in the mouse optic chiasm. In a recent report we have shown that the major CD44 ligand, hyaluronan (HA), is colocalized with CD44 at the midline of the chiasm, suggesting a possible contribution to the control of axon routing in the chiasm. We examined this issue by investigating the effects of exogenous HA on routing of axons in the chiasm in slice preparations of the optic pathway. In preparations of the E13 optic pathway, administration of exogenous HA produced a dose-dependent failure in midline crossing of the first generated optic axons. In E15 slices, when the adult pattern of axon divergence develops in the chiasm, anterograde filling of the optic axons showed an obvious reduction in the uncrossed pathway after HA treatment. This reduction was confirmed by retrograde filling of the ganglion cells in E15 slices, and later in E16 pathways where the uncrossed projection is better developed. Furthermore, we have demonstrated in explant cultures of the retina that HA, when presented in soluble or substrate-bound form, does not affect outgrowth and extension of retinal neurites. These findings together indicate the crucial functions of this matrix molecule in regulating midline crossing and axon divergence, probably through interactions with guidance molecules including CD44, at the midline of the chiasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Department of Anatomy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR
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1446
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Li Y, Li L, Brown TJ, Heldin P. Silencing of hyaluronan synthase 2 suppresses the malignant phenotype of invasive breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2557-67. [PMID: 17315194 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of hyaluronan has been demonstrated in the peritumoral breast cancer stroma and nests of tumor cells. In this study, we have quantified the production of hyaluronan and the expression of mRNAs encoding hyaluronan synthesizing (HAS) and hyaluronan degrading (HYAL) enzymes in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. The analysis revealed that highly invasive breast cancer cells produce high amounts of hyaluronan and express preferentially HAS2 mRNA, whereas less invasive breast cancer cells produce low amount of hyaluronan and express HAS1 and HYAL1 mRNAs. We explored the importance of HAS2 expression for breast cancer tumorigenicity, by specifically silencing the HAS2 gene using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression in the invasive breast cancer cell line Hs578T. This led to a less aggressive phenotype of the breast tumor cells, as assessed by cell growth, both in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cultures. siRNA-mediated knock down of HAS2 in Hs578T breast tumor cells led to an up-regulation of HAS1, HAS3 and HYAL1 mRNAs, resulting in only a 50% decrease in the net hyaluronan production; however, the synthesized hyaluronan was of lower size and more polydisparse compared to control siRNA-treated cells. Interestingly, Hs578T cells deprived of HAS2 migrated only half as efficiently as HAS2 expressing cells through cell-free areas in a culture wounding assay and through Transwell polycarbonate membrane as well as invaded a Matrigel layer. These results imply that alterations in HAS2 expression and endogenously synthesized hyaluronan affect the malignant phenotype of Hs578T breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejuan Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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1447
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Li L, Asteriou T, Bernert B, Heldin CH, Heldin P. Growth factor regulation of hyaluronan synthesis and degradation in human dermal fibroblasts: importance of hyaluronan for the mitogenic response of PDGF-BB. Biochem J 2007; 404:327-36. [PMID: 17324121 PMCID: PMC1868797 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan is important in many tissuerepair processes. We have investigated the synthesis of hyaluronan in a panel of cell lines of fibroblastic and epithelial origin in response to PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-BB and other growth factors. Human dermal fibroblasts exhibited the highest hyaluronan-synthesizing activity in response to PDGF-BB. Analysis of HAS (hyaluronan synthase) and HYAL (hyaluronidase) mRNA expression showed that PDGF-BB treatment induced a 3-fold increase in the already high level of HAS2 mRNA, and increases in HAS1 and HYAL1 mRNA, whereas the levels of HAS3 and HYAL2 mRNA were not affected. Furthermore, PDGF-BB also increased the amount and activity of HAS2 protein, but not of HYAL1 and HYAL2 proteins. Using inhibitors for MEK1/2 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase 1/2] (U0126) and for PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) (LY294002), as well as the SN50 inhibitor, which prevents translocation of the active NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) to the nucleus, we observed a complete inhibition of both HAS2 transcriptional activity and hyaluronan synthesis, whereas inhibitors of other signalling pathways were without any significant effect. TGF-beta1 (transforming growth factor-beta1) did not increase the activity of hyaluronan synthesis in dermal fibroblasts, but increased the activity of HYALs. Importantly, inhibition of hyaluronan binding to its receptor CD44 by the monoclonal antibody Hermes-1, inhibited PDGF-BB-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation of dermal fibroblasts. We conclude that the ERK MAPK and PI3K signalling pathways are necessary for the regulation of hyaluronan synthesis by PDGF-BB, and that prevention of its binding to CD44 inhibits PDGF-BB-induced cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 595, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Trias Asteriou
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 595, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Berit Bernert
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 595, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 595, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paraskevi Heldin
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 595, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- †Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 582, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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1448
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Dityatev A, Brückner G, Dityateva G, Grosche J, Kleene R, Schachner M. Activity-dependent formation and functions of chondroitin sulfate-rich extracellular matrix of perineuronal nets. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:570-88. [PMID: 17443809 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix molecules--including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and tenascin-R--are enriched in perineuronal nets (PNs) associated with subsets of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In the present study, we show that similar cell type-dependent extracellular matrix aggregates are formed in dissociated cell cultures prepared from early postnatal mouse hippocampus. Starting from the 5th day in culture, accumulations of lattice-like extracellular structures labeled with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin were detected at the cell surface of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, which developed after 2-3 weeks into conspicuous PNs localized around synaptic contacts at somata and proximal dendrites, as well as around axon initial segments. Physiological recording and intracellular labeling of PN-expressing neurons revealed that these are large fast-spiking interneurons with morphological characteristics of basket cells. To study mechanisms of activity-dependent formation of PNs, we performed pharmacological analysis and found that blockade of action potentials, transmitter release, Ca2+ permeable AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors or L-type Ca2+ voltage-gated channels strongly decreased the extracellular accumulation of PN components in cultured neurons. Thus, we suggest that Ca2+ influx via AMPA receptors and L-type channels is necessary for activity-dependent formation of PNs. To study functions of chondroitin sulfate-rich PNs, we treated cultures with chondroitinase ABC that resulted in a prominent reduction of several major PN components. Removal of PNs did not affect the number and distribution of perisomatic GABAergic contacts but increased the excitability of interneurons in cultures, implicating the extracellular matrix of PNs in regulation of interneuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dityatev
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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1449
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Higman VA, Blundell CD, Mahoney DJ, Redfield C, Noble MEM, Day AJ. Plasticity of the TSG-6 HA-binding loop and mobility in the TSG-6-HA complex revealed by NMR and X-ray crystallography. J Mol Biol 2007; 371:669-84. [PMID: 17585936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is a glycosaminoglycan-binding protein expressed during inflammatory and inflammation-like processes. Previously NMR structures were calculated for the Link module of TSG-6 (Link_TSG6) in its free state and when bound to an octasaccharide of hyaluronan (HA(8)). Heparin was found to compete for HA binding even though it interacts at a site that is distinct from the HA-binding surface. Here we present crystallography data on the free protein, and (15)N NMR relaxation data for the uncomplexed and HA(8)-bound forms of Link_TSG6. Although the Link module is comparatively rigid overall, the free protein shows a high degree of mobility in the beta4/beta5 loop and at the Cys47-Cys68 disulfide bond, both of which are regions involved in HA binding. When bound to HA(8), this dynamic behaviour is dampened, but not eliminated, suggesting a degree of dynamic matching between the protein and sugar that may decrease the entropic penalty of complex formation. A further highly dynamic residue is Lys54, which is distant from the HA-binding site, but was previously shown to be involved in heparin binding. When HA is bound, Lys54 becomes less mobile, providing evidence for an allosteric effect linking the HA and heparin-binding sites. A mechanism is suggested involving the beta2-strand and alpha2-helix. The crystal structure of free Link_TSG6 contains five molecules in the asymmetric unit that are highly similar to the NMR structure and support the dynamic behaviour seen near the HA-binding site: they show little or no electron density for the beta4/beta5 loop and display multiple conformations for the Cys47-Cys68 disulfide bond. The crystal structures were used in docking calculations with heparin. An extended interface between a Link_TSG6 dimer and heparin 11-mer was identified that is in excellent agreement with previous mutagenesis and calorimetric data, providing the basis for further investigation of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Higman
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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1450
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Hultdin M, Sundström G, Wahlin A, Lundström B, Samuelsson J, Birgegård G, Engström-Laurent A. Progression of bone marrow fibrosis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera during anagrelide treatment. Med Oncol 2007; 24:63-70. [PMID: 17673813 DOI: 10.1007/bf02685904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anagrelide is a second-line option for reduction of thrombocythemia in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPDs). A multicenter, open, phase II study of anagrelide treatment in 60 patients during 2 yr was performed by the Swedish Myeloproliferative Disorder Study Group. Adequate bone marrow biopsies were obtained from 53 of the CMPD patients [36 essential thrombocythemia (ET), 16 polycythemia vera (PV), 1 chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF)] before treatment and compared with biopsies from 30 healthy volunteers and 34 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Higher reticulin and hyaluronan (HYA) scores were found before anagrelide therapy in the CMPD patients than in the normal controls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and AML patients (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). At the end of the study 30 CMPD patients were still on anagrelide treatment and in 19 of these patients, all diagnosed as ET (n = 16) or PV (n = 3), pretreatment bone marrow biopsies were compared with follow-up samples. After 2 yr of anagrelide therapy the reticulin and HYA scores were significantly higher than before treatment (p = 0.02 and p = 0.002, respectively). The cellularity was significantly higher (p = 0.014), although the number of megakaryocytes did not change significantly. The increase of reticulin and HYA in the bone marrow after 2 yr of treatment with anagrelide indicated progression of fibrosis. Although anagrelide is a valuable drug for reduction of platelet levels, it seems unable to stop progression of bone marrow fibrosis and hypercellularity in ET and PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Hultdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
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