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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kettritz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; A joint cooperation between the Charité and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) and Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine; Charité University Health Services; Berlin Germany
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The NLRP3/Caspase-1/Interleukin-1β Axis Is Active in Human Lumbar Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2016; 474:1818-26. [PMID: 27146654 PMCID: PMC4925417 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-4866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modic changes are the MRI signal changes of degenerative lumbar vertebral endplate and which lead to or accelerate intervertebral disc degeneration. NLRP3, caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, such as osteoarthritis. However, the roles of IL-1β and its activators caspase-1 and NLRP3 are unclear in the degenerative endplate. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We asked: (1) What are the degenerative changes of the histologic features and chondrogenic markers' gene expressions between the cartilaginous endplates of patients with Modic changes and trauma (control)? (2) How does the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β axis in the cartilaginous endplates of patients with Modic changes compare with control (trauma) specimens? METHODS Surgical specimens of cartilaginous endplates were divided into Modic changes (n = 56) and the trauma control (n = 16) groups. Hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O staining of cartilaginous endplate tissues were done to evaluate the extracellular matrix. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed on these tissues to investigate mRNA expression of type II collagen (Col II), SOX-9, matrix metalloproteinase-3, and a disintegrin like and metalloproteinase thrombospondin type I motifs-5. NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O staining showed the extracellular matrix degraded in the cartilaginous endplates of patients with Modic changes but not in the control cartilaginous endplates. Chondrogenic Col II (p = 0.024) and SOX9 (p = 0.053) were downregulated in the Modic changes group compared with the control group. In contrast to the control group, the transcriptional levels of NLRP3 (p < 0.001), caspase-1 (p = 0.054), and IL-1β (p = 0.001) were all upregulated in the Modic changes group. CONCLUSIONS The expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β was upregulated in the patients with low back pain and Modic changes on MRI compared with patients with vertebral burst fracture without degenerative changes on MRI. The data suggest the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β axis may be implicated in lumbar cartilaginous endplate degeneration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β axis is active in cartilaginous endplates of patients with Modic changes and inflammatory cascades can exacerbate the cartilaginous endplate degeneration which may act as a trigger for intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain. If these findings can be confirmed by others, we hope that new and effective therapy could be developed directed against this target.
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103
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Avenues to autoimmune arthritis triggered by diverse remote inflammatory challenges. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:120-9. [PMID: 27427404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors contribute to development of autoimmune diseases. For instance, human autoimmune arthritis can associate with intestinal inflammation, cigarette smoking, periodontal disease, and various infections. The cellular and, molecular pathways whereby such remote challenges might precipitate arthritis or flares remain unclear. Here, we used a transfer model of self-reactive arthritis-inducing CD4(+) cells from KRNtg mice that, upon transfer, induce a very mild form of autoinflammatory arthritis in recipient animals. This model enabled us to identify external factors that greatly aggravated disease. We show that several distinct challenges precipitated full-blown arthritis, including intestinal inflammation through DSS-induced colitis, and bronchial stress through Influenza infection. Both triggers induced strong IL-17 expression primarily in self-reactive CD4(+) cells in lymph nodes draining the site of inflammation. Moreover, treatment of mice with IL-1β greatly exacerbated arthritis, while transfer of KRNtg CD4(+) cells lacking IL-1R significantly reduced disease and IL-17 expression. Thus, IL-1β enhances the autoaggressive potential of self-reactive CD4(+) cells, through increased Th17 differentiation, and this influences inflammatory events in the joints. We propose that diverse challenges that cause remote inflammation (lung infection or colitis, etc.) result in IL-1β-driven Th17 differentiation, and this precipitates arthritis in genetically susceptible individuals. Thus the etiology of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis likely relates to diverse triggers that converge to a common pathway involving IL-1β production and Th17 cell distribution.
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Borthwick LA. The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:517-34. [PMID: 27001429 PMCID: PMC4896974 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The IL-1 cytokine family comprises 11 members (7 ligands with agonist activity, 3 receptor antagonists and 1 anti-inflammatory cytokine) and is recognised as a key mediator of inflammation and fibrosis in multiple tissues including the lung. IL-1 targeted therapies have been successfully employed to treat a range of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis. This review will introduce the members of the IL-1 cytokine family, briefly discuss the cellular origins and cellular targets and provide an overview of the role of these molecules in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Borthwick
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, 4th Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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105
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Cavalcanti NG, Marques CDL, Lins E Lins TU, Pereira MC, Rêgo MJBDM, Duarte ALBP, Pitta IDR, Pitta MGDR. Cytokine Profile in Gout: Inflammation Driven by IL-6 and IL-18? Immunol Invest 2016; 45:383-95. [PMID: 27219123 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2016.1153651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gout is considered to be an autoinflammatory disease and the presence of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals stimulates activation of NPRL3 inflammasome and subsequently caspase-1, generating production of active IL-1β and IL-18. However, the association between serum cytokines levels and clinical manifestations of the disease is not yet well understood. We evaluated the serum profile of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-22, and IL-23) and described their relationship with clinical and laboratory data. METHODOLOGY Thirty-nine male patients with gout (GG) were assessed for clinical and laboratory variables and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. For the purposes of comparison, 34 males with no previous history of arthritis were also included in the study (CG). RESULTS Seventeen participants (43%) exhibited active arthritis on evaluation. Levels of IL-18 were significantly higher in patients in relation to the CG (p = 0.0013). No statistically significant differences were found between the GG and CG for the other measured cytokines. There was a moderate correlation between IL-18 and ESR (R = 0.43, p = 0.0073), CRP (R = 0.47, p = 0.0025), and serum levels of IL-6 (R = 0.36, p = 0.023). An association was observed between serum levels of IL-6 and the presence of tophi (p = 0.005) and deformities (p = 0.0008), as well as a correlation between this cytokine and ESR (R = 0.41, p = 0.011) and CRP (R = 0.48, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS IL-18 is associated with inflammatory activity in gout, as well as with IL-6 levels, while IL-6 is associated with clinical and laboratory activity, the presence of tophi and articular deformities, and may be a prognostic marker of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Gualberto Cavalcanti
- a Rheumatology Department , Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Recife , Brazil
| | - Cláudia Diniz Lopes Marques
- a Rheumatology Department , Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Recife , Brazil
| | - Thiago Ubiratan Lins E Lins
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas (LINAT), Núcleo de Pesquisa em Inovação Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Michelly Cristiny Pereira
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas (LINAT), Núcleo de Pesquisa em Inovação Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rêgo
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas (LINAT), Núcleo de Pesquisa em Inovação Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | | | - Ivan da Rocha Pitta
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas (LINAT), Núcleo de Pesquisa em Inovação Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- b Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas (LINAT), Núcleo de Pesquisa em Inovação Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
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106
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Yndestad A, Sandanger Ø, Jong WMC, Aukrust P, Zuurbier CJ. Response to letter from Toldo et al. on "NLRP3 inflammasome activation during myocardial ischemia reperfusion is cardioprotective". Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:328-329. [PMID: 27109473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øystein Sandanger
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Willeke M C Jong
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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107
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Macleod T, Doble R, McGonagle D, Wasson CW, Alase A, Stacey M, Wittmann M. Neutrophil Elastase-mediated proteolysis activates the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-36 Receptor antagonist. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24880. [PMID: 27101808 PMCID: PMC4840362 DOI: 10.1038/srep24880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) which regulates IL-36α, -β and -γ is linked to psoriatic inflammation, especially loss-of-function mutations in pustular psoriasis subtypes. As observed with other IL-1 superfamily proteins, the IL-36 members require N-terminal cleavage for full biological activity but the mechanisms of IL-36Ra activation remain poorly defined. Using different blood leukocyte and skin resident cell preparations, and recombinant proteins, we have identified that neutrophil elastase, but not other neutrophil derived proteases, cleaves IL-36Ra into its highly active antagonistic form. The activity of this processed form of IL-36Ra was confirmed in human primary dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes and in skin equivalents. A significant dose dependent reduction of IL-36γ induced IL-8 and chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) levels were detected following addition of the cleaved IL-36Ra compared to full length IL-36Ra. By activating IL-36Ra, the neutrophil derived protease can inhibit IL-36 induced chemokine production, including IL-8 and CCL20, and reduce further inflammatory cell infiltration. These findings strongly indicate neutrophil elastase to be a key enzyme in the biological function of IL-36Ra and that neutrophils can play a regulatory role in psoriatic inflammation with regard to balancing the pro-inflammatory activity of IL-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macleod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rosella Doble
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, UK.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) LMBRU, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds
| | - Christopher W Wasson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Adewonuola Alase
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, UK
| | - Martin Stacey
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, UK.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) LMBRU, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds.,Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, UK
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108
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Duffau P, Menn-Josephy H, Cuda CM, Dominguez S, Aprahamian TR, Watkins AA, Yasuda K, Monach P, Lafyatis R, Rice LM, Kenneth Haines G, Gravallese EM, Baum R, Richez C, Perlman H, Bonegio RG, Rifkin IR. Promotion of Inflammatory Arthritis by Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 in a Mouse Model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 67:3146-57. [PMID: 26315890 DOI: 10.1002/art.39321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymorphisms in the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) are associated with an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to determine the role of IRF5 in a mouse model of arthritis development. METHODS K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis was induced in mice deficient in IRF5, or lacking IRF5 only in myeloid cells, and arthritis severity was evaluated. K/BxN arthritis was also induced in mice deficient in TRIF, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 to determine the pathways through which IRF5 might promote arthritis. In vitro studies were performed to determine the role of IRF5 in interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor and TLR signaling. RESULTS Arthritis severity was reduced in IRF5-deficient, TRIF-deficient, TLR3-deficient, and TLR7-deficient mice. The expression of multiple genes regulating neutrophil recruitment or function and bioactive IL-1β formation was reduced in the joints during active arthritis in IRF5-deficient mice. In vitro studies showed that TLR7 and the TRIF-dependent TLR3 pathway induce proinflammatory cytokine production in disease-relevant cell types in an IRF5-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that IRF5 contributes to disease pathogenesis in inflammatory arthritis. This is likely due at least in part to the role of IRF5 in mediating proinflammatory cytokine production downstream of TLR7 and TLR3. Since TLR7 and TLR3 are both RNA-sensing TLRs, this suggests that endogenous RNA ligands present in the inflamed joint promote arthritis development. These findings may be relevant to human RA, since RNA capable of activating TLR7 and TLR3 is present in synovial fluid and TLR7 and TLR3 are up-regulated in the joints of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Duffau
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, and Hôpital Saint-André, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux and Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kei Yasuda
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Monach
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lisa M Rice
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Rebecca Baum
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Christophe Richez
- Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, and Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Ian R Rifkin
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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109
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Abstract
Although the replicative life cycle of HIV within CD4 T cells is understood in molecular detail, less is known about how this human retrovirus promotes the loss of CD4 T lymphocytes. It is this cell death process that drives clinical progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent studies have highlighted how abortive infection of resting and thus nonpermissive CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissues triggers a lethal innate immune response against the incomplete DNA products generated by inefficient viral reverse transcription in these cells. Sensing of these DNA fragments results in pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death, that potentially further perpetuates chronic inflammation and immune activation. As discussed here, these studies cast CD4 T cell death during HIV infection in a different light. Further, they identify drug targets that may be exploited to both block CD4 T cell demise and the chronic inflammatory response generated during pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Doitsh
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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110
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van de Veerdonk FL, Joosten LAB, Netea MG. The interplay between inflammasome activation and antifungal host defense. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:172-80. [PMID: 25879292 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans, and they are a growing problem due to the increased usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressive therapies. The equilibrium between the commensal microbial flora and the immune system that protects the host against invasive fungal infection is disturbed during disease, and understanding this disturbed balance is important to develop new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of fungal infection. In the context of tolerating fungi during colonization and eliciting a vigorous immune response to eliminate invading fungal pathogens when needed, the inflammasome has been identified as an integral component of antifungal host defense. It contributes to mucosal host defense by regulating T-helper 17 (Th17) cell responses, and contributes to protective responses such as neutrophil influx during fungal sepsis. Several aspects are important for understanding the role of the inflammasome for antifungal host defense, such as the role of fungal cell wall morphology and its components in triggering the inflammasome, the pattern recognition pathways and downstream signaling cascades involved in the activation of the inflammasome, and the effects of inflammasome activation during fungal infection. The future perspectives of inflammasome research in fungal immunology, with emphasis on targeting the inflammasome for the design of future immunotherapies, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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111
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Satoh T, Otsuka A, Contassot E, French LE. The inflammasome and IL-1β: implications for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy 2016; 7:243-54. [PMID: 25804477 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive form of IL-1β, a key immunoregulatory and proinflammatory cytokine, is produced by the inflammasome - a caspase-1 activating molecular platform - in response to selected danger-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Advances in understanding the role of IL-1β in inflammatory conditions has resulted in IL-1β becoming a therapeutic target for a number of inflammatory diseases beyond the rare monogenic autoinflammatory diseases characterized by aberrant inflammasome function and enhanced bioactive IL-1β production. In the monogenic autoinflammatory diseases known as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, neutralization of IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity without severe side effects, which has consequently driven off-label applications of IL-1β-targeted therapy in other inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes inflammatory diseases for which accumulating evidence suggests a therapeutic potential for IL-1β antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Satoh
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
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112
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Targeting the inflammasome in rheumatic diseases. Transl Res 2016; 167:125-37. [PMID: 26118952 PMCID: PMC4487391 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the inflammasome, a protein complex responsible for many cellular functions, including the activation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, has been identified as a key participant in many rheumatic diseases including autoimmune, inflammatory, and autoinflammatory syndromes. This review will discuss the recent advances in understanding the role of this complex in various rheumatic diseases. Furthermore, it will focus on available therapies, which directly and indirectly target the inflammasome and its downstream cytokines to quiet inflammation and possibly dampen autoimmune processes.
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113
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Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines in Liver Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:630265. [PMID: 26549942 PMCID: PMC4624893 DOI: 10.1155/2015/630265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding IL-1 was sequenced more than 30 years ago, and many related cytokines, such as IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, IL-38, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-36Ra, have since been identified. IL-1 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and is involved in various inflammatory diseases. Other IL-1 family ligands are critical for the development of diverse diseases, including inflammatory and allergic diseases. Only IL-1Ra possesses the leader peptide required for secretion from cells, and many ligands require posttranslational processing for activation. Some require inflammasome-mediated processing for activation and release, whereas others serve as alarmins and are released following cell membrane rupture, for example, by pyroptosis or necroptosis. Thus, each ligand has the proper molecular process to exert its own biological functions. In this review, we will give a brief introduction to the IL-1 family cytokines and discuss their pivotal roles in the development of various liver diseases in association with immune responses. For example, an excess of IL-33 causes liver fibrosis in mice via activation and expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells to produce type 2 cytokines, resulting in cell conversion into pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages. Finally, we will discuss the importance of IL-1 family cytokine-mediated molecular and cellular networks in the development of acute and chronic liver diseases.
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114
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Millet A, Martin KR, Bonnefoy F, Saas P, Mocek J, Alkan M, Terrier B, Kerstein A, Tamassia N, Satyanarayanan SK, Ariel A, Ribeil JA, Guillevin L, Cassatella MA, Mueller A, Thieblemont N, Lamprecht P, Mouthon L, Perruche S, Witko-Sarsat V. Proteinase 3 on apoptotic cells disrupts immune silencing in autoimmune vasculitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4107-21. [PMID: 26436651 DOI: 10.1172/jci78182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis that is associated with granulomatous inflammation and the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) directed against proteinase 3 (PR3). We previously determined that PR3 on the surface of apoptotic neutrophils interferes with induction of antiinflammatory mechanisms following phagocytosis of these cells by macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that enzymatically active membrane-associated PR3 on apoptotic cells triggered secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) and chemokines. This response required the IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling pathway and was dependent on the synthesis of NO, as macrophages from animals lacking these pathways did not exhibit a PR3-associated proinflammatory response. The PR3-induced microenvironment facilitated recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and neutrophils, which were observed in close proximity within granulomatous lesions in the lungs of GPA patients. In different murine models of apoptotic cell injection, the PR3-induced microenvironment instructed pDC-driven Th9/Th2 cell generation. Concomitant injection of anti-PR3 ANCAs with PR3-expressing apoptotic cells induced a Th17 response, revealing a GPA-specific mechanism of immune polarization. Accordingly, circulating CD4+ T cells from GPA patients had a skewed distribution of Th9/Th2/Th17. These results reveal that PR3 disrupts immune silencing associated with clearance of apoptotic neutrophils and provide insight into how PR3 and PR3-targeting ANCAs promote GPA pathophysiology.
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115
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Edye ME, Brough D, Allan SM. Acid-dependent Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cleavage Limits Available Pro-IL-1β for Caspase-1 Cleavage. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25374-81. [PMID: 26324708 PMCID: PMC4646186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.667162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease (stroke and heart attack), cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and are worsened by inflammation. IL-1 is a driver of inflammation and implicated in many noncommunicable diseases. Acidosis is also a key feature of the inflammatory microenvironment; therefore it is vital to explore IL-1 signaling under acidic conditions. A HEK-IL-1 reporter assay and brain endothelial cell line were used to explore activity of mature IL-1α and IL-1β at pH 7.4 and pH 6.2, an acidic pH that can be reached under inflammatory or ischemic conditions, alongside cathepsin D-cleaved 20-kDa IL-1β produced under acidic conditions. We report that mature IL-1 signaling at IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) is maintained at pH 6.2, but the activity of the decoy receptor, IL-1R2, is reduced. Additionally, cathepsin D-cleaved 20-kDa IL-1β was minimally active at IL-1R1 and was not further cleaved to highly active 17-kDa IL-1β. Therefore formation of the 20-kDa form of IL-1β may prevent the generation of mature bioactive IL-1β and thus may limit inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Edye
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David Brough
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Allan
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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116
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Borrelia-induced cytokine production is mediated by spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) but is Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 independent. Cytokine 2015; 76:465-472. [PMID: 26297607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that Borrelia species express sugar-like structures on their outer surface, not much is known about the role of these structures in immune recognition by host cells. Fungi, like Candida albicans, are mainly recognized by C-type lectin receptors, in specific Dectin-1 and Dectin-2. In this study we assessed the role of Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 in the recognition process of Borrelia spirochetes. Using specific inhibitors against these receptors on human cells did not influenced cytokine production. Individuals carrying a SNP leading to an early stop codon in the DECTIN-1 gene also did not lead to differential induction of Borrelia-dependent cytokines. After injection of live Borrelia into knee joints of Dectin-2 deficient mice a trend towards lower inflammation was observed. Inhibition of Syk in human cells resulted in lower cytokine production after Borrelia stimulation. In conclusion, Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 seem not to play a major role in Borrelia recognition or Borrelia-induced inflammation. However, Syk seems to be involved in Borrelia-induced cytokine production.
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IL-21-mediated non-canonical pathway for IL-1β production in conventional dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7988. [PMID: 26269257 PMCID: PMC4555999 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical pathway for IL-1β production requires TLR-mediated NF-κB-dependent Il1b gene induction, followed by caspase-containing inflammasome-mediated processing of pro-IL-1β. Here we show that IL-21 unexpectedly induces IL-1β production in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) via a STAT3-dependent but NF-κB-independent pathway. IL-21 does not induce Il1b expression in CD4+ T cells, with differential histone marks present in these cells versus cDCs. IL-21-induced IL-1β processing in cDCs does not require caspase-1 or caspase-8 but depends on IL-21-mediated death and activation of serine protease(s). Moreover, STAT3-dependent IL-1β expression in cDCs at least partially explains the IL-21-mediated pathologic response occurring during infection with pneumonia virus of mice. These results demonstrate lineage-restricted IL-21-induced IL-1β via a non-canonical pathway and provide evidence for its importance in vivo. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) plays an important role in host defence against pathogens. Here the authors report a non-canonical pathway for IL-1 ß production in conventional dendritic cells that is induced by IL-21 via STAT3-dependent mechanism.
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Krishnan SM, Sobey CG, Latz E, Mansell A, Drummond GR. IL-1β and IL-18: inflammatory markers or mediators of hypertension? Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5589-602. [PMID: 25117218 PMCID: PMC4290704 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the kidneys and vascular wall is a major contributor to hypertension. However, the stimuli and cellular mechanisms responsible for such inflammatory responses remain poorly defined. Inflammasomes are crucial initiators of sterile inflammation in other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout. These pattern recognition receptors detect host-derived danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as microcrystals and reactive oxygen species, and respond by inducing activation of caspase-1. Caspase-1 then processes the cytokines pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their active forms thus triggering inflammation. While IL-1β and IL-18 are known to be elevated in hypertensive patients, no studies have examined whether this occurs downstream of inflammasome activation or whether inhibition of inflammasome and/or IL-1β/IL-18 signalling prevents hypertension. In this review, we will discuss some known actions of IL-1β and IL-18 on leukocyte and vessel wall function that could potentially underlie a prohypertensive role for these cytokines. We will describe the major classes of inflammasome-activating DAMPs and present evidence that at least some of these are elevated in the setting of hypertension. Finally, we will provide information on drugs that are currently used to inhibit inflammasome/IL-1β/IL-18 signalling and how these might ultimately be used as therapeutic agents for the clinical management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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Cavalli G, Dinarello CA. Treating rheumatological diseases and co-morbidities with interleukin-1 blocking therapies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [PMID: 26209330 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β orchestrate local and systemic inflammatory responses underlying a broad spectrum of diseases. Three agents for reducing IL-1 activities are currently available. Anakinra is a recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist. Anakinra binds to the IL-1 receptor and prevents the activity of IL-1α and IL-1β. The soluble decoy receptor rilonacept and the neutralizing mAb canakinumab block IL-1β. A mAb directed against the IL-1 receptor and a neutralizing anti-human IL-1α are in clinical trials. The availability of therapies specifically targeting IL-1 unveiled the pathological role of IL-1-mediated inflammation in a broadening list of diseases. Conditions effectively treated with agents blocking IL-1 range from classic rheumatic diseases, such as RA and gout, to autoinflammatory syndromes, such as systemic JIA and FMF. However, IL-1 antagonism is also effective against highly prevalent inflammatory diseases, namely cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, conditions that are frequently encountered as co-morbidities in patients with rheumatic diseases. Thereby, IL-1 inhibition has the potential to lift the burden of disease for patients with rheumatic conditions, but also to provide clinical benefits beyond the efficacy on osteoarticular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA, Division of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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120
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Joosten LAB, Crişan TO, Azam T, Cleophas MCP, Koenders MI, van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Kim S, Dinarello CA. Alpha-1-anti-trypsin-Fc fusion protein ameliorates gouty arthritis by reducing release and extracellular processing of IL-1β and by the induction of endogenous IL-1Ra. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1219-27. [PMID: 26174021 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we generated a new protein, recombinant human alpha-1-anti-trypsin (AAT)-IgG1 Fc fusion protein (AAT-Fc), and evaluated its properties to suppress inflammation and interleukin (IL)-1β in a mouse model of gouty arthritis. METHODS A combination of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and the fatty acid C16.0 (MSU/C16.0) was injected intra-articularly into the knee to induce gouty arthritis. Joint swelling, synovial cytokine production and histopathology were determined after 4 h. AAT-Fc was evaluated for inhibition of MSU/C16.0-induced IL-1β release from human blood monocytes and for inhibition of extracellular IL-1β precursor processing. RESULTS AAT-Fc markedly suppressed MSU/C16.0-induced joint inflammation by 85-91% (p<0.001). Ex vivo production of IL-1β and IL-6 from cultured synovia were similarly reduced (63% and 65%, respectively). The efficacy of 2.0 mg/kg AAT-Fc in reducing inflammation was comparable to 80 mg/kg of plasma-derived AAT. Injection of AAT-Fc into mice increased circulating levels of endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist by fourfold. We also observed that joint swelling was reduced by 80%, cellular infiltration by 95% and synovial production of IL-1β by 60% in transgenic mice expressing low levels of human AAT. In vitro, AAT-Fc reduced MSU/C16.0-induced release of IL-1β from human blood monocytes and inhibited proteinase-3-mediated extracellular processing of the IL-1β precursor into active IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS A single low dose of AAT-Fc is highly effective in reducing joint inflammation in this model of acute gouty arthritis. Considering the long-term safety of plasma-derived AAT use in humans, subcutaneous AAT-Fc emerges as a promising therapy for gout attacks.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Gouty/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Gouty/immunology
- Arthritis, Gouty/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Gout Suppressants/administration & dosage
- Gout Suppressants/pharmacology
- Gout Suppressants/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intra-Articular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/analysis
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- alpha 1-Antitrypsin/administration & dosage
- alpha 1-Antitrypsin/pharmacology
- alpha 1-Antitrypsin/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tania O Crişan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tania Azam
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maartje C P Cleophas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Palomo J, Dietrich D, Martin P, Palmer G, Gabay C. The interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family--Balance between agonists and antagonists in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2015; 76:25-37. [PMID: 26185894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines comprises 11 members, including 7 pro-inflammatory agonists (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ) and 4 defined or putative antagonists (IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-36Ra, IL-37, and IL-38) exerting anti-inflammatory activities. Except for IL-1Ra, IL-1 cytokines do not possess a leader sequence and are secreted via an unconventional pathway. In addition, IL-1β and IL-18 are produced as biologically inert pro-peptides that require cleavage by caspase-1 in their N-terminal region to generate active proteins. N-terminal processing is also required for full activity of IL-36 cytokines. The IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family comprises 10 members and includes cytokine-specific receptors, co-receptors and inhibitory receptors. The signaling IL-1Rs share a common structure with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains and an intracellular Toll-like/IL-1R (TIR) domain. IL-1 cytokines bind to their specific receptor, which leads to the recruitment of a co-receptor and intracellular signaling. IL-1 cytokines induce potent inflammatory responses and their activity is tightly controlled at the level of production, protein processing and maturation, receptor binding and post-receptor signaling by naturally occurring inhibitors. Some of these inhibitors are IL-1 family antagonists, while others are IL-1R family members acting as membrane-bound or soluble decoy receptors. An imbalance between agonist and antagonist levels can lead to exaggerated inflammatory responses. Several genetic modifications or mutations associated with dysregulated IL-1 activity and autoinflammatory disorders were identified in mouse models and in patients. These findings paved the road to the successful use of IL-1 inhibitors in diseases that were previously considered as untreatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Palomo
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Damien Dietrich
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Praxedis Martin
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland.
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122
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Rider P, Carmi Y, Yossef R, Guttman O, Eini H, Azam T, Dinarello CA, Lewis EC. IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Chimeric Protein: Context-Specific and Inflammation-Restricted Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1705-12. [PMID: 26157171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both IL-1α and IL-1β are highly inflammatory cytokines mediating a wide spectrum of diseases. A recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), which blocks IL-1R1, is broadly used to treat autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases; however, blocking IL-1 increases the risk of infection. In this study, we describe the development of a novel form of recombinant IL-1Ra, termed chimeric IL-1Ra. This molecule is a fusion of the N-terminal peptide of IL-1β and IL-1Ra, resulting in inactive IL-1Ra. Because the IL-1β N-terminal peptide contains several protease sites clustered around the caspase-1 site, local proteases at sites of inflammation can cleave chimeric IL-1Ra and turn IL-1Ra active. We demonstrate that chimeric IL-1Ra reduces IL-1-mediated inflammation in vitro and in vivo. This unique approach limits IL-1 receptor blockade to sites of inflammation, while sparing a multitude of desired IL-1-related activities, including host defense against infections and IL-1-mediated repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peleg Rider
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 95305; The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics and The Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rami Yossef
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics and The Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ofer Guttman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Hadar Eini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Tania Azam
- University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045; and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500, the Netherlands
| | - Eli C Lewis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Abstract
Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of most acute and chronic liver diseases. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that can sense danger signals from damaged cells and pathogens and assemble to mediate caspase-1 activation, which proteolytically activates the cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In contrast to other inflammatory responses, inflammasome activation uniquely requires two signals to induce inflammation, therefore setting an increased threshold. IL-1β, generated upon caspase-1 activation, provides positive feed-forward stimulation for inflammatory cytokines, thereby amplifying inflammation. Inflammasome activation has been studied in different human and experimental liver diseases and has been identified as a major contributor to hepatocyte damage, immune cell activation and amplification of liver inflammation. In this Review, we discuss the different types of inflammasomes, their activation and biological functions in the context of liver injury and disease progression. Specifically, we focus on the triggers of inflammasome activation in alcoholic steatohepatitis and NASH, chronic HCV infection, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and paracetamol-induced liver injury. The application and translation of these discoveries into therapies promises novel approaches in the treatment of inflammation in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 215, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jan Petrasek
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 215, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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124
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Afonina I, Müller C, Martin S, Beyaert R. Proteolytic Processing of Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines: Variations on a Common Theme. Immunity 2015; 42:991-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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125
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Unified Modeling of Familial Mediterranean Fever and Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndromes. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:893507. [PMID: 26161132 PMCID: PMC4464681 DOI: 10.1155/2015/893507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Familial mediterranean fever (FMF) and Cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) are two prototypical hereditary autoinflammatory diseases, characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation as a result of mutations in MEFV and NLRP3 genes encoding Pyrin and Cryopyrin proteins, respectively. Pyrin and Cryopyrin play key roles in the multiprotein inflammasome complex assembly, which regulates activity of an enzyme, Caspase 1, and its target cytokine, IL-1β. Overproduction of IL-1β by Caspase 1 is the main cause of episodic fever and inflammatory findings in FMF and CAPS. We present a unifying dynamical model for FMF and CAPS in the form of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The model is composed of two subsystems, which capture the interactions and dynamics of the key molecular players and the insults on the immune system. One of the subsystems, which contains a coupled positive-negative feedback motif, captures the dynamics of inflammation formation and regulation. We perform a comprehensive bifurcation analysis of the model and show that it exhibits three modes, capturing the Healthy, FMF, and CAPS cases. The mutations in Pyrin and Cryopyrin are reflected in the values of three parameters in the model. We present extensive simulation results for the model that match clinical observations.
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126
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How neutrophil extracellular traps orchestrate the local immune response in gout. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:727-34. [PMID: 26002146 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes possess a large arsenal of pro-inflammatory substances and mechanisms that empower them to drive local acute immune reactions to invading microorganisms or endogenous inflammatory triggers. The use of this armory needs to be tightly controlled to avoid chronic inflammation and collateral tissue damage. In gout, inflammation arises from precipitation of uric acid in the form of needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals. Inflammasome activation by these crystals in local immune cells results in a rapid and dramatic recruitment of neutrophils. This neutrophil influx is accompanied by the infamously intense clinical symptoms of inflammation during an acute gout attack. Neutrophilic inflammation however is equipped with a built-in safeguard; activated neutrophils form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). At the very high neutrophil densities that occur at the site of inflammation, NETs build aggregates that densely pack the monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and trap and degrade pro-inflammatory mediators by inherent proteases. Local removal of cytokines and chemokines by aggregated NETs explains how acute inflammation can stop in the consistent presence of the inflammatory trigger. Aggregated NETs resemble early stages of the typical large MSU deposits that constitute the pathognomonic structures of gout, tophi. Although tophi contribute to muscosceletal damage and mortality in patients with chronic gout, they can therefore be considered as a payoff that is necessary to silence the intense inflammatory response during acute gout.
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127
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Inflammasome-induced IL-1β secretion in microglia is characterized by delayed kinetics and is only partially dependent on inflammatory caspases. J Neurosci 2015; 35:678-87. [PMID: 25589762 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2510-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that link pathogen recognition and cellular stress to the processing of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Whereas inflammasome-mediated activation is heavily studied in hematopoietic macrophages and dendritic cells, much less is known about microglia, resident tissue macrophages of the brain that originate from a distinct progenitor. To directly compare inflammasome-mediated activation in different types of macrophages, we isolated primary microglia and hematopoietic macrophages from adult, healthy rhesus macaques. We analyzed the expression profile of NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain)-like receptors, adaptor proteins, and caspases and characterized inflammasome activation and regulation in detail. We here demonstrate that primary microglia can respond to the same innate stimuli as hematopoietic macrophages. However, microglial responses are more persistent due to lack of negative regulation on pro-IL-1β expression. In addition, we show that while caspase 1, 4, and 5 activation is pivotal for inflammasome-induced IL-1β secretion by hematopoietic macrophages, microglial secretion of IL-1β is only partially dependent on these inflammatory caspases. These results identify key cell type-specific differences that may aid the development of strategies to modulate innate immune responses in the brain.
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128
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Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Ora J, Matera MG. Canakinumab for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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129
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Enyedi B, Niethammer P. Mechanisms of epithelial wound detection. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:398-407. [PMID: 25813429 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Efficient wound healing requires the coordinated responses of various cell types within an injured tissue. To react to the presence of a wound, cells have to first detect it. Judging from their initial biochemical and morphological responses, many cells including leukocytes, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells detect wounds from over hundreds of micrometers within seconds-to-minutes. Wound detection involves the conversion of an injury-induced homeostatic perturbation, such as cell lysis, an unconstrained epithelial edge, or permeability barrier breakdown, into a chemical or physical signal. The signal is spatially propagated through the tissue to synchronize protective responses of cells near the wound site and at a distance. This review summarizes the triggers and mechanisms of wound detection in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Enyedi
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philipp Niethammer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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130
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RIPK3 promotes cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the absence of MLKL. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6282. [PMID: 25693118 PMCID: PMC4346630 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RIPK3 and its substrate MLKL are essential for necroptosis, a lytic cell death proposed to cause inflammation via the release of intracellular molecules. Whether and how RIPK3 might drive inflammation in a manner independent of MLKL and cell lysis remains unclear. Here we show that following LPS treatment, or LPS-induced necroptosis, the TLR adaptor protein TRIF and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs: X-linked IAP, cellular IAP1 and IAP2) regulate RIPK3 and MLKL ubiquitylation. Hence, when IAPs are absent, LPS triggers RIPK3 to activate caspase-8, promoting apoptosis and NLRP3-caspase-1 activation, independent of RIPK3 kinase activity and MLKL. In contrast, in the absence of both IAPs and caspase-8, RIPK3 kinase activity and MLKL are essential for TLR-induced NLRP3 activation. Consistent with in vitro experiments, interleukin-1 (IL-1)-dependent autoantibody-mediated arthritis is exacerbated in mice lacking IAPs, and is reduced by deletion of RIPK3, but not MLKL. Therefore RIPK3 can promote NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β inflammatory responses independent of MLKL and necroptotic cell death.
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131
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Yakut E, Jakobs C, Peric A, Michel G, Baal N, Bein G, Brüne B, Hornung V, Hackstein H. Extracorporeal photopheresis promotes IL-1β production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2569-77. [PMID: 25681340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is a widely used clinical cell-based therapy exhibiting efficacy in heterogenous immune-mediated diseases such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma, graft-versus-host disease, and organ allograft rejection. Despite its documented efficacy in cancer immunotherapy, little is known regarding the induction of immunostimulatory mediators by ECP. In this article, we show that ECP promotes marked release of the prototypic immunostimulatory cytokine IL-1β. ECP primes IL-1β production and activates IL-1β maturation and release in the context of caspase-1 activation in monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells. Of interest, IL-1β maturation by ECP was fully intact in murine cells deficient in caspase-1, suggesting the predominance of an inflammasome-independent pathway for ECP-dependent IL-1β maturation. Clinically, patient analysis revealed significantly increased IL-1β production in stimulated leukapheresis concentrates and peripheral blood samples after ECP. Collectively, these results provide evidence for promotion of IL-1β production by ECP and offer new insight into the immunostimulatory capacity of ECP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Yakut
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christopher Jakobs
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Adriana Peric
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Michel
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Bein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35390 Giessen, Germany;
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Nuvolone M, Sorce S, Schwarz P, Aguzzi A. Prion pathogenesis in the absence of NLRP3/ASC inflammasomes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117208. [PMID: 25671600 PMCID: PMC4324825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the scrapie prion protein PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of the cellular prion protein PrPC, is a crucial feature of prion diseases. In the central nervous system, this process is accompanied by conspicuous microglia activation. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multi-molecular complex which can sense heterogeneous pathogen-associated molecular patterns and culminates in the activation of caspase 1 and release of IL 1β. The NLRP3 inflammasome was reported to be essential for IL 1β release after in vitro exposure to the amyloidogenic peptide PrP106-126 and to recombinant PrP fibrils. We therefore studied the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in a mouse model of prion infection. Upon intracerebral inoculation with scrapie prions (strain RML), mice lacking NLRP3 (Nlrp3-/-) or the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (Pycard-/-) succumbed to scrapie with attack rates and incubation times similar to wild-type mice, and developed the classic histologic and biochemical features of prion diseases. Genetic ablation of NLRP3 or ASC did not significantly impact on brain levels of IL 1β at the terminal stage of disease. Our results exclude a significant role for NLRP3 and ASC in prion pathogenesis and invalidate their claimed potential as therapeutic target against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Nuvolone
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AA); (MN)
| | - Silvia Sorce
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AA); (MN)
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Karmakar M, Katsnelson M, Malak HA, Greene NG, Howell SJ, Hise AG, Camilli A, Kadioglu A, Dubyak GR, Pearlman E. Neutrophil IL-1β processing induced by pneumolysin is mediated by the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome and caspase-1 activation and is dependent on K+ efflux. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1763-75. [PMID: 25609842 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although neutrophils are the most abundant cells in acute infection and inflammation, relatively little attention has been paid to their role in inflammasome formation and IL-1β processing. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which neutrophils process IL-1β in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Using a murine model of S. pneumoniae corneal infection, we demonstrated a requirement for IL-1β in bacterial clearance, and we showed that Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1 are essential for IL-1β production and bacterial killing in the cornea. Neutrophils in infected corneas had multiple specks with enzymatically active caspase-1 (YVAD-FLICA 660), and bone marrow neutrophils stimulated with heat-killed S. pneumoniae (signal 1) and pneumolysin (signal 2) exhibited multiple specks when stained for NLRP3, ASC, or Caspase-1. High-molecular mass ASC complexes were also detected, consistent with oligomer formation. Pneumolysin induced K(+) efflux in neutrophils, and blocking K(+) efflux inhibited caspase-1 activation and IL-1β processing; however, neutrophils did not undergo pyroptosis, indicating that K(+) efflux and IL-1β processing is not a consequence of cell death. There was also no role for lysosomal destabilization or neutrophil elastase in pneumolysin-mediated IL-1β processing in neutrophils. Taken together, these findings demonstrate an essential role for neutrophil-derived IL-1β in S. pneumoniae infection, and they elucidate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cleavage and secretion of IL-1β in neutrophils. Given the ubiquitous presence of neutrophils in acute bacterial and fungal infections, these findings will have implications for other microbial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausita Karmakar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Michael Katsnelson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Hesham A Malak
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Neil G Greene
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Scott J Howell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Amy G Hise
- Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Andrew Camilli
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - George R Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106;
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Cleophas MCP, Crişan TO, Lemmers H, Toenhake-Dijkstra H, Fossati G, Jansen TL, Dinarello CA, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. Suppression of monosodium urate crystal-induced cytokine production by butyrate is mediated by the inhibition of class I histone deacetylases. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:593-600. [PMID: 25589513 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute gouty arthritis is caused by endogenously formed monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, which are potent activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, to induce the release of active interleukin (IL)-1β, an additional stimulus is needed. Saturated long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) can provide such a signal and stimulate transcription of pro-IL-1β. In contrast, the short-chain fatty acid butyrate possesses anti-inflammatory effects. One of the mechanisms involved is inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we explored the effects of butyrate on MSU+FFA-induced cytokine production and its inhibition of specific HDACs. METHODS Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were stimulated with MSU and palmitic acid (C16.0) in the presence or absence of butyrate or a synthetic HDAC inhibitor. Cytokine responses were measured with ELISA and quantitative PCR. HDAC activity was measured with fluorimetric assays. RESULTS Butyrate decreased C16.0+MSU-induced production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA in PBMCs from healthy donors. Similar results were obtained in PBMCs isolated from patients with gout. Butyrate specifically inhibited class I HDACs. The HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat and the potent HDAC inhibitor, ITF-B, also decreased ex vivo C16.0+MSU-induced IL-1β production. CONCLUSIONS In agreement with the reported low inhibitory potency of butyrate, a high concentration was needed for cytokine suppression, whereas synthetic HDAC inhibitors showed potent anti-inflammatory effects at nanomolar concentrations. These novel HDAC inhibitors could be effective in the treatment of acute gout. Moreover, the use of specific HDAC inhibitors could even improve the efficacy and reduce any potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje C P Cleophas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tania O Crişan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Lemmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helga Toenhake-Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Department of Research and Development, Italfarmaco, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Tim L Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Heidenreich R, Jasny E, Kowalczyk A, Lutz J, Probst J, Baumhof P, Scheel B, Voss S, Kallen KJ, Fotin-Mleczek M. A novel RNA-based adjuvant combines strong immunostimulatory capacities with a favorable safety profile. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:372-84. [PMID: 25530186 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein- and peptide-based tumor vaccines depend on strong adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Here, we demonstrated that a recently developed novel adjuvant based on a non-coding, long-chain RNA molecule, termed RNAdjuvant(®) , profoundly increased immunogenicity of both antigen formats. RNAdjuvant(®) induced balanced, long-lasting immune responses that resulted in a strong anti-tumor activity. A direct comparison to Poly(I:C) showed superior efficacy of our adjuvant to enhance antigen-specific multifunctional CD8(+) T-cell responses and mediate anti-tumor responses induced by peptide derived from HPV-16 E7 protein in the syngeneic TC-1 tumor, a murine model of human HPV-induced cervical cancer. Moreover, the adjuvant was able to induce functional memory responses that mediated complete tumor remission. Despite its remarkable immunostimulatory activity, our RNA-based adjuvant exhibited an excellent pre-clinical safety profile. It acted only locally at the injection site where it elicited a transient but strong up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines as well as cytoplasmic RNA sensors without systemic cytokine release. This was followed by the activation of immune cells in the draining lymph nodes. Our data indicate that our RNA-based adjuvant is a safe and potent immunostimulator that may profoundly improve the efficacy of a variety of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Heidenreich
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Edith Jasny
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Johannes Lutz
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jochen Probst
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Quality Unit Vaccines, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Patrick Baumhof
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Birgit Scheel
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Söhnke Voss
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Kallen
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Mariola Fotin-Mleczek
- CureVac GmbH, Department of pre-clinical research, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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136
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Gabay C. Cytokine neutralizers. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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137
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Dinarello CA. An expanding role for interleukin-1 blockade from gout to cancer. Mol Med 2014; 20 Suppl 1:S43-58. [PMID: 25549233 PMCID: PMC4374514 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an expanding role for interleukin (IL)-1 in diseases from gout to cancer. More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family is closely linked to innate inflammatory and immune responses. This linkage is because the cytoplasmic segment of all members of the IL-1 family of receptors contains a domain, which is highly homologous to the cytoplasmic domains of all toll-like receptors (TLRs). This domain, termed "toll IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain," signals as does the IL-1 receptors; therefore, inflammation due to the TLR and the IL-1 families is nearly the same. Fundamental responses such as the induction of cyclo-oxygenase type 2, increased surface expression of cellular adhesion molecules and increased gene expression of a broad number of inflammatory molecules characterizes IL-1 signal transduction as it does for TLR agonists. IL-1β is the most studied member of the IL-1 family because of its role in mediating autoinflammatory disease. However, a role for IL-1α in disease is being validated because of the availability of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to human IL-1α. There are presently three approved therapies for blocking IL-1 activity. Anakinra is a recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist, which binds to the IL-1 receptor and prevents the binding of IL-1β as well as IL-1α. Rilonacept is a soluble decoy receptor that neutralizes primarily IL-1β but also IL-1α. Canakinumab is a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes only IL-1β. Thus, a causal or significant contributing role can be established for IL-1β and IL-1α in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Anthony Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; and Department of Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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138
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Lukens JR, Gurung P, Vogel P, Johnson GR, Carter RA, McGoldrick DJ, Bandi SR, Calabrese CR, Vande Walle L, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. Dietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease. Nature 2014; 516:246-9. [PMID: 25274309 PMCID: PMC4268032 DOI: 10.1038/nature13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidences of chronic inflammatory disorders have increased considerably over the past three decades. Recent shifts in dietary consumption may have contributed importantly to this surge, but how dietary consumption modulates inflammatory disease is poorly defined. Pstpip2(cmo) mice, which express a homozygous Leu98Pro missense mutation in the Pombe Cdc15 homology family protein PSTPIP2 (proline-serine-threonine phosphatase interacting protein 2), spontaneously develop osteomyelitis that resembles chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in humans. Recent reports demonstrated a crucial role for interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in osteomyelitis, but deletion of the inflammasome components caspase-1 and NLRP3 failed to rescue Pstpip2(cmo) mice from inflammatory bone disease. Thus, the upstream mechanisms controlling IL-1β production in Pstpip2(cmo) mice remain to be identified. In addition, the environmental factors driving IL-1β-dependent inflammatory bone erosion are unknown. Here we show that the intestinal microbiota of diseased Pstpip2(cmo) mice was characterized by an outgrowth of Prevotella. Notably, Pstpip2(cmo) mice that were fed a diet rich in fat and cholesterol maintained a normal body weight, but were markedly protected against inflammatory bone disease and bone erosion. Diet-induced protection against osteomyelitis was accompanied by marked reductions in intestinal Prevotella levels and significantly reduced pro-IL-1β expression in distant neutrophils. Furthermore, pro-IL-1β expression was also decreased in Pstpip2(cmo) mice treated with antibiotics, and in wild-type mice that were kept under germ-free conditions. We further demonstrate that combined deletion of caspases 1 and 8 was required for protection against IL-1β-dependent inflammatory bone disease, whereas the deletion of either caspase alone or of elastase or neutrophil proteinase 3 failed to prevent inflammatory disease. Collectively, this work reveals diet-associated changes in the intestinal microbiome as a crucial factor regulating inflammasome- and caspase-8-mediated maturation of IL-1β and osteomyelitis in Pstpip2(cmo) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Gordon R. Johnson
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Robert A. Carter
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Daniel J. McGoldrick
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Srinivasa R.A.O. Bandi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | | | - Lieselotte Vande Walle
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University; B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University; B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Netea MG, van de Veerdonk FL, van der Meer JWM, Dinarello CA, Joosten LAB. Inflammasome-independent regulation of IL-1-family cytokines. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:49-77. [PMID: 25493334 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Induction, production, and release of proinflammatory cytokines are essential steps to establish an effective host defense. Cytokines of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family induce inflammation and regulate T lymphocyte responses while also displaying homeostatic and metabolic activities. With the exception of the IL-1 receptor antagonist, all IL-1 family cytokines lack a signal peptide and require proteolytic processing into an active molecule. One such unique protease is caspase-1, which is activated by protein platforms called the inflammasomes. However, increasing evidence suggests that inflammasomes and caspase-1 are not the only mechanism for processing IL-1 cytokines. IL-1 cytokines are often released as precursors and require extracellular processing for activity. Here we review the inflammasome-independent enzymatic processes that are able to activate IL-1 cytokines, paying special attention to neutrophil-derived serine proteases, which subsequently induce inflammation and modulate host defense. The inflammasome-independent processing of IL-1 cytokines has important consequences for understanding inflammatory diseases, and it impacts the design of IL-1-based modulatory therapies.
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140
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Chen H, Zheng S, Wang Y, Zhu H, Liu Q, Xue Y, Qiu J, Zou H, Zhu X. The effect of resveratrol on the recurrent attacks of gouty arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 35:1189-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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141
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Chen H, Zheng S, Wang Y, Zhu H, Liu Q, Xue Y, Qiu J, Zou H, Zhu X. The effect of resveratrol on the recurrent attacks of gouty arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2014. [PMID: 25421012 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Gouty arthritis is characterized by inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystal (MSU) deposition, which is resulted by increase of serum urate concentration. The management of gout, especially the recurrent attacks of chronic gouty arthritis, is still a problem to be resolved. In this study, we aimed to develop the preventive and therapeutic effects of resveratrol on gouty arthritis. Monosodium urate crystal (MSU) was used to induce gouty arthritis in foot pad of C57BL/6 mice. Yeast polysaccharide and potassium oxonate were used to induce hyperuricemia in Kunming mice. Resveratrol was intraperitoneally injected to the mice in the treatment group. Article inflammation and serum uric acid level were investigated to estimate the effect of resveratrol in gout. Yeast polysaccharide and potassium oxonate were used to induce hyperuricemia in mice, and MSU to induce gouty arthritis. We identified that resveratrol inhibited foot swelling and inflammation-associated 99mTc uptake in gouty mice. Moreover, serum uric acid level was also decreased by resveratrol in hyperuricemia mice. This study highlighted that resveratrol might be applied to prevent the recurrent attack of gouty arthritis because of its inhibition of articular inflammation and down-regulation of serum uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqizhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
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Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening illness that occurs due to an abnormal host immune network which extends through the initial widespread and overwhelming inflammation, and culminates at the late stage of immunosupression. Recently, interest has been shifted toward therapies aimed at reversing the accompanying periods of immune suppression. Studies in experimental animals and critically ill patients have demonstrated that increased apoptosis of lymphoid organs and some parenchymal tissues contributes to this immune suppression, anergy and organ dysfunction. Immediate to the discoveries of the intracellular proteases, caspases for the induction of apoptosis and inflammation, and their striking roles in sepsis have been focused elaborately in a number of original and review articles. Here we revisited the different aspects of caspases in terms of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis and inflammation and focused their links in sepsis by reviewing several recent findings. In addition, we have documented striking perspectives which not only rewrite the pathophysiology, but also modernize our understanding for developing novel therapeutics against sepsis.
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143
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neutrophil cells have been considered mainly as innate immune cells directed against microbial threats. Their serine proteases neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G are main constituents and are released at sites of inflammation. During recent years it became clear that neutrophil serine proteases act as regulators of cell signaling and immune regulation. RECENT FINDINGS Neutrophils are able to form so-called neutrophil extracellular traps. Recent studies showed that these extracellular traps might be involved in small vessel vasculitis and lupus nephritis. Neutrophil serine proteases in concert with externalized nucleosomes promote thrombus formation inside blood vessels. This event helps retain bacteria inside liver microvessels and thereby prevents the extravasation of pathogens. Moreover, neutrophil serine proteases act as alternative processing enzymes of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in vivo and modulate other inflammation-related control mechanisms such as progranulin inactivation, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and IL-6 inactivation. Recent studies point to an involvement of neutrophil elastase in lung cancer by inducing mitogenesis after entering the cells. SUMMARY The knowledge of the different functions of neutrophils is still expanding. Recent findings underline the importance of neutrophil serine proteases as key mediators of inflammatory processes and point to novel strategies against inflammatory disorders.
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Cheleschi S, Cantarini L, Pascarelli NA, Collodel G, Lucherini OM, Galeazzi M, Fioravanti A. Possible chondroprotective effect of canakinumab: an in vitro study on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Cytokine 2014; 71:165-72. [PMID: 25461395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Canakinumab is a human IgGκ monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the activity of interleukin (IL)-1β blocking interaction with IL-1β receptors. Our study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of canakinumab on human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes cultivated in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Articular cartilage was obtained from the femoral heads of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Chondrocytes were incubated with two concentrations (1μg/ml and 10μg/ml) of canakinumab alone or with TNF-α (10ng/ml) for 48h. We evaluated cell viability, release of proteoglycans (PG) and nitric oxide (NO) in culture medium, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and metalloproteinanes (MMP)-1,3,13 gene expression, apoptosis, necrosis and morphological feature by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Canakinumab alone did not have cytotoxic effect. Cell viability was reduced significantly (p<0.001) by TNF-α and restored by canakinumab at both concentrations used. TNF-α determined a significant decrease of PG (p<0.001) and an increase of NO (p<0.001) and MMP-1,3,13 gene expression. Canakinumab significantly increased the PG levels and decreased (1μg/ml, p<0.01; 10μg/ml, p<0.01) NO levels in cells cultured with TNF-α. The NO data were confirmed by the immunocytochemistry assay for iNOS. A significant reduction of MMP-1,3,13 gene expression was induced by canakinumab. Our experiments confirmed the pro-apoptotic effect of TNF-α and demonstrated a protective role of canakinumab. The results concerning biochemical data were further confirmed by the morphological findings obtained by TEM. We showed that canakinumab counteracts the negative effects of TNF-α on OA chondrocyte cultures and may have a potential chondroprotective role in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cheleschi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Giulia Collodel
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Orso Maria Lucherini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Mauro Galeazzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
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145
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Hildebrand D, Bode KA, Rieß D, Cerny D, Waldhuber A, Römmler F, Strack J, Korten S, Orth JHC, Miethke T, Heeg K, Kubatzky KF. Granzyme A produces bioactive IL-1β through a nonapoptotic inflammasome-independent pathway. Cell Rep 2014; 9:910-7. [PMID: 25437548 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial components are recognized by the immune system through activation of the inflammasome, eventually causing processing of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1? (IL-1?), a pleiotropic cytokine and one of the most important mediators of inflammation, through the protease caspase-1. Synthesis of the precursor protein and processing into its bioactive form are tightly regulated, given that disturbed control of IL-1? release can cause severe autoinflammatory diseases or contribute to cancer development. We show that the bacterial Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) triggers Il1b gene transcription in macrophages independently of Toll-like receptor signaling through RhoA/Rho-kinase-mediated NF-?? activation. Furthermore, PMT mediates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein-controlled granzyme A (a serine protease) expression in macrophages. The exocytosed granzyme A enters target cells and mediates IL-1? maturation independently of caspase-1 and without inducing cytotoxicity. These findings show that macrophages can induce an IL-1?-initiated immune response independently of inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Hildebrand
- Department für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad A Bode
- Department für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Rieß
- Department für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Cerny
- Department für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Waldhuber
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 30, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Franziska Römmler
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 30, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Julia Strack
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Korten
- Labor Lademannbogen MVZ GmbH, Lademannbogen 61-63, 22339 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim H C Orth
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Miethke
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Heeg
- Department für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Department für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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146
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Apostolidou E, Skendros P, Kambas K, Mitroulis I, Konstantinidis T, Chrysanthopoulou A, Nakos K, Tsironidou V, Koffa M, Boumpas DT, Ritis K. Neutrophil extracellular traps regulate IL-1β-mediated inflammation in familial Mediterranean fever. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 75:269-77. [PMID: 25261578 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory attacks of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) are characterised by circulation and influx of high number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the affected sites and profound therapeutic effect of IL-1β inhibitors. We investigated the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in the pathogenesis of FMF, and their involvement in IL-1β production. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from six FMF patients during remissions and from three patients during attacks. NET formation and NET components were studied by fluorescence techniques, immunobloting and MPO-DNA complex ELISA. RESULTS PMNs from patients released NETs decorated with IL-1β during disease attacks. On the other hand, PMNs from patients during remission were resistant to inflammatory stimuli that induce NET release in PMNs from control subjects. Lower basal autophagy levels were identified in PMNs during remission, while induction of autophagy facilitated NET release, suggesting that autophagy is involved in the regulation of NET release. During the resolution of attacks, inhibition of NET formation by negative feedback mechanism was also observed. The anti-inflammatory agents, colchicine and DNAse I, inhibited IL-1β production in PMNs and IL-1β activity in NETs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We suggest two additive events for triggering the FMF attack; the production of IL-1β by PMNs and its release through NETs. At the same time NETs, homeostatically, downregulate further NETosis, facilitating the resolution of attack. Compensatorly, lower basal autophagy of PMNs may protect from crises by attenuating the release of pro-inflammatory NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Apostolidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Skendros
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mitroulis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Akrivi Chrysanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Nakos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Victoria Tsironidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Koffa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Boumpas
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, National University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Centre of Immunology and Transplantations, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ritis
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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147
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Shirasuna K, Usui F, Karasawa T, Kimura H, Kawashima A, Mizukami H, Ohkuchi A, Nishimura S, Sagara J, Noda T, Ozawa K, Taniguchi S, Takahashi M. Nanosilica-induced placental inflammation and pregnancy complications: Different roles of the inflammasome components NLRP3 and ASC. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:554-67. [PMID: 25211550 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.956156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing commercial use of nanoparticles, little is known about their effects on placental inflammation and pregnancy complications. In this study, nanosilica (NS) particles upregulated the inflammasome component nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and induced placental inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, resulting in pregnancy complications. Furthermore, NS-induced pregnancy complications were markedly improved in Nlrp3(-/-) mice but not in component apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC)-deficient (Asc(-/-)) mice, indicating the independence of NLRP3 inflammasomes. Pregnancy complications in Nlrp3(-/-) and Asc(-/-) mice phenotypes were dependent on the balance between interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-10. NS-induced pregnancy complications were completely prevented by either inhibition of ROS generation or forced expression of IL-10. Our findings provide important information about NS-induced placental inflammation and pregnancy complications and the novel pathophysiological roles of NLRP3 and ASC in pregnancy.
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148
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Place DE, Muse SJ, Kirimanjeswara GS, Harvill ET. Caspase-1-independent interleukin-1β is required for clearance of Bordetella pertussis infections and whole-cell vaccine-mediated immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107188. [PMID: 25198773 PMCID: PMC4157866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough remains a significant disease worldwide and its re-emergence in highly vaccinated populations has been attributed to a combination of imperfect vaccines and evolution of the pathogen. The focus of this study was to examine the role of IL-1α/β and the inflammasome in generation of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) response, which is required for the clearance of Bordetella pertussis. We show that IL-1β but not IL-1α is required for mediating the clearance of B. pertussis from the lungs of mice. We further found that IL-1β and IL-1R deficient mice, compared to wild-type, have similar but more persistent levels of inflammation, characterized by immune cell infiltration, with significantly increased IFNγ and a normal IL-17A response during B. pertussis infection. Contrary to expectations, the cleavage of precursor IL-1β to its mature form did not require caspase-1 during primary infections within the lung despite being required by bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed to live bacteria. We also found that the caspase-1 inflammasome was not required for protective immunity against a B. pertussis challenge following vaccination with heat-killed whole cell B. pertussis, despite IL-1R signaling being required. These findings demonstrate that caspase-1-independent host factors are involved in the processing of protective IL-1β responses that are critical for bacterial clearance and vaccine-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Place
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Muse
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Girish S. Kirimanjeswara
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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149
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Ogryzko NV, Renshaw SA, Wilson HL. The IL-1 family in fish: swimming through the muddy waters of inflammasome evolution. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:53-62. [PMID: 24690566 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are a significant burden on global healthcare systems, and tackling these diseases is a major focus of modern medicine. Key to many inflammatory diseases is the cytokine, Interleukin-1 (IL-1). Due to its apical role in initiating the inflammatory response, dysregulated IL-1 signalling results in a number of pathologies. Treatment of inflammatory diseases with anti-IL-1 therapies has offered many therapeutic benefits, however current therapies are protein based, with all the accompanying limitations. The non-conventional pathways involved in IL-1 signalling provide a number of potential therapeutic targets for clinical intervention and this has led to the exploitation of a number of model organisms for the study of IL-1 biology. Murine models have long been used to study IL-1 processing and release, but do not allow direct visualisation in vivo. Recently, fish models have emerged as genetically tractable and optically transparent inflammatory disease models. These models have raised questions on the evolutionary origins of the IL-1 family and the conservation in its processing and activation. Here we review the current understanding of IL-1 evolution in fish and discuss the study of IL-1 processing in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ogryzko
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Infection and Immunity and MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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150
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Lukens JR, Kanneganti TD. Beyond canonical inflammasomes: emerging pathways in IL-1-mediated autoinflammatory disease. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:595-609. [PMID: 24838628 PMCID: PMC4189983 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, non-communicable chronic diseases that are potentiated by sterile inflammation have replaced infectious diseases as the major threat to human health. Sterile inflammation that results from aberrant tissue damage plays pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of numerous acute and chronic inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, and multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The cellular events and molecular signaling pathways that govern sterile inflammation currently remain poorly defined; however, emerging data suggest central roles for IL-1 in driving autoimmune and inflammatory disease pathogenesis. Improved characterization of the immunological pathways that contribute to sterile inflammation are desperately needed to develop effective therapeutics to treat these devastating diseases. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how IL-1 is regulated in response to tissue damage. In particular, we highlight recent studies that describe novel roles for conventional cell death molecules in the regulation of IL-1β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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