101
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Chen X, Shi C, Wang XB, Li WY, Liang C. Intermetallic PdZn nanoparticles catalyze the continuous-flow hydrogenation of alkynols to cis-enols. Commun Chem 2021; 4:175. [PMID: 36697793 PMCID: PMC9814770 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing highly active and stable lead-free palladium-based catalysts without introducing surfactants and stabilizers is vital for large-scale and high-efficiency manufacturing of cis-enols via continuous-flow semi-hydrogenation of alkynols. Herein, we report an intermetallic PdZn/ZnO catalyst, designed by using the coupling strategy of strong electrostatic adsorption and reactive metal-support interaction, which can be used as a credible alternative to the commercial PdAg/Al2O3 and Lindlar catalysts. Intermetallic PdZn nanoparticles with electron-poor active sites on a Pd/ZnO catalyst significantly boost the thermodynamic selectivity with respect to the mechanistic selectivity and therefore enhance the selectivity towards cis-enols. Based on in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectra as well as simulations, we identify that the preferential adsorption of alkynol over enol on PdZn nanoparticles suppresses the over-hydrogenation of enols. These results suggest the application of fine surface engineering technology in oxide-supported metal (particles) could tune the ensemble and ligand effects of metallic active sites and achieve directional hydrogenation in fine chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- grid.30055.330000 0000 9247 7930State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Chuang Shi
- grid.30055.330000 0000 9247 7930State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Xing-Bao Wang
- grid.440656.50000 0000 9491 9632State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China ,grid.440656.50000 0000 9491 9632Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Wen-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China. .,Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
| | - Changhai Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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102
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Yang Z, Yang H, Shang L, Zhang T. Ordered PtFeIr Intermetallic Nanowires Prepared through a Silica-Protection Strategy for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113278. [PMID: 34890098 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Developing efficient and stable Pt-based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is a way to promote the large-scale application of fuel cells. Pt-based alloy nanowires are promising ORR catalysts, but their application is hampered by activity loss caused by structural destruction during long-term cycling. Herein, the preparation of ordered PtFeIr intermetallic nanowire catalysts with an average diameter of 2.6 nm and face-centered tetragonal structure (fct-PtFeIr/C) is reported. A silica-protected strategy prevents the deformation of PtFeIr nanowires during the phase transition at high temperature. The as-prepared fct-PtFeIr/C exhibited superior mass activity for ORR (2.03 A mgPt -1 ) than disordered PtFeIr nanowires with face-centered cubic structure (1.11 A mgPt -1 ) and commercial Pt/C (0.21 A mgPt -1 ). Importantly, the structure and electrochemical performance of fct-PtFeIr/C were maintained after stability tests, showing the advantages of the ordered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lu Shang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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103
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Ashberry H, Zhan X, Skrabalak SE. Identification of Nanoscale Processes Associated with the Disorder-to-Order Transformation of Carbon-Supported Alloy Nanoparticles. ACS MATERIALS AU 2021; 2:143-153. [PMID: 36855759 PMCID: PMC9888660 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to their ordered crystal structures and high structural stabilities, intermetallic nanoparticles often display enhanced catalytic, magnetic, and optical properties compared to their random alloy counterparts. Intermetallic nanoparticles can be achieved by thermal annealing of their disordered (random alloy) counterparts. However, high temperatures and long annealing times needed to achieve the disorder-to-order transition often lead to a loss of sample monodispersity and an increase in the average size of nanoparticles. Here, we performed ex situ powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ annealing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments to elucidate nanoscale processes that contribute to the ordering of carbon-supported PdCu nanoparticles as a model system. Random alloy PdCu nanoparticles supported on carbon were thermally annealed for various lengths of time at the disorder-to-order phase transition temperature, where changes in nanoparticle size and the crystal phase were monitored. The nanoparticles were only completely transformed to the intermetallic phase by undertaking measures to deliberately increase their size by increasing the number of nanoparticles on the carbon support. In situ annealing TEM experiments reveal nanoscale processes that account for the disorder-to-order phase transformation. Five different processes were observed at 400 °C. Isolated nanoparticles remained in the random alloy phase or underwent a phase transformation to the intermetallic phase. Nanoparticles fused with neighboring nanoparticles resulting in no change in phase or conversion to the intermetallic phase. Evidence of vapor transport was also observed, as some isolated nanoparticles were found to diminish in size upon heating. These variable processes account for the heterogeneity often observed for intermetallic nanoparticle samples achieved through annealing and motivate the development of synthetic routes that suppress particle-particle coalescence, as well as investigating metal-support interactions to facilitate the disorder-to-order phase transformation under mild conditions. Overall, this work furthers our knowledge of the formation of intermetallic nanoparticles by thermal annealing approaches, which could accelerate the development of electrocatalysts and the application of intermetallic nanoparticles in magnetic storage devices.
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104
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Settem M, Srivastav AK, Kanjarla AK. Understanding the strain-dependent structure of Cu nanocrystals in Ag-Cu nanoalloys. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26165-26177. [PMID: 34797355 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The structure of octahedral Ag-Cu nanoalloys is investigated by means of basin hopping Monte Carlo (BHMC) searches involving the optimization of shape and chemical ordering. Due to the significant size mismatch between Ag and Cu, the misfit strain plays a key role in determining the structure of Ag-Cu nanoalloys. At all the compositions, segregated chemical ordering is observed. However, the shape of the Cu nanocrystal and the associated defects are significantly different. At lower amounts of Cu (as little as 2 atom %), defects close to the surface are observed leading to a highly non-compact shape of the Cu nanocrystal which is non-trivial. The number of Cu-Cu bonds is relatively lower in the non-compact shape which is contrary to the preference of bulk Ag-Cu alloys to maximize the homo-atomic bonds. Due to the non-compact shape, {100} Ag-Cu interfaces are observed which are not expected. As the amount of Cu increases, the Cu nanocrystal undergoes a shape transition from non-compact to a compact octahedron. The associated defect structure is also modified. The structural changes due to the strain effects have been explained by calculating the atomic pressure maps and the bond length distributions. The trends relating to the structure have also been verified at larger sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Settem
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Ajeet K Srivastav
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Anand K Kanjarla
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India. .,Ceramic Technologies Group - Center of Excellence in Materials and Manufacturing for Futuristic Mobility, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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105
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Williams BP, Lo WS, Morabito JV, Young AP, Tsung F, Kuo CH, Palomba JM, Rayder TM, Chou LY, Sneed BT, Liu XY, Lamontagne LK, Petroff CA, Brodsky CN, Yang J, Andoni I, Li Y, Zhang F, Li Z, Chen SY, Gallacher C, Li B, Tsung SY, Pu MH, Tsung CK. Tailoring Heterogeneous Catalysts at the Atomic Level: In Memoriam, Prof. Chia-Kuang (Frank) Tsung. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51809-51828. [PMID: 34310110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Professor Chia-Kuang (Frank) Tsung made his scientific impact primarily through the atomic-level design of nanoscale materials for application in heterogeneous catalysis. He approached this challenge from two directions: above and below the material surface. Below the surface, Prof. Tsung synthesized finely controlled nanoparticles, primarily of noble metals and metal oxides, tailoring their composition and surface structure for efficient catalysis. Above the surface, he was among the first to leverage the tunability and stability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to improve heterogeneous, molecular, and biocatalysts. This article, written by his former students, seeks first to commemorate Prof. Tsung's scientific accomplishments in three parts: (1) rationally designing nanocrystal surfaces to promote catalytic activity; (2) encapsulating nanocrystals in MOFs to improve catalyst selectivity; and (3) tuning the host-guest interaction between MOFs and guest molecules to inhibit catalyst degradation. The subsequent discussion focuses on building on the foundation laid by Prof. Tsung and on his considerable influence on his former group members and collaborators, both inside and outside of the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Wei-Shang Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Joseph V Morabito
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Allison P Young
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Frances Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Chun-Hong Kuo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Rd, Nangang District, Taipei City, Taiwan 115
| | - Joseph M Palomba
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Thomas M Rayder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lien-Yang Chou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Brian T Sneed
- CMC Materials, 870 North Commons Drive, Aurora, Illinois 60504, United States
| | - Xiao-Yuan Liu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Leo K Lamontagne
- SecureSeniorConnections, 7114 East Stetson Drive, Scottsdale, Arizona 85251, United States
| | - Christopher A Petroff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Casey N Brodsky
- University of Michigan Medical School, 7300 Medical Sciences Building I-A Wing, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jane Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ilektra Andoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Furui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhehui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Sheng-Yu Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Rd, Nangang District, Taipei City, Taiwan 115
| | - Connor Gallacher
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Banruo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Sheng-Yuan Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Ming-Hwa Pu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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106
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Bueno SLA, Zhan X, Wolfe J, Chatterjee K, Skrabalak SE. Phase-Controlled Synthesis of Pd-Sn Nanocrystal Catalysts of Defined Size and Shape. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51876-51885. [PMID: 33945682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic Pd-based nanoparticles (NPs) are of interest as electrocatalysts for formic acid electrooxidation (FAEO) because of their higher initial catalytic activity and CO tolerance when compared to Pt. Intermetallic NPs (i-NPs) with specific geometric and electronic structures generally exhibit superior catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability when compared to their disordered (random alloy) counterparts; however, the colloidal synthesis of i-NPs remains a challenge. Here, a one-pot method was demonstrated as a facile route to obtain monodisperse Pd-Sn NPs with phase control, including intermetallic hexagonal Pd3Sn2 (P63/mmc), intermetallic orthorhombic Pd2Sn (Pnma), and alloy cubic Pd3Sn (FCC, Fm3m) as size-controlled NPs with quasi-spherical shapes. Initial metal precursor ratios and reaction temperature were critical parameters to achieving phase control. Also, slight modifications of synthetic conditions resulted in either Pd2Sn nanorhombohedra or nanorods with tunable aspect ratios. A systematic evaluation of the Pd-Sn NPs for FAEO showed that most presented higher specific activities when compared to commercial Pd/C, in which Pd2Sn quasi-spheres and nanorhombohedra showed the highest catalytic activity for FAEO. These results highlight the benefits of phase-controlled Pd-based nanocatalysts with defined nanocrystal size and shape, with use of trioctylphospine (TOP) and oleic acid (OA) central to shape and size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L A Bueno
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Xun Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joshua Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaustav Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sara E Skrabalak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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107
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Yang CL, Wang LN, Yin P, Liu J, Chen MX, Yan QQ, Wang ZS, Xu SL, Chu SQ, Cui C, Ju H, Zhu J, Lin Y, Shui J, Liang HW. Sulfur-anchoring synthesis of platinum intermetallic nanoparticle catalysts for fuel cells. Science 2021; 374:459-464. [PMID: 34672731 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj9980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jieyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming-Xi Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zheng-Shu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shi-Long Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sheng-Qi Chu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhua Cui
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianglan Shui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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108
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Liu Y, Ye W, Lin H, Song C, Rong Z, Lu R, Zhang H, Huang H, Tang Z, Zhang S. Embedding
Pd‐Cu
Alloy Nanoparticles in Shell of
Surface‐Porous N‐Doped
Carbon Nanosphere for Selective Hydrogenation of
p
‐Chloronitrobenzene
. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingcen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Wanyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Caicheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Zeming Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Rongwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Zhicheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
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109
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Jia L, Sun M, Xu J, Zhao X, Zhou R, Pan B, Wang L, Han N, Huang B, Li Y. Phase‐Dependent Electrocatalytic CO
2
Reduction on Pd
3
Bi Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jia
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Mingzi Sun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Binbin Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Na Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Bolong Huang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yanguang Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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110
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Kundu A, Mallick S, Ghora S, Raj CR. Advanced Oxygen Electrocatalyst for Air-Breathing Electrode in Zn-Air Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40172-40199. [PMID: 34424683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of oxygen to water and the evolution of oxygen from water are two important electrode reactions extensively studied for the development of electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies based on oxygen electrocatalysis. The development of an inexpensive, highly active, and durable nonprecious-metal-based oxygen electrocatalyst is indispensable for emerging energy technologies, including anion exchange membrane fuel cells, metal-air batteries (MABs), water electrolyzers, etc. The activity of an oxygen electrocatalyst largely decides the overall energy storage performance of these devices. Although the catalytic activities of Pt and Ru/Ir-based catalysts toward an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are known, the high cost and lack of durability limit their extensive use for practical applications. This review article highlights the oxygen electrocatalytic activity of the emerging non-Pt and non-Ru/Ir oxygen electrocatalysts including transition-metal-based random alloys, intermetallics, metal-coordinated nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C), and transition metal phosphides, nitrides, etc., for the development of an air-breathing electrode for aqueous primary and secondary zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Rational surface and chemical engineering of these electrocatalysts is required to achieve the desired oxygen electrocatalytic activity. The surface engineering increases the number of active sites, whereas the chemical engineering enhances the intrinsic activity of the catalyst. The encapsulation or integration of the active catalyst with undoped or heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures affords an enhanced durability to the active catalyst. In many cases, the synergistic effect between the heteroatom-doped carbon matrix and the active catalyst plays an important role in controlling the catalytic activity. The ORR activity of these catalysts is evaluated in terms of onset potential, number of electrons transferred, limiting current density, and durability. The bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic activity and ZAB performance, on the other hand, are measured in terms of potential gap between the ORR and OER, ΔE = Ej10OER - E1/2ORR, specific capacity, peak power density, open circuit voltage, voltaic efficiency, and charge-discharge cycling stability. The nonprecious metal electrocatalyst-based ZABs are very promising and they deliver high power density, specific capacity, and round-trip efficiency. The active site for oxygen electrocatalysis and challenges associated with carbon support is briefly addressed. Despite the considerable progress made with the emerging electrocatalysts in recent years, several issues are yet to be addressed to achieve the commercial potential of rechargeable ZAB for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Kundu
- Functional Materials and Electrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Mallick
- Functional Materials and Electrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Santanu Ghora
- Functional Materials and Electrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - C Retna Raj
- Functional Materials and Electrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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111
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Pt-Based Intermetallic Nanocrystals in Cathode Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: From Precise Synthesis to Oxygen Reduction Reaction Strategy. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts have been extensively investigated and developed, there is a lack of clarity on catalysts that can balance high performance and low cost. Pt-based intermetallic nanocrystals are of special interest in the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) due to their excellent ORR activity and stability. This review summarizes the wide range of applications of Pt-based intermetallic nanocrystals in cathode catalysts for PEMFCs and their unique advantages in the field of ORR. Firstly, we introduce the fundamental understanding of Pt-based intermetallic nanocrystals, and highlight the difficulties and countermeasures in their synthesis. Then, the progress of theoretical and experimental studies related to the ORR activity and stability of Pt-based intermetallic nanocrystals in recent years are reviewed, especially the integrated strategies for enhancing the stability of ORR. Finally, the challenges faced by Pt-based intermetallic nanocrystals are summarized and future research directions are proposed. In addition, numerous design ideas of Pt-based intermetallic nanocrystals as ORR catalysts are summarized, aiming to promote further development of commercialization of PEMFC catalysts while fully understanding Pt-based intermetallic nanocrystals.
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112
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Quantification of critical particle distance for mitigating catalyst sintering. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4865. [PMID: 34381041 PMCID: PMC8358017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supported metal nanoparticles are of universal importance in many industrial catalytic processes. Unfortunately, deactivation of supported metal catalysts via thermally induced sintering is a major concern especially for high-temperature reactions. Here, we demonstrate that the particle distance as an inherent parameter plays a pivotal role in catalyst sintering. We employ carbon black supported platinum for the model study, in which the particle distance is well controlled by changing platinum loading and carbon black supports with varied surface areas. Accordingly, we quantify a critical particle distance of platinum nanoparticles on carbon supports, over which the sintering can be mitigated greatly up to 900 °C. Based on in-situ aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron and theoretical studies, we find that enlarging particle distance to over the critical distance suppress the particle coalescence, and the critical particle distance itself depends sensitively on the strength of metal-support interactions. Deactivation of supported metal catalysts via thermally induced sintering is a major concern in the catalysis community. Here, the authors demonstrate that enlarging particle distance to over the critical distance could suppress the particle coalescence greatly up to 900 °C.
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Jia L, Sun M, Xu J, Zhao X, Zhou R, Pan B, Wang L, Han N, Huang B, Li Y. Phase-Dependent Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction on Pd 3 Bi Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21741-21745. [PMID: 34382309 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alloying is a general strategy for modulating the electronic structures of catalyst materials. Compared to more common solid-solution alloys, intermetallic alloys feature well-defined atomic arrangements and provide the unique platform for studying the structure-performance correlations. It is, unfortunately, synthetically challenging to prepare the nanostructures of intermetallic alloys for catalysis research. In this contribution, we prepare intermetallic Pd3 Bi nanocrystals of a uniform size via a facile solvothermal method. These nanocrystals can phase-transform into solid solution alloy via thermal annealing while retaining a similar composition and size. In 0.1 M KHCO3 aqueous solution, the intermetallic Pd3 Bi can selectively reduce CO2 to formate with high selectivity (≈100 %) and stability even at <-0.35 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, whereas the solid solution alloy has limited formate selectivity of <60 %. Such unique phase-dependence is understood via theoretical simulations showing that the crystallographic ordering of Pd and Bi atoms within intermetallic alloys can suppress CO poisoning and enhance the *OCHO adsorption during electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jia
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mingzi Sun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Binbin Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Na Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bolong Huang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanguang Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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114
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Lin R, Zheng T, Chen L, Wang H, Cai X, Sun Y, Hao Z. Anchored Pt-Co Nanoparticles on Honeycombed Graphene as Highly Durable Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34397-34409. [PMID: 34255470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Durability is an important factor in evaluating the performance of a catalyst. In this work, the spatial protection of the carrier to nanoparticles was considered to improve the durability of the catalyst. It is found that a honeycombed graphene with a three-dimensional (3D)-hierarchical porous structure (3D HPG) can help to reduce the shedding of Pt-Co nanoparticles (Pt-Co NPs) because 3D HPG can form a protective layer to reduce the direct erosion of Pt-Co NPs on the interface by an electrolyte. Then, appropriate oxygen groups were introduced on the 3D reduced hierarchical porous graphene oxide (3D rHPGO) to improve the dispersion of Pt-Co NPs on the surface of the carrier. It was found that the Pt d-band of the catalyst was anchored by π sites of carbonyl of an oxygen group. After optimization, the catalyst (referred to as Pt-Co/3D rHPGO) achieved a 2-fold enhancement in mass activity than that of a commercial Pt/C catalyst. More importantly, after the accelerated durability test (ADT) of 20 000 cycles, the Pt-Co/3D rHPGO catalyst can almost sustain this level of performance, whereas other catalysts showed a comparatively large loss of activity. According to the results, the high durability of Pt-Co/3D rHPGO was attributed to spatial protection of Pt-Co NPs and the defects on the surface allowed the electrolyte to enter. In addition, oxygen groups provided an anchoring effect on nanoparticles. Thus, the Pt-Co/3D rHPGO electrocatalyst exhibited splendid durability, holding a potential to be applied in PEMFC for long-term work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lin
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zhixian Hao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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115
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Li G, Zhang W, Luo N, Xue Z, Hu Q, Zeng W, Xu J. Bimetallic Nanocrystals: Structure, Controllable Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis, Energy and Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1926. [PMID: 34443756 PMCID: PMC8401639 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, bimetallic nanocrystals have attracted great interest from many researchers. Bimetallic nanocrystals are expected to exhibit improved physical and chemical properties due to the synergistic effect between the two metals, not just a combination of two monometallic properties. More importantly, the properties of bimetallic nanocrystals are significantly affected by their morphology, structure, and atomic arrangement. Reasonable regulation of these parameters of nanocrystals can effectively control their properties and enhance their practicality in a given application. This review summarizes some recent research progress in the controlled synthesis of shape, composition and structure, as well as some important applications of bimetallic nanocrystals. We first give a brief introduction to the development of bimetals, followed by the architectural diversity of bimetallic nanocrystals. The most commonly used and typical synthesis methods are also summarized, and the possible morphologies under different conditions are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the composition-dependent and shape-dependent properties of bimetals in terms of highlighting applications such as catalysis, energy conversion, gas sensing and bio-detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Li
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Wenshuang Zhang
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Na Luo
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Zhenggang Xue
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Qingmin Hu
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Wen Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (N.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.H.)
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
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116
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He S, Liu Y, Zhan H, Guan L. Direct Thermal Annealing Synthesis of Ordered Pt Alloy Nanoparticles Coated with a Thin N-Doped Carbon Shell for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suqiong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002 Fujian, China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108 Fujian, China
| | - Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002 Fujian, China
| | - Hongbing Zhan
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108 Fujian, China
| | - Lunhui Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002 Fujian, China
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117
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Clarysse J, Moser A, Yarema O, Wood V, Yarema M. Size- and composition-controlled intermetallic nanocrystals via amalgamation seeded growth. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1934. [PMID: 34321206 PMCID: PMC8318362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intermetallic nanocrystals are a large family of emerging materials with extensive applications in many fields. Yet, a generalized synthetic method for intermetallic nanocrystals is lacking. Here, we report the development of a colloidal synthesis method based on amalgamation of monometallic nanocrystal seeds with low-melting point metals. We use this approach to achieve crystalline and compositionally uniform intermetallic nanocrystals of Au-Ga, Ag-Ga, Cu-Ga, Ni-Ga, Pd-Ga, Pd-In, and Pd-Zn compounds. We demonstrate both compositional tunability across the phase spaces (e.g., AuGa2, AuGa, Au7Ga2, and Ga-doped Au), size tunability (e.g., 14.0-, 7.6-, and 3.8-nm AuGa2), and size uniformity (e.g., 5.4% size deviations). This approach makes it possible to systematically achieve size- and composition-controlled intermetallic nanocrystals, opening up a multitude of possibilities for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Clarysse
- Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annina Moser
- Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olesya Yarema
- Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Wood
- Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maksym Yarema
- Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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118
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Cao J, Cao H, Wang F, Zhu H. Fully ordered L10-PtCoAu electrocatalyst derived from PtAu@CoO precursor with enhanced performance for oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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119
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Bao J, Zeng S, Dai J, Wang X, Liu Q, Li H, Huang X, Huang W. Heterostructures between a tin-based intermetallic compound and a layered semiconductor for gas sensing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5590-5593. [PMID: 33970181 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SnS2 nanoplates are used as sacrificial templates to facilitate the in situ growth of intermetallic compound Pt3Sn nanoparticles. The Pt3Sn/SnS2 heterostructures show promise for selective NO2 sensing due to the favored gas adsorption and gas-solid charge transfer on Pt3Sn, combined with the optimized film conductance and formation of ohmic-type Pt3Sn/SnS2 heterointerfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusheng Bao
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Shaoyu Zeng
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Jie Dai
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Hai Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China. and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
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120
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Xie M, Lyu Z, Chen R, Shen M, Cao Z, Xia Y. Pt-Co@Pt Octahedral Nanocrystals: Enhancing Their Activity and Durability toward Oxygen Reduction with an Intermetallic Core and an Ultrathin Shell. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8509-8518. [PMID: 34043340 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts devoted to the synthesis of Pt-Co bimetallic nanocrystals for fuel cell and related applications, it remains a challenge to simultaneously control atomic arrangements in the bulk and on the surface. Here we report a synthesis of Pt-Co@Pt octahedral nanocrystals that feature an intermetallic, face-centered tetragonal Pt-Co core and an ultrathin Pt shell, together with the dominance of {111} facets on the surface. When evaluated as a catalyst toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the nanocrystals delivered a mass activity of 2.82 A mg-1 and a specific activity of 9.16 mA cm-2, which were enhanced by 13.4 and 29.5 times, respectively, relative to the values of a commercial Pt/C catalyst. More significantly, the mass activity of the nanocrystals only dropped 21% after undergoing 30 000 cycles of accelerated durability test, promising an outstanding catalyst with optimal performance for ORR and related reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Xie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhiheng Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Min Shen
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhenming Cao
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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121
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Liu J, Huang J, Niu W, Tan C, Zhang H. Unconventional-Phase Crystalline Materials Constructed from Multiscale Building Blocks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5830-5888. [PMID: 33797882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystal phase, an intrinsic characteristic of crystalline materials, is one of the key parameters to determine their physicochemical properties. Recently, great progress has been made in the synthesis of nanomaterials with unconventional phases that are different from their thermodynamically stable bulk counterparts via various synthetic methods. A nanocrystalline material can also be viewed as an assembly of atoms with long-range order. When larger entities, such as nanoclusters, nanoparticles, and microparticles, are used as building blocks, supercrystalline materials with rich phases are obtained, some of which even have no analogues in the atomic and molecular crystals. The unconventional phases of nanocrystalline and supercrystalline materials endow them with distinctive properties as compared to their conventional counterparts. This Review highlights the state-of-the-art progress of nanocrystalline and supercrystalline materials with unconventional phases constructed from multiscale building blocks, including atoms, nanoclusters, spherical and anisotropic nanoparticles, and microparticles. Emerging strategies for engineering their crystal phases are introduced, with highlights on the governing parameters that are essential for the formation of unconventional phases. Phase-dependent properties and applications of nanocrystalline and supercrystalline materials are summarized. Finally, major challenges and opportunities in future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jingtao Huang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wenxin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Chaoliang Tan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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122
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Wang C, Shang H, Jin L, Xu H, Du Y. Advances in hydrogen production from electrocatalytic seawater splitting. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7897-7912. [PMID: 33881101 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00784j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant resources on the Earth, seawater is not only a promising electrolyte for industrial hydrogen production through electrolysis, but also of great significance for the refining of edible salt. Despite the great potential for large-scale hydrogen production, the implementation of water electrolysis requires efficient and stable electrocatalysts that can maintain high activity for water splitting without chloride corrosion. Recent years have witnessed great achievements in the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts toward seawater splitting. Starting from the historical background to the most recent achievements, this review will provide insights into the current state, challenges, and future perspectives of hydrogen production through seawater electrolysis. In particular, the mechanisms of overall water splitting, key features of seawater electrolysis, noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis and the underlying mechanisms are also highlighted to provide guidance for fabricating more efficient electrocatalysts toward seawater splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Hongyuan Shang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Liujun Jin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Yukou Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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123
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Osugi S, Takano S, Masuda S, Harano K, Tsukuda T. Few-nm-sized, phase-pure Au 5Sn intermetallic nanoparticles: synthesis and characterization. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5177-5183. [PMID: 33881079 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of intermetallic compounds have attracted much interest because they can exhibit novel electronic and catalytic properties due to their specific crystal structure, ordered atomic arrangement, and quantum effect. Here, gold-tin (AuSn) bimetallic nanoparticles with various mixing ratios were prepared by a co-reduction method using various protective agents (e.g., polymer, amine, phosphine, carboxylic acid, and thiol). Powder X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy revealed that few-nm-sized, phase-pure Au5Sn intermetallic nanoparticles (IMNPs) were successfully synthesized when Au3+ and Sn2+ precursors with a ratio of 6 : 4 were co-reduced in the presence of oleylamine. The Au5Sn IMNPs thus prepared did not exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance, in contrast to pure Au nanoparticles of comparable sizes. This suggests that interband transition dominates the optical response due to an increase in the density of states near the Fermi level by introducing Sn. The Au5Sn IMNPs supported on mesoporous silica (SBA-15) catalyzed the aerobic oxidation reaction of indanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Osugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0031, Japan.
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0031, Japan.
| | - Shinya Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0031, Japan.
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0031, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0031, Japan. and Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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124
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Bueno SLA, Ashberry HM, Shafei I, Skrabalak SE. Building Durable Multimetallic Electrocatalysts from Intermetallic Seeds. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1662-1672. [PMID: 33377763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusWhen combined with earth-abundant metals, Pt-based alloy nanoparticles (NPs) can be cost-effective electrocatalysts. However, these NPs can experience leaching of non-noble-metal components under harsh electrocatalytic conditions. The Skrabalak group has demonstrated a novel NP construct in which Pt-based random alloy surfaces are stabilized against non-noble-metal leaching by their deposition onto intermetallic seeds. These core@shell NPs are highly durable electrocatalysts, with the ability to tune catalytic performance by the core@shell architecture, surface alloy composition, and NP shape. This versatility was demonstrated in a model system in which random alloy (ra-) PtM surfaces were deposited onto ordered intermetallic (i-) PdCu seeds using seed-mediated co-reduction (SMCR). In the initial demonstration, ra-PtCu shells were deposited on i-PdCu seeds, with these core@shell NPs exhibiting higher specific and mass activities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) when compared to similarly sized ra-PtCu NPs. These NPs also showed outstanding durability, maintaining ∼85% in specific activity after 5000 cycles. Characterization of the NPs after use revealed minimal loss of Cu. The activity enhancement was attributed to the strained surface that arises from the lattice mismatch between the intermetallic core and random alloy surface. The outstanding durability was attributed to the ordered structure of the intermetallic core.The origin of this durability enhancement was investigated by classical molecular dynamics simulations, where Pt atoms were found to have a lower potential energy when deposited on an intermetallic core than when deposited on a random alloy core. Also, ordering of Cu atoms at the core@shell interface appears to enhance the overall binding between the core and the shell materials. Inspired by this initial demonstration, SMCR has been used to achieve shells of different random alloy compositions, PtM (M = Ni, Co, Cu, or Fe). This advance is significant because ligand effects vary as a function of PtM identity and Pt/M ratio. These features also influence the degree of surface strain imparted from the lattice mismatch between the core and shell materials. Like the initial demonstration, standout features of these core@shell NPs were high durability and resistance to non-noble metal leaching.Moving forward, efforts have been directed toward integrating shape-control to this core@shell NP construct. This integration is motivated by the shape-dependent catalytic performance of NPs derived from the selective expression of specific facets. Considering the initial i-PdCu@ra-PtCu system, NPs with a cubic shape have been achieved by judicious selection of capping ligands during SMCR. Evaluation of these NPs as catalysts for the electrooxidation of formic acid found that the nanocubic shape enhances catalytic performance compared to similar core@shell NPs with a spherical morphology. We envision that SMCR can be applied to other NP systems to achieve highly durable catalysts as the syntheses of monodisperse and shape-controlled intermetallic seeds are advanced. This Account highlights the role of intermetallic cores in providing more durable electrocatalysts. More broadly, the versatility of SMCR is highlighted as a route to integrate architecture, alloy surfaces, and shape within one NP system, and how this achievement is inspiring new high-performance and robust catalysts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. A. Bueno
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University−Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hannah M. Ashberry
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University−Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ibrahim Shafei
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University−Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sara E. Skrabalak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University−Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Kim HY, Kim JY, Joo SH. Pt‐based
Intermetallic Nanocatalysts for Promoting the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Kim
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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126
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Zhang S, Saji SE, Yin Z, Zhang H, Du Y, Yan CH. Rare-Earth Incorporated Alloy Catalysts: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005988. [PMID: 33709501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve the performance of metallic catalysts, alloying provides an efficient methodology to design state-of-the-art materials. As emerging functional materials, rare-earth metal compounds can integrate the unique orbital structure and catalytic behavior of rare earth elements into metallic materials. Such rare-earth containing alloy catalysts proffer an opportunity to tailor electronic properties, tune charged carrier transport, and synergize surface reactivity, which are expected to significantly improve the performance and stability of catalysis. Despite its significance, there are only few reviews on rare earth containing alloys or related topics. This review summarizes the composition, synthesis, and applications of rare earth containing alloys in the field of catalysis. Subsequent to comprehensively summarizing and constructively discussing the existing work, the challenges and possibilities of future research on rare-earth metal compound materials are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Saji
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yaping Du
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chun-Hua Yan
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, PKU-HKU Joint Laboratory in Rare Earth Materials and Bioinorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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127
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Li F, Zong Y, Ma Y, Wang M, Shang W, Tao P, Song C, Deng T, Zhu H, Wu J. Atomistic Imaging of Competition between Surface Diffusion and Phase Transition during the Intermetallic Formation of Faceted Particles. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5284-5293. [PMID: 33606506 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To explore the ordering mechanism of facet alloy nanocrystals with randomly distributed atoms, we investigate kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors of the ordering phase transition from face-centered cubic Pt3Co nanocrystals to L12-Pt3Co intermetallic nanocrystals. It is observed that the ordering occurs from the surface and then gradually into the interior in a layer-by-layer mode, involving the competition between two kinds of phase transition modes: long-range surface diffusion-induced phase transition (SDIPT) and short-range reconstruction-induced body phase transition (RIBPT). The density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the surface status acts as a pivotal part in the thermodynamics and kinetics of the nanoscale ordering transition. With the development of the controllable heating process, both SDIPT and RIBPT modes can be manipulated as well as the morphology of the final product. This in situ work lays the foundations for potentially realizing shape-controlled intermetallic nanostructures by utilizing the thermal annealing method and makes preparations for the rational design of the surface and near-surface atomic configurations at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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128
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Ramos RCR, Regulacio MD. Controllable Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanostructures Using Biogenic Reagents: A Green Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7212-7228. [PMID: 33778236 PMCID: PMC7992060 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanostructures are emerging as a significant class of metal nanomaterials due to their exceptional properties that are useful in various areas of science and technology. When used for catalysis and sensing applications, bimetallic nanostructures have been noted to exhibit better performance relative to their monometallic counterparts owing to synergistic effects. Furthermore, their dual metal composition and configuration can be modulated to achieve optimal activity for the desired functions. However, as with other nanostructured metals, bimetallic nanostructures are usually prepared through wet chemical routes that involve the use of harsh reducing agents and hazardous stabilizing agents. In response to intensifying concerns over the toxicity of chemicals used in nanomaterial synthesis, the scientific community has increasingly turned its attention toward environmentally and biologically compatible reagents that can enable green and sustainable nanofabrication processes. This article aims to provide an evaluation of the green synthetic methods of constructing bimetallic nanostructures, with emphasis on the use of biogenic resources (e.g., plant extracts, DNA, proteins) as safe and practical reagents. Special attention is devoted to biogenic synthetic protocols that demonstrate controllable nanoscale features, such as size, composition, morphology, and configuration. The potential use of these biogenically prepared bimetallic nanostructures as catalysts and sensors is also discussed. It is hoped that this article will serve as a valuable reference on bimetallic nanostructures and will help fuel new ideas for the development of more eco-friendly strategies for the controllable synthesis of various types of nanostructured bimetallic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufus
Mart Ceasar R. Ramos
- Natural
Sciences Research Institute, University
of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Michelle D. Regulacio
- Natural
Sciences Research Institute, University
of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon
City 1101, Philippines
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129
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Bai JQ, Tamura M, Nakayama A, Nakagawa Y, Tomishige K. Comprehensive Study on Ni- or Ir-Based Alloy Catalysts in the Hydrogenation of Olefins and Mechanistic Insight. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-qi Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masazumi Tamura
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tomishige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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130
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Chee SW, Lunkenbein T, Schlögl R, Cuenya BR. In situand operandoelectron microscopy in heterogeneous catalysis-insights into multi-scale chemical dynamics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:153001. [PMID: 33825698 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abddfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review features state-of-the-artin situandoperandoelectron microscopy (EM) studies of heterogeneous catalysts in gas and liquid environments during reaction. Heterogeneous catalysts are important materials for the efficient production of chemicals/fuels on an industrial scale and for energy conversion applications. They also play a central role in various emerging technologies that are needed to ensure a sustainable future for our society. Currently, the rational design of catalysts has largely been hampered by our lack of insight into the working structures that exist during reaction and their associated properties. However, elucidating the working state of catalysts is not trivial, because catalysts are metastable functional materials that adapt dynamically to a specific reaction condition. The structural or morphological alterations induced by chemical reactions can also vary locally. A complete description of their morphologies requires that the microscopic studies undertaken span several length scales. EMs, especially transmission electron microscopes, are powerful tools for studying the structure of catalysts at the nanoscale because of their high spatial resolution, relatively high temporal resolution, and complementary capabilities for chemical analysis. Furthermore, recent advances have enabled the direct observation of catalysts under realistic environmental conditions using specialized reaction cells. Here, we will critically discuss the importance of spatially-resolvedoperandomeasurements and the available experimental setups that enable (1) correlated studies where EM observations are complemented by separate measurements of reaction kinetics or spectroscopic analysis of chemical species during reaction or (2) real-time studies where the dynamics of catalysts are followed with EM and the catalytic performance is extracted directly from the reaction cell that is within the EM column or chamber. Examples of current research in this field will be presented. Challenges in the experimental application of these techniques and our perspectives on the field's future directions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Wee Chee
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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131
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Naina VR, Wang S, Sharapa DI, Zimmermann M, Hähsler M, Niebl-Eibenstein L, Wang J, Wöll C, Wang Y, Singh SK, Studt F, Behrens S. Shape-Selective Synthesis of Intermetallic Pd 3Pb Nanocrystals and Enhanced Catalytic Properties in the Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Reddy Naina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Catalysis Group, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552 Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry I. Sharapa
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Hähsler
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Niebl-Eibenstein
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Junjun Wang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yuemin Wang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Catalysis Group, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552 Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Science, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Engesserstr. 20, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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132
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Dietrich C, Chen S, Uzunidis G, Hähsler M, Träutlein Y, Behrens S. Bimetallic Pd/Sn-based Nanoparticles and their Catalytic Properties in the Semihydrogenation of Diphenylacetylene. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:296-304. [PMID: 33751864 PMCID: PMC7944562 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimetallic nanoparticles often enhance the catalytic performance of their monometallic counterparts by increasing reaction rates, catalyst selectivity, and/or stability. A prerequisite for understanding structure- and composition-associated properties, however, is the careful design of multimetallic nanoparticles with various structures and compositions. Here, bimetallic Pd/Sn-based nanoparticles are prepared with a tunable composition and structure exploiting ionic liquids (ILs) as reaction medium (i. e., methyltrioctylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide). The nanoparticles are obtained in a one-pot synthetic procedure by reducing the metal salt precursors with triethylborohydride in the IL. The results show that the reaction parameters, in particular the nature and ratio of the Pd2+ /Sn2+ precursors as well as the reaction temperature, influence NP formation and composition. X-ray diffraction with Rietveld analysis and transmission electron microscopy are employed to determine NP size and phase composition. Under optimized reaction conditions Pd2 Sn or PdSn nanocrystals are formed as single-phase products after introducing an additional annealing step at 200 °C. Nanocrystals with intermetallic composition reveal enhanced catalytic properties in the semihydrogenation of diphenylacetylene which was used as a model reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dietrich
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Si Chen
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Georgios Uzunidis
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Martin Hähsler
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Yannick Träutlein
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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133
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Chen AN, Endres EJ, Ashberry HM, Bueno SLA, Chen Y, Skrabalak SE. Galvanic replacement of intermetallic nanocrystals as a route toward complex heterostructures. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2618-2625. [PMID: 33491702 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08255d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Galvanic replacement reactions are a reliable method for transforming monometallic nanotemplates into bimetallic products with complex nanoscale architectures. When replacing bimetallic nanotemplates, even more complex multimetallic products can be made, with final nanocrystal shapes and architectures depending on multiple processes, including Ostwald ripening and the Kirkendall effect. Galvanic replacement, therefore, is a promising tool in increasing the architectural complexity of multimetallic templates, especially if we can identify and control the relevant processes in a given system and apply them more broadly. Here, we study the transformation of intermetallic PdCu nanoparticles in the presence of HAuCl4 and H2PtCl6, both of which are capable of oxidizing both Pd and Cu. Replacement products consistently lost Cu more quickly than Pd, preserved the crystal structure of the original intermetallic template, and grew a new phase on the sacrificial template. In this way, atomic and nanometer-scale architectures are integrated within individual nanocrystals. Product morphologies included faceting of the original spherical particles as well as formation of core@shell and Janus-style particles. These variations are rationalized in terms of differing diffusion behaviors. Overall, galvanic replacement of multimetallic templates is shown to be a route toward increasingly exotic particle architectures with control exerted on both Angstrom and nanometer-scale features, while inviting further consideration of template and oxidant choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Emma J Endres
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Hannah M Ashberry
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Sandra L A Bueno
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Sara E Skrabalak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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134
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Cui Z. Strategies to enhance the electrochemical performances of Pt-based intermetallic catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11-26. [PMID: 33295889 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The need for improving the energy conversion efficiency of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has motivated the development of advanced electrocatalysts with desirable activity and durability. Pt-Based intermetallic compounds, featuring atomically ordered structures, have long been considered to be very promising alternatives to widely employed Pt and Pt alloy (solid solutions) catalysts. To facilitate the practical application of Pt-based intermetallics in PEMFCs, effective strategies have been developed to further improve their catalytic activity and durability over the last decade. This feature article overviews the recent advances on the strategies for enhancing the electrochemical performances of Pt-based intermetallic catalysts, which include size control, surface engineering, and composition tuning. Thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives on the formation of the intermetallic phases are summarized to better design the synthesis conditions and realize the size control. After this, the size-control approaches (e.g. coating protection, matrix protection) are illustrated and discussed. We highlight the positive effect of surface engineering and discuss the recently developed methods for surface engineering. Finally, we discuss the thermodynamic feasibility of composition tuning and recent work based on composition-tunable intermetallic electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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135
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Ma Y, Kuhn AN, Gao W, Al-Zoubi T, Du H, Pan X, Yang H. Strong electrostatic adsorption approach to the synthesis of sub-three nanometer intermetallic platinum–cobalt oxygen reduction catalysts. NANO ENERGY 2021; 79:105465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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136
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Bose P, Chakraborty P, Mohanty JS, Ray Chowdhuri A, Khatun E, Ahuja T, Mahendranath A, Pradeep T. Atom transfer between precision nanoclusters and polydispersed nanoparticles: a facile route for monodisperse alloy nanoparticles and their superstructures. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22116-22128. [PMID: 33118573 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactions between atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters (NCs) have been studied widely in the recent past, but such processes between NCs and plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) have not been explored earlier. For the first time, we demonstrate spontaneous reactions between an atomically precise NC, Au25(PET)18 (PET = 2-phenylethanethiol), and polydispersed silver NPs with an average diameter of 4 nm and protected with PET, resulting in alloy NPs under ambient conditions. These reactions were specific to the nature of the protecting ligands as no reaction was observed between the Au25(SBB)18 NC (SBB = 4-(tert-butyl)benzyl mercaptan) and the very same silver NPs. The mechanism involves an interparticle exchange of the metal and ligand species where the metal-ligand interface plays a vital role in controlling the reaction. The reaction proceeds through transient Au25-xAgx(PET)n alloy cluster intermediates as observed in time-dependent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of the resulting dispersion showed the transformation of polydispersed silver NPs into highly monodisperse gold-silver alloy NPs which assembled to form 2-dimensional superlattices. Using NPs of other average sizes (3 and 8 nm), we demonstrated that size plays an important role in the reactivity as observed in ESI MS and HRTEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Bose
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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137
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Smuda M, Damm C, Ruck M, Doert T. Mechanism of Bi-Ni Phase Formation in a Microwave-Assisted Polyol Process. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:1085-1094. [PMID: 33163325 PMCID: PMC7607453 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Typically, intermetallic phases are obtained in solid-state reactions or crystallization from melts, which are highly energy and time consuming. The polyol process takes advantage of low temperatures and short reaction times using easily obtainable starting materials. The formation mechanism of these intermetallic particles has received little attention so far, even though a deeper understanding should allow for better synthesis planning. In this study, we therefore investigated the formation of BiNi particles in ethylene glycol in a microwave-assisted polyol process mechanistically. The coordination behavior in solution was analyzed using HPLC-MS and UV-Vis. Tracking the reaction with PXRD measurements, FT-IR spectroscopy and HR-TEM revealed a successive reduction of Bi3+ and Ni2+, leading to novel spherical core-shell structure in a first reaction step. Bismuth particles are encased in a matrix of nickel nanoparticles of 2 nm to 6 nm in diameter and oxidation products of ethylene glycol. Step-wise diffusion of nickel into the bismuth particle intermediately results in the bismuth-rich compound Bi3Ni, which consecutively transforms into the BiNi phase as the reaction progresses. The impacts of the anion type, temperature and pH value were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Smuda
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Christine Damm
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstr. 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of SolidsNöthnizer Str 4001187DresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Doert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
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138
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Zhao J, Chen B, Wang F. Shedding Light on the Role of Misfit Strain in Controlling Core-Shell Nanocrystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004142. [PMID: 33051904 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heteroepitaxial modification of nanomaterials has become a powerful means to create novel functionalities for various applications. One of the most elementary factors in heteroepitaxial nanostructures is the misfit strain arising from mismatched lattices of the constituent parts. Misfit strain not only dictates epitaxy kinetics for diversifying nanocrystal morphologies but also provides rational control over materials properties. In recent years, advances in chemical synthesis along with the rapid development of electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques have enabled a substantial understanding of strain-related processes, which offers theoretical foundation and experimental guidance for researchers to refine heteroepitaxial nanostructures and their properties. Herein, recent investigations on heterogeneous core-shell nanocrystals containing misfit strains are summarized, with a focus on the mechanistic understanding of strain and strain-induced effects such as tuning the epitaxial habit, modulating the optical emission, and enhancing the catalytic activity and magnetic coercivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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139
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Li J, Sharma S, Wei K, Chen Z, Morris D, Lin H, Zeng C, Chi M, Yin Z, Muzzio M, Shen M, Zhang P, Peterson AA, Sun S. Anisotropic Strain Tuning of L10 Ternary Nanoparticles for Oxygen Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19209-19216. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Shubham Sharma
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Kecheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Zitao Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Honghong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Cheng Zeng
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zhouyang Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Michelle Muzzio
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Mengqi Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew A. Peterson
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Shouheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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140
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Kim HY, Kwon T, Ha Y, Jun M, Baik H, Jeong HY, Kim H, Lee K, Joo SH. Intermetallic PtCu Nanoframes as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7413-7421. [PMID: 32924501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoframe alloy structures represent a class of high-performance catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), owing to their high active surface area, efficient molecular accessibility, and nanoconfinement effect. However, structural and chemical instabilities of nanoframes remain an important challenge. Here, we report the synthesis of PtCu nanoframes constructed with an atomically ordered intermetallic structure (O-PtCuNF/C) showing high ORR activity, durability, and chemical stability. We rationally designed the O-PtCuNF/C catalyst by combining theoretical composition predictions with a silica-coating-mediated synthesis. The O-PtCuNF/C combines intensified strain and ligand effects from the intermetallic PtCu L11 structure and advantages of the nanoframes, resulting in superior ORR activity to disordered alloy PtCu nanoframes (D-PtCuNF/C) and commercial Pt/C catalysts. Importantly, the O-PtCuNF/C showed the highest ORR mass activity among PtCu-based catalysts. Furthermore, the O-PtCuNF/C exhibited higher ORR durability and far less etching of constituent atoms than D-PtCuNF/C and Pt/C, attesting to the chemically stable nature of the intermetallic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoo Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Jun
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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141
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Zhang J, Shen L, Jiang Y, Sun S. Random alloy and intermetallic nanocatalysts in fuel cell reactions. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19557-19581. [PMID: 32986070 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fuel cells that use small organic molecules or hydrogen as the anode fuel can power clean electric vehicles. From an experimental perspective, the possible fuel cells' electrocatalytic reaction mechanisms are obtained through in situ electrochemical spectroscopy techniques and density functional theory calculations, providing theoretical guidance for further development of novel nanocatalysts. As advanced nanocatalysts for fuel cells' electrochemical reactions, alloy nanomaterials have greatly improved electrocatalytic activity and stability and have attracted widespread attention. Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of alloy nanocatalysts could be closely related to the synergistic effects, such as electronic and strain effects. Depending on the arrangement of atoms, alloys can be classified into random alloy and intermetallic compounds (ordered structure). Intermetallic compounds generally have lower heats of formation and stronger heteroatomic bonding strength relative to the random alloy, resulting in high chemical and structural stability in either full pH solutions or electrochemical tests. Here, we summarize the latest advances and the structure-function relationship of noble metal alloy nanocatalysts, among which Pt-based catalysts are the main ones, as well as comprehensively understand why they significantly affect the electrocatalytic performance of fuel cells. Novel alloy nanocatalysts with a robust three-phase interface to achieve efficient charge and mass transfer can obtain desirable activity and stability in the electrochemical workstation tests, and is expected to acquire a higher power density on fuel cell test systems with harsh test conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.
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142
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Wang AL, Zhu L, Yun Q, Han S, Zeng L, Cao W, Meng X, Xia J, Lu Q. Bromide Ions Triggered Synthesis of Noble Metal-Based Intermetallic Nanocrystals. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003782. [PMID: 32877008 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ordered intermetallic nanomaterials with a well-defined crystal structure and fixed stoichiometry facilitate the predictable control of their electronic structure and catalytic performance. To obtain the thermodynamically stable intermetallic structures, the conventional approaches with high-temperature annealing are still far from satisfactory, because of annealing-induced aggregation and sintering of nanomaterials. Herein, a general wet-chemical method is developed to synthesize a series of noble metal-based intermetallic nanocrystals, including hexagonal close-packed (hcp) PtBi nanoplates, face-centered cubic (fcc) Pd3 Pb nanocubes, and hcp Pd2.5 Bi1.5 nanoparticles. During the synthetic process, Br- ions play two important roles for the formation of ordered intermetallic structures: i) Br- ions can coordinate with the metal ions to decrease their reduction potentials thus slowing down the reduction kinetics. ii) Br- ions can combine with molecular oxygen to generate an oxidative etching effect, hence reconstructing the atom arrangement, which is beneficial for the formation of the intermetallic structure. As a proof-of-concept application, Pd3 Pb nanocubes are used as electrocatalysts for ethanol and methanol oxidation reactions, which exhibit significantly improved electrochemical performance compared with the commercial Pd black catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, P. R. China
| | - Qinbai Yun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sumei Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Li Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiangmin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qipeng Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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143
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Liu Z, Zhao Z, Peng B, Duan X, Huang Y. Beyond Extended Surfaces: Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Nanocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17812-17827. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zipeng Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bosi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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144
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Williams BP, Qi Z, Huang W, Tsung CK. The impact of synthetic method on the catalytic application of intermetallic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18545-18562. [PMID: 32970090 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intermetallic alloy nanocrystals have emerged as a promising next generation of nanocatalyst, largely due to their promise of surface tunability. Atomic control of the geometric and electronic structure of the nanoparticle surface offers a precise command of the catalytic surface, with the potential for creating homogeneous active sites that extend over the entire nanoparticle. Realizing this promise, however, has been limited by synthetic difficulties, imparted by differences in parent metal crystal structure, reduction potential, and atomic size. Further, little attention has been paid to the impact of synthetic method on catalytic application. In this review, we seek to connect the two, organizing the current synthesis methods and catalytic scope of intermetallic nanoparticles and suggesting areas where more work is needed. Such analysis should help to guide future intermetallic nanoparticle development, with the ultimate goal of generating precisely controlled nanocatalysts tailored to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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145
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Zhou M, Li C, Fang J. Noble-Metal Based Random Alloy and Intermetallic Nanocrystals: Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 121:736-795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Can Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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146
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Yoo TY, Yoo JM, Sinha AK, Bootharaju MS, Jung E, Lee HS, Lee BH, Kim J, Antink WH, Kim YM, Lee J, Lee E, Lee DW, Cho SP, Yoo SJ, Sung YE, Hyeon T. Direct Synthesis of Intermetallic Platinum-Alloy Nanoparticles Highly Loaded on Carbon Supports for Efficient Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14190-14200. [PMID: 32787259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Compared to nanostructured platinum (Pt) catalysts, ordered Pt-based intermetallic nanoparticles supported on a carbon substrate exhibit much enhanced catalytic performance, especially in fuel cell electrocatalysis. However, direct synthesis of homogeneous intermetallic alloy nanocatalysts on carbonaceous supports with high loading is still challenging. Herein, we report a novel synthetic strategy to directly produce highly dispersed MPt alloy nanoparticles (M = Fe, Co, or Ni) on various carbon supports with high catalyst loading. Importantly, a unique bimetallic compound, composed of [M(bpy)3]2+ cation (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and [PtCl6]2- anion, evenly decomposes on carbon surface and forms uniformly sized intermetallic nanoparticles with a nitrogen-doped carbon protection layer. The excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability of the representative reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-supported L10-FePt catalyst (37 wt %-FePt/rGO), exhibiting 18.8 times higher specific activity than commercial Pt/C catalyst without degradation over 20 000 cycles, well demonstrate the effectiveness of our synthetic approach toward uniformly alloyed nanoparticles with high homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yong Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Mun Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Arun Kumar Sinha
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Euiyeon Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seok Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wytse Hooch Antink
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungjun Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Pyo Cho
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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147
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Kwon T, Jun M, Lee K. Catalytic Nanoframes and Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001345. [PMID: 32633878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing need for the production and expenditure of sustainable energy is a result of the astonishing rate of consumption of fossil fuels and the accompanying environmental problems. Emphasis is being directed to the generation of sustainable energy by the fuel cell and water splitting technologies. Accordingly, the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts has attracted significant interest, as the fuel cell and water splitting technologies are critically dependent on their performance. Among numerous catalyst designs under investigation, nanoframe catalysts have an intrinsically large surface area per volume and a tunable composition, which impacts the number of catalytically active sites and their intrinsic catalytic activity, respectively. Nevertheless, the structural integrity of the nanoframe during electrochemical operation is an ongoing concern. Some significant advances in the field of nanoframe catalysts have been recently accomplished, specifically geared to resolving the catalytic stability concerns and significantly boosting the intrinsic catalytic activity of the active sites. Herein, general synthetic concepts of nanoframe structures and their structure-dependent catalytic performance are summarized, along with recent notable advances in this field. A discussion on the remaining challenges and future directions, addressing the limitations of nanoframe catalysts, are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Jun
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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148
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Shi Y, Lyu Z, Zhao M, Chen R, Nguyen QN, Xia Y. Noble-Metal Nanocrystals with Controlled Shapes for Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 121:649-735. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhiheng Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Quynh N. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia 30030, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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149
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Xu SL, Shen SC, Zhao S, Ding YW, Chu SQ, Chen P, Lin Y, Liang HW. Synthesis of carbon-supported sub-2 nanometer bimetallic catalysts by strong metal-sulfur interaction. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7933-7939. [PMID: 34094162 PMCID: PMC8163286 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02620d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-sized bimetallic nanoparticles that integrate the advantages of efficient exposure of the active metal surface and optimal geometric/electronic effects are of immense interest in the field of catalysis, yet there are few universal strategies for synthesizing such unique structures. Here, we report a novel method to synthesize sub-2 nm bimetallic nanoparticles (Pt-Co, Rh-Co, and Ir-Co) on mesoporous sulfur-doped carbon (S-C) supports. The approach is based on the strong chemical interaction between metals and sulfur atoms that are doped in the carbon matrix, which suppresses the metal aggregation at high temperature and thus ensures the formation of small-sized and well alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles. We also demonstrate the enhanced catalytic performance of the small-sized bimetallic Pt-Co nanoparticle catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Long Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shan-Cheng Shen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yan-Wei Ding
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Sheng-Qi Chu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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150
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbo Gao
- Center for Materials Chemistry, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Fenglei Lyu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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