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Vijayakumar UG, Milla V, Cynthia Stafford MY, Bjourson AJ, Duddy W, Duguez SMR. A Systematic Review of Suggested Molecular Strata, Biomarkers and Their Tissue Sources in ALS. Front Neurol 2019; 10:400. [PMID: 31139131 PMCID: PMC6527847 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease, is an incurable neurodegenerative condition, characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. It affects 1-1.8/100,000 individuals worldwide, and the number of cases is projected to increase as the population ages. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify both therapeutic targets and disease-specific biomarkers-biomarkers that would be useful to diagnose and stratify patients into different sub-groups for therapeutic strategies, as well as biomarkers to follow the efficacy of any treatment tested during clinical trials. There is a lack of knowledge about pathogenesis and many hypotheses. Numerous "omics" studies have been conducted on ALS in the past decade to identify a disease-signature in tissues and circulating biomarkers. The first goal of the present review was to group the molecular pathways that have been implicated in monogenic forms of ALS, to enable the description of patient strata corresponding to each pathway grouping. This strategy allowed us to suggest 14 strata, each potentially targetable by different pharmacological strategies. The second goal of this review was to identify diagnostic/prognostic biomarker candidates consistently observed across the literature. For this purpose, we explore previous biomarker-relevant "omics" studies of ALS and summarize their findings, focusing on potential circulating biomarker candidates. We systematically review 118 papers on biomarkers published during the last decade. Several candidate markers were consistently shared across the results of different studies in either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood (leukocyte or serum/plasma). Although these candidates still need to be validated in a systematic manner, we suggest the use of combinations of biomarkers that would likely reflect the "health status" of different tissues, including motor neuron health (e.g., pNFH and NF-L, cystatin C, Transthyretin), inflammation status (e.g., MCP-1, miR451), muscle health (miR-338-3p, miR-206) and metabolism (homocysteine, glutamate, cholesterol). In light of these studies and because ALS is increasingly perceived as a multi-system disease, the identification of a panel of biomarkers that accurately reflect features of pathology is a priority, not only for diagnostic purposes but also for prognostic or predictive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie Marie-Rose Duguez
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, United Kingdom
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102
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as an important mediator of disease progression in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and is characterized by reactive central nervous system (CNS) microglia and astroglia as well as infiltrating peripheral monocytes and lymphocytes. Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective factors sustain the early phase of the disease whereas inflammation becomes proinflammatory and neurotoxic as disease progression accelerates. Initially, motor neurons sustain injuries through multiple mechanisms resulting from harmful mutations causing disruptions of critical intracellular pathways. Injured motor neurons release distress signal(s), which induce inflammatory processes produced by surrounding glial cells in the CNS as well as peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells. This review will focus on mechanisms of neuroinflammation and their essential contributions in ALS pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) are a subpopulation of immunosuppressive T lymphocytes that become reduced and dysfunctional as the disease progresses in ALS patients. Their degree of dysfunction correlates with the extent and rapidity of the disease. Treg numbers are boosted in transgenic mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) mice through the passive transfer of Tregs or through treatment with an interleukin-2/ interleukin-2 monoclonal antibody complex and rapamycin. Treating the transgenic mice with either of these modalities delays disease progression and prolongs survival. In addition, Treg function is restored when dysfunctional Tregs are isolated from ALS patients and expanded ex vivo in the presence of interleukin-2 and rapamycin. Based on these findings, a first-in-human phase 1 trial has been completed in which expanded autologous Tregs were infused back into ALS patients as a potential treatment. The infusions were safe and shown to 'hit target' by enhancing both Treg numbers and suppressive functions. SUMMARY A delicate balance between anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory factors modulates the rates of disease progression and survival times in ALS. Tipping the balance toward the anti-inflammatory mediators shows promise in slowing the progression of this devastating disease.
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103
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Sproviero D, La Salvia S, Colombo F, Zucca S, Pansarasa O, Diamanti L, Costa A, Lova L, Giannini M, Gagliardi S, Lauranzano E, Matteoli M, Ceroni M, Malaspina A, Cereda C. Leukocyte Derived Microvesicles as Disease Progression Biomarkers in Slow Progressing Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:344. [PMID: 31037054 PMCID: PMC6476347 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of biomarkers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) makes it difficult to determine the stage of the disease in patients and, therefore, it delays therapeutic trials. Microvesicles (MVs) are possible biomarkers implicated in physiological and pathological functions, however, their role in ALS remains unclear. We investigated whether plasma derived microvesicles could be overrepresented in a group of 40 patients affected by ALS compared to 28 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients and 36 healthy volunteers. Leukocyte derived MVs (LMVs) compared to endothelial, platelet, erythrocyte derived MVs, were mostly present in ALS patients compared to AD patients and healthy donors. Correlation analysis corrected for the presence of confounding variables (riluzole, age at onset, site of onset, gender) was tested between PRL (Progression Rate at the Last visit) and LMVs, and a statistically significant value was found (Pearson partial correlation r = 0.407, p = 0.006). We also investigated SOD1, TDP-43 intravesicular protein level in LMVs. Misfolded SOD1 was selectively transported by LMVs and its protein level was associated with the percentage of LMVs in slow progressing patients (r = 0.545, p = 0.033). Our preliminary findings suggest that LMVs are upregulated in ALS patients and they can be considered possible markers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Sproviero
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina La Salvia
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Colombo
- Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Susanna Zucca
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Diamanti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Division of General Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Costa
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Division of General Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Lova
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Becton Dickinson Italia S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Giannini
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eliana Lauranzano
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,IN-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Ceroni
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Division of General Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Neurodegeneration Group, Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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104
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Keisham B, Seksenyan A, Denyer S, Kheirkhah P, Arnone GD, Avalos P, Bhimani AD, Svendsen C, Berry V, Mehta AI. Quantum Capacitance Based Amplified Graphene Phononics for Studying Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:169-175. [PMID: 30468382 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease (MND) characterized by a rapid loss of upper and lower motor neurons resulting in patient death from respiratory failure within 3-5 years of initial symptom onset. Although at least 30 genes of major effect have been reported, the pathobiology of ALS is not well understood. Compounding this is the lack of a reliable laboratory test which can accurately diagnose this rapidly deteriorating disease. Herein, we report on the phonon vibration energies of graphene as a sensitive measure of the composite dipole moment of the interfaced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that includes a signature-composition specific to the patients with ALS disease. The second-order overtone of in-plane phonon vibration energy (2D peak) of graphene shifts by 3.2 ± 0.5 cm-1 for all ALS patients studied in this work. Further, the amount of n-doping-induced shift in the phonon energy of graphene, interfaced with CSF, is specific to the investigated neurodegenerative disease (ALS, multiple sclerosis, and MND). By removing a severe roadblock in disease detection, this technology can be applied to study diagnostic biomarkers for researchers developing therapeutics and clinicians initiating treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijentimala Keisham
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60607 , Illinois , United States
| | - Akop Seksenyan
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
- Chicago Medical School , Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , North Chicago 60064 , Illinois , United States
| | - Steven Denyer
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
| | - Pouyan Kheirkhah
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
| | - Gregory D Arnone
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
| | - Pablo Avalos
- Regenerative Medicine Institute , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles 90048 , California , United States
| | - Abhiraj D Bhimani
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
| | - Clive Svendsen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles 90048 , California , United States
| | - Vikas Berry
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60607 , Illinois , United States
| | - Ankit I Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
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105
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Gagliardi S, Pandini C, Garofalo M, Bordoni M, Pansarasa O, Cereda C. Long non coding RNAs and ALS: Still much to do. Noncoding RNA Res 2018; 3:226-231. [PMID: 30533570 PMCID: PMC6260474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in RNA metabolism play an important role in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. The literature has described, so far, a small number of long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated to ALS demonstrating that how there is still much to do to identify and understand their role in ALS. This class of RNAs may offer numerous starting points for new investigations about pathogenic mechanism involved in ALS disease. In this review, we have collected all the presented data about lncRNAs and ALS to offer an overview about this class of non-coding RNAs and their possible role in ALS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Gagliardi
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pandini
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Garofalo
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Bordoni
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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106
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Gorter RP, Stephenson J, Nutma E, Anink J, de Jonge JC, Baron W, Jahreiβ MC, Belien JAM, van Noort JM, Mijnsbergen C, Aronica E, Amor S. Rapidly progressive amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with microglial reactivity and small heat shock protein expression in reactive astrocytes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:459-475. [PMID: 30346063 PMCID: PMC7379307 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons, muscle weakness, spasticity, paralysis and death usually within 2-5 years of onset. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of ALS pathology characterized by activation of glial cells, which respond by upregulating small heat shock proteins (HSPBs), but the exact underlying pathological mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we investigated the association between ALS disease duration, lower motor neuron loss, TARDNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology, neuroinflammation and HSPB expression. METHODS With immunohistochemistry, we examined HSPB1, HSPB5, HSPB6, HSPB8 and HSP16.2 expression in cervical, thoracic and sacral spinal cord regions in 12 ALS cases, seven with short disease duration (SDD), five with moderate disease duration (MDD), and ten age-matched controls. Expression was quantified using ImageJ to examine HSP expression, motor neuron numbers, microglial and astrocyte density and phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43+) inclusions. RESULTS SDD was associated with elevated HSPB5 and 8 expression in lateral tract astrocytes, while HSP16.2 expression was increased in astrocytes in MDD cases. SDD cases had higher numbers of motor neurons and microglial activation than MDD cases, but similar levels of motor neurons with pTDP-43+ inclusions. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of several HSPBs in lateral column astrocytes suggests that astrocytes play a role in the pathogenesis of ALS. SDD is associated with increased microgliosis, HSPB5 and 8 expression in astrocytes, and only minor changes in motor neuron loss. This suggests that the interaction between motor neurons, microglia and astrocytes determines neuronal fate and functional decline in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Gorter
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Stephenson
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J C de Jonge
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Deltacrystallon, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W Baron
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Deltacrystallon, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M-C Jahreiβ
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A M Belien
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - C Mijnsbergen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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107
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Thome AD, Faridar A, Beers DR, Thonhoff JR, Zhao W, Wen S, Pascual B, Masdeu JC, Appel SH. Functional alterations of myeloid cells during the course of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:61. [PMID: 30424785 PMCID: PMC6233576 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease and a significant component of the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients present with extensive microgliosis along with elevated pro-inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system and periphery. However, the role of peripheral myeloid cells in mediating and influencing AD pathogenesis remains unresolved. METHODS Peripheral myeloid cells were isolated from peripheral blood of patients with prodromal AD (n = 44), mild AD dementia (n = 25), moderate/severe AD dementia (n = 28), and age-matched controls (n = 54). Patients were evaluated in the clinic for AD severity and categorized using Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale resulting in separation of patients into prodromal AD (CDR0.5) and advancing forms of AD dementia (mild-CDR1 and moderate/severe-CDR2/3). Separation of peripheral myeloid cells into mature monocytes or immature MDSCs permitted the delineation of population changes from flow cytometric analysis, RNA phenotype analysis, and functional studies using T cell suppression assays and monocyte suppression assays. RESULTS During stages of AD dementia (CDR1 and 2/3) peripheral myeloid cells increase their pro-inflammatory gene expression while at early stages of disease (prodromal AD-CDR0.5) pro-inflammatory gene expression is decreased. MDSCs are increased in prodromal AD compared with controls (16.81% vs 9.53%) and have markedly increased suppressive functions: 42.4% suppression of activated monocyte-produced IL-6 and 78.16% suppression of T cell proliferation. In AD dementia, MDSC populations are reduced with decreased suppression of monocyte IL-6 (5.22%) and T cell proliferation (37.61%); the reduced suppression coincides with increased pro-inflammatory signaling in AD dementia monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral monocyte gene expression is pro-inflammatory throughout the course of AD, except at the earliest, prodromal stages when pro-inflammatory gene expression is suppressed. This monocyte biphasic response is associated with increased numbers and suppressive functions of MDSCs during the early stages and decreased numbers and suppressive functions in later stages of disease. Prolonging the early protective suppression and reversing the later loss of suppressive activity may offer a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Thome
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alireza Faridar
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David R Beers
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason R Thonhoff
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shixiang Wen
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stanley H Appel
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, 6560 Fannin St. Suite 802, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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109
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Andrés-Benito P, Domínguez R, Colomina MJ, Llorens F, Povedano M, Ferrer I. YKL40 in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: cerebrospinal fluid levels as a prognosis marker of disease progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:2367-2382. [PMID: 30215603 PMCID: PMC6188478 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has variable clinical course and fatal outcome. Since inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of ALS, chitinase-3-like protein 1 or YKL40 has been assessed as putative biomarker of disease progression. YKL40 mRNA levels are increased in anterior horn of the spinal cord (P=0.004) in sporadic ALS (sALS) cases when compared with age-matched controls. These correlate with increased mRNA expression of microglial markers AIF1 and CD68 in the spinal cord in sALS (P=0.044 and P=0.000, respectively). YKL40 mRNA and protein expression had a tendency to increase in post-mortem frontal cortex area 8 (P=0.06 and P=0.08, respectively). Yet YKL40 immunoreactivity is restricted to a subpopulation of astrocytes in these regions. YKL40 protein levels, as revealed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are significantly increased in the CSF in sALS (n=86) compared with age-matched controls (n=21) (P=0.045). Higher levels are found in patients with fast progression when compared with patients with slow and normal progression (P=0.008 and P=0.004, respectively), and correlates with ALS-FRS-R slope (P=0.000). Additionally, increased protein levels of neurofilament light chain (NF-L) are also found in sALS (P=0.000); highest values are found in patients with fast progression when compared with cases with slow and normal progression (P=0.005 and P=0.000, respectively), and also correlate with ALS-FRS-R slope (P=0.000). Pearson's correlation test linked positively the increased levels of YKL40 with increased NF-L levels (P=0.013). These data point to YKL40 and NF-L protein levels in the CSF as a good biomarker combination of disease progression in sALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Andrés-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Colomina
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital - University of Barcelona L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franc Llorens
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Povedano
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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110
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Schlachetzki JCM, Prots I, Tao J, Chun HB, Saijo K, Gosselin D, Winner B, Glass CK, Winkler J. A monocyte gene expression signature in the early clinical course of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10757. [PMID: 30018301 PMCID: PMC6050266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main immune cells of the brain and express a large genetic pattern of genes linked to Parkinson's disease risk alleles. Monocytes like microglia are myeloid-lineage cells, raising the questions of the extent to which they share gene expression with microglia and whether they are already altered early in the clinical course of the disease. To decipher a monocytic gene expression signature in Parkinson's disease, we performed RNA-seq and applied the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to identify differentially expressed genes between controls and patients with Parkinson's disease and changes in gene expression variability and dysregulation. The gene expression profiles of normal human monocytes and microglia showed a plethora of differentially expressed genes. Additionally, we identified a distinct gene expression pattern of monocytes isolated from Parkinson's disease patients at an early disease stage compared to controls using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differentially expressed genes included genes involved in immune activation such as HLA-DQB1, MYD88, REL, and TNF-α. Our data suggest that future studies of distinct leukocyte subsets are warranted to identify possible surrogate biomarkers and may lead to the identification of novel interventions early in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA.
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenhan Tao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Hyun B Chun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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111
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Beers DR, Zhao W, Appel SH. The Role of Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:656-658. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Beers
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Stanley H. Appel
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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112
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Perner C, Perner F, Stubendorff B, Förster M, Witte OW, Heidel FH, Prell T, Grosskreutz J. Dysregulation of chemokine receptor expression and function in leukocytes from ALS patients. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:99. [PMID: 29592817 PMCID: PMC5874995 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is rapidly progressive adult-onset motor neuron disease characterized by the neurodegeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons in the cortex and the spinal cord; the majority of patients succumb to respiratory failure. Although the etiology is not yet fully understood, there is compelling evidence that ALS is a multi-systemic disorder, with peripheral inflammation critically contributing to the disease process. However, the full extent and nature of this immunological dysregulation remains to be established, particularly within circulating blood cells. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify dysregulated inflammatory molecules in peripheral blood cells of ALS patients and analyze for functional consequences of the observed findings. To this end, we employed flow cytometry-based screening to quantify the surface expression of major chemokine receptors and integrins. A significantly increased expression of CXCR3, CXCR4, CCL2, and CCL5 was observed on T cells in ALS patients compared to healthy controls. Intriguingly, the expression was even more pronounced in patients with a slow progressive phenotype. To further investigate the functional consequences of this altered surface expression, we used a modified Boyden chamber assay to measure chemotaxis in ALS patient-derived lymphocytes. Interestingly, chemoattraction with the CXCR3-Ligand IP10 led to upregulated migratory behavior of ALS lymphocytes compared to healthy controls. Taken together, our data provides evidence for a functional dysregulation of IP10-directed chemotaxis in peripheral blood cells in ALS patients. However, whether the chemokine itself or its receptor CXCR3, or both, could serve as potential therapeutic targets in ALS requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Perner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Perner
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Beatrice Stubendorff
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Förster
- Internal Medicine I, Experimental Pneumology, Jena University Hospital, |Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W. Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian H. Heidel
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Tino Prell
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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113
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Long non-coding and coding RNAs characterization in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Spinal Cord from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2378. [PMID: 29402919 PMCID: PMC5799454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in RNA metabolism, concerning both coding and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), may play an important role in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. In this work, we performed a whole transcriptome RNA-seq analysis to investigate the regulation of non-coding and coding RNAs in Sporadic ALS patients (SALS), mutated ALS patients (FUS, TARDBP and SOD1) and matched controls in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Selected transcripts were validated in spinal cord tissues. A total of 293 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs was found in SALS patients, whereas a limited amount of lncRNAs was deregulated in mutated patients. A total of 87 mRNAs was differentially expressed in SALS patients; affected genes showed an association with transcription regulation, immunity and apoptosis pathways. Taken together our data highlighted the importance of extending the knowledge on transcriptomic molecular alterations and on the significance of regulatory lncRNAs classes in the understanding of ALS disease. Our data brought the light on the importance of lncRNAs and mRNAs regulation in central and peripheral systems, offering starting points for new investigations about pathogenic mechanism involved in ALS disease.
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114
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Vats A, Gourie-Devi M, Ahuja K, Sharma A, Wajid S, Ganguly NK, Taneja V. Expression analysis of protein homeostasis pathways in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2018; 387:85-91. [PMID: 29571878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Misfolded protein aggregates are the hallmark of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) which suggests involvement of protein homeostasis pathways in etiology of ALS. However, status of protein homeostasis in peripheral blood of ALS is not well established. We analyzed expression levels of key genes of proteostasis pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of sporadic ALS (sALS) patients and healthy controls. Increased protein carbonylation was observed in patients reflecting oxidative damage in PBMCs. We observed increased transcript and protein levels of GRP78 suggesting Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) insult to cells. Further, significant upregulation of spliced XBP1 and two stress sensors: IRE1α/ERN1 and ATF6 indicated induction of unfolded protein response (UPR). Genes involved in autophagosome initiation (ULK1, ULK2, ATG13); nucleation and elongation (BECLIN1, ATG7, ATG16L1, ATG5, ATG10) and vesicular trafficking genes were significantly increased in patients. Increased lipidation of LC3 validated induction of autophagy. Accumulation of low molecular weight ubiquitinated proteins in patients suggested deregulation of proteasome (UPS) pathway. In addition, cytosolic chaperones (HSP70 and HSP27) and HSF1 were elevated in patients. Increased TDP43 indicated role of TDP43 in disease pathology. Our findings suggest that there is oxidative insult and upregulation of UPR, vesicular trafficking and autophagy in PBMCs of sALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Vats
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India; Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mandaville Gourie-Devi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India; Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi 110095, India
| | - Kavita Ahuja
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Ankkita Sharma
- Department of Neurophysiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India.
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115
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Kano O, Tanaka K, Kanno T, Iwasaki Y, Ikeda JE. Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis symptoms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6. [PMID: 29311650 PMCID: PMC5758777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The delineation of the molecular pathology underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is being hampered by the lack of suitable biomarkers. We have previously reported that bromocriptine upregulates the endogenous antioxidative factor, neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), sustains motor function and slows disease progression in ALS patients, implying the NAIP's implication in ALS. Here, we aimed to verify a correlation of NAIP level with disease progression in ALS patients. The amount of NAIP in mononuclear cells (MNC) from peripheral blood from ALS patients (n = 18) and the age matched healthy controls (n = 12) was validated by NAIP-Dot blotting. Notably, the MNC-NAIP level in ALS patients (0.62 ± 0.29 ng) was nearly half of that in the healthy controls (1.34 ± 0.61 ng, P = 0.0019). Furthermore, the MNC-NAIP level in ALS patients and their ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) score were evaluated through 1 year. Regression analysis of the MNC-NAIP vs ALSFRS-R indicated that a higher amount of MNC-NAIP was associated with a smaller change in ALSFRS-R at 12 months (R2 = 0.799; P = 0.016), suggesting that a progressive increment of the MNC-NAIP led to slower ALS progression. Our present report implies that NAIP will have broad implications for ALS symptoms as a risk factor and a promising prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kano
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tanaka
- NGP Biomedical Research Institute, Neugen Pharma Inc., Tokyo, 153-0051, Japan
| | - Takuya Kanno
- CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., Hokuto, Yamanashi, 408-0044, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwasaki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Joh-E Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
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116
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Differential contribution of microglia and monocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:809-826. [PMID: 29063348 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, are the first to react to pathological insults. However, multiple studies have also demonstrated an involvement of peripheral monocytes in several neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the different origins of these two cell types, it is important to distinguish their role and function in the development and progression of these diseases. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the differential contributions of microglia and monocytes in the common neurodegenerative diseases AD, PD, and ALS, as well as multiple sclerosis, which is now regarded as a combination of inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration. Until recently, it has been challenging to differentiate microglia from monocytes, as there were no specific markers. Therefore, the recent identification of specific molecular signatures of both cell types will help to advance our understanding of their differential contribution in neurodegenerative diseases.
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117
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Andrés-Benito P, Moreno J, Domínguez R, Aso E, Povedano M, Ferrer I. Inflammatory Gene Expression in Whole Peripheral Blood at Early Stages of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:546. [PMID: 29081763 PMCID: PMC5645505 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterization of altered expression of selected transcripts linked to inflammation in the peripheral blood of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) patients at early stage of disease to increase knowledge about peripheral inflammatory response in sALS. METHODS RNA expression levels of 45 genes were assessed by RT-qPCR in 22 sALS cases in parallel with 13 age-matched controls. Clinical and serum parameters were assessed at the same time. RESULTS Upregulation of genes coding for factors involved in leukocyte extravasation (ITGB2, INPP5D, SELL, and ICAM1) and extracellular matrix remodeling (MMP9 and TIMP2), as well as downregulation of certain chemokines (CCL5 and CXC5R), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10, TGFB2, and IL10RA), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6), and T-cell regulators (CD2 and TRBC1) was found in sALS cases independently of gender, clinical symptoms at onset (spinal, respiratory, or bulbar), progression, peripheral leukocyte number, and integrity of RNA. MMP9 levels positively correlated with age, whereas CCR5, CCL5, and TRBC1 negatively correlated with age in sALS but not in controls. Relatively higher TNFA expression levels correlate with higher creatinine kinase protein levels in plasma. CONCLUSION Present findings show early inflammatory responses characterized by upregulation of factors enabling extravasation of leukocytes and extracellular matrix remodeling in blood in sALS cases, in addition to increased TNFA levels paralleling skeletal muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Andrés-Benito
- Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jesús Moreno
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ester Aso
- Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mónica Povedano
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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118
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Liu J, Wang F. Role of Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Cellular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1005. [PMID: 28871262 PMCID: PMC5567007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects upper motor neurons (MNs) comprising the corticospinal tract and lower MNs arising from the brain stem nuclei and ventral roots of the spinal cord, leading to fatal paralysis. Currently, there are no effective therapies for ALS. Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation plays an important role in ALS pathogenesis. The neuroinflammation in ALS is characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, activation of microglia and reactive astrocytes, as well as the involvement of complement. In this review, we focus on the key cellular players of neuroinflammation during the pathogenesis of ALS by discussing not only their detrimental roles but also their immunomodulatory actions. We will summarize the pharmacological therapies for ALS that target neuroinflammation, as well as recent advances in the field of stem cell therapy aimed at modulating the inflammatory environment to preserve the remaining MNs in ALS patients and animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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119
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Jara JH, Genç B, Stanford MJ, Pytel P, Roos RP, Weintraub S, Mesulam MM, Bigio EH, Miller RJ, Özdinler PH. Evidence for an early innate immune response in the motor cortex of ALS. J Neuroinflammation 2017. [PMID: 28651542 PMCID: PMC5485686 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence indicates the importance of innate immunity and neuroinflammation with microgliosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology. The MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and CCR2 (CC chemokine receptor 2) signaling system has been strongly associated with the innate immune responses observed in ALS patients, but the motor cortex has not been studied in detail. Methods After revealing the presence of MCP1 and CCR2 in the motor cortex of ALS patients, to elucidate, visualize, and define the timing, location and the extent of immune response in relation to upper motor neuron vulnerability and progressive degeneration in ALS, we developed MCP1-CCR2-hSOD1G93A mice, an ALS reporter line, in which cells expressing MCP1 and CCR2 are genetically labeled by monomeric red fluorescent protein-1 and enhanced green fluorescent protein, respectively. Results In the motor cortex of MCP1-CCR2-hSOD1G93A mice, unlike in the spinal cord, there was an early increase in the numbers of MCP1+ cells, which displayed microglial morphology and selectively expressed microglia markers. Even though fewer CCR2+ cells were present throughout the motor cortex, they were mainly infiltrating monocytes. Interestingly, MCP1+ cells were found in close proximity to the apical dendrites and cell bodies of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN), further implicating the importance of their cellular interaction to neuronal pathology. Similar findings were observed in the motor cortex of ALS patients, where MCP1+ microglia were especially in close proximity to the degenerating apical dendrites of Betz cells. Conclusions Our findings reveal that the intricate cellular interplay between immune cells and upper motor neurons observed in the motor cortex of ALS mice is indeed recapitulated in ALS patients. We generated and characterized a novel model system, to study the cellular and molecular basis of this close cellular interaction and how that relates to motor neuron vulnerability and progressive degeneration in ALS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0896-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier H Jara
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 10-120, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Barış Genç
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 10-120, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Macdonell J Stanford
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 10-120, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Peter Pytel
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Raymond P Roos
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - M Marsel Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Richard J Miller
- Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - P Hande Özdinler
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 10-120, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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120
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Motor neuron disease: Proinflammatory monocytes might contribute to ALS progression. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:385. [PMID: 28497803 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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