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Fonken LK, Frank MG, Gaudet AD, Maier SF. Stress and aging act through common mechanisms to elicit neuroinflammatory priming. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:133-148. [PMID: 30009999 PMCID: PMC6129421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of an animal's lifespan, there is a protracted breakdown in basic homeostatic functions. Stressors (both psychological and physiological) can accelerate this process and compromise multiple homeostatic mechanisms. For example, both stress and aging can modulate neuroinflammatory function and cause a primed phenotype resulting in a heightened neuroinflammatory profile upon immune activation. Microglia, the brain's resident myeloid cell, produce "silent" immune machinery in response to stress and aging that does not cause immediate immune activation; rather, these changes prime the cell for a subsequent immune insult. Primed microglia exhibit a hyperinflammatory response upon immune activation that can exacerbate pathology. In this review, we will explore parallels between stress- and aging-induced neuroinflammatory priming. First, we will provide a background on the basic principles of neuroimmunology. Next, we will discuss evidence that neuroinflammatory responses become primed in the context of both stress and aging. We will also describe cell-specific contributions to neuroinflammatory priming with a focus on microglia. Finally, common mechanisms underlying priming in the context of stress and aging will be discussed: these mechanisms include glucocorticoid signaling; accumulation of danger signals; dis-inhibition of microglia; and breakdown of circadian rhythms. Overall, there are multifarious parallels between stress- and aging-elicited neuroinflammatory priming, suggesting that stress may promote a form of premature aging. Further unravelling mechanisms underlying priming could lead to improved treatments for buffering against stress- and aging-elicited behavioral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Fonken
- University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Austin, TX 78712 USA;,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laura K. Fonken, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, BME 3.510C, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
| | - Matthew G. Frank
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Andrew D. Gaudet
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Steven F. Maier
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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102
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Evaluation of a ketogenic diet for improvement of neurological recovery in individuals with acute spinal cord injury: a pilot, randomized safety and feasibility trial. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2018; 4:88. [PMID: 30275980 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-018-0121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Study design Longitudinal, randomized study. Objectives (1) Test the safety and feasibility of a ketogenic diet (KD) intervention in the acute stages of spinal cord injury (SCI), (2) assess the effects of a KD on neurological recovery, and (3) identify potential serum biomarkers associated with KD-induced changes in neurological recovery. Setting Acute care and rehabilitation facility. Methods The KD is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that includes ≈70-80% total energy as fat. Seven participants with acute complete and incomplete SCI (AIS A-D) were randomly assigned to KD (n = 4) or standard diet (SD, n = 3). Neurological examinations, resting energy expenditure analysis, and collection of blood for evaluation of circulating ketone levels were performed within 72 h of injury and before discharge. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed on serum samples to identify potential serum biomarkers that may explain differential responses between groups. Results Our pilot findings primarily demonstrated that KD is safe and feasible to be administered in acute SCI. Furthermore, upper extremity motor scores were higher (p < 0.05) in the KD vs. SD group and an anti-inflammatory lysophospholipid, lysoPC 16:0, was present at higher levels, and an inflammatory blood protein, fibrinogen, was present at lower levels in the KD serum samples vs. SD serum samples. Conclusion Taken together, these preliminary results suggest that a KD may have anti-inflammatory effects that may promote neuroprotection, resulting in improved neurological recovery in SCI. Future studies with larger sample size are warranted for demonstrating efficacy of KD for improving neurological recovery.
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103
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Lanza M, Campolo M, Casili G, Filippone A, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Sodium Butyrate Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3937-3947. [PMID: 30229438 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (SB) is a dietary microbial fermentation product and serves as an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system. Recent experimental evidence has suggested potential therapeutic applications for butyrate, including its utility in treating metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of SB in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI) and its possible mechanism of action. SCI was induced by extradural compression for 1 min of the spinal cord at the T6-7 level using an aneurysm clip, and SB (10-30-100 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage 1 and 6 h after SCI. For locomotor activity, study mice were treated with SB once daily for 10 days. Morphological examination was performed by light microscopy through hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. In addition, NF-κB, IκB-α, COX-2, and iNOS expressions were assayed by western blot analysis and IL-1β and TNF-α levels by immunohistochemistry analysis. The results showed that SB treatment significantly ameliorated histopathology changes and improved recovery of motor function changes in spinal cord injury in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrated that SB modulated the NF-κB pathway showing a significant reduction in cytokine expression. Thus, this study showed that SB exerts neuroprotective effects anti-inflammatory properties following spinal cord injury suggesting that SB may serve as a potential candidate for future treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - M Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - G Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - A Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - I Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - S Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
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104
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Protective role of β-carotene against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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105
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Yao Y, Xu J, Yu T, Chen Z, Xiao Z, Wang J, Hu Y, Wu Y, Zhu D. Flufenamic acid inhibits secondary hemorrhage and BSCB disruption after spinal cord injury. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4181-4198. [PMID: 30128046 PMCID: PMC6096396 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) induces secondary hemorrhage and initial blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption. The transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (Trpm4) together with sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1) forms the Sur1-Trpm4 channel complex. The up-regulation of Sur1-Trpm4 after injury plays a crucial role in secondary hemorrhage, which is the most destructive mechanism in secondary injuries of the central nervous system (CNS). The matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-mediated disruption of the BSCB leads to an inflammatory response, neurotoxin production and neuronal cell apoptosis. Thus, preventing secondary hemorrhage and BSCB disruption should be an important goal of therapeutic interventions in SCI. Methods: Using a moderate contusion injury model at T10 of the spinal cord, flufenamic acid (FFA) was injected intraperitoneally 1 h after SCI and then continuously once per day for one week. Results: Trpm4 expression is highly up-regulated in capillaries 1 d after SCI. Treatment with flufenamic acid (FFA) inhibited Trpm4 expression, secondary hemorrhage, and capillary fragmentation and promoted angiogenesis. In addition, FFA significantly inhibited the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 at 1 d after SCI and significantly attenuated BSCB disruption at 1 d and 3 d after injury. Furthermore, we found that FFA decreased the hemorrhage- and BSCB disruption-induced activation of microglia/macrophages and was associated with smaller lesions, decreased cavity formation, better myelin preservation and less reactive gliosis. Finally, FFA protected motor neurons and improved locomotor functions after SCI. Conclusion: This study indicates that FFA improves functional recovery, in part, due to the following reasons: (1) it inhibits the expression of Trpm4 to reduce the secondary hemorrhage; and (2) it inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 to block BSCB disruption. Thus, the results of our study suggest that FFA may represent a potential therapeutic agent for promoting functional recovery.
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106
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Khalatbary AR, Khademi E. The green tea polyphenolic catechin epigallocatechin gallate and neuroprotection. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:281-294. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khalatbary
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Emad Khademi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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107
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Skinner NP, Lee SY, Kurpad SN, Schmit BD, Muftuler LT, Budde MD. Filter-probe diffusion imaging improves spinal cord injury outcome prediction. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:37-50. [PMID: 29752739 PMCID: PMC6119508 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a powerful tool for investigating spinal cord injury (SCI), but has limited specificity for axonal damage, which is the most predictive feature of long-term functional outcome. In this study, a technique designed to detect acute axonal injury, filter-probe double diffusion encoding (FP-DDE), is compared with standard DWI for predicting long-term functional and cellular outcomes. METHODS This study extends FP-DDE to predict long-term functional and histological outcomes in a rat SCI model of varying severities (n = 58). Using a 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, a whole-cord FP-DDE spectroscopic voxel was acquired in 3 minutes at the lesion site and compared to DWI at 48 hours postinjury. Relationships with chronic (30-day) locomotor and histological outcomes were evaluated with linear regression. RESULTS The FP-DDE measure of parallel diffusivity (ADC|| ) was significantly related to chronic hind limb locomotor functional outcome (R2 = 0.63, p < 0.0001), and combining this measurement with acute functional scores demonstrated prognostic benefit versus functional testing alone (p = 0.0007). Acute ADC|| measurements were also more closely related to the number of injured axons measured 30 days after the injury than standard DWI. Furthermore, acute FP-DDE images showed a clear and easily interpretable pattern of injury that closely corresponded with chronic MRI and histology observations. INTERPRETATION Collectively, these results demonstrate FP-DDE benefits from greater specificity for acute axonal damage in predicting functional and histological outcomes with rapid acquisition and fully automated analysis, improving over standard DWI. FP-DDE is a promising technique compatible with clinical settings, with potential research and clinical applications for evaluation of spinal cord pathology. Ann Neurol 2018;83:37-50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Skinner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Seung-Yi Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Neuroscience Doctoral Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Shekar N Kurpad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | - L Tugan Muftuler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Matthew D Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Abstract
Glial cell types were classified less than 100 years ago by del Rio-Hortega. For instance, he correctly surmised that microglia in pathologic central nervous system (CNS) were "voracious monsters" that helped clean the tissue. Although these historical predictions were remarkably accurate, innovative technologies have revealed novel molecular, cellular, and dynamic physiologic aspects of CNS glia. In this review, we integrate recent findings regarding the roles of glia and glial interactions in healthy and injured spinal cord. The three major glial cell types are considered in healthy CNS and after spinal cord injury (SCI). Astrocytes, which in the healthy CNS regulate neurotransmitter and neurovascular dynamics, respond to SCI by becoming reactive and forming a glial scar that limits pathology and plasticity. Microglia, which in the healthy CNS scan for infection/damage, respond to SCI by promoting axon growth and remyelination-but also with hyperactivation and cytotoxic effects. Oligodendrocytes and their precursors, which in healthy tissue speed axon conduction and support axonal function, respond to SCI by differentiating and producing myelin, but are susceptible to death. Thus, post-SCI responses of each glial cell can simultaneously stimulate and stifle repair. Interestingly, potential therapies could also target interactions between these cells. Astrocyte-microglia cross-talk creates a feed-forward loop, so shifting the response of either cell could amplify repair. Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes/precursors also influence post-SCI cell survival, differentiation, and remyelination, as well as axon sparing. Therefore, optimizing post-SCI responses of glial cells-and interactions between these CNS cells-could benefit neuroprotection, axon plasticity, and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaudet
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244 | 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244 | 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Laura K Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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109
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Maldonado-Lasunción I, Verhaagen J, Oudega M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Macrophage Choreography Supporting Spinal Cord Repair. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:578-587. [PMID: 29728851 PMCID: PMC6095786 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in destructive events that lead to tissue loss and functional impairments. A hallmark of spinal cord injury is the robust and persistent presence of inflammatory macrophages. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to benefit repair of the damaged spinal cord often associated with improved functional recovery. Transplanted MSCs immediately encounter the abundance of inflammatory macrophages in the injury site. It is known that MSCs interact closely and reciprocally with macrophages during tissue healing. Here, we will review the roles of (transplanted) MSCs and macrophages in spinal cord injury and repair. Molecular interactions between MSCs and macrophages and the deficiencies in our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms will be reviewed. We will discuss possible ways to benefit from the MSC-macrophage choreography for developing repair strategies for the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Maldonado-Lasunción
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Oudega
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33155, USA.
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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110
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Hwang JY, Won JS, Nam H, Lee HW, Joo KM. Current advances in combining stem cell and gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. PRECISION AND FUTURE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.23838/pfm.2018.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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111
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Sliwinski C, Nees TA, Puttagunta R, Weidner N, Blesch A. Sensorimotor Activity Partially Ameliorates Pain and Reduces Nociceptive Fiber Density in the Chronically Injured Spinal Cord. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2222-2238. [PMID: 29706124 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI) develop chronic central neuropathic pain. Previously, we and others have shown that sensorimotor training early after SCI can prevent the development of mechanical allodynia. To determine whether training initiated in the subchronic/chronic phase remains effective, correlates of below-level neuropathic pain were analyzed in the hindpaws 5-10 weeks after a moderate T11 contusion SCI (50 kDyn) in adult female C57BL/6 mice. In a comparison of SCI and sham mice 5 weeks post-injury, about 80% of injured animals developed mechanical hypersensitivity to light mechanical stimuli, whereas testing of noxious stimuli revealed hypo-responsiveness. Thermal sensitivity testing showed a decreased response latency after injury. Without intervention, mechanical and thermal hyper-responsiveness were evident until the end of the experiment (10 weeks). In contrast, treadmill training (2 × 15 min/day; 5 × /week) initiated 6 weeks post-injury resulted in partial amelioration of pain behavior and this effect remained stable. Analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-labeled fibers in lamina III-IV of the lumbar dorsal horn revealed an increase in labeling density after SCI. This was not due to changes in the number or size distribution of CGRP-labeled lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons. Treadmill training reduced the CGRP-labeling density in the spinal cord of injured mice, whereas the density of non-peptidergic isolectin-B4 (IB4)+ fibers showed no changes in lamina IIi and a slight reduction of sparse IB4 labeling in laminae III-IV. Thus, sensorimotor activity initiated in the subchronic/chronic phase of SCI remains effective in ameliorating pain behavior and influencing structural changes of the nociceptive system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo A Nees
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany .,2 Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin Blesch
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany .,3 Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
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112
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Faw TD, Lerch JK, Thaxton TT, Deibert RJ, Fisher LC, Basso DM. Unique Sensory and Motor Behavior in Thy1-GFP-M Mice before and after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2167-2182. [PMID: 29385890 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is of utmost importance to injured individuals and will rely on improved understanding of SCI pathology and recovery. Novel transgenic mouse lines facilitate discovery, but must be understood to be effective. The purpose of this study was to characterize the sensory and motor behavior of a common transgenic mouse line (Thy1-GFP-M) before and after SCI. Thy1-GFP-M positive (TG+) mice and their transgene negative littermates (TG-) were acquired from two sources (in-house colony, n = 32, Jackson Laboratories, n = 4). C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice (Jackson Laboratories, n = 10) were strain controls. Moderate-severe T9 contusion (SCI) or transection (TX) occurred in TG+ (SCI, n = 25, TX, n = 5), TG- (SCI, n = 5), and WT (SCI, n = 10) mice. To determine responsiveness to rehabilitation, a cohort of TG+ mice with SCI (n = 4) had flat treadmill (TM) training 42-49 days post-injury (dpi). To characterize recovery, we performed Basso Mouse Scale, Grid Walk, von Frey Hair, and Plantar Heat Testing before and out to day 42 post-SCI. Open field locomotion was significantly better in the Thy1 SCI groups (TG+ and TG-) compared with WT by 7 dpi (p < 0.01) and was maintained through 42 dpi (p < 0.01). These unexpected locomotor gains were not apparent during grid walking, indicating severe impairment of precise motor control. Thy1 derived mice were hypersensitive to mechanical stimuli at baseline (p < 0.05). After SCI, mechanical hyposensitivity emerged in Thy1 derived groups (p < 0.001), while thermal hyperalgesia occurred in all groups (p < 0.001). Importantly, consistent findings across TG+ and TG- groups suggest that the effects are mediated by the genetic background rather than transgene manipulation itself. Surprisingly, TM training restored mechanical and thermal sensation to baseline levels in TG+ mice with SCI. This behavioral profile and responsiveness to chronic training will be important to consider when choosing models to study the mechanisms underlying sensorimotor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Faw
- 1 Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica K Lerch
- 3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,4 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tyler T Thaxton
- 2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rochelle J Deibert
- 2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- 2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - D Michele Basso
- 2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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113
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Fan B, Wei Z, Yao X, Shi G, Cheng X, Zhou X, Zhou H, Ning G, Kong X, Feng S. Microenvironment Imbalance of Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:853-866. [PMID: 29871522 PMCID: PMC6050904 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718755778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), for which there currently is no cure, is a heavy burden on
patient physiology and psychology. The microenvironment of the injured spinal cord is
complicated. According to our previous work and the advancements in SCI research,
‘microenvironment imbalance’ is the main cause of the poor regeneration and recovery of
SCI. Microenvironment imbalance is defined as an increase in inhibitory factors and
decrease in promoting factors for tissues, cells and molecules at different times and
spaces. There are imbalance of hemorrhage and ischemia, glial scar formation,
demyelination and re-myelination at the tissue’s level. The cellular level imbalance
involves an imbalance in the differentiation of endogenous stem cells and the
transformation phenotypes of microglia and macrophages. The molecular level includes an
imbalance of neurotrophic factors and their pro-peptides, cytokines, and chemokines. The
imbalanced microenvironment of the spinal cord impairs regeneration and functional
recovery. This review will aid in the understanding of the pathological processes involved
in and the development of comprehensive treatments for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyou Fan
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijian Wei
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Yao
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guidong Shi
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- 2 Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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114
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Tica J, Bradbury EJ, Didangelos A. Combined Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Identify Drug Targets in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1461. [PMID: 29758010 PMCID: PMC5983596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes irreversible tissue damage and severe loss of neurological function. Currently, there are no approved treatments and very few therapeutic targets are under investigation. Here, we combined 4 high-throughput transcriptomics and proteomics datasets, 7 days and 8 weeks following clinically-relevant rat SCI to identify proteins with persistent differential expression post-injury. Out of thousands of differentially regulated entities our combined analysis identified 40 significantly upregulated versus 48 significantly downregulated molecules, which were persistently altered at the mRNA and protein level, 7 days and 8 weeks post-SCI. Bioinformatics analysis was then utilized to identify currently available drugs with activity against the filtered molecules and to isolate proteins with known or unknown function in SCI. Our findings revealed multiple overlooked therapeutic candidates with important bioactivity and established druggability but with unknown expression and function in SCI including the upregulated purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), cathepsins A, H, Z (CTSA, CTSH, CTSZ) and proteasome protease PSMB10, as well as the downregulated ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), malic enzyme (ME1) and sodium-potassium ATPase (ATP1A3), amongst others. This work reveals previously unappreciated therapeutic candidates for SCI and available drugs, thus providing a valuable resource for further studies and potential repurposing of existing therapeutics for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Tica
- Imperial College London, Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- King's College London, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Athanasios Didangelos
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Dyck S, Kataria H, Alizadeh A, Santhosh KT, Lang B, Silver J, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Perturbing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan signaling through LAR and PTPσ receptors promotes a beneficial inflammatory response following spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:90. [PMID: 29558941 PMCID: PMC5861616 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in upregulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) by reactive glia that impedes repair and regeneration in the spinal cord. Degradation of CSPGs is known to be beneficial in promoting endogenous repair mechanisms including axonal sprouting/regeneration, oligodendrocyte replacement, and remyelination, and is associated with improvements in functional outcomes after SCI. Recent evidence suggests that CSPGs may regulate secondary injury mechanisms by modulating neuroinflammation after SCI. To date, the role of CSPGs in SCI neuroinflammation remains largely unexplored. The recent discovery of CSPG-specific receptors, leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) and protein tyrosine phosphatase-sigma (PTPσ), allows unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CSPGs in SCI. In the present study, we have employed parallel in vivo and in vitro approaches to dissect the role of CSPGs and their receptors LAR and PTPσ in modulating the inflammatory processes in the acute and subacute phases of SCI. METHODS In a clinically relevant model of compressive SCI in female Sprague Dawley rats, we targeted LAR and PTPσ by two intracellular functionally blocking peptides, termed ILP and ISP, respectively. We delivered ILP and ISP treatment intrathecally to the injured spinal cord in a sustainable manner by osmotic mini-pumps for various time-points post-SCI. We employed flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry in rat SCI, as well as complementary in vitro studies in primary microglia cultures to address our questions. RESULTS We provide novel evidence that signifies a key immunomodulatory role for LAR and PTPσ receptors in SCI. We show that blocking LAR and PTPσ reduces the population of classically activated M1 microglia/macrophages, while promoting alternatively activated M2 microglia/macrophages and T regulatory cells. This shift was associated with a remarkable elevation in pro-regenerative immune mediators, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Arginase-1. Our parallel in vitro studies in microglia identified that while CSPGs do not induce an M1 phenotype per se, they promote a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, inhibiting LAR and PTPσ in M1 and M2 microglia positively modulates their inflammatory response in the presence of CSPGs, and harnesses their ability for phagocytosis and mobilization. Interestingly, our findings indicate that CSPGs regulate microglia, at least in part, through the activation of the Rho/ROCK pathway downstream of LAR and PTPσ. CONCLUSIONS We have unveiled a novel role for LAR and PTPσ in regulating neuroinflammation in traumatic SCI. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which manipulation of CSPG signaling can promote recovery from SCI. More importantly, this work introduces the potential of ILP/ISP as a viable strategy for modulating the immune response following SCI and other neuroinflammatory conditions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dyck
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, the Regenerative Medicine Program, the Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, 629-Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, the Regenerative Medicine Program, the Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, 629-Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, the Regenerative Medicine Program, the Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, 629-Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kallivalappil T Santhosh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, the Regenerative Medicine Program, the Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, 629-Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Bradley Lang
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, the Regenerative Medicine Program, the Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, 629-Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Li H, Kong W, Chambers CR, Yu D, Ganea D, Tuma RF, Ward SJ. The non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) attenuates pro-inflammatory mediators, T cell infiltration, and thermal sensitivity following spinal cord injury in mice. Cell Immunol 2018; 329:1-9. [PMID: 29784129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) on the inflammatory response and recovery of function following spinal cord injury (SCI). Female C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to spinal cord contusion injury (T9-10) and received vehicle or CBD (1.5 mg/kg IP) injections for 10 weeks following injury. The effect of SCI and CBD treatment on inflammation was assessed via microarray, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Locomotor and bladder function and changes in thermal and mechanical hind paw sensitivity were also evaluated. There was a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with T-cell differentiation and invasion in the SCI-CBD group as well as a decrease in T cell invasion into the injured cord. A higher percentage of SCI mice in the vehicle-treated group (SCI-VEH) went on to develop moderate to severe (0-65.9% baseline thermal threshold) thermal sensitivity as compared with CBD-treated (SCI-CBD) mice. CBD did not affect recovery of locomotor or bladder function following SCI. Taken together, CBD treatment attenuated the development of thermal sensitivity following spinal cord injury and this effect may be related to protection against pathological T-cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| | - Weimin Kong
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| | - Christina R Chambers
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| | - Doina Ganea
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| | - Ronald F Tuma
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia PA 19140, United States.
| | - Sara Jane Ward
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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Wang Y, Lin YH, Wu Y, Yao ZF, Tang J, Shen L, Wang R, Ding SQ, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Expression and Cellular Localization of IFITM1 in Normal and Injured Rat Spinal Cords. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:175-187. [PMID: 29300519 PMCID: PMC5833178 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417749491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) is a member of the IFITM family that is associated with some acute-phase cytokine-stimulated response. Recently, we demonstrated that IFITM1 was significantly upregulated in the injured spinal cords at the mRNA level. However, its expression and cellular localization at the protein level is still unclear. Here, a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI) was performed to investigate the spatio-temporal expression of IFITM1 after SCI. IFITM1 mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot, respectively. IHC was used to identify its cellular localization. We revealed that IFITM1 could be found in sham-opened spinal cords and gradually increased after SCI. It reached peak at 7 and 14 days postinjury (dpi) and still maintained at a relatively higher level at 28 dpi. IHC showed that IFITM1 expressed in GFAP+ and APC+ cells in sham-opened spinal cords. After SCI, in addition to the above-mentioned cells, it could also be found in CD45+ and CD68+ cells, and its expression in CD45+, CD68+, and GFAP+ cells was increased significantly. These results demonstrate that IFITM1 is mainly expressed in astrocytes and oligodendroglia in normal spinal cords, and could rapidly increase in infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia, and astrocytes after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Feng Yao
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Lin Shen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
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Cordero K, Coronel GG, Serrano-Illán M, Cruz-Bracero J, Figueroa JD, De León M. Effects of Dietary Vitamin E Supplementation in Bladder Function and Spasticity during Spinal Cord Injury. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E38. [PMID: 29495419 PMCID: PMC5870356 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in debilitating autonomic dysfunctions, paralysis and significant sensorimotor impairments. A key component of SCI is the generation of free radicals that contributes to the high levels of oxidative stress observed. This study investigates whether dietary supplementation with the antioxidant vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) improves functional recovery after SCI. Female adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either with a normal diet or a dietary regiment supplemented with vitamin E (51 IU/g) for eight weeks. The rats were subsequently exposed either to a contusive SCI or sham operation, and evaluated using standard functional behavior analysis. We report that the rats that consumed the vitamin E-enriched diet showed an accelerated bladder recovery and significant improvements in locomotor function relative to controls, as determined by residual volumes and Basso, Beatie, and Bresnaham BBB scores, respectively. Interestingly, the prophylactic dietary intervention did not preserve neurons in the ventral horn of injured rats, but it significantly increased the numbers of oligodendrocytes. Vitamin E supplementation attenuated the depression of the H-reflex (a typical functional consequence of SCI) while increasing the levels of supraspinal serotonin immunoreactivity. Our findings support the potential complementary use of vitamin E to ameliorate sensory and autonomic dysfunctions associated with spinal cord injury, and identified promising new cellular and functional targets of its neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathia Cordero
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Gemma G Coronel
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Miguel Serrano-Illán
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Jennifer Cruz-Bracero
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Johnny D Figueroa
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Marino De León
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Selective killing of spinal cord neural stem cells impairs locomotor recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:58. [PMID: 29475438 PMCID: PMC5824446 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition mainly deriving from a traumatic damage of the spinal cord (SC). Immune cells and endogenous SC-neural stem cells (SC-NSCs) play a critical role in wound healing processes, although both are ineffective to completely restore tissue functioning. The role of SC-NSCs in SCI and, in particular, whether such cells can interplay with the immune response are poorly investigated issues, although mechanisms governing such interactions might open new avenues to develop novel therapeutic approaches. Methods We used two transgenic mouse lines to trace as well as to kill SC-NSCs in mice receiving SCI. We used Nestin CreERT2 mice to trace SC-NSCs descendants in the spinal cord of mice subjected to SCI. While mice carrying the suicide gene thymidine kinase (TK) along with the GFP reporter, under the control of the Nestin promoter regions (NestinTK mice) were used to label and selectively kill SC-NSCs. Results We found that SC-NSCs are capable to self-activate after SCI. In addition, a significant worsening of clinical and pathological features of SCI was observed in the NestinTK mice, upon selective ablation of SC-NSCs before the injury induction. Finally, mice lacking in SC-NSCs and receiving SCI displayed reduced levels of different neurotrophic factors in the SC and significantly higher number of M1-like myeloid cells. Conclusion Our data show that SC-NSCs undergo cell proliferation in response to traumatic spinal cord injury. Mice lacking SC-NSCs display overt microglia activation and exaggerate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The absence of SC-NSCs impaired functional recovery as well as neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell survival. Collectively our data indicate that SC-NSCs can interact with microglia/macrophages modulating their activation/responses and that such interaction is importantly involved in mechanisms leading tissue recovery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1085-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Truflandier K, Beaumont E, Charbonney E, Maghni K, de Marchie M, Spahija J. Mechanical ventilation modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in spinal cord tissue after injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:13-18. [PMID: 29355694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Spinal cord injury (SCI) may induce significant respiratory muscle weakness and paralysis, which in turn may cause a patient to require ventilator support. Central nervous system alterations can also exacerbate local inflammatory responses with immune cell infiltration leading to additional risk of inflammation at the injury site. Although mechanical ventilation is the traditional treatment for respiratory insufficiency, evidence has shown that it may directly affect distant organs through systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to better understand the impact of invasive mechanical ventilation on local spinal cord inflammatory responses following cervical or thoracic SCI. METHODS Five groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetised for 24 h. Three groups received mechanical ventilation: seven rats without SCI, seven rats with cervical injury (C4-C5), and seven rats with thoracic injury (T10); whereas, two groups were non-ventilated: six rats without SCI; and six rats with thoracic injury (T10). Changes in inflammatory responses were determined in the spinal cord tissues collected at the local site of injury. Cytokines were measured using ELISA. MAIN RESULTS SCI induced local pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 expression for all groups. Mechanical ventilation also had effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines and independently increased TNF-α and decreased IL-1β levels in the spinal cords of anesthetized rats. CONCLUSION These data provide the first evidence that mechanical ventilation contributes to local inflammation after SCI and in the absence of direct tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Truflandier
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 5400 boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Quebec, H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Eric Beaumont
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 5400 boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Quebec, H4J 1C5, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Emmanuel Charbonney
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 5400 boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Quebec, H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Karim Maghni
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 5400 boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Quebec, H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Michel de Marchie
- Department of Adult Critical Care, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Jadranka Spahija
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 5400 boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Quebec, H4J 1C5, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, 3654 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y5, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation in Montreal, CISSS de Laval, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, 3205, Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1J1, Canada.
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Wu Y, Shen L, Wang R, Tang J, Ding SQ, Wang SN, Guo XY, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Increased ceruloplasmin expression caused by infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia, and astrocytes in injured female rat spinal cords. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1265-1276. [PMID: 29377294 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp), an enzyme containing six copper atoms, has important roles in iron homeostasis and antioxidant defense. After spinal cord injury (SCI), the cellular components in the local microenvironment are very complex and include functional changes of resident cells and the infiltration of leukocytes. It has been confirmed that Cp is elevated primarily in astrocytes and to a lesser extent in macrophages following SCI in mice. However, its expression in other cell types is still not very clear. In this manuscript, we provide a sensible extension of these findings by examining this system within a female Sprague-Dawley rat model and expanding the scope of inquiry to include additional cell types. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis revealed that the Cp mRNA and protein in SCI tissue homogenates were quite consistent with prior publications. However, we observed that Cp was expressed not only in GFAP+ astrocytes (consistent with prior reports) but also in CD11b+ microglia, CNPase+ oligodendrocytes, NeuN+ neurons, CD45+ leukocytes, and CD68+ activated microglia/macrophages. Quantitative analysis proved that infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes should be the major sources of increased Cp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Nan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yan Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
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Zhang P, Hölscher C, Ma X. Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in spinal cord injury. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:87-101. [PMID: 28045676 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic event that can profoundly affect a patient's life, with far-reaching social and economic effects. A consequential sequence of SCI is the significant neurological or psychological deficit, which obviously contributes to the overall burden of this condition. To date, there is no effective treatment for SCI. Therefore, developing novel therapeutic strategies for SCI is highly prioritized. Flavonoids, one of the most numerous and ubiquitous groups of plant metabolites, are the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine such as Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang Qin) or Ginkgo biloba (Ying Xin). Accumulated research data show that flavonoids possess a range of key pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-cardiovascular disease, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effects. Based on this, the flavonoids show therapeutic potential for SCI diseases. In this paper, we will review the pharmacological properties of different types of flavonoids for the treatment of SCI diseases, and potential underlying biochemical mechanisms of action will also be described.
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Qi X, Wang P. Class IIa HDACs inhibitor TMP269 promotes M1 polarization of macrophages after spinal cord injury. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3081-3090. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbei Qi
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Trauma Emergency CenterThe Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
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Kjell J, Olson L. Rat models of spinal cord injury: from pathology to potential therapies. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:1125-1137. [PMID: 27736748 PMCID: PMC5087825 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing goal of spinal cord injury research is to develop effective spinal cord repair strategies for the clinic. Rat models of spinal cord injury provide an important mammalian model in which to evaluate treatment strategies and to understand the pathological basis of spinal cord injuries. These models have facilitated the development of robust tests for assessing the recovery of locomotor and sensory functions. Rat models have also allowed us to understand how neuronal circuitry changes following spinal cord injury and how recovery could be promoted by enhancing spontaneous regenerative mechanisms and by counteracting intrinsic inhibitory factors. Rat studies have also revealed possible routes to rescuing circuitry and cells in the acute stage of injury. Spatiotemporal and functional studies in these models highlight the therapeutic potential of manipulating inflammation, scarring and myelination. In addition, potential replacement therapies for spinal cord injury, including grafts and bridges, stem primarily from rat studies. Here, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of rat experimental spinal cord injury models and summarize knowledge gained from these models. We also discuss how an emerging understanding of different forms of injury, their pathology and degree of recovery has inspired numerous treatment strategies, some of which have led to clinical trials. Summary: In this Review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the rat for studies of experimental spinal cord injury and summarize the knowledge gained from such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kjell
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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Pineda-Rodriguez B, Toscano-Tejeida D, García–Vences E, Rodriguez-Barrera R, Flores-Romero A, Castellanos-Canales D, Gutierrez–Ospina G, Castillo-Carvajal L, Meléndez-Herrera E, Ibarra A. Anterior chamber associated immune deviation used as a neuroprotective strategy in rats with spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188506. [PMID: 29190648 PMCID: PMC5708781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is probably one of the main destructive events occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). Its progression depends mostly on the autoimmune response developed against neural constituents. Therefore, modulation or inhibition of this self-reactive reaction could help to reduce tissue destruction. Anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID) is a phenomenon that induces immune-tolerance to antigens injected into the eye´s anterior chamber, provoking the reduction of such immune response. In the light of this notion, induction of ACAID to neural constituents could be used as a potential prophylactic therapy to promote neuroprotection. In order to evaluate this approach, three experiments were performed. In the first one, the capability to induce ACAID of the spinal cord extract (SCE) and the myelin basic protein (MBP) was evaluated. Using the delayed type hypersensibility assay (DTH) we demonstrated that both, SCE and MBP were capable of inducing ACAID. In the second experiment we evaluated the effect of SCE-induced ACAID on neurological and morphological recovery after SCI. In the results, there was a significant improvement of motor recovery, nociceptive hypersensitivity and motoneuron survival in rats with SCE-induced ACAID. Moreover, ACAID also up-regulated the expression of genes encoding for anti-inflammatory cytokines and FoxP3 but down-regulated those for pro-inflamatory cytokines. Finally, in the third experiment, the effect of a more simple and practical strategy was evaluated: MBP-induced ACAID, we also found significant neurological and morphological outcomes. In the present study we demonstrate that the induction of ACAID against neural antigens in rats, promotes neuroprotection after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pineda-Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Diana Toscano-Tejeida
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Elisa García–Vences
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Roxana Rodriguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Adrian Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Daniela Castellanos-Canales
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Gabriel Gutierrez–Ospina
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Castillo-Carvajal
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
| | - Esperanza Meléndez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte. Avenida Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Colonia Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan Estado de México, México
- Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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Spatio-temporal expression of Hexokinase-3 in the injured female rat spinal cords. Neurochem Int 2017; 113:23-33. [PMID: 29196144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase-3 (HK3) is a member of hexokinase family, which can catalyze the first step of glucose metabolism. It can increase ATP levels, reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, increase mitochondrial biogenesis, protect mitochondrial membrane potential and play an antioxidant role. However, the change of its expression in spinal cord after injury is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal expression of HK3 in the spinal cords by using a spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that HK3 could be detected in sham-opened spinal cords. After SCI, it gradually increased, reached a peak at 7 days post-injury (dpi), and then gradually decreased with the prolonging of injury time, but still maintained at a higher level for up to 28 dpi (the longest time evaluated in this study). Immunofluorescence staining showed that HK3 was found in GFAP+, β-tubulin III+ and IBA-1+ cells in sham-opened spinal cords. After SCI, in addition to the above-mentioned cells, it could also be found in CD45+ and CD68+ cells. These results demonstrate that HK3 is mainly expressed in astrocytes, neurons and microglia in normal spinal cords, and could rapidly increase in infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia/macrophages and astrocytes after SCI. These data suggest that HK3 may be involved in the pathologic process of SCI by promoting glucose metabolism.
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127
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Dey S, Bose S, Kumar S, Rathore R, Mathur R, Jain S. Extremely low frequency magnetic field protects injured spinal cord from the microglia- and iron-induced tissue damage. Electromagn Biol Med 2017; 36:330-340. [PMID: 29140736 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1389750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is insult to the spinal cord, which results in loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury. SCI results in both immediate mechanical damage and secondary tissue degeneration. Following traumatic insult, activated microglia release proinflammatory cytokines and excess iron due to hemorrhage, initiating oxidative stress that contributes to secondary degeneration. Literature suggests that benefits are visible with the reduction in concentration of iron and activated microglia in SCI. Magnetic field attenuates oxidative stress and promotes axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. The present study demonstrates the potential of extremely low frequency magnetic field to attenuate microglia- and iron-induced secondary injury in SCI rats. Complete transection of the spinal cord (T13 level) was performed in male Wistar rats and subsequently exposed to magnetic field (50 Hz,17.96 µT) for 2 h daily for 8 weeks. At the end of the study period, spinal cords were dissected to quantify microglia, macrophage, iron content and study the architecture of lesion site. A significant improvement in locomotion was observed in rats of the SCI + MF group as compared to those in the SCI group. Histology, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry revealed significant reduction in lesion volume, microglia, macrophage, collagen tissue and iron content, whereas, a significantly higher vascular endothelial growth factor expression around the epicenter of the lesion in SCI + MF group as compared to SCI group. These novel findings suggest that exposure to ELF-MF reduces lesion volume, inflammation and iron content in addition to facilitation of angiogenesis following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumil Dey
- a Department of Physiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Samrat Bose
- a Department of Physiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Suneel Kumar
- a Department of Physiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Ravinder Rathore
- b Department of Microbiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Rashmi Mathur
- c Department of Physiology , NDMC Medical College and Hindurao Hospital , New Delhi , India
| | - Suman Jain
- a Department of Physiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
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128
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Springer JE, Visavadiya NP, Sullivan PG, Hall ED. Post-Injury Treatment with NIM811 Promotes Recovery of Function in Adult Female Rats after Spinal Cord Contusion: A Dose-Response Study. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:492-499. [PMID: 28967329 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis is essential for maintaining cellular function and survival in the central nervous system (CNS). Mitochondrial function is significantly compromised after spinal cord injury (SCI) and is associated with accumulation of high levels of calcium, increased production of free radicals, oxidative damage, and eventually mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT). The formation of the mPT pore (mPTP) and subsequent mPT state are considered to be end stage events in the decline of mitochondrial integrity, and strategies that inhibit mPT can limit mitochondrial demise. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is thought to inhibit mPT by binding to cyclophilin D and has been shown to be effective in models of CNS injury. CsA, however, also inhibits calcineurin, which is responsible for its immunosuppressive properties. In the present study, we conducted a dose-response examination of NIM811, a nonimmunosuppressive CsA analog, on recovery of function and tissue sparing in a rat model of moderate to severe SCI. The results of our experiments revealed that NIM811 (10 mg/kg) significantly improved open field locomotor performance, while the two higher doses tested (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly improved return of reflexive bladder control and significantly decreased the rostral-caudal extent of the lesion. Taken together, these results demonstrate the ability of NIM811 to improve recovery of function in SCI and support the role of protecting mitochondrial function as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe E Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nishant P Visavadiya
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Edward D Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center , Lexington, Kentucky
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129
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Thirumala P, Zhou J, Natarajan P, Balzer J, Dixon E, Okonkwo D, Hamilton DK. Perioperative neurologic complications during spinal fusion surgery: incidence and trends. Spine J 2017; 17:1611-1624. [PMID: 28527755 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Perioperative neurologic complications after spine surgery may increase morbidity and health-care costs related to the procedure. PURPOSE We estimate the national incidence of perioperative neurologic complications following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), posterior cervical fusion, and thoracolumbar fusion procedures using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 1999 to 2011. Additionally, we identify risk factors for developing perioperative neurologic complications and the effects of these injuries on quantifiable patient outcomes. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was carried out. PATIENT SAMPLE All patients included in the NIS databases from 1999 to 2011 comprised the sample. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome evaluated was the incidence of new neurologic deficits following elective spine surgery. Secondary outcomes evaluated include length of hospital stay, total hospital charges, hospital mortality rate, and discharge disposition. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the NIS databases from the years 1999 to 2011 was conducted to identify the proportion of patients who underwent ACDFs, posterior cervical fusions, and thoracolumbar fusions who also developed perioperative neurologic complications. Statistical analyses were also conducted to identify statistically significant differences in demographics and outcomes between patients who did and did not develop perioperative neurologic complications. RESULTS From 1999 to 2011, the total national incidence of perioperative neurologic deficits following elective ACDFs, posterior cervical fusions, and thoracolumbar fusions was 0.82%, which equates to a total of 15,066 patients who experienced these complications. The annual incidence rate of perioperative neurologic deficits has increased 54.41%, from 0.68% in the year 1999 to 1.05% in the year 2011. Additionally, the total number of procedures performed increased from 82,167 in 1999 to 186,353 in the year 2011. Perioperative neurologic deficits were associated with longer lengths of stay (9.68 days vs. 2.59 days; p<.001), higher total charges ($110,326.23 vs. $48,695.93; p<.001), and higher in-hospital mortality (2.84% vs. 0.13%; p<.001). CONCLUSIONS The incidence rate of perioperative neurologic deficits associated with elective spine surgery documented in the NIS has increased over the time period from 1999 to 2011. The number of elective spine procedures performed has also increased over the same time period. Finally, outcomes data indicate that occurrence of perioperative neurologic complications is associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality, as well as increased health-care use and cost. These trends indicate that the perioperative neurologic complications following spine surgery represent a growing problem in today's health-care system; further study is warranted to prevent and treat these complications to improve patient care and reduce health-care use and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Thirumala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA.
| | - James Zhou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - Piruthiviraj Natarajan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - Jeffrey Balzer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - David Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - D K Hamilton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
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130
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Lima R, Monteiro S, Lopes JP, Barradas P, Vasconcelos NL, Gomes ED, Assunção-Silva RC, Teixeira FG, Morais M, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Silva NA. Systemic Interleukin-4 Administration after Spinal Cord Injury Modulates Inflammation and Promotes Neuroprotection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10040083. [PMID: 29064422 PMCID: PMC5748640 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes dramatic disability and dysfunction in the motor, sensory and autonomic systems. The severe inflammatory reaction that occurs after SCI is strongly associated with further tissue damage. As such, immunomodulatory strategies have been developed, aimed at reducing inflammation, but also at shaping the immune response in order to protect, repair and promote regeneration of spared neural tissue. One of those promising strategies is the intraspinal administration of the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) that was shown to promote a phenotype on specific immune cells associated with neuroprotection and repair. In this work, we evaluated if a systemic delivery of IL-4 for a 7-days period was also capable of promoting neuroprotection after SCI by analyzing different neural cells populations and motor recovery. IL-4 treatment promoted an elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the serum both at 24 h and 7 days after injury. Locally, treatment with IL-4 led to a reduction on cells expressing markers associated with inflammation, CD11b/c and iNOS. Importantly, IL-4 treatment increased the neuronal markers βIII-tubulin and NeuN, and the oligodendrocyte marker O4, suggesting a neuroprotective effect. Moreover, 100% of the animals treated with IL-4 were able to recover weight support against only 33% of saline treated animals. Overall, these results show that systemic administration of IL-4 positively impacts different aspects of spinal cord injury, creating a more favorable environment for recovery to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - José P Lopes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Barradas
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Natália L Vasconcelos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Rita C Assunção-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Morais
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal.
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Zhou Y, Wang Z, Li J, Li X, Xiao J. Fibroblast growth factors in the management of spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:25-37. [PMID: 29063730 PMCID: PMC5742738 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) possesses a significant health and economic burden worldwide. Traumatic SCI is a devastating condition that evolves through two successive stages. Throughout each of these stages, disturbances in ionic homeostasis, local oedema, ischaemia, focal haemorrhage, free radicals stress and inflammatory response were observed. Although there are no fully restorative cures available for SCI patients, various molecular, cellular and rehabilitative therapies, such as limiting local inflammation, preventing secondary cell death and enhancing the plasticity of local circuits in the spinal cord, were described. Current preclinical studies have showed that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) alone or combination therapies utilizing cell transplantation and biomaterial scaffolds are proven effective for treating SCI in animal models. More importantly, some studies further demonstrated a paucity of clinical transfer usage to promote functional recovery of numerous patients with SCI. In this review, we focus on the therapeutic capacity and pitfalls of the FGF family and its clinical application for treating SCI, including the signalling component of the FGF pathway and the role in the central nervous system, the pathophysiology of SCI and the targets for FGF treatment. We also discuss the challenges and potential for the clinical translation of FGF-based approaches into treatments for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Amoscato AA, Lewis J, Kochanek PM, Kagan VE, Bayır H. Global assessment of oxidized free fatty acids in brain reveals an enzymatic predominance to oxidative signaling after trauma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2601-2613. [PMID: 28347845 PMCID: PMC5612836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of TBI is complex involving signaling through multiple cascades, including lipid peroxidation. Oxidized free fatty acids, a prominent product of lipid peroxidation, are potent cellular mediators involved in induction and resolution of inflammation and modulation of vasomotor tone. While previous studies have assessed lipid peroxidation after TBI, to our knowledge no studies have used a systematic approach to quantify the global oxidative changes in free fatty acids. In this study, we identified and quantified 244 free fatty acid oxidation products using a newly developed global liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. This methodology was used to follow the time course of these lipid species in the contusional cortex of our pediatric rat model of TBI. We show that oxidation peaked at 1h after controlled cortical impact and was progressively attenuated at 4 and 24h time points. While enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways were activated at 1h post-TBI, enzymatic lipid peroxidation was the predominant mechanism with 15-lipoxygenase (LOX) contributing to the majority of total oxidized fatty acid content. Pro-inflammatory lipid mediators were significantly increased at 1 and 4h after TBI with return to basal levels by 24h. Anti-inflammatory lipid mediators remained significantly increased across all three time points, indicating an elevated and sustained anti-inflammatory response following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Andrew A Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Jesse Lewis
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
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Wu W, Wei N, Wang L, Kong D, Shao G, Qin Y, Wang L, Du Y. Sevoflurane preconditioning ameliorates traumatic spinal cord injury through caveolin-3-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87658-87666. [PMID: 29152109 PMCID: PMC5675661 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) results in a lifetime of paralysis associated with a host of medical complications. The developing secondary complications of tSCI may result in further chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Sevoflurane preconditioning (SF-PreCon) has shown guaranteed protective effects in myocardial or cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. However, the role of SF-PreCon in tSCI still remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that SF-PreCon ameliorated the developing secondary complications through reducing the apoptosis rate and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in injured spinal cord tissues, and therefore enhancing the recovery after tSCI. Notably, we demonstrated that SF-PreCon ameliorates tSCI through inhibiting Cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2). Importantly, we verified that SF-PreCon inhibits the expression of COX-2 and reduces the apoptosis rate after tSCI via the induction of Caveolin-3 (Cav-3). Taken together, our results suggest that SF-PreCon ameliorates tSCI via Cav-3-dependent COX-2 inhibition and provide an economical and practical method against the secondary injury after tSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- Danyang People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ningxian Wei
- Danyang People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Danyang People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Danhui Kong
- Danyang People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Gang Shao
- Danyang People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingchun Qin
- Danyang People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Danyang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lixin Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yansheng Du
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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134
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Systemic Neutrophil Depletion Modulates the Migration and Fate of Transplanted Human Neural Stem Cells to Rescue Functional Repair. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9269-9287. [PMID: 28847814 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2785-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of transplanted stem cells with local cellular and molecular cues in the host CNS microenvironment may affect the potential for repair by therapeutic cell populations. In this regard, spinal cord injury (SCI), Alzheimer's disease, and other neurological injuries and diseases all exhibit dramatic and dynamic changes to the host microenvironment over time. Previously, we reported that delayed transplantation of human CNS-derived neural stem cells (hCNS-SCns) at 9 or 30 d post-SCI (dpi) resulted in extensive donor cell migration, predominantly neuronal and oligodendrocytic donor cell differentiation, and functional locomotor improvements. Here, we report that acute transplantation of hCNS-SCns at 0 dpi resulted in localized astroglial differentiation of donor cells near the lesion epicenter and failure to produce functional improvement in an all-female immunodeficient mouse model. Critically, specific immunodepletion of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) blocked hCNS-SCns astroglial differentiation near the lesion epicenter and rescued the capacity of these cells to restore function. These data represent novel evidence that a host immune cell population can block the potential for functional repair derived from a therapeutic donor cell population, and support targeting the inflammatory microenvironment in combination with cell transplantation after SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The interaction of transplanted cells with local cellular and molecular cues in the host microenvironment is a key variable that may shape the translation of neurotransplantation research to the clinical spinal cord injury (SCI) human population, and few studies have investigated these events. We show that the specific immunodepletion of polymorphonuclear leukocyte neutrophils using anti-Ly6G inhibits donor cell astrogliosis and rescues the capacity of a donor cell population to promote locomotor improvement after SCI. Critically, our data demonstrate novel evidence that a specific host immune cell population can block the potential for functional repair derived from a therapeutic donor cell population.
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135
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He Z, Zhou Y, Lin L, Wang Q, Khor S, Mao Y, Li J, Zhen Z, Chen J, Gao Z, Wu F, Zhang X, Zhang H, Xu HZ, Wang Z, Xiao J. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide attenuates acute inflammatory activation in rats with spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglial TLR4/NF-κB signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3010-3022. [PMID: 28842949 PMCID: PMC5661102 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory properties of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) as well as microglia activation and inflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that NBP improved the locomotor recovery of SD rats after SCI an significantly diminished the lesion cavity area of the spinal cord, apoptotic activity in neurons, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells at 7 days post-injury. NBP inhibited activation of microglia, diminished the release of inflammatory mediators, and reduced the upregulation of microglial TLR4/NF-κB expression at 1 day post-injury. In a co-culture system with BV-2 cells and PC12 cells, NBP significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of BV-2 cells following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In addition, NBP reduced the activation of BV-2 cells, diminished the release of inflammatory mediators, and inhibited microglial TLR4/NF-κB expression in BV-2 cells. Our findings demonstrate that NBP may have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of SCI by inhibiting the activation of microglia via TLR4/NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sinan Khor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yuqin Mao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zengming Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Gao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenzan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Li Hui-li Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua-Zi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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136
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Fernandez-Zafra T, Codeluppi S, Uhlén P. An ex vivo spinal cord injury model to study ependymal cells in adult mouse tissue. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:236-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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137
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Shi J, Wang S, Ke Q, Lin J, Zheng Y, Wu S, Huang Z, Lin W. T1R1/T1R3 Taste Receptor Suppresses Granulocyte-Mediated Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2353-2363. [PMID: 28474538 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As an active and predominant blood leukocyte population, granulocytes infiltrate into injured spinal cord and produce pro-inflammatory mediators to aggravate neuroinflammation. In the current study, we identify the role of the T1R1/T1R3 receptor in granulocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model. We found that T1R1 and T1R3 were substantially expressed in both circulating and infiltrating granulocytes. In vitro stimulation of T1R1/T1R3 receptor with L-serine notably reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several pro-inflammatory cytokines. To evaluate the role of T1R1/T1R3 receptor in vivo, gurmarin, a selective T1R3 inhibitor, was injected into rats before and after SCI. Gurmarin administration significantly upregulated expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, myeloperoxidase, and matrix metallopeptidase 9, as well as production of ROS in infiltrating granulocytes. Signal pathway analysis revealed that gurmarin promoted nuclear factor (NF)-κβ signaling in infiltrating granulocytes. Consistently, cell apoptosis and inflammatory mediator levels at the injury sites were increased by gurmarin, together with higher T lymphocyte recruitment. Our research indicates that the T1R1/T1R3 receptor is an anti-inflammatory receptor for infiltrating granulocytes after SCI. Simulation of T1R1/T1R3 receptor might be a prospective, or at least a supplemental, therapeutic approach to controlling neuroinflammation to promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Shi
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Ke
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Lin
- 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Zheng
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Wu
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
| | - Zida Huang
- 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenping Lin
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou, China
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138
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Oral Administration of Red Ginseng Extract Promotes Neurorestoration after Compressive Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:1265464. [PMID: 28828029 PMCID: PMC5554560 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1265464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Red ginseng and its active ingredients have been shown to decrease neuron death after brain ischemia in experimental animals. However, little is known about the effects of orally administered ginseng extract on spinal cord injury. We orally gave red ginseng extract (RGE) to rats with compressed spinal cord injury (SCI). Open-field locomotor scores were measured as indices of motor function. Histopathological changes and cytokine expressions in situ after SCI were evaluated. Compared to vehicle treatment, RGE treatment (350 mg/kg/day) significantly improved locomotor score up to levels close to those pre-SCI, prevented neuron loss, and facilitated the restoration of white matter in the spinal cord at 14 days after SCI. Treatment with RGE caused less aggregation of Iba-1-positive microglia in grey and white matter at 7 days after SCI, upregulated the expression levels of VEGF and Bcl-xL, and reduced IL-1β and TNFα expressions in the spinal cord at 7 and 14 days after SCI. We concluded that oral administration of RGE facilitates almost complete functional recovery from motor and behavioral abnormalities in rats with SCI and prevents neuron death in situ, possibly through inhibition of inflammation and upregulation of neuroprotective factors in the injured spinal cord.
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139
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miR-155 Deletion in Mice Overcomes Neuron-Intrinsic and Neuron-Extrinsic Barriers to Spinal Cord Repair. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8516-32. [PMID: 27511021 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0735-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Axon regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) fails due to neuron-intrinsic mechanisms and extracellular barriers including inflammation. microRNA (miR)-155-5p is a small, noncoding RNA that negatively regulates mRNA translation. In macrophages, miR-155-5p is induced by inflammatory stimuli and elicits a response that could be toxic after SCI. miR-155 may also independently alter expression of genes that regulate axon growth in neurons. Here, we hypothesized that miR-155 deletion would simultaneously improve axon growth and reduce neuroinflammation after SCI by acting on both neurons and macrophages. New data show that miR-155 deletion attenuates inflammatory signaling in macrophages, reduces macrophage-mediated neuron toxicity, and increases macrophage-elicited axon growth by ∼40% relative to control conditions. In addition, miR-155 deletion increases spontaneous axon growth from neurons; adult miR-155 KO dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons extend 44% longer neurites than WT neurons. In vivo, miR-155 deletion augments conditioning lesion-induced intraneuronal expression of SPRR1A, a regeneration-associated gene; ∼50% more injured KO DRG neurons expressed SPRR1A versus WT neurons. After dorsal column SCI, miR-155 KO mouse spinal cord has reduced neuroinflammation and increased peripheral conditioning-lesion-enhanced axon regeneration beyond the epicenter. Finally, in a model of spinal contusion injury, miR-155 deletion improves locomotor function at postinjury times corresponding with the arrival and maximal appearance of activated intraspinal macrophages. In miR-155 KO mice, improved locomotor function is associated with smaller contusion lesions and decreased accumulation of inflammatory macrophages. Collectively, these data indicate that miR-155 is a novel therapeutic target capable of simultaneously overcoming neuron-intrinsic and neuron-extrinsic barriers to repair after SCI. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axon regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) fails due to neuron-intrinsic mechanisms and extracellular barriers, including inflammation. Here, new data show that deleting microRNA-155 (miR-155) affects both mechanisms and improves repair and functional recovery after SCI. Macrophages lacking miR-155 have altered inflammatory capacity, which enhances neuron survival and axon growth of cocultured neurons. In addition, independent of macrophages, adult miR-155 KO neurons show enhanced spontaneous axon growth. Using either spinal cord dorsal column crush or contusion injury models, miR-155 deletion improves indices of repair and recovery. Therefore, miR-155 has a dual role in regulating spinal cord repair and may be a novel therapeutic target for SCI and other CNS pathologies.
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140
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Activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway by probucol contributes to inhibiting inflammation and neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:52078-52093. [PMID: 28881715 PMCID: PMC5581014 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway plays an essential role in the cellular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a massive release of inflammatory factors and free radicals, which seriously compromise nerve recovery and axon regeneration. In this study, we examined the efficacy of probucol on anti-inflammatory responses and functional recovery after SCI by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. We also investigated the mechanism by which inflammation is inhibited in this process. We found that treatment of injured rats with probucol significantly increased levels of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), while levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were decreased. This was associated with a reduction in neural cell apoptosis and promotion of nerve function recovery. These results demonstrate that the neuroprotective effects of probucol after SCI are mediated by activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. These findings indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of probucol represent a viable treatment for improving functional recovery following SCI.
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141
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Hooshmand MJ, Nguyen HX, Piltti KM, Benavente F, Hong S, Flanagan L, Uchida N, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ. Neutrophils Induce Astroglial Differentiation and Migration of Human Neural Stem Cells via C1q and C3a Synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1069-1085. [PMID: 28687659 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes play a key role in pathophysiology of many neurologic diseases/trauma, but the effect of immune cells and factors on neurotransplantation strategies remains unclear. We hypothesized that cellular and humoral components of innate immunity alter fate and migration of human neural stem cells (hNSC). In these experiments, conditioned media collected from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) selectively increased hNSC astrogliogenesis and promoted cell migration in vitro. PMN were shown to generate C1q and C3a; exposure of hNSC to PMN-synthesized concentrations of these complement proteins promoted astrogliogenesis and cell migration. Furthermore, in vitro, Abs directed against C1q and C3a reversed the fate and migration effects observed. In a proof-of-concept in vivo experiment, blockade of C1q and C3a transiently altered hNSC migration and reversed astroglial fate after spinal cord injury. Collectively, these data suggest that modulation of the innate/humoral inflammatory microenvironment may impact the potential of cell-based therapies for recovery and repair following CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra J Hooshmand
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hal X Nguyen
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Katja M Piltti
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Francisca Benavente
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Samuel Hong
- Bridges to Stem Cell Research Program, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834; and
| | - Lisa Flanagan
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Brian J Cummings
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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142
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Gu M, Gao Z, Li X, Zhao F, Guo L, Liu J, He X. Feasibility of Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Assessing Functional Recovery in Rats with Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation After Contusive Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Med Sci Monit 2017. [PMID: 28623671 PMCID: PMC5484594 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation is a promising treatment for spinal cord injury. Diffusion tensor imaging has been applied to assess various kinds of spinal cord injury. However, it has rarely been used to evaluate the beneficial effects of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging in the evaluation of functional recovery in rats with olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation after contusive spinal cord injury. Material/Methods Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine the purity of olfactory ensheathing cells. Rats received cell transplantation at week 1 after injury. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score was used to assess the functional recovery. Magnetic resonance imaging was applied weekly, including diffusion tensor imaging. Diffusion tensor tractography was reconstructed to visualize the repair process. Results The results showed that olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation increased the functional and histological recovery and restrained the secondary injury process after the initial spinal cord injury. The fractional anisotropy values in rats with cell transplantation were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the apparent diffusion coefficient values were significantly lower. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score was positively and linearly correlated with fractional anisotropy value, and it was negatively and linearly correlated with apparent diffusion coefficient value. Conclusions These findings suggest that diffusion tensor imaging parameters are sensitive biomarker indices for olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation interventions, and diffusion tensor imaging scan can reflect the functional recovery promoted by the olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation after contusive spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Gu
- Department of Othopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhengchao Gao
- Department of Othopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jiantao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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143
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Safety of Allogeneic Canine Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Intraspinal Transplantation in Dogs with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3053759. [PMID: 28611846 PMCID: PMC5458383 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3053759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a pilot clinical study primarily designed to assess the feasibility and safety of X-ray-guided percutaneous intraspinal injection of allogeneic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury. Six dogs with chronic paraplegia (≥six months) were intraparenchymally injected with allogeneic cells in the site of lesion. Cells were obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue of a healthy dog, cultured to passage 3, labeled with 99mTechnetium, and transplanted into the lesion by percutaneous X-ray-guided injection. Digital X-ray efficiently guided cell injection as 99mTechnetium-labeled cells remained in the injection site for at least 24 hours after transplantation. No adverse effects or complications (infection, neuropathic pain, or worsening of neurological function) were observed during the 16-week follow-up period after transplantation. Three animals improved locomotion as assessed by the Olby scale. One animal walked without support, but no changes in deep pain perception were observed. We conclude that X-ray-guided percutaneous intraspinal transplantation of allogeneic cells in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury is feasible and safe. The efficacy of the treatment will be assessed in a new study involving a larger number of animals.
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144
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Yu AC, Neil SE, Quandt JA. High yield primary microglial cultures using granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor from embryonic murine cerebral cortical tissue. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 307:53-62. [PMID: 28495139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play vital roles in neurotrophic support and modulating immune or inflammatory responses to pathogens or damage/stressors during disease. This study describes the ability to establish large numbers of microglia from embryonic tissues with the addition of granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and characterizes their similarities to adult microglia examined ex vivo as well as their responses to inflammatory mediators. METHOD Microglia were seeded from a primary embryonic mixed cortical suspension with the addition of GM-CSF. Microglial expression of CD45, CD11b, CD11c, MHC class I and II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 was analyzed by flow cytometry and compared to those isolated using different culture methods and to the BV-2 cell line. GM-CSF microglia immunoreactivity and cytokine production was examined in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). RESULTS Our results demonstrate GM-CSF addition during microglial culture yields higher cell numbers with greater purity than conventionally cultured primary microglia. We found that the expression of immune markers by GM-CSF microglia more closely resemble adult microglia than other methods or an immortalized BV-2 cell line. Primary differences amongst the different groups were reflected in their levels of CD39, CD86 and MHC class I expression. GM-CSF microglia produce CCL2, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and IL-10 following exposure to LPS and alter costimulatory marker expression in response to LPS or IFN-γ. Notably, GM-CSF microglia were often more responsive than the commonly used BV-2 cell line which produced negligible IL-10. CONCLUSION GM-CSF cultured microglia closely model the phenotype of adult microglia examined ex vivo. GM-CSF microglia are robust in their responses to inflammatory stimuli, altering immune markers including Iba-1 and expressing an array of cytokines characteristic of both pro-inflammatory and reparative processes. Consequently, the addition of GM-CSF for the culturing of primary microglia serves as a valuable method to increase the potential for studying microglial function ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Sarah E Neil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Quandt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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145
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Moore SA, Granger N, Olby NJ, Spitzbarth I, Jeffery ND, Tipold A, Nout-Lomas YS, da Costa RC, Stein VM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Blight AR, Grossman RG, Basso DM, Levine JM. Targeting Translational Successes through CANSORT-SCI: Using Pet Dogs To Identify Effective Treatments for Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2007-2018. [PMID: 28230415 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury (SCI) from laboratory to clinic has been historically challenging, highlighting the need for robust models of injury that more closely mirror the human condition. The high prevalence of acute, naturally occurring SCI in pet dogs provides a unique opportunity to evaluate expeditiously promising interventions in a population of animals that receive diagnoses and treatment clinically in a manner similar to persons with SCI, while adhering to National Institutes of Health guidelines for scientific rigor and transparent reporting. In addition, pet dogs with chronic paralysis are often maintained long-term by their owners, offering a similarly unique population for study of chronic SCI. Despite this, only a small number of studies have used the clinical dog model of SCI. The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) was recently established by a group of veterinarians and basic science researchers to promote the value of the canine clinical model of SCI. The CANSORT-SCI group held an inaugural meeting November 20 and 21, 2015 to evaluate opportunities and challenges to the use of pet dogs in SCI research. Key challenges identified included lack of familiarity with the model among nonveterinary scientists and questions about how and where in the translational process the canine clinical model would be most valuable. In light of these, we review the natural history, outcome, and available assessment tools associated with canine clinical SCI with emphasis on their relevance to human SCI and the translational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Nicolas Granger
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,4 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,5 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,6 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany .,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Andrea Tipold
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany.,9 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,10 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Veronika M Stein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,11 Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,12 Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences and Neurological Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew R Blight
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,13 Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. Ardsley, New York
| | - Robert G Grossman
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,14 Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - D Michele Basso
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,15 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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146
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You T, Bi Y, Li J, Zhang M, Chen X, Zhang K, Li J. IL-17 induces reactive astrocytes and up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through JAK/STAT signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41779. [PMID: 28281545 PMCID: PMC5345044 DOI: 10.1038/srep41779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a grave neurological disability resulting in neuron degeneration and permanent paralysis. The inflammation triggered by the injury would promote the spinal cord lesion in turn. Activated astrocytes during inflammatory response could promote glial scar formation and contribute to the progression of the spinal cord injury. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) was upregulated in inflammatory responses to contusion or compression of the spinal cord. in this study, IL-17 could induce reactive astrocytes which was indicated by a well-known hallmark glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that the upregulation of VEGF was induced by IL-17 human astrocytoma cells. In our further investigation, IL-17 induced the expression of VEGF in spinal cord injury by activating JAK/STAT signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we also found that IL-17 significantly changed tissue preservation and residual urine volumes and blood-spinal cord-barrier integrity in vivo. This newly found IL-17-JAK/STAT-VEGF axis improves our understanding of the molecular mechanism of spinal cord injury during inflammatory response and provides another potential target of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao You
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yihui Bi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingkai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuezhou Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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147
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Deletion of the Fractalkine Receptor, CX3CR1, Improves Endogenous Repair, Axon Sprouting, and Synaptogenesis after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3568-3587. [PMID: 28264978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2841-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired signaling via CX3CR1, the fractalkine receptor, promotes recovery after traumatic spinal contusion injury in mice, a benefit achieved in part by reducing macrophage-mediated injury at the lesion epicenter. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CX3CR1-dependent changes in microglia and macrophage functions also will enhance neuroplasticity, at and several segments below the injury epicenter. New data show that in the presence of inflammatory stimuli, CX3CR1-deficient (CX3CR1-/-) microglia and macrophages adopt a reparative phenotype and increase expression of genes that encode neurotrophic and gliogenic proteins. At the lesion epicenter (mid-thoracic spinal cord), the microenvironment created by CX3CR1-/- microglia/macrophages enhances NG2 cell responses, axon sparing, and sprouting of serotonergic axons. In lumbar spinal cord, inflammatory signaling is reduced in CX3CR1-/- microglia. This is associated with reduced dendritic pathology and improved axonal and synaptic plasticity on ventral horn motor neurons. Together, these data indicate that CX3CR1, a microglia-specific chemokine receptor, is a novel therapeutic target for enhancing neuroplasticity and recovery after SCI. Interventions that specifically target CX3CR1 could reduce the adverse effects of inflammation and augment activity-dependent plasticity and restoration of function. Indeed, limiting CX3CR1-dependent signaling could improve rehabilitation and spinal learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Published data show that genetic deletion of CX3CR1, a microglia-specific chemokine receptor, promotes recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury in mice, a benefit achieved in part by reducing macrophage-mediated injury at the lesion epicenter. Data in the current manuscript indicate that CX3CR1 deletion changes microglia and macrophage function, creating a tissue microenvironment that enhances endogenous repair and indices of neuroplasticity, at and several segments below the injury epicenter. Interventions that specifically target CX3CR1 might be used in the future to reduce the adverse effects of intraspinal inflammation and augment activity-dependent plasticity (e.g., rehabilitation) and restoration of function.
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148
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An Agonist of the Protective Factor SIRT1 Improves Functional Recovery and Promotes Neuronal Survival by Attenuating Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2916-2930. [PMID: 28193684 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3046-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting posttraumatic inflammation is crucial for improving locomotor function. SIRT1 has been shown to play a critical role in disease processes such as hepatic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute lung inflammation by regulating inflammation. However, the role of SIRT1 in spinal cord injury (SCI) is unknown. We hypothesized that SIRT1 plays an important role in improving locomotor function after SCI by regulating neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigate the effect of SIRT1 in SCI using pharmacological intervention (SRT1720) and the Mx1-Cre/loxP recombination system to knock out target genes. First, we found that SIRT1 expression at the injured lesion site of wild-type (WT) mice (C57BL/6) decreased 4 h after SCI and lasted for 3 d. Moreover, administration of SRT1720, an agonist of SIRT1, to WT mice significantly improved functional recovery for up to 28 d after injury by reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, the number of M1 macrophages, the number of macrophages/microglia, and the accumulation of perivascular macrophages. In contrast, administration of SRT1720 to SIRT1 knock-out (KO) mice did not improve locomotor recovery or attenuate inflammation. Furthermore, SIRT1 KO mice exhibited worse locomotor recovery, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, and more M1 macrophages and perivascular macrophages than those of WT mice after SCI. Together, these findings indicate that SRT1720, an SIRT1 agonist, can improve functional recovery by attenuating inflammation after SCI. Therefore, SIRT1 is not only a protective factor but also an anti-inflammatory molecule that exerts beneficial effects on locomotor function after SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Posttraumatic inflammation plays a central role in regulating the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, new data show that administration of SRT1720, an SIRT1 agonist, to wild-type (WT) mice significantly improved outcomes after SCI, most likely by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines, the number of macrophages/microglia, perivascular macrophages, and M1 macrophages. In contrast, SIRT1 KO mice exhibited worse locomotor recovery than that of WT mice due to aggravated inflammation. Taken together, the results of this study expand upon the previous understanding of the functions and mechanisms of SIRT1 in neuroinflammation following injury to the CNS, suggesting that SIRT1 plays a critical role in regulating neuroinflammation following CNS injury and may be a novel therapeutic target for post-SCI intervention.
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149
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Ferbert T, Child C, Graeser V, Swing T, Akbar M, Heller R, Biglari B, Moghaddam A. Tracking Spinal Cord Injury: Differences in Cytokine Expression of IGF-1, TGF- B1, and sCD95l Can Be Measured in Blood Samples and Correspond to Neurological Remission in a 12-Week Follow-Up. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:607-614. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ferbert
- HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Child
- HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viola Graeser
- HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tyler Swing
- HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Akbar
- HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raban Heller
- HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bahram Biglari
- Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Department of Paraplegiology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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150
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Maggio DM, Singh A, Iorgulescu JB, Bleicher DH, Ghosh M, Lopez MM, Tuesta LM, Flora G, Dietrich WD, Pearse DD. Identifying the Long-Term Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Using a Transgenic Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020245. [PMID: 28125047 PMCID: PMC5343782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a potent mediator of oxidative stress during neuroinflammation triggered by neurotrauma or neurodegeneration. We previously demonstrated that acute iNOS inhibition attenuated iNOS levels and promoted neuroprotection and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study investigated the effects of chronic iNOS ablation after SCI using inos-null mice. iNOS-/- knockout and wild-type (WT) control mice underwent a moderate thoracic (T8) contusive SCI. Locomotor function was assessed weekly, using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), and at the endpoint (six weeks), by footprint analysis. At the endpoint, the volume of preserved white and gray matter, as well as the number of dorsal column axons and perilesional blood vessels rostral to the injury, were quantified. At weeks two and three after SCI, iNOS-/- mice exhibited a significant locomotor improvement compared to WT controls, although a sustained improvement was not observed during later weeks. At the endpoint, iNOS-/- mice showed significantly less preserved white and gray matter, as well as fewer dorsal column axons and perilesional blood vessels, compared to WT controls. While short-term antagonism of iNOS provides histological and functional benefits, its long-term ablation after SCI may be deleterious, blocking protective or reparative processes important for angiogenesis and tissue preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic M Maggio
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Heath, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA.
| | - Amanpreet Singh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - J Bryan Iorgulescu
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Drew H Bleicher
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Michael M Lopez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Luis M Tuesta
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Govinder Flora
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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