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An exploratory proton MRS examination of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and glutamine and their relationship to affective aspects of chronic pain. Neurosci Res 2020; 163:10-17. [PMID: 32171782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Veterans experience chronic pain more frequently than civilians. Identification of neurobiological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of chronic pain in a veteran population may aid in the development of novel treatment targets. In this pilot proof-of-concept study, veterans with chronic pain (N = 61) and no chronic pain (N = 19) completed clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires inquiring about pain history, interference of pain with daily life, and pain catastrophizing, as well as measures of depressive and anxious symptoms. Veterans also underwent single-voxel proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 3 T in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using a two-dimensional (2D) J-resolved point spectroscopy sequence. We found no group difference in neurometabolites between veterans with and without chronic pain; however, pain intensity, negative thinking about pain, and description of pain in affective terms were associated with lower GABA/Cre in the ACC. In addition, the Glu/GABA ratio in the ACC was positively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms in veterans with chronic pain. Reductions in GABA in the ACC may contribute to increased pain intensity and greater pain catastrophizing in veterans with chronic pain. Furthermore, a disturbance in the excitatory-inhibitory balance may contribute to the anxious and depressive symptoms related to chronic pain. Given the pilot nature of the study, these findings must be considered preliminary.
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102
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GlnR Negatively Regulates Glutamate-Dependent Acid Resistance in Lactobacillus brevis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02615-19. [PMID: 31953336 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02615-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria often encounter a variety of multiple stresses in their natural and industrial fermentation environments. The glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system is one of the most important acid resistance systems in lactic acid bacteria. In this study, we demonstrated that GlnR, a nitrogen regulator in Gram-positive bacteria, directly modulated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) conversion from glutamate and was involved in glutamate-dependent acid resistance in Lactobacillus brevis The glnR deletion strain (ΔglnR mutant) achieved a titer of 284.7 g/liter GABA, which is 9.8-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. The cell survival of the glnR deletion strain was significantly higher than that of the wild-type strain under the condition of acid challenge and was positively correlated with initial glutamate concentration and GABA production. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays demonstrated that GlnR inhibited the transcription of the glutamate decarboxylase-encoding gene (gadB), glutamate/GABA antiporter-encoding gene (gadC), glutamine synthetase-encoding gene (glnA), and specific transcriptional regulator-encoding gene (gadR) involved in gadCB operon regulation. Moreover, GABA production and glutamate-dependent acid resistance were absolutely abolished in the gadR glnR deletion strain. Electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays revealed that GlnR directly bound to the 5'-untranslated regions of the gadR gene and gadCB operon, thus inhibiting their transcription. These results revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of GlnR on glutamate-dependent acid resistance in Lactobacillus IMPORTANCE Free-living lactic acid bacteria often encounter acid stresses because of their organic acid-producing features. Several acid resistance mechanisms, such as the glutamate decarboxylase system, F1Fo-ATPase proton pump, and alkali production, are usually employed to relieve growth inhibition caused by acids. The glutamate decarboxylase system is vital for GAD-containing lactic acid bacteria to protect cells from DNA damage, enzyme inactivation, and product yield loss in acidic habitats. In this study, we found that a MerR-type regulator, GlnR, was involved in glutamate-dependent acid resistance by directly regulating the transcription of the gadR gene and gadCB operon, resulting in an inhibition of GABA conversion from glutamate in L. brevis This study represents a novel mechanism for GlnR's regulation of glutamate-dependent acid resistance and also provides a simple and novel strategy to engineer Lactobacillus strains to elevate their acid resistance as well as GABA conversion from glutamate.
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Le PH, Verscheure L, Le TT, Verheust Y, Raes K. Implementation of HPLC Analysis for γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in Fermented Food Matrices. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Park SH, Sohn YJ, Park SJ, Choi JI. Effect of DR1558, a Deinococcus radiodurans response regulator, on the production of GABA in the recombinant Escherichia coli under low pH conditions. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:64. [PMID: 32156293 PMCID: PMC7063819 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important platform chemical, which has been used as a food additive and drug. Additionally, GABA is a precursor of 2-pyrrolidone, which is used in nylon synthesis. GABA is usually synthesized from glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). Currently, there are several reports on GABA production from monosodium glutamate (MSG) or glucose using engineered microbes. However, the optimal pH for GAD activity is 4, which is the limiting factor for the efficient microbial fermentative production of GABA as fermentations are performed at pH 7. Recently, DR1558, a response regulator in the two-component signal transduction system was identified in Deinococcus radiodurans. DR1558 is reported to confer cellular robustness to cells by binding the promoter regions of genes via DNA-binding domains or by binding to the effector molecules, which enable the microorganisms to survive in various environmental stress conditions, such as oxidative stress, high osmotic shock, and low pH. RESULTS In this study, the effect of DR1558 in enhancing GABA production was examined using two different strategies: whole-cell bioconversion of GABA from MSG and direct fermentative production of GABA from glucose under acidic culture conditions. In the whole-cell bioconversion, GABA produced by E. coli expressing GadBC and DR1558 (6.52 g/L GABA from 13 g/L MSG·H2O) in shake flask culture at pH 4.5 was 2.2-fold higher than that by E. coli expressing only GadBC (2.97 g/L of GABA from 13 g/L MSG·H2O). In direct fermentative production of GABA from glucose, E. coli ∆gabT expressing isocitrate dehydrogenase (IcdA), glutamate dehydrogenase (GdhA), GadBC, and DR1558 produced 1.7-fold higher GABA (2.8 g/L of GABA from 30 g/L glucose) than E. coli ∆gabT expressing IcdA, GdhA, and GadBC (1.6 g/L of GABA from 30 g/L glucose) in shake flask culture at an initial pH 7.0. The transcriptional analysis of E. coli revealed that DR1558 conferred acid resistance to E. coli during GABA production. The fed-batch fermentation of E. coli expressing IcdA, GdhA, GadBC, and DR1558 performed at pH 5.0 resulted in the final GABA titer of 6.16 g/L by consuming 116.82 g/L of glucose in 38 h. CONCLUSION This is the first report to demonstrate GABA production by acidic fermentation and to provide an engineering strategy for conferring acid resistance to the recombinant E. coli for GABA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Interdisciplinary Program for Bioenergy & Biomaterials, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Sohn
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Interdisciplinary Program for Bioenergy & Biomaterials, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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105
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Saidi V, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M, Kobarfard F, Soleimanian-Zad S. Bioactive characteristics of a semi-hard non-starter culture cheese made from raw or pasteurized sheep's milk. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:85. [PMID: 32089980 PMCID: PMC7000560 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of pasteurization and use of starter cultures on physicochemical, microbiological and functional properties of a traditional Iranian semi-hard cheese (Lighvan cheese) was evaluated during stages of ripening (1, 60, 120 days). Profiles of polar metabolites were analyzed by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). Considerable free amino acids such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were found in samples that have higher microbial communities i.e. raw sheep's milk without use of starter cultures and pasteurized sheep's milk cheese with co-culture. However, GABA was not found in pasteurized sheep's milk cheese without starter culture during ripening. Conclusively, the application of the starter culture could reduce the ripening time of sheep's milk cheese and could be an appropriate approach to increase the functionality of the sheep's milk cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Saidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Sheikh-Zeinoddin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sabihe Soleimanian-Zad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
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106
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Shin J, Lee YM, Oh J, Jung S, Oh JW. Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid and piperine on gene regulation in pig kidney epithelial cell lines. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1497-1506. [PMID: 32054169 PMCID: PMC7468175 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and piperine (PIP) are both nutritional supplements with potential use in animal diets. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of GABA and/or PIP treatment on the gene expression pattern of a pig kidney epithelial cell line. Methods LLCPK1 cells were treated with GABA, PIP, or both, and then the gene expression pattern was analyzed using microarray. Gene ontology analysis was done using GeneOntology (Geneontology.org), and validation was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Gene ontology enrichment analysis was used to identify key pathway(s) of genes whose expression levels were regulated by these treatments. Microarray results showed that GABA had a positive effect on the transcription of genes related to regulation of erythrocyte differentiation and that GABA and PIP in combination had a synergistic effect on genes related to immune systems and processes. Furthermore, we found that effects of GABA and/or PIP on these selected genes were controlled by JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. Conclusion These results can improve our understanding of mechanisms involved in the effect of GABA and/or PIP treatment on pig kidney epithelial cells. They can also help us evaluate their potential as a clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Yoon-Mi Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Jeongheon Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Seunghwa Jung
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
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Zhang QF, Hu S, Zhao WR, Huang J, Mei JQ, Mei LH. Parallel Strategy Increases the Thermostability and Activity of Glutamate Decarboxylase. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030690. [PMID: 32041144 PMCID: PMC7037157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is a unique pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that specifically catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which exhibits several well-known physiological functions. However, glutamate decarboxylase from different sources has the common problem of poor thermostability that affects its application in industry. In this study, a parallel strategy comprising sequential analysis and free energy calculation was applied to identify critical amino acid sites affecting thermostability of GAD and select proper mutation contributing to improve structure rigidity of the enzyme. Two mutant enzymes, D203E and S325A, with higher thermostability were obtained, and their semi-inactivation temperature (T5015) values were 2.3 °C and 1.4 °C higher than the corresponding value of the wild-type enzyme (WT), respectively. Moreover, the mutant, S325A, exhibited enhanced activity compared to the wild type, with a 1.67-fold increase. The parallel strategy presented in this work proved to be an efficient tool for the reinforcement of protein thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Fei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.H.); (W.-R.Z.)
| | - Wei-Rui Zhao
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.H.); (W.-R.Z.)
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Jia-Qi Mei
- Hangzhou Zhongmei Huadong Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 31011, China;
| | - Le-He Mei
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.H.); (W.-R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-879-531-61
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108
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Cui Y, Miao K, Niyaphorn S, Qu X. Production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid from Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030995. [PMID: 32028587 PMCID: PMC7037312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is widely distributed in nature and considered a potent bioactive compound with numerous and important physiological functions, such as anti-hypertensive and antidepressant activities. There is an ever-growing demand for GABA production in recent years. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the most important GABA producers because of their food-grade nature and potential of producing GABA-rich functional foods directly. In this paper, the GABA-producing LAB species, the biosynthesis pathway of GABA by LAB, and the research progress of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme of GABA biosynthesis, were reviewed. Furthermore, GABA production enhancement strategies are reviewed, from optimization of culture conditions and genetic engineering to physiology-oriented engineering approaches and co-culture methods. The advances in both the molecular mechanisms of GABA biosynthesis and the technologies of synthetic biology and genetic engineering will promote GABA production of LAB to meet people’s demand for GABA. The aim of the review is to provide an insight of microbial engineering for improved production of GABA by LAB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Cui
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kai Miao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (K.M.)
| | - Siripitakyotin Niyaphorn
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (K.M.)
| | - Xiaojun Qu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China;
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109
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Matys J, Gieroba B, Jóźwiak K. Recent developments of bioanalytical methods in determination of neurotransmitters in vivo. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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110
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Rich LJ, Bagga P, Wilson NE, Schnall MD, Detre JA, Haris M, Reddy R. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 2H-to- 1H exchange quantifies the dynamics of cellular metabolism in vivo. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:335-342. [PMID: 31988460 PMCID: PMC7071956 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative mapping of the in vivo dynamics of cellular metabolism via non-invasive imaging contributes to the understanding of the initiation and progression of diseases associated with dysregulated metabolic processes. Current methods for imaging cellular metabolism are limited by low sensitivities, by costs, or by the use of specialized hardware. Here, we introduce a method that captures the turnover of cellular metabolites by quantifying signal reductions in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) resulting from the replacement of 1H with 2H. The method, which we termed quantitative exchanged-label turnover MRS, only requires deuterium-labelled glucose and standard MRI scanners, and with a single acquisition provides steady-state information and metabolic rates for several metabolites. We used the method to monitor glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid and lactate in the brains of normal and glioma-bearing rats following the administration of 2H2-labelled glucose and 2H3-labelled acetate. Quantitative exchanged-label turnover MRS should broaden the applications of routine 1H MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Rich
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil E Wilson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell D Schnall
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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111
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Yılmaz C, Özdemir F, Gökmen V. Investigation of free amino acids, bioactive and neuroactive compounds in different types of tea and effect of black tea processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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112
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Han M, Liao WY, Wu SM, Gong X, Bai C. Use of Streptococcus thermophilus for the in situ production of γ-aminobutyric acid-enriched fermented milk. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:98-105. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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113
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Kim S, Jo K, Hong KB, Han SH, Suh HJ. GABA and l-theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:65-73. [PMID: 30707852 PMCID: PMC6366437 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1557698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and it is well established that activation of GABAA receptors favours sleep. l-Theanine, a naturally occurring amino acid first discovered in green tea, is a well-known anti-anxiety supplement with proven relaxation benefits. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the potential synergistic sleep enhancement effect of GABA/l-theanine mixture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pentobarbital-induced sleep test was applied to find proper concentration for sleep-promoting effect in ICR mice. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis was performed to investigate total sleeping time and sleep quality in normal SD rats and caffeine-induced awareness model. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to investigate whether the sleep-promoting mechanism of GABA/l-theanine mixture involved transcriptional processes. RESULTS GABA/l-theanine mixture (100/20 mg/kg) showed a decrease in sleep latency (20.7 and 14.9%) and an increase in sleep duration (87.3 and 26.8%) compared to GABA or theanine alone. GABA/l-theanine mixture led to a significant increase in rapid eye movement (REM) (99.6%) and non-REM (NREM) (20.6%) compared to controls. The use of GABA/l-theanine mixture rather than GABA or l-theanine alone restored to normal levels sleep time and quality in the arousal animal model. The administration of GABA/l-theanine led to increased expression of GABA and the glutamate GluN1 receptor subunit. CONCLUSIONS GABA/l-theanine mixture has a positive synergistic effect on sleep quality and duration as compared to the GABA or l-theanine alone. The increase in GABA receptor and GluN1 expression is attributed to the potential neuromodulatory properties of GABA/l-theanine combination, which seems to affect sleep behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeon Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungae Jo
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bae Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Sung Hee Han
- BK21 Plus, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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114
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The Metabolic Interplay between Cancer and Other Diseases. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:809-821. [PMID: 31813458 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, knowledge of cancer metabolism has expanded exponentially and has provided several clinically relevant targets for cancer therapy. Although these current approaches have shown promise, there are very few studies showing how seemingly unrelated metabolic processes in other diseases can readily occur in cancer. Moreover, the striking metabolic overlap between cancer and other diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, neurological, obesity, and aging has provided key therapeutic strategies that have even begun to be translated into clinical trials. These promising results necessitate consideration of the interconnected metabolic network while studying the metabolism of cancer. This review article discusses how cancer metabolism is intertwined with systemic metabolism and how knowledge from other diseases can help to broaden therapeutic opportunities for cancer.
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115
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Le PH, Le TT, Raes K. Effects of pH and heat treatment on the stability of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinated soymilk. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Hong Le
- Research Group VEG‐i‐TEC Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Belgium
- Department of Chemical Engineering Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Thien Trung Le
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Food Science and Technology Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Katleen Raes
- Research Group VEG‐i‐TEC Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Belgium
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116
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Xia Y, Chen S, Zhao Y, Chen S, Huang R, Zhu G, Yin Y, Ren W, Deng J. GABA attenuates ETEC-induced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis involving GABA AR signaling and the AMPK-autophagy pathway. Food Funct 2019; 10:7509-7522. [PMID: 31670355 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01863h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) triggers diarrhea in humans and livestock. We have previously showed that ETEC promotes intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and increases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in the jejunum, suggesting that GABA might mediate ETEC-induced apoptosis. Here, we found that GABA alleviates ETEC-induced intestinal barrier dysfunctions, including ETEC-induced apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, the alleviation of GABA on ETEC-induced apoptosis largely depends on autophagy. Mechanistically, GABA attenuates ETEC-induced apoptosis via activating GABAAR signaling and the AMPK-autophagy pathway. These findings highlight that maintaining intestinal GABA concentration could alleviate intestinal ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuai Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. and Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Griffiths A, Hadley L. The prevalence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in motor vehicle drivers and its co-administration with amphetamine type substances (ATS) in Queensland, Australia (2011-2018). Forensic Sci Int 2019; 303:109958. [PMID: 31542401 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The routine analysis of driver specimens for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is rarely performed by toxicology laboratories as the physical and chemical properties of GHB make it unamenable to the screening methods usually employed. The prevalence of the drug in driver populations has therefore only rarely been reported. This study outlines the results of the routine analysis for GHB in the blood of motor vehicle drivers in Queensland, Australia, over an eight-year period (2011-2018). The methodology for GHB analysis was updated over the course of the study; screening for GHB was conducted using GC/FID or GC/MS between 2011 and 2016 and by LC/MS/MS from 2017 onwards. Due to the endogenous nature of GHB, any specimens containing greater than 5mg/kg GHB were subjected to quantitative analysis by either; GC/MS after liquid-liquid extraction and derivatisation with BSTFA+1%TMCS (2011-2016), or by LC/MS/MS analysis after solvent precipitation from 2017 onwards. Of the 15,061 specimens analysed, 160 were positive for GHB (1.1% of all cases, range 0.4-1.8%). GHB positive drivers were 66.9% male (33.1% female) and had an average age of 32 years. The mean GHB concentration identified was 89mg/kg (range 6-354mg/kg). GHB was found to be closely associated with amphetamine type substances (ATS), particularly methylamphetamine. Though GHB was present in only 2.2% of all ATS positive specimens submitted to the laboratory, 91.2% of all GHB positive cases contained an ATS. Other drugs commonly co-administered with GHB were THC, cocaine, benzodiazepines and erectile dysfunction drugs. GHB was found to be more commonly identified in drivers from city areas and a geographical localisation of the use of the drug was identified in the Gold Coast region of Queensland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Griffiths
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland, 4108, Australia.
| | - Lenore Hadley
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland, 4108, Australia
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118
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Shen J, Wang C, Ying J, Xu T, McAlinden A, O’Keefe RJ. Inhibition of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase protects against injury-induced osteoarthritis in mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128568. [PMID: 31534049 PMCID: PMC6795381 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated that ablation of the DNA methyltransferase enzyme, Dnmt3b, resulted in catabolism and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in murine articular cartilage through a mechanism involving increased mitochondrial respiration. In this study, we identify 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (Abat) as a downstream target of Dnmt3b. Abat is an enzyme that metabolizes γ-aminobutyric acid to succinate, a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We show that Dnmt3b binds to the Abat promoter, increases methylation of a conserved CpG sequence just upstream of the transcriptional start site, and inhibits Abat expression. Dnmt3b deletion in articular chondrocytes results in reduced methylation of the CpG sequence in the Abat promoter, which subsequently increases expression of Abat. Increased Abat expression in chondrocytes leads to enhanced mitochondrial respiration and elevated expression of catabolic genes. Overexpression of Abat in murine knee joints via lentiviral injection results in accelerated cartilage degradation following surgical induction of OA. In contrast, lentiviral-based knockdown of Abat attenuates the expression of IL-1β-induced catabolic genes in primary murine articular chondrocytes in vitro and also protects against murine articular cartilage degradation in vivo. Strikingly, treatment with the FDA-approved small-molecule Abat inhibitor, vigabatrin, significantly prevents the development of injury-induced OA in mice. In summary, these studies establish Abat as an important new target for therapies to prevent OA.
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MESH Headings
- 4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/antagonists & inhibitors
- 4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/genetics
- 4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase/metabolism
- Animals
- Cartilage, Articular/cytology
- Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/injuries
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/cytology
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/immunology
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- CpG Islands/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/drug therapy
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/etiology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Primary Cell Culture
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Transcription Initiation Site
- Transcription, Genetic
- Vigabatrin/pharmacology
- Vigabatrin/therapeutic use
- DNA Methyltransferase 3B
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Taotao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Regis J. O’Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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119
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Potential Role of Extracellular ATP Released by Bacteria in Bladder Infection and Contractility. mSphere 2019; 4:4/5/e00439-19. [PMID: 31484739 PMCID: PMC6731529 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00439-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of uropathogenic bacteria to release excitatory compounds, such as ATP, may act as a virulence factor to stimulate signaling pathways that could have profound effects on the urothelium, perhaps extending to the vagina. This may be countered by the ability of certain commensal urinary microbiota constituents, such as lactobacilli. Further understanding of these interactions is important for the treatment and prevention of UUI and OAB. The clinical implications may require a more targeted approach to enhance the commensal bacteria and reduce ATP release by pathogens. Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) and overactive bladder (OAB) can both potentially be influenced by commensal and urinary tract infection-associated bacteria. The sensing of bladder filling involves interplay between various components of the nervous system, eventually resulting in contraction of the detrusor muscle during micturition. This study models host responses to various urogenital bacteria, first by using urothelial bladder cell lines and then with myofibroblast contraction assays. To measure responses, we examined Ca2+ influx, gene expression, and alpha smooth muscle actin deposition assays. Organisms such as Escherichia coli and Gardnerella vaginalis were found to strongly induce Ca2+ influx and contraction, whereas Lactobacillus crispatus and L. gasseri did not induce this response. Additionally, supernatants from lactobacilli impeded Ca2+ influx and contraction induced by uropathogens. Upon further investigation of factors associated with purinergic signaling pathways, the Ca2+ influx and contraction of cells correlated with the amount of extracellular ATP produced by E. coli. Certain lactobacilli appear to mitigate this response by utilizing extracellular ATP or producing inhibitory compounds that may act as a receptor agonist or Ca2+ channel blocker. These findings suggest that members of the urinary microbiota may be influencing UUI or OAB. IMPORTANCE The ability of uropathogenic bacteria to release excitatory compounds, such as ATP, may act as a virulence factor to stimulate signaling pathways that could have profound effects on the urothelium, perhaps extending to the vagina. This may be countered by the ability of certain commensal urinary microbiota constituents, such as lactobacilli. Further understanding of these interactions is important for the treatment and prevention of UUI and OAB. The clinical implications may require a more targeted approach to enhance the commensal bacteria and reduce ATP release by pathogens.
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120
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Xing A, Li X, Jiang C, Chen Y, Wu S, Zhang J, An L. As a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, γ-Aminobutyric Acid Upregulates GluR2 Expression: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900001. [PMID: 31090246 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) possesses extensive physiological functions and can be directly obtained from foods. GABA-enriched functional foods have been developed and the commercial demands for GABA are increasing. GABA is widely recognized as a central nervous system inhibitory neurotransmitter and plays an important role in some diseases by binding to its receptors. However, some of the functions of GABA are not explained by neurotransmission or GABA receptor pathways. Therefore, this study investigates whether GABA has the potential to inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC). METHODS AND RESULTS It is found that GABA inhibits HDAC1/2/3 expression and upregulates histone acetylation levels (Ace-H3K9/Ace-H4K12) in SH-SY5Y cells (which express GABA receptors), 3T3-L1 cells (which do not express GABA receptors), and the cerebral cortex in mice. Glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) is a subunit of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor and is implicated in the pathogenesis of some neurological diseases. It is also found that GABA increases GluR2 expression by inhibiting HDAC1/2 but not HDAC3. CONCLUSION A novel role for GABA is demonstrated in which it acts as an HDAC inhibitor. The present study expands the horizons for exploring the non-neurotransmitter functions of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Xing
- The School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- The School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congmin Jiang
- The School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- The School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sining Wu
- The School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingzhu Zhang
- The School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li An
- The School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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121
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Zhou X, Zhao G, Sun S, Li J. Antihypertensive effect of giant embryo brown rice and pre-germinated giant embryo brown rice on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2888-2896. [PMID: 31572582 PMCID: PMC6766545 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
"Shangshida NO.5" is a giant embryo mutant resulting from giant embryo gene (GE) dysfunction in "Chao2-10" rice. Here, we compared the antihypertensive effects of "Chao2-10" brown rice (C2-10), "Shangshida NO.5" brown rice (GER), and pre-germinated "Shangshida NO.5" brown rice (PGER) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male SHR at 6 weeks of age were divided into four groups and were fed with (a) a control diet (control), (b) a 40% C2-10-supplemented diet (C2-10), (c) a 40% GER-supplemented diet (GER), or (d) a 40% PGER-supplemented diet (PGER) for 8 weeks, and their physiological and biochemical parameters were measured. The results showed that the C2-10-, GER-, and PGER-supplemented diets significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during the experiment. At the end of the experimental period, the SBP and DBP of the C2-10, GER, and PGER groups were 7.6, 23.3, and 31.1 mmHg and 9.8, 21.1, and 29 mmHg lower than those in the control group, respectively, suggesting the GER and PGER diets were better able to inhibit blood pressure elevation than the C2-10 diet. The serum creatinine levels in the C2-10, GER, and PGER groups and the blood urea nitrogen content in the PGER group were significantly lower than those of the control group, indicating that C2-10-, GER-, and especially PGER-supplemented diets improved renal function. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the C2-10 group and especially of the GER and PGER groups also improved. The above results suggest that "Shangshida NO.5" rice, particularly pre-germinated rice, is a good dietary supplement for preventing the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - GuoChao Zhao
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - ShuangYan Sun
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - JianYue Li
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
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122
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Lyu CJ, Liu L, Huang J, Zhao WR, Hu S, Mei LH, Yao SJ. Biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyrate by engineered Lactobacillus brevis cells immobilized in gellan gum gel beads. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:123-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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123
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Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum KB1253, a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Producer Used in GABA-Enriched Tomato Juice Production. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/29/e00158-19. [PMID: 31320423 PMCID: PMC6639602 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00158-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum KB1253, isolated from a traditional Japanese pickle. Its genome comprises 3,097 genes and 3,305,456 nucleotides, with an average G+C content of 44.4%. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum KB1253, isolated from a traditional Japanese pickle. Its genome comprises 3,097 genes and 3,305,456 nucleotides, with an average G+C content of 44.4%.
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124
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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071613. [PMID: 31315227 PMCID: PMC6682904 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal disorders and colorectal cancer. Of increasing prevalence in Western societies, these conditions carry a high burden of care. Dietary patterns and environmental factors have a profound effect on shaping gut microbiota in real time. Diverse populations of intestinal bacteria mediate their beneficial effects through the fermentation of dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids, endogenous signals with important roles in lipid homeostasis and reducing inflammation. Recent progress shows that an individual’s starting microbial profile is a key determinant in predicting their response to intervention with live probiotics. The gut microbiota is complex and challenging to characterize. Enterotypes have been proposed using metrics such as alpha species diversity, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phyla, and the relative abundance of beneficial genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia) versus facultative anaerobes (E. coli), pro-inflammatory Ruminococcus, or nonbacterial microbes. Microbiota composition and relative populations of bacterial species are linked to physiologic health along different axes. We review the role of diet quality, carbohydrate intake, fermentable FODMAPs, and prebiotic fiber in maintaining healthy gut flora. The implications are discussed for various conditions including obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, depression, and cardiovascular disease.
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125
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Lee KH, Kim S. Optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for increased production of L-arginine and GABA in Dendropanax morbifera Lev. leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2019.26.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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126
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Gong L, Ren C, Xu Y. Deciphering the crucial roles of transcriptional regulator GadR on gamma-aminobutyric acid production and acid resistance in Lactobacillus brevis. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:108. [PMID: 31196094 PMCID: PMC6567505 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acid stress leads to decreases of cell vitality and fermentation yield. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system is regarded as one of the essential acid-resistance mechanisms in LAB. However, the regulation of GAD system is not well identified in the genus Lactobacillus. Although potential transcriptional regulator gene located upstream of GAD system genes was found in several Lactobacillus species, such as Lactobacillus (L.) brevis, the contribution of the regulator to acid resistance of the genus Lactobacillus has not been experimentally determined. Results The potential transcriptional regulator gene gadR was disrupted by homologous recombination in L. brevis ATCC 367, leading to the decreased expression of gadC and gadB. The inactivation of GadR completely eliminated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production and decreased the glutamate-dependent acid resistance. Moreover, expression of gadC and gadB in the presence of glutamate was increased and glutamate also stimulated the expression of gadR. In addition, L. brevis D17, a strain screened from acidic fermented grains of Chinese liquor production, had much higher expression level of gadR than the typical strain L. brevis ATCC 367. Under the pH-controlled and mixed-feed fermentation, L. brevis D17 achieved a titer of 177.74 g/L and a productivity of 4.94 g/L/h of GABA within 36 h. However, the L. brevis ATCC 367 only achieved a titer of 6.44 g/L and 0.18 g/L/h of GABA although the same fermentation control approach was employed. Conclusions GadR is a positive transcriptional regulator controlling GABA conversion and acid resistance in L. brevis. L. brevis strains with hyper-expressing of gadR are excellent candidates for GABA production in industrial scale. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1157-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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127
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Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Res 2019; 1693:128-133. [PMID: 29903615 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota - the trillions of bacteria that reside within the gastrointestinal tract - has been found to not only be an essential component immune and metabolic health, but also seems to influence development and diseases of the enteric and central nervous system, including motility disorders, behavioral disorders, neurodegenerative disease, cerebrovascular accidents, and neuroimmune-mediated disorders. By leveraging animal models, several different pathways of communication have been identified along the "gut-brain-axis" including those driven by the immune system, the vagus nerve, or by modulation of neuroactive compounds by the microbiota. Of the latter, bacteria have been shown to produce and/or consume a wide range of mammalian neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Accumulating evidence in animals suggests that manipulation of these neurotransmitters by bacteria may have an impact in host physiology, and preliminary human studies are showing that microbiota-based interventions can also alter neurotransmitter levels. Nonetheless, substantially more work is required to determine whether microbiota-mediated manipulation of human neurotransmission has any physiological implications, and if so, how it may be leveraged therapeutically. In this review this exciting route of communication along the gut-brain-axis, and accompanying data, are discussed.
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128
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Schvartz D, González-Ruiz V, Walter N, Antinori P, Jeanneret F, Tonoli D, Boccard J, Zurich MG, Rudaz S, Monnet-Tschudi F, Sandström J, Sanchez JC. Protein pathway analysis to study development-dependent effects of acute and repeated trimethyltin (TMT) treatments in 3D rat brain cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:281-292. [PMID: 31176792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin is an organometallic compound, described to be neurotoxic and to trigger neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Previous studies associated TMT with the perturbation of mitochondrial function, or neurotransmission. However, the mechanisms of toxicity may differ depending on the duration of exposure and on the stage of maturation of brain cells. This study aim at elucidating whether the toxicity pathways triggered by a known neurotoxicant (TMT) differs depending on cell maturation stage or duration of exposure. To this end omics profiling of immature and differentiated 3D rat brain cell cultures exposed for 24 h or 10 days (10-d) to 0.5 and 1 μM of TMT was performed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of TMT associated toxicity. Proteomics identified 55 and 17 proteins affected by acute TMT treatment in immature and differentiated cultures respectively, while 10-day treatment altered 96 proteins in immature cultures versus 353 in differentiated. The results suggest different sensitivity to TMT depending on treatment duration and cell maturation. In accordance with known TMT mechanisms oxidative stress and neuroinflammation was observed after 10-d treatment at both maturation stages, whereas the neuroinflammatory process was more prominent in differentiated cultures than in the immature, no development-dependent difference could be detected for oxidative stress or synaptic neurodegeneration. Pathway analysis revealed that both vesicular trafficking and the synaptic machinery were strongly affected by 10-d TMT treatment in both maturation stages, as was GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. This study shows that omics approaches combined with pathway analysis constitutes an improved tool-set in elucidating toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domitille Schvartz
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Walter
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Paola Antinori
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Neuroproteomics group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Jeanneret
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Zurich
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florianne Monnet-Tschudi
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Sandström
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland; Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland.
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129
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Verma
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Priti Balchandani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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130
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Gao D, Chang K, Ding G, Wu H, Chen Y, Jia M, Liu X, Wang S, Jin Y, Pan H, Li H. Genomic insights into a robust gamma-aminobutyric acid-producer Lactobacillus brevis CD0817. AMB Express 2019; 9:72. [PMID: 31127390 PMCID: PMC6534642 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus brevis CD0817, a strain isolated from a healthy adult gut, was currently the most efficient lactic acid bacterial cell factory for gamma-aminobutyric acid. In this study, the complete genome sequence of CD0817 was determined and compared with some related L. brevis genomes. The CD0817 genome consists of one 2,990,570-bp chromosome and four plasmids. The comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. brevis CD0817 was not very conserved with low GABA-producing L. brevis strains. A significant divergence was that CD0817 harbors only the gadCA operon whereas the low GABA-producing L. brevis strains contain the operon and gadB. The gadB seemed to only marginally contribute to the accumulation of GABA. The high GABA production ability of CD0817 may be associated with its extraordinary genome.
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131
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Zhong Y, Wu S, Chen F, He M, Lin J. Isolation of high γ-aminobutyric acid-producing lactic acid bacteria and fermentation in mulberry leaf powders. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:147-153. [PMID: 31258648 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) has numerous roles in physiological processes, including neurotransmission, and induction of hypotensive, diuretic and tranquilizer effects. The present study aimed to produce GABA-enriched mulberry leaf powder by using a strain of high GABA-producing Lactobacillus pentosus SS6, which is isolated from fermented mulberry fruits. A total of 37 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from fermented mulberry fruits strains of high GABA-producing Lactobacillus pentosus were selected. The isolated LAB was analyzed using thin-layer chromatography. SS6 was used as a starter culture for the fermentation of mulberry leaf powder to produce GABA. The mulberry leaf powder was treated with 10% saccharose, 6% peptone, 1.6% K2HPO4, 1% L-sodium glutamate at 35°C for 36 h (each treatment was applied whilst the others were kept constant), in a mixture with a water content of 60%, with the respective LAB strain that was fermented by incubation at 30°C for 6 h. The results indicated that the SS6 strain produced significantly higher GABA contents in the fermentation broth compared to the other strains (P<0.05). Addition of 10% saccharose, 6% peptone, 1.6% K2HPO4 and 1% L-sodium glutamate significantly triggered the production of GABA compared with that in the groups void of those additives (P<0.05). Furthermore, the water content, treatment time, amount of LAB inoculated and the incubation temperature also significantly affected GABA production compared with untreated groups under the aforementioned conditions (P<0.05). In conclusion, 10% saccharose, 6% peptone, 1.6% K2HPO4, 1% L-sodium glutamate, and a 60% water content at 35°C significantly improved and enhanced GABA production. The present study provided a basis for the production of GABA, which may be utilized by the pharmaceutical and food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsheng Zhong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Shan Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Fangyan Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Mengxiu He
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
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132
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GHB receptors - a new trend in psychopharmacology? CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cpp-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is commonly known as a recreation drug or the so-called “date rape drug”. It is also used in medicine to treat narcolepsy and alcohol addiction. GHB has an affinity for two types of receptors: GABAB and the relatively recently discovered GHB receptors. GHB receptors were first cloned in 2003 in mice and then in 2007 in humans. So far, evidence has been presented for their impact on dopaminergic transmission, which may imply that they play a role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as schizophrenia. At the same time, it has been demonstrated that benzamide antipsychotic drugs have an affinity for GHB receptors, which is why it is postulated that some of the effects of these drugs may result precisely from this affinity.
Aim: The study presents the current state of knowledge about GHB receptors and their potential role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and discusses drugs which show an affinity for this receptor.
Material and method: The literature review was based on a search of articles indexed between 1965 and 2018 in Medline, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Research Gate databases. The following search terms were used: GHB receptor, GHB, sulpiride, and amisulpride.
Result and discussion: 1. It is possible that GHB receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, although more research is needed in this area. 2. Part of the effects of some benzamide antipsychotic drugs (such as amisulpride) may be due to their affinity for GHB receptors.
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133
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Men Y, Zhu P, Zhu Y, Zeng Y, Yang J, Sun Y. The development of low-calorie sugar and functional jujube food using biological transformation and fermentation coupling technology. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1302-1310. [PMID: 31024703 PMCID: PMC6475756 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujube juice has been used as ingredient in a range of foods and dietary supplements. In this study, an enzyme transformation and fermentation coupling technology was applied to increase the nutritional value of concentrated/extracted Jinsi jujube juice. Two enzymes, D-glucose isomerase (GI) and D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAE), were employed to convert the glucose and fructose to a low-calorie sweeter D-allulose with a concentration of 110 g/L in jujube juice. Furthermore, the mixed cultures of Pediococcus pentosaceus PC-5 and Lactobacillus plantarum M were employed to increase the content of nutrition components related to bioactivities and flavor volatiles in jujube juice. Accordingly, this fermentation accumulated 100 mg/L gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has neurotransmission, hypotension, diuretic, and tranquilizer effects, and increased the content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and many free amino acids (Asp, Glu, Gly, and Ala) at different level. The fermentation not only maintained the concentration of native functional components such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and minerals, but also increased the content of iron (Fe2+) and zinc (Zn2+), which have blood and eyesight tonic function. The value-added jujube juice might serve as a low-calorie and probiotic functional beverage and show high application potential in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Men
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yueming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
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134
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Yu Y, You J, Sun Z, Ji Z, Hu N, Zhou W, Zhou X. HPLC determination of γ-aminobutyric acid and its analogs in human serum using precolumn fluorescence labeling with 4-(carbazole-9-yl)-benzyl chloroformate. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:826-833. [PMID: 30593727 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple analytical method for the determination of γ-aminobutyric acid, gabapentin, and baclofen by using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was developed. An amidogen-reactive fluorescence labeling reagent, 4-(carbazole-9-yl)-benzyl chloroformate was first used to sensitively label these analytes. The completed labeling of these analytes can be finished rapidly only within 5 min at the room temperature (25°C) to form 4-(carbazole-9-yl)-benzyl chloroformate labeled fluorescence derivatives. These labeled derivatives expressed strong fluorescence property with the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 280 and 380 nm, respectively. The labeled derivatives were analyzed using a reversed-phase Eclipse SB-C18 column within 10 min with satisfactory shapes. Excellent linearity (R2 > 0.995) for all analytes was achieved with the limits of detection and the limits of quantitation in the range of 0.25-0.35 and 0.70-1.10 μg/L, respectively. The proposed method was used for the simultaneous determination of γ-aminobutyric acid and its analogs in human serum with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 94.5-97.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P. R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research & Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Na Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research & Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Wu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Xuxia Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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135
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Hafiz W, Zilani MNH, Sultana NA, Isalm MM, Anisuzzman M, Hossain MG. Neuropharmacological potential of Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) leaf and root in mice. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-019-0099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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136
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Kerres S, Plut E, Malcherek S, Rehbein J, Reiser O. Visible Light‐Mediated Synthesis of Enantiopure γ‐Cyclobutane Amino and 3‐(Aminomethyl)‐5‐phenylpentanoic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kerres
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Eva Plut
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Simon Malcherek
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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137
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Afsharnezhad M, Shahangian SS, Sariri R. A novel milk-clotting cysteine protease from Ficus johannis: Purification and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 121:173-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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138
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Abstract
Purpose This study evaluates the performance of several parametric methods for assessing [11C]flumazenil binding distribution in the rat brain. Procedures Dynamic (60 min) positron emission tomography data with metabolite-corrected plasma input function were retrospectively analyzed (male Wistar rats, n = 10). Distribution volume (VT) images were generated from basis function method (BFM), Logan graphical analysis (Logan), and spectral analysis (SA). Using the pons as pseudo-reference tissue, binding potential (BPND and DVR–1) images were obtained from receptor parametric imaging algorithms (RPM and SRTM2) and reference Logan (RLogan). Standardized uptake value images (SUV and SUVR) were also computed for different intervals post-injection. Next, regional averages were extracted from the parametric images, using pre-defined volumes of interest, which were also applied to the regional time-activity curves from the dynamic data. Parametric data were compared to their regional counterparts and to two-tissue compartment model (2TCM)-based values (previously defined as the model of choice for rats). Parameter agreement was assessed by linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots. Results All parametric methods strongly correlated to their regional counterparts (R2 > 0.97) and to the 2TCM values (R2 ≥ 0.95). SA and RLogan underestimated VT and BPND (slope of 0.93 and 0.86, respectively), while SUVR-1 overestimated BPND (slope higher than 1.07 for all intervals). While BFM and SRTM2 had the smallest bias to 2TCM values (0.05 for both), ratio Bland-Altman plots showed Logan and RLogan displayed relative errors which were comparable between different regions, in contrast with the other methods. Although SUV consistently underestimated VT, the bias in this method was also constant across regions. Conclusions All parametric methods performed well for the analysis of [11C]flumazenil distribution and binding in the rat brain. However, Logan and RLogan slightly outperformed the other methods in terms of precision, providing robust parameter estimation and constant bias. Yet, other methods can be of interest, because they can provide tissue perfusion (i.e., K1 with BFM and SA), relative flow (i.e., R1 with RPM and SRTM2), and model order (SA) images.
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139
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Park YJ, Park SU, Ha SH, Lim SH, Kim JK. Improved quantification of γ-aminobutyric acid in rice using stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2018; 266:375-380. [PMID: 30381200 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An accurate method for the analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rice grain was developed using trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization and stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. When this method was used with GABA‑d6 as an internal standard (IS), the observed GABA concentration was maintained at 100% of the initial concentration with increasing storage time of the vial in the autosampler. In contrast, when using ribitol as an IS and multiple injections from one vial or single injections from different vials, the observed GABA concentration was 85 and 113% of the initial concentration upon increased storage time, respectively. The improved method recoveries at two different spike levels were between 93.3 and 97.8%, with relative standard deviations of less than 3.3%. The GABA content of resveratrol-enriched transgenic rice was compared with that of its non-transgenic counterpart from two field sites, and statistically non-significant differences were observed between the two grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54875, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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140
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Lee YM, Choi JH, Min WK, Han JK, Oh JW. Induction of functional erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor gene expression by gamma-aminobutyric acid and piperine in kidney epithelial cells. Life Sci 2018; 215:207-215. [PMID: 30439377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and piperine-induced erythropoietin (EPO) and EPO-receptor expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of GABA and piperine on cell viability was examined using kidney epithelial cells. Expression levels of EPO and EPO-R mRNA and protein were evaluated in response to GABA and piperine treatments. GABA- and piperine-mediated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was investigated. Additionally, EPO function was evaluated using conditioned media containing EPO. The GABA receptor type involved in this process was identified. KEY FINDINGS Messenger RNA and protein expression levels of EPO and EPO-R significantly increased in response to treatment with GABA, piperine, or the combination of both, compared with control. GABA plus piperine synergistically enhanced EPO and EPO-R expression through p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK signaling pathways, but not through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK pathway. SB203580 and SP600125 (p38 and JNK pathway inhibitors, respectively) attenuated GABA plus piperine-induced EPO and EPO-R expression. Treatment of macrophages with EPO-containing conditioned media induced mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB due to the interaction between EPO and EPO-R. Interestingly, GABA-induced EPO and EPO-R expression was mediated through GABAA, not GABAB, receptor activation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate that GABA plus piperine-mediated p38 and JNK MAPK activation increases EPO and EPO-R expression, resulting in up-regulation of IL-10 and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ha Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Kwon Min
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kwon Han
- Department of Research and Development Center, Milae Resource ML Co. Ltd., Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JK, Kim YS, Lee HM, Jin HS, Neupane C, Kim S, Lee SH, Min JJ, Sasai M, Jeong JH, Choe SK, Kim JM, Yamamoto M, Choy HE, Park JB, Jo EK. GABAergic signaling linked to autophagy enhances host protection against intracellular bacterial infections. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4184. [PMID: 30305619 PMCID: PMC6180030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; however, the roles of GABA in antimicrobial host defenses are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that GABAergic activation enhances antimicrobial responses against intracellular bacterial infection. Intracellular bacterial infection decreases GABA levels in vitro in macrophages and in vivo in sera. Treatment of macrophages with GABA or GABAergic drugs promotes autophagy activation, enhances phagosomal maturation and antimicrobial responses against mycobacterial infection. In macrophages, the GABAergic defense is mediated via macrophage type A GABA receptor (GABAAR), intracellular calcium release, and the GABA type A receptor-associated protein-like 1 (GABARAPL1; an Atg8 homolog). Finally, GABAergic inhibition increases bacterial loads in mice and zebrafish in vivo, suggesting that the GABAergic defense plays an essential function in metazoan host defenses. Our study identified a previously unappreciated role for GABAergic signaling in linking antibacterial autophagy to enhance host innate defense against intracellular bacterial infection. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in neuronal systems, but the potential role for such neurotransmitters on the immune system are emerging. Here the authors show GABA signaling is linked to autophagy, enhancing the host response against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Jin
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Chiranjivi Neupane
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Sup Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
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142
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The use of microwave irradiation for quantitative analysis of neurotransmitters in the mouse brain. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 307:188-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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143
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Bhattacharjee S, Waqar A, Barua K, Das A, Bhowmik S, Debi SR. Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of methanolic extract of Lathyrus sativus L. seeds. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-018-0081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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144
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Schmidt M, Unterer S, Suchodolski JS, Honneffer JB, Guard BC, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Fritz J, Kölle P. The fecal microbiome and metabolome differs between dogs fed Bones and Raw Food (BARF) diets and dogs fed commercial diets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201279. [PMID: 30110340 PMCID: PMC6093636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Feeding a Bones and Raw Food (BARF) diet has become an increasing trend in canine nutrition. Bones and Raw Food diets contain a high amount of animal components like meat, offal, and raw meaty bones, combined with comparatively small amounts of plant ingredients like vegetables and fruits as well as different sorts of oil and supplements. While many studies have focused on transmission of pathogens via contaminated meat and on nutritional imbalances, only few studies have evaluated the effect of BARF diets on the fecal microbiome and metabolome. The aim of the study was to investigate differences in the fecal microbiome and the metabolome between dogs on a BARF diet and dogs on a commercial diet (canned and dry dog food). METHODS Naturally passed fecal samples were obtained from 27 BARF and 19 commercially fed dogs. Differences in crude protein, fat, fiber, and NFE (Nitrogen-Free Extract) between diets were calculated with a scientific nutrient database. The fecal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR assays. The fecal metabolome was analyzed in 10 BARF and 9 commercially fed dogs via untargeted metabolomics approach. RESULTS Dogs in the BARF group were fed a significantly higher amount of protein and fat and significantly lower amount of NFE and fiber. There was no significant difference in alpha-diversity measures between diet groups. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed a significant difference in beta-diversity (p < 0.01) between both groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) showed a higher abundance of Lactobacillales, Enterobacteriaceae, Fusobacterium and, Clostridium in the BARF group while conventionally fed dogs had a higher abundance of Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae. The qPCR assays revealed significantly higher abundance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Clostridium (C.). perfringens and an increased Dysbiosis Index in the BARF group. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots of metabolomics data showed clustering between diet groups. Random forest analysis showed differences in the abundance of various components, including increased 4-hydroxybutryric acid (GBH) and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the BARF group. Based on univariate statistics, several metabolites were significantly different between diet groups, but lost significance after adjusting for multiple comparison. No differences were found in fecal bile acid concentrations, but the BARF group had a higher fecal concentration of cholesterol in their feces compared to conventionally fed dogs. CONCLUSION Microbial communities and metabolome vary significantly between BARF and commercially fed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Schmidt
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia B. Honneffer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Blake C. Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Fritz
- Napfcheck, small animal nutrition consultation, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Kölle
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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145
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Montemurro M, Pontonio E, Gobbetti M, Rizzello CG. Investigation of the nutritional, functional and technological effects of the sourdough fermentation of sprouted flours. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 302:47-58. [PMID: 30115372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, recommendations on whole grains consumption have been added to the overall dietary guidelines of many countries around the world. Despite the many benefits on human health, whole grains contain several anti-nutritional factors which decrease their nutritional quality leading to a poor use in human diet. Here, an integrate biotechnological approach, combining germination and sourdough fermentation with selected lactic acid bacteria, was set-up in order to improve the functional and nutritional quality of wheat, barley, chickpea, lentil and quinoa grains. Sourdough fermentation with Lactobacillus rossiae LB5, Lactobacillus plantarum 1A7 and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis DE9 further enhanced the nutritional and functional features of sprouted flours by means of increased peptides, free amino acids and γ‑aminobutyric acid concentrations, and decreased phytic acid, condensed tannins, raffinose and trypsin inhibitory activity. Sensory appreciable wheat breads fortified with the fermented sprouted flours were manufactured and characterized, showing high protein digestibility and low starch availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Montemurro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Erica Pontonio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Facoltà di Scienze e Tecnologie, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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146
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Hossain I, Tan C, Doughty PT, Dutta G, Murray TA, Siddiqui S, Iasemidis L, Arumugam PU. A Novel Microbiosensor Microarray for Continuous ex Vivo Monitoring of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Real-Time. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:500. [PMID: 30131664 PMCID: PMC6090213 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter that is essential for normal brain function. It is involved in multiple neuronal activities, including plasticity, information processing, and network synchronization. Abnormal GABA levels result in severe brain disorders and therefore GABA has been the target of a wide range of drug therapeutics. GABA being non-electroactive is challenging to detect in real-time. To date, GABA is detected mainly via microdialysis with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system that employs electrochemical (EC) and spectroscopic methodology. However, these systems are bulky and unsuitable for real-time continuous monitoring. As opposed to microdialysis, biosensors are easy to miniaturize and are highly suitable for in vivo studies; they selectively oxidize GABA into a secondary electroactive product (usually hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) in the presence of enzymes, which is then detected by amperometry. Unfortunately, this method requires a rather cumbersome process with prereactors and relies on externally applied reagents. Here, we report the design and implementation of a GABA microarray probe that operates on a newly conceived principle. It consists of two microbiosensors, one for glutamate (Glu) and one for GABA detection, modified with glutamate oxidase and GABASE enzymes, respectively. By simultaneously measuring and subtracting the H2O2 oxidation currents generated from these microbiosensors, GABA and Glu can be detected continuously in real-time in vitro and ex vivo and without the addition of any externally applied reagents. The detection of GABA by this probe is based upon the in-situ generation of α-ketoglutarate from the Glu oxidation that takes place at the Glu microbiosensor. A GABA sensitivity of 36 ± 2.5 pA μM-1cm-2, which is 26-fold higher than reported in the literature, and a limit of detection of 2 ± 0.12 μM were achieved in an in vitro setting. The GABA probe was successfully tested in an adult rat brain slice preparation. These results demonstrate that the developed GABA probe constitutes a novel and powerful neuroscientific tool that could be employed in the future for in vivo longitudinal studies of the combined role of GABA and Glu (a major excitatory neurotransmitter) signaling in brain disorders, such as epilepsy and traumatic brain injury, as well as in preclinical trials of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Hossain
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
| | - Chao Tan
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
| | - Phillip T Doughty
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
| | - Gaurab Dutta
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
| | - Teresa A Murray
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
| | - Shabnam Siddiqui
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
| | - Leonidas Iasemidis
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
| | - Prabhu U Arumugam
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
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147
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Zhuang K, Jiang Y, Feng X, Li L, Dang F, Zhang W, Man C. Transcriptomic response to GABA-producing Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC 1.2437T induced by L-MSG. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199021. [PMID: 29894506 PMCID: PMC5997328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system of mammals. A range of bacterial species can synthesize GABA, including Lactobacillus plantarum of which L-monosodium glutamate (L-MSG) is an inducer of its production. In order to synthesize GABA in high concentrations, L-MSG was utilized as the single inducing factor, a chemically defined medium (CDM) was used as the fermentation substrate, with L. plantarum CGMCC 1.2437T cultured in medium supplemented with or without L-MSG. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing was used to explore the differential genes expression of bacterial cells at 36 h of fermentation, where the GABA concentration of CDM with L-MSG reached the peak value and was 7.7 times higher than that of medium without L-MSG at the same timepoint. A total of 87 genes showed significant differential expression induced by L-MSG: of these, 69 were up-regulated genes and 18 were down-regulated. The up-regulated genes were assigned to biological processes and molecular function, while the down-regulated genes covered biological process, cellular process and molecular function. Interrogation of results using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, indicated carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism were closely associated with GABA synthesis induced by L-MSG. This study provides insights into L. plantarum-mediated GABA fermentation at the molecular level and will provide a new approach for further studies related to GABA production by the other Lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Dang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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148
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Pereira da Silva JD, Campos DV, Nogueira-Bechara FM, Stilhano RS, Han SW, Sinigaglia-Coimbra R, Lima-Landman MTR, Lapa AJ, Souccar C. Altered release and uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the cerebellum of dystrophin-deficient mice. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:105-114. [PMID: 29864448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophin deficiency caused by mutations of the related gene leads to muscle wasting in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Some patients with DMD also present with intellectual disability and various degrees of neurological disorders, which have been related to a decreased number of postsynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) in the hippocampus (HPC) and cerebellum (CBL). The aim of this study was to examine the relevance of dystrophin in the presynaptic GABAergic function in brain regions in which this protein is normally abundant. [3H]-GABA release, induced by nicotinic receptor (nAChR) activation or K+ depolarization, and [3H]-GABA uptake were determined using synaptosomes extracted from the cortex (CTX), HPC, and CBL of littermate control and mdx mice. Superfusion of the synaptosomes with nicotine or high K+ solutions led to a concentration-dependent and Ca2+-dependent [3H]-GABA release in control and mdx synaptosomes. [3H]-GABA release induced by 10 μM nicotine in mdx CBL synaptosomes was 47% less than that in control mice. K+-induced [3H]-GABA release did not differ between control and mdx synaptosomes. α7-containing and β2-containing nAChRs were involved in nicotine-induced [3H]-GABA release in control and mdx synaptosomes. Kinetic analysis of [3H]-GABA uptake in mdx CBL synaptosomes showed a reduced (50%) half-maximal uptake time (t1/2) and increased (44%) rate of [3H]-GABA uptake (Vmax) compared to controls. The apparent transporter affinity (Km) for GABA was not altered. Our findings show that dystrophin deficiency in mdx mice is associated with significant changes in the release and uptake of GABA in the CBL. These presynaptic alterations may be related to the reported decrease in postsynaptic GABAAR in the same brain region. The results indicate possible dysfunction of GABAergic synapses associated with dystrophin deficiency in the CBL, which may contribute to the cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders in mdx mice and patients with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Vannucci Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil
| | - Rita Sinigaglia-Coimbra
- Electron Microscopy Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio José Lapa
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil; Visiting Professor at Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Caden Souccar
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil.
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149
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Wang Q, Liu X, Fu J, Wang S, Chen Y, Chang K, Li H. Substrate sustained release-based high efficacy biosynthesis of GABA by Lactobacillus brevis NCL912. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:80. [PMID: 29778094 PMCID: PMC5960080 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a significant role in the food and drug industries. Our previous study established an efficient fed-batch fermentation process for Lactobacillus brevis NCL912 production of GABA from monosodium l-glutamate; however, monosodium l-glutamate may not be an ideal substrate, as it can result in the rapid increase of pH due to decarboxylation. Thus, in this study, l-glutamic acid was proposed as a substrate. To evaluate its potential, key components of the fermentation medium affecting GABA synthesis were re-screened and re-optimized to enhance GABA production from L. brevis NCL912. Results The initial fermentation medium (pH 3.3) used for optimization was: 50 g/L glucose, 25 g/L yeast extract, 10 mg/L manganese sulfate (MnSO4·H2O), 2 g/L Tween-80, and 220 g/L l-glutamic acid. Glucose, a nitrogen source, magnesium, and Tween-80 had notable effects on GABA production from the l-glutamic acid-based process; other factors showed no or marginal effects. The optimized levels of the four key components in the fermentation medium were 25 g/L glucose, 25 g/L yeast extract FM408, 25 mg/L MnSO4·H2O, and 2 g/L Tween-80. A simple and efficient fermentation process for the bioconversion of GABA by L. brevis NCL912 was subsequently developed in a 10 L fermenter as follows: fermentation medium, 5 L; glutamic acid, 295 g/L; inoculum, 10% (v/v); incubation temperature, 32 °C; and agitation, 100 rpm. After 48 h of fermentation, the final GABA concentration increased up to 205.8 ± 8.0 g/L. Conclusions l-Glutamic acid was superior to monosodium l-glutamate as a substrate in the bioproduction of GABA. Thus, a high efficacy bioprocess with 205 g/L GABA for L. brevis NCL912 was established. This strategy may provide an alternative for increasing the bioconversion of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinheng Fu
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuixing Wang
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China. .,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China.
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150
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Ribeiro SC, Domingos-Lopes MFP, Stanton C, Ross RP, Silva CCG. Production of Υ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Lactobacillus otakiensis
and other Lactobacillus
sp. isolated from traditional Pico cheese. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana C Ribeiro
- IITAA, Instituto de Investigação e Tecnologias Agrárias dos Açores; Universidade dos Açores; Angra do Heroísmo Açores Portugal
| | - Marina F P Domingos-Lopes
- IITAA, Instituto de Investigação e Tecnologias Agrárias dos Açores; Universidade dos Açores; Angra do Heroísmo Açores Portugal
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre; Moorepark Fermoy Co. Cork Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
- College of Science, Engineering and Food Science; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Célia CG Silva
- IITAA, Instituto de Investigação e Tecnologias Agrárias dos Açores; Universidade dos Açores; Angra do Heroísmo Açores Portugal
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