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Zoubek ME, Woitok MM, Sydor S, Nelson LJ, Bechmann LP, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Bast A, Koek GH, Trautwein C, Cubero FJ. Protective role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2) in ibuprofen-induced acute liver injury. J Pathol 2018; 247:110-122. [PMID: 30264435 DOI: 10.1002/path.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a worldwide used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which may cause acute liver injury (ALI) requiring liver transplantation. We aimed to unveil the molecular pathways involved in triggering ibuprofen-induced ALI, which, at present, remain elusive. First, we investigated activation of essential pathways in human liver sections of ibuprofen-induced ALI. Next, we assessed the cytotoxicity of ibuprofen in vitro and developed a novel murine model of ibuprofen intoxication. To assess the role of JNK, we used animals carrying constitutive deletion of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (Jnk1-/- ) or Jnk2 (Jnk2-/- ) expression and included investigations using animals with hepatocyte-specific Jnk deletion either genetically (Jnk1Δhepa ) or by siRNA (siJnk2Δhepa ). We found in human and murine samples of ibuprofen-induced acute liver failure that JNK phosphorylation was increased in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and other non-liver parenchymal cells (non-LPCs) compared with healthy tissue. In mice, ibuprofen intoxication resulted in a significantly stronger degree of liver injury compared with vehicle-treated controls as evidenced by serum transaminases, and hepatic histopathology. Next, we investigated molecular pathways. PKCα, AKT, JNK and RIPK1 were significantly increased 8 h after ibuprofen intoxication. Constitutive Jnk1-/- and Jnk2-/- deficient mice exhibited increased liver dysfunction compared to wild-type (WT) animals. Furthermore, siJnk2Δhepa animals showed a dramatic increase in biochemical markers of liver function, which correlated with significantly higher serum liver enzymes and worsened liver histology, and MAPK activation compared to Jnk1Δhepa or WT animals. In our study, cytoplasmic JNK activation in hepatocytes and other non-LPCs is a hallmark of human and murine ibuprofen-induced ALI. Functional in vivo analysis demonstrated a protective role of hepatocyte-specific Jnk2 during ibuprofen ALI. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E Zoubek
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marius M Woitok
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svenja Sydor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering (IBioE), Human Tissue Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lars P Bechmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria I Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raul J Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, Málaga, Spain
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger H Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco J Cubero
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Cell death represents a basic biological paradigm that governs outcomes and long-term sequelae in almost every hepatic disease condition. Acute liver failure is characterized by massive loss of parenchymal cells but is usually followed by restitution ad integrum. By contrast, cell death in chronic liver diseases often occurs at a lesser extent but leads to long-term alterations in organ architecture and function, contributing to chronic hepatocyte turnover, the recruitment of immune cells and activation of hepatic stellate cells. These chronic cell death responses contribute to the development of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and cancer. It has become evident that, besides apoptosis, necroptosis is a highly relevant form of programmed cell death in the liver. Differential activation of specific forms of programmed cell death might not only affect outcomes in liver diseases but also offer novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize the underlying molecular mechanisms and open questions about disease-specific activation and roles of programmed cell death forms, their contribution to response signatures and their detection. We focus on the role of apoptosis and necroptosis in acute liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver cancer, and possible translations into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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103
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Cubero FJ, Peng J, Liao L, Su H, Zhao G, Zoubek ME, Macías-Rodríguez R, Ruiz-Margain A, Reißing J, Zimmermann HW, Gassler N, Luedde T, Liedtke C, Hatting M, Trautwein C. Inactivation of caspase 8 in liver parenchymal cells confers protection against murine obstructive cholestasis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1326-1334. [PMID: 30144553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Caspase 8 (CASP8) is the apical initiator caspase in death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Strong evidence for a link between death receptor signaling pathways and cholestasis has recently emerged. Herein, we investigated the role of CASP8-dependent and independent pathways during experimental cholestasis. METHODS Liver injury was characterized in a cohort of human sera (n = 28) and biopsies from patients with stage IV primary biliary cholangitis. In parallel, mice with either specific deletion of Casp8 in liver parenchymal cells (Casp8Δhepa) or hepatocytes (Casp8Δhep), and mice with constitutive Ripk3 (Ripk3-/-) deletion, were subjected to surgical ligation of the common bile duct (BDL) from 2 to 28 days. Floxed (Casp8fl/fl) and Ripk3+/+ mice were used as controls. Moreover, the pan-caspase inhibitor IDN-7314 was used, and cell death mechanisms were studied in primary isolated hepatocytes. RESULTS Overexpression of activated caspase 3, CASP8 and RIPK3 was characteristic of liver explants from patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Twenty-eight days after BDL, Casp8Δhepamice showed decreased necrotic foci, serum aminotransferase levels and apoptosis along with diminished compensatory proliferation and ductular reaction. These results correlated with a decreased inflammatory profile and ameliorated liver fibrogenesis. A similar phenotype was observed in Ripk3-/- mice. IDN-7314 treatment decreased CASP8 levels but failed to prevent BDL-induced cholestasis, independently of CASP8 in hepatocytes. CONCLUSION These findings show that intervention against CASP8 in liver parenchymal cells - specifically in cholangiocytes - might be a beneficial option for treating obstructive cholestasis, while broad pan-caspase inhibition might trigger undesirable side effects. LAY SUMMARY Loss of caspase 8 - a protein involved in programmed cell death - in liver parenchymal cells protects against experimental cholestasis. Therefore, specific pharmacological intervention against caspase 8 might be a valid alternative for the treatment of obstructive cholestasis in the clinic, whereas broad pan-caspase inhibiting drugs might trigger undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology & ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Su
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Astrid Ruiz-Margain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johanna Reißing
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, Braunschweig Hospital, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany.
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RIPK3-Mediated Necroptosis and Neutrophil Infiltration Are Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1509851. [PMID: 30596105 PMCID: PMC6286738 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1509851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic cirrhosis is an end-stage liver disease with impaired survival and often requires liver transplantation. Recent data suggests that receptor-interacting protein kinase-3- (RIPK3-) mediated necroptosis plays an important role in alcoholic cirrhosis. Additionally, neutrophil infiltration is the most characteristic pathologic hallmark of alcoholic hepatitis. Whether RIPK3 level is correlated with neutrophil infiltration or poor prognosis in alcoholic cirrhotic patients is still unknown. We aimed to determine the correlation of RIPK3 and neutrophil infiltration with the prognosis in the end-stage alcoholic cirrhotic patients. A total of 20 alcoholic cirrhotic patients subjected to liver transplantation and 5 normal liver samples from control patients were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Neutrophil infiltration and necroptosis were assessed by immunohistochemical staining for myeloperoxidase (MPO) and RIPK3, respectively. The noninvasive score system (model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)) and histological score systems (Ishak, Knodell, and ALD grading and ALD stage) were used to evaluate the prognosis. Neutrophil infiltration was aggravated in patients with a high MELD score (≥32) in the liver. The MPO and RIPK3 levels in the liver were positively related to the Ishak score. The RIPK3 was also significantly and positively related to the Knodell score. In conclusion, RIPK3-mediated necroptosis and neutrophil-mediated alcoholic liver inflammatory response are highly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with end-stage alcoholic cirrhosis. RIPK3 and MPO might serve as potential predictors for poor prognosis in alcoholic cirrhotic patients.
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105
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Kondylis V, Pasparakis M. RIP Kinases in Liver Cell Death, Inflammation and Cancer. Trends Mol Med 2018; 25:47-63. [PMID: 30455045 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is intrinsically linked to inflammatory liver disease and cancer development. Recent genetic studies have suggested that receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1 is implicated in liver disease pathogenesis by regulating caspase-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or other stimuli. In contrast, the contribution of caspase-independent RIPK3/mixed lineage kinase like (MLKL)-mediated hepatocyte necroptosis remains debatable. Hepatocyte apoptosis depends on the balance between RIPK1 prosurvival scaffolding functions and its kinase-activity-mediated proapoptotic function. Several regulatory steps promote the prosurvival role of RIPK1, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination of RIPK1 itself and other molecules involved in RIPK1 signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of liver damage by targeting RIPK1 signaling emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent chronic liver inflammation and hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis Kondylis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.
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106
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Du K, Ramachandran A, Weemhoff JL, Woolbright BL, Jaeschke AH, Chao X, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. Mito-tempo protects against acute liver injury but induces limited secondary apoptosis during the late phase of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:163-178. [PMID: 30324313 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that delayed treatment with Mito-tempo (MT), a mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic, protects against the early phase of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity by inhibiting peroxynitrite formation. However, whether this protection is sustained to the late phase of toxicity is unknown. To investigate the late protection, C57Bl/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP followed by 20 mg/kg MT 1.5 h or 3 h later. We found that both MT treatments protected against the late phase of APAP hepatotoxicity at 12 and 24 h. Surprisingly, MT-treated mice demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic hepatocytes, while the necrotic phenotype was observed almost exclusively in mice treated with APAP alone. In addition, there was a significant increase in caspase-3 activity and cleavage in the livers of MT-treated mice. Immunostaining for active caspase-3 revealed that the positively stained hepatocytes were exclusively in centrilobular areas. Treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor ZVD-fmk (10 mg/kg) 2 h post-APAP neutralized this caspase activation and provided additional protection against APAP hepatotoxicity. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine, the current standard of care for APAP poisoning, protected but did not induce this apoptotic phenotype. Mechanistically, MT treatment inhibited APAP-induced RIP3 kinase expression, and RIP3-deficient mice showed caspase activation and apoptotic morphology in hepatocytes analogous to MT treatment. These data suggest that while necrosis is the primary cause of cell death after APAP hepatotoxicity, treatment with the antioxidant MT may switch the mode of cell death to secondary apoptosis in some cells. Modulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and RIP3 kinase expression play critical roles in this switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Andrew H Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Li X, Lin J, Lin Y, Huang Z, Pan Y, Cui P, Yu C, Cai C, Xia J. Hydrogen sulfide protects against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting apoptosis via the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4385-4397. [PMID: 30260040 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic. It can cause hepatotoxicity. Recent studies demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) exhibits cell protection in several cell types. This study was designed to investigate whether H 2 S ameliorated APAP-induced acute liver injury and to elucidate its mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the detailed biological and molecular processes of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity using a bioinformatics analysis, which showed that apoptosis and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway were confirmed to play critical roles in these processes. We further investigated the protective effects of H 2 S on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. In vivo, we observed that the exogenous supplement of H 2 S ameliorated APAP-induced liver injury. Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) systems were the endogenous pathway of H 2 S. The expression of CBS/CSE was decreased in APAP-treated mice, while H 2 S could significantly restore it. In addition, APAP-induced JNK activation was inhibited by H 2 S in vivo. In vitro, H 2 S abolished the active effects of APAP on caspase3, Bax, and Bcl-2 expressions as well as JNK phosphorylation in hepatocytes. It was found through flow cytometry that the amount of APAP-induced apoptotic hepatocytes was decreased in the presence of H 2 S. In conclusion, our results suggested that H 2 S attenuated APAP-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes through JNK/MAPK siganaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqiong Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zena Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Emergency, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuguo Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chicai Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jintang Xia
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Animal models of drug-induced liver injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:1031-1039. [PMID: 31007174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents unique challenges for consumers, clinicians, and regulators. It is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US. It is also one of the most common reasons for termination of new drugs during pre-clinical testing and withdrawal of new drugs post-marketing. DILI is generally divided into two forms: intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Many of the challenges with DILI are due in large part to poor understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Although useful models of intrinsic DILI are available, they are frequently misused. Modeling idiosyncratic DILI presents greater challenges, but promising new models have recently been developed. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a critical review of the most popular animal models of DILI, and to discuss the future of DILI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury: progress and utility in research, medicine, and regulation. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:797-807. [PMID: 30080986 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1508998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The difficulty of understanding and diagnosing drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has led to proliferation of serum and genetic biomarkers. Many applications of these biomarkers have been proposed, including investigation of mechanisms, prediction of DILI during early trials or before initiation of therapy in patients, and diagnosis of DILI during therapy. Areas covered: We review the definition and categories of DILI, describe recent developments in DILI biomarker development, and provide guidance for future directions in DILI biomarker research. Expert commentary: There are major obstacles to DILI biomarker development and implementation, including the low prevalence of idiosyncratic DILI (IDILI), weak associations of IDILI with genetic variants, and lack of specificity of many biomarkers for the liver. Certain serum biomarkers, like miR-122, may have clinical utility in early-presenting patients with either intrinsic or idiosyncratic DILI in the future, while others likely will not find use. Future research should focus on implementation of biomarkers to predict later injury and outcome in early presenters with intrinsic DILI, and on development of biomarkers of adaptation and repair in the liver that can be used to determine if a liver test abnormality is likely to be clinically significant in IDILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- c Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
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110
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Chao X, Wang H, Jaeschke H, Ding WX. Role and mechanisms of autophagy in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2018; 38:1363-1374. [PMID: 29682868 PMCID: PMC6105454 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the USA and many other countries. Although the metabolism and pathogenesis of APAP has been extensively investigated for decades, the mechanisms by which APAP induces liver injury are incompletely known, which hampers the development of effective therapeutic approaches to tackle this important clinical problem. Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway, which aims at recycling cellular components and damaged organelles in response to adverse environmental conditions and stresses as a survival mechanism. There is accumulating evidence indicating that autophagy is activated in response to APAP overdose in specific liver zone areas, and pharmacological activation of autophagy protects against APAP-induced liver injury. Increasing evidence also suggests that hepatic autophagy is impaired in nonalcoholic fatty livers (NAFLD), and NAFLD patients are more susceptible to APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we summarized the current progress on the role and mechanisms of autophagy in protecting against APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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111
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Kim SJ, Lee SM. Necrostatin-1 Protects Against D-Galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic Injury by Preventing TLR4 and RAGE Signaling. Inflammation 2018; 40:1912-1923. [PMID: 28752362 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome results in massive inflammation and hepatocyte death. Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrotic cell death that is emerging as a crucial control point for inflammatory diseases. The kinases receptor interacting protein (RIP) 1 and RIP3 are known as key modulators of necroptosis. In this study, we investigated the impact of necroptosis in the pathogenesis of FHF and molecular mechanisms, particularly its linkage to damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-mediated pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways. Male C57BL/6 mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of necrostatin-1 (Nec-1, RIP1 inhibitor; 1.8 mg/kg; dissolved in 2% dimethyl sulfoxide in phosphate-buffered saline) 1 h before receiving D-galactosamine (GalN; 800 mg/kg)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 40 μg/kg). Hepatic RIP1, RIP3 protein expression, their phosphorylation, and RIP1/RIP3 complex formation upregulated in the GalN/LPS group were attenuated by Nec-1. Nec-1 markedly reduced the increases in mortality and serum alanine aminotransferase activity induced by GalN/LPS. Increased serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and interleukin (IL)-33 release, HMGB1-toll-like receptor 4 and HMGB1-receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) interaction, and nuclear protein expressions of NF-κB and early growth response protein-1 (egr-1) were attenuated by Nec-1. Our finding suggests that necroptosis is responsible for GalN/LPS-induced liver injury through DAMP-activated PRR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Joo Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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112
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The role of apoptosis in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:709-718. [PMID: 29920288 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although necrosis is recognized as the main mode of cell death induced by acetaminophen (APAP) overdose in animals and humans, more recently an increasing number of publications, especially in the herbal medicine and dietary supplement field, claim an important contribution of apoptotic cell death in the pathophysiology. However, most of these conclusions are based on parameters that are not specific for apoptosis. Therefore, the objective of this review was to re-visit the key signaling events of receptor-mediated apoptosis and APAP-induced programmed necrosis and critically analyze the parameters that are being used as evidence for apoptotic cell death. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons of parameters such as Bax, Bcl-2, caspase processing and DNA fragmentation in both modes of cell death clearly show fundamental differences between apoptosis and cell death induced by APAP. These observations together with the lack of efficacy of pan-caspase inhibitors in the APAP model strongly supports the conclusion that APAP hepatotoxicity is dominated by necrosis or programmed necrosis and does not involve relevant apoptosis. In order not to create a new controversy, it is important to understand how to use these "apoptosis" parameters and properly interpret the data. These issues are discussed in this review.
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113
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Oppelt A, Kaschek D, Huppelschoten S, Sison-Young R, Zhang F, Buck-Wiese M, Herrmann F, Malkusch S, Krüger CL, Meub M, Merkt B, Zimmermann L, Schofield A, Jones RP, Malik H, Schilling M, Heilemann M, van de Water B, Goldring CE, Park BK, Timmer J, Klingmüller U. Model-based identification of TNFα-induced IKKβ-mediated and IκBα-mediated regulation of NFκB signal transduction as a tool to quantify the impact of drug-induced liver injury compounds. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 4:23. [PMID: 29900006 PMCID: PMC5995845 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a major problem for patients and for clinicians, academics and the pharmaceutical industry. To date, existing hepatotoxicity test systems are only poorly predictive and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. One of the factors known to amplify hepatotoxicity is the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), especially due to its synergy with commonly used drugs such as diclofenac. However, the exact mechanism of how diclofenac in combination with TNFα induces liver injury remains elusive. Here, we combined time-resolved immunoblotting and live-cell imaging data of HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) with dynamic pathway modeling using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe the complex structure of TNFα-induced NFκB signal transduction and integrated the perturbations of the pathway caused by diclofenac. The resulting mathematical model was used to systematically identify parameters affected by diclofenac. These analyses showed that more than one regulatory module of TNFα-induced NFκB signal transduction is affected by diclofenac, suggesting that hepatotoxicity is the integrated consequence of multiple changes in hepatocytes and that multiple factors define toxicity thresholds. Applying our mathematical modeling approach to other DILI-causing compounds representing different putative DILI mechanism classes enabled us to quantify their impact on pathway activation, highlighting the potential of the dynamic pathway model as a quantitative tool for the analysis of DILI compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Oppelt
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaschek
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Suzanna Huppelschoten
- 3Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fang Zhang
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marie Buck-Wiese
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Herrmann
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malkusch
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen L Krüger
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mara Meub
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Merkt
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lea Zimmermann
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amy Schofield
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert P Jones
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,6North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- 6North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marcel Schilling
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,7Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bob van de Water
- 3Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jens Timmer
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,8BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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114
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20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3, a rare saponin from red ginseng, ameliorates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing PI3K/AKT pathway-mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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115
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DNase II activated by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway regulates RIP1-dependent non-apoptotic hepatocyte death via the TLR9/IFN-β signaling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:470-486. [PMID: 29855540 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death, including apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death, is frequently observed in liver disease. Upon activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, mitochondria release not only apoptogenic cytochrome c but also mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol. The impact of DNase II, a lysosomal acid DNase that degrades mtDNA, on hepatocyte death remains unclear. Administration of ABT-737, a Bcl-xL inhibitor, upregulated DNase II activity in murine hepatocyte cell line BNL CL.2 cells and induced apoptosis. In cells treated with DNase II siRNA, ABT-737 led to accumulation of mtDNA in the cytosol and increased expression of interferon (IFN)-β and induction of propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells, in addition to apoptosis. Induced PI-positive cells were suppressed by RIP1 inhibitor, Necrostatin-1, but not by pan-caspase inhibitor, ZVAD-FMK, suggesting non-apoptotic cell death. Both the increase in IFN-β and the induction of non-apoptotic cell death were abolished by administering a TLR9 antagonist, ODN2088, or by the removal of mtDNA from cells with ethidium bromide. Hepatocyte-specific Mcl-1 knockout mice developed hepatocyte apoptosis accompanied by upregulated DNase II activity in their livers. Further knockout of DNase II induced IFN-β expression and RIP1-dependent non-apoptotic hepatocyte death, both of which were suppressed by the administration of ODN2088. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), an obesity-associated fatty liver model, showed increased expression of IFN-β with suppression of DNase II activity in their livers and developed not only hepatocyte apoptosis but also non-apoptotic hepatocyte death. Hepatocyte-specific knockout of DNase II exacerbated HFD-induced non-apoptotic hepatocyte death and liver fibrosis. In conclusion, without DNase II, apoptotic stimulation on hepatocytes induces TLR9-dependent IFN-β production and RIP1-dependent non-apoptotic cell death originating from mtDNA. In fatty livers, DNase II activity is suppressed in contrast to simple inactivation of Bcl-xL or Mcl-1, and both apoptotic and non-apoptotic hepatocyte death can develop, leading to the progression of liver fibrosis.
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116
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Yu W, Zhu J, Wang Y, Wang J, Fang W, Xia K, Shao J, Wu M, Liu B, Liang C, Ye C, Tao H. A review and outlook in the treatment of osteosarcoma and other deep tumors with photodynamic therapy: from basic to deep. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39833-39848. [PMID: 28418855 PMCID: PMC5503657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy, one of the most promising minimally invasive treatments, has received increasing focus in tumor therapy research, which has been widely applied in treating superficial tumors. Three basic factors - photosensitizer, the light source, and oxidative stress - are responsible for tumor cell cytotoxicity. However, due to insufficient luminous flux and peripheral tissue damage, the utilization of photodynamic therapy is facing a huge limitation in deep tumor therapy. Osteosarcoma is the typical deep tumor, which is the most commonly occurring malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite developments in surgery, high risks of the amputation still threatens the health of osteosarcoma patients. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the field of photodynamic therapy and specifically PDT research in OS treatment modalities. In addition, we also provide some novel suggestions, which could potentially be a breakthrough in PDT-induced OS therapies. PDT has the potential to become an effective therapy while the its limitations still present when applied on the treatment of OS or other types of deep tumors. Thus, more researches and studies in the field are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Weijing Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianlin Shao
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Minzu Wu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chengyi Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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117
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Moles A, Torres S, Baulies A, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Mitochondrial-Lysosomal Axis in Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:453. [PMID: 29867464 PMCID: PMC5968389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure and a major indication for liver transplantion in the United States and Europe. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying APAP hepatotoxicity, there is still an urgent need to find novel and effective therapies against APAP-induced acute liver failure. Hepatic APAP metabolism results in the production of the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which under physiological conditions is cleared by its conjugation with glutathione (GSH) to prevent its targeting to mitochondria. APAP overdose or GSH limitation leads to mitochondrial NAPQI-protein adducts formation, resulting in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and necrotic cell death. As mitochondria are a major target of APAP hepatotoxicity, mitochondrial quality control and clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy, emerges as an important strategy to limit oxidative stress and the engagement of molecular events leading to cell death. Recent evidence has indicated a lysosomal-mitochondrial cross-talk that regulates APAP hepatotoxicity. Moreover, as lysosomal function is essential for mitophagy, impairment in the fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes-containing mitochondria may compromise the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria, resulting in exacerbated APAP hepatotoxicity. This review centers on the role of mitochondria in APAP hepatotoxicity and how the mitochondrial/lysosomal axis can influence APAP-induced liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moles
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Torres
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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118
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Zhang LQ, Nsumu M, Huang P, Heruth DP, Riordan SM, Shortt K, Zhang N, Grigoryev DN, Li DY, Friesen CA, Van Haandel L, Leeder JS, Olson J, Ye SQ. Novel Protective Role of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase in Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1640-1652. [PMID: 29684358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen overdose is the most common cause of acute liver injury (ALI) or acute liver failure in the United States. Its pathogenetic mechanisms are incompletely understood. Additional studies are warranted to identify new genetic risk factors for more mechanistic insights and new therapeutic target discoveries. The objective of this study was to explore the role and mechanisms of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in acetaminophen-induced ALI. C57BL/6 Nampt gene wild-type (Nampt+/+), heterozygous knockout (Nampt+/-), and overexpression (NamptOE) mice were treated with overdose of acetaminophen, followed by histologic, biochemical, and transcriptomic evaluation of liver injury. The mechanism of Nampt in acetaminophen-induced hepatocytic toxicity was also explored in cultured primary hepatocytes. Three lines of evidence have convergently demonstrated that acetaminophen overdose triggers the most severe oxidative stress and necrosis, and the highest expression of key necrosis driving genes in Nampt+/- mice, whereas the effects in NamptOE mice were least severe relative to Nampt+/+ mice. Treatment of P7C3-A20, a small chemical molecule up-regulator of Nampt, ameliorated acetaminophen-induced mouse ALI over the reagent control. These findings support the fact that NAMPT protects against acetaminophen-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Q Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri.
| | - Marianne Nsumu
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Peixin Huang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Daniel P Heruth
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Sean M Riordan
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Katherine Shortt
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Nini Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Dmitry N Grigoryev
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Ding-You Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Craig A Friesen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Leon Van Haandel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Jody Olson
- The University of Kansas Liver Center, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Shui Q Ye
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Biological Sciences, Kansas City, Missouri.
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119
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Ye H, Nelson LJ, Gómez del Moral M, Martínez-Naves E, Cubero FJ. Dissecting the molecular pathophysiology of drug-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1373-1385. [PMID: 29632419 PMCID: PMC5889818 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i13.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a major topic in the field of Hepatology and Gastroenterology. DILI can be clinically divided into three phenotypes: hepatocytic, cholestatic and mixed. Although the clinical manifestations of DILI are variable and the pathogenesis complicated, recent insights using improved preclinical models, have allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms that trigger liver damage. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DILI. The toxicity of the drug eventually induces hepatocellular damage through multiple molecular pathways, including direct hepatic toxicity and innate and adaptive immune responses. Drugs or their metabolites, such as the common analgesic, acetaminophen, can cause direct hepatic toxicity through accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. The innate and adaptive immune responses play also a very important role in the occurrence of idiosyncratic DILI. Furthermore, we examine common forms of hepatocyte death and their association with the activation of specific signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for BioEngineering (Human Liver Tissue Engineering), School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, The Kingâs Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3 JL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Gómez del Moral
- Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Naves
- Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid 28040, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
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120
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Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US, and decades of intense study of its pathogenesis resulted in the development of the antidote N-acetylcysteine, which facilitates scavenging of the reactive metabolite and is the only treatment in clinical use. However, the narrow therapeutic window of this intervention necessitates a better understanding of the intricacies of APAP-induced liver injury for the development of additional therapeutic approaches that can benefit late-presenting patients. More recent investigations into APAP hepatotoxicity have established the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in mediating liver injury as well as clarified mechanisms of APAP-induced hepatocyte cell death. Thus, it is now established that mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress is a key mechanistic feature involved in downstream signaling after APAP overdose. The identification of specific mediators of necrotic cell death further establishes the regulated nature of APAP-induced hepatocyte cell death. In addition, the discovery of the role of mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in APAP-induced liver injury provides additional insight into the elaborate cell signaling mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this important clinical problem. In spite of these new insights into the mechanisms of liver injury, significant controversy still exists on the role of innate immunity in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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121
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Lee BW, Jeon BS, Yoon BI. Exogenous recombinant human thioredoxin-1 prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury by scavenging oxidative stressors, restoring the thioredoxin-1 system and inhibiting receptor interacting protein-3 overexpression. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1008-1017. [PMID: 29512171 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a potent therapeutic agent against a variety of diseases because of its actions as an antioxidant and regulator of apoptosis. N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP), commonly known as acetaminophen, generates excessive oxidative stress and triggers hepatocyte cell death, exemplified by regulated necrosis. In the present study, we investigated whether APAP-induced liver injury in a mouse model is associated with "necroptosis," and if pretreatment with recombinant Trx-1 prevents the hepatic injury caused by APAP overdose. We also explored the mechanism underlying the preventive action of Trx-1 against APAP-induced hepatic injury. In a prevention study, C3H/he mice received different doses (0, 10, 50 or 100 mg kg-1 body weight) of recombinant human Trx-1 intraperitoneally, followed by a single oral dose of 300 mg kg-1 of APAP. In this experimental paradigm, liver injury and lethality were markedly decreased in rhTrx-1-pretreated mice. In survival experiments, mice received rhTrx-1 followed by oral administration of a lethal dose of APAP. APAP overdose caused a series of liver toxicity-associated events, beginning with overexpression of c-fos, excessive production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and leading to decreased endogenous Trx-1 expression and activation of JNK signaling pathways. Pretreatment with rhTrx-1 inhibited all of these toxicological manifestations of APAP. In addition, rhTrx-1 significantly reduced the expression of RIP-3, a critical necrosome component. Taken together, our findings indicate that rhTrx-1 prevents APAP-induced liver injury through multiple action mechanisms, including scavenging reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, restoring endogenous Trx-1 levels and inhibiting RIP-3 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Woo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Biotoxtech Co., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28115, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Suk Jeon
- Biotoxtech Co., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28115, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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122
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Abstract
Necrosis is a hallmark of several widespread diseases or their direct complications. In the past decade, we learned that necrosis can be a regulated process that is potentially druggable. RIPK3- and MLKL-mediated necroptosis represents by far the best studied pathway of regulated necrosis. During necroptosis, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) drives a phenomenon referred to as necroinflammation, a common consequence of necrosis. However, most studies of regulated necrosis investigated cell lines in vitro in a cell autonomous manner, which represents a non-physiological situation. Conclusions based on such work might not necessarily be transferrable to disease states in which synchronized, non-cell autonomous effects occur. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the pathophysiological relevance of necroptosis in vivo, and in light of this understanding, we reassess the morphological classification of necrosis that is generally used by pathologists. Along these lines, we discuss the paucity of data implicating necroptosis in human disease. Finally, the in vivo relevance of non-necroptotic forms of necrosis, such as ferroptosis, is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
The receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase1 and 3 (RIPK1, RIPK3) are regulators of cell death and survival. RIPK1 kinase activity is required for necroptosis and apoptosis, while its scaffolding function is necessary for survival. Although both proteins can mediate apoptosis, RIPK1 and RIPK3 are most well-known for their role in the execution of necroptosis via the mixed lineage domain like pseudokinase. Necroptosis is a caspase-independent regulated cell death program which was first described in cultured cells with unknown physiologic relevance in the liver. Many recent reports have suggested that RIPK1 and/or RIPK3 participate in liver disease pathogenesis and cell death. Notably, both proteins have been shown to mediate inflammation independent of cell death. Whether necroptosis occurs in hepatocytes, and how it is executed in the presence of an intact caspase machinery is controversial. In spite of this controversy, it is evident that RIPK1 and RIPK3 participate in many experimental liver disease models. Therefore, in addition to cell death signaling, their necroptosis-independent role warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Dara
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California,Division of GI/Liver, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California
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124
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Wu TK, Liu HC, Lin SY, Yu YL, Wei CW. Extracts from guava fruit protect renal tubular endothelial cells against acetaminophen‑induced cytotoxicity. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5544-5551. [PMID: 29393462 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is an analgesic and antipyretic agent primarily used in the clinical setting. However, high doses of APAP can cause oxidative stress. Guavas have been reported to provide anti‑inflammatory, anti‑microbial, anti‑oxidative and anti‑diarrheal functions. In addition, guavas have been reported to prevent renal damage due to progression of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether guavas can reduce APAP‑induced renal cell damage. In the present study, extracts from guavas were obtained and added to APAP‑treated renal tubular endothelial cells. The present results demonstrated that APAP induces cytotoxicity in renal tubular endothelial cells, while guava extracts inhibited this cytotoxicity. In addition, the study demonstrated that the protective effects of guava extracts against APAP‑induced cytotoxicity may be associated with inhibition of oxidative stress and caspase‑3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Kun Wu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Chun Liu
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Luen Yu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chyou-Wei Wei
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
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125
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Papackova Z, Heczkova M, Dankova H, Sticova E, Lodererova A, Bartonova L, Poruba M, Cahova M. Silymarin prevents acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191353. [PMID: 29342206 PMCID: PMC5771617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen or paracetamol (APAP) overdose is a common cause of liver injury. Silymarin (SLM) is a hepatoprotective agent widely used for treating liver injury of different origin. In order to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of SLM, Balb/c mice were pretreated with SLM (100 mg/kg b.wt. per os) once daily for three days. Two hours after the last SLM dose, the mice were administered APAP (300 mg/kg b.wt. i.p.) and killed 6 (T6), 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) hours later. SLM-treated mice exhibited a significant reduction in APAP-induced liver injury, assessed according to AST and ALT release and histological examination. SLM treatment significantly reduced superoxide production, as indicated by lower GSSG content, lower HO-1 induction, alleviated nitrosative stress, decreased p-JNK activation and direct measurement of mitochondrial superoxide production in vitro. SLM did not affect the APAP-induced decrease in CYP2E1 activity and expression during the first 12 hrs. Neutrophil infiltration and enhanced expression of inflammatory markers were first detected at T12 in both groups. Inflammation progressed in the APAP group at T24 but became attenuated in SLM-treated animals. Histological examination suggests that necrosis the dominant cell death pathway in APAP intoxication, which is partially preventable by SLM pretreatment. We demonstrate that SLM significantly protects against APAP-induced liver damage through the scavenger activity of SLM and the reduction of superoxide and peroxynitrite content. Neutrophil-induced damage is probably secondary to necrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Papackova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie Heczkova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Dankova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Sticova
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Lodererova
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Bartonova
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Poruba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Cahova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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126
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Kennon-McGill S, McGill MR. Extrahepatic toxicity of acetaminophen: critical evaluation of the evidence and proposed mechanisms. J Clin Transl Res 2018. [PMID: 30895271 PMCID: PMC5815839 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.03.201703.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity over the last several decades has focused on the pathophysiology of liver injury, but increasingly attention is paid to other known and possible adverse effects. It has been known for decades that APAP causes acute kidney injury, but confusion exists regarding prevalence, and the mechanisms have not been well investigated. More recently, evidence for pulmonary, endocrine, neurological, and neurodevelopmental toxicity has been reported in a number of published experimental, clinical, and epidemiological studies, but the quality of those studies has varied. It is important to view those data critically due to implications for regulation and clinical practice. Here, we review evidence and proposed mechanisms for extrahepatic adverse effects of APAP and weigh weaknesses and strengths in the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
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127
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Afonso MB, Rodrigues PM, Simão AL, Gaspar MM, Carvalho T, Borralho P, Bañales JM, Castro RE, Rodrigues CMP. miRNA-21 ablation protects against liver injury and necroptosis in cholestasis. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:857-872. [PMID: 29229992 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of microRNA-21 (miR-21) prevents necroptosis in the mouse pancreas. Necroptosis contributes to hepatic necro-inflammation in the common bile duct ligation (BDL) murine model. We aimed to evaluate the role of miR-21 in mediating deleterious processes associated with cholestasis. Mechanistic studies established a functional link between miR-21 and necroptosis through cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 (CDK2AP1). miR-21 expression increased in the liver of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients and BDL wild-type (WT) mice at both 3 and 14 days. Notably, under BDL, miR-21 -/- mice displayed decreased liver injury markers in serum compared with WT mice, accompanied by reduced hepatocellular degeneration, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Hallmarks of necroptosis were decreased in the liver of BDL miR-21 -/- mice, via relieved repression of CDK2AP1. Further, miR-21 -/- mice displayed improved adaptive response of bile acid homeostasis. In conclusion, miR-21 ablation ameliorates liver damage and necroptosis in BDL mice. Inhibition of miR-21 should arise as a promising approach to treat cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André L Simão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria M Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Carvalho
- Histology and Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Borralho
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (ESTEsL), Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Anatomia Patológica, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jesús M Bañales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital - University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Rui E Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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128
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Liu H, Zhan S, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Chen L, Chen L, Dong H, Ma M, Zhang Z. Molecular network-based analysis of the mechanism of liver injury induced by volatile oils from Artemisiae argyi folium. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:491. [PMID: 29145837 PMCID: PMC5691807 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Volatile oils from Artemisiae argyi folium (VOAAF) is reported with hepatotoxicity, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Methods In the present study this molecular mechanism was explored with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The chemical components of the VOAAF were searched in the database, and their target proteins were all identified in the PubChem, while drug-induced liver injury (DILI) genes were searched in the PubMed gene databases. The molecular network of protein targets for VOAAF and DILI genes was built with the IPA. The canonical pathways between the 2 networks were compared to decipher the molecular mechanisms of the liver injury induced by VOAAF. Results There were 159 target proteins for VOAAF and 338 genes related to DILI identified, which were further analyzed in the IPA. The canonical pathway comparison showed that VOAAF and DILI both worked on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interleukin 1 (IL-1) mediated inhibition of retinoid X receptor (RXR) function, pregnane X receptor (PXR)/RXR activation, xenobiotic metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), hepatic cholestasis, farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/RXR activation, and glucocorticoid receptor. Conclusion VOAAF-induced liver injury may be involved in many pathways in which the AHR signaling and LPS/IL-1 mediated inhibition of RXR function pathways could be the most vital. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1997-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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129
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Hepatic overproduction of 13-HODE due to ALOX15 upregulation contributes to alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8976. [PMID: 28827690 PMCID: PMC5567196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol feeding causes lipid accumulation and apoptosis in the liver. This study investigated the role of bioactive lipid metabolites in alcohol-induced liver damage and tested the potential of targeting arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in treating alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Results showed that chronic alcohol exposure induced hepatocyte apoptosis in association with increased hepatic 13-HODE. Exposure of 13-HODE to Hepa-1c1c7 cells induced oxidative stress, ER stress and apoptosis. 13-HODE also perturbed proteins related to lipid metabolism. HODE-generating ALOX15 was up-regulated by chronic alcohol exposure. Linoleic acid, but not ethanol or acetaldehyde, induced ALOX15 expression in Hepa-1c1c7 cells. ALOX15 knockout prevented alcohol-induced liver damage via attenuation of oxidative stress, ER stress, lipid metabolic disorder, and cell death signaling. ALOX15 inhibitor (PD146176) treatment also significantly alleviated alcohol-induced oxidative stress, lipid accumulation and liver damage. These results demonstrated that activation of ALOX15/13-HODE circuit critically mediates the pathogenesis of ALD. This study suggests that ALOX15 is a potential molecular target for treatment of ALD.
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130
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Du K, Ramachandran A, McGill MR, Mansouri A, Asselah T, Farhood A, Woolbright BL, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:339-350. [PMID: 28827156 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is an adaptive response to maintain metabolic homeostasis after mitochondrial dysfunction. Induction of MB during APAP hepatotoxicity has not been studied. To investigate this, mice were treated with toxic doses of APAP and euthanized between 0 and 96 h. At early time points, APAP caused both mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction of mitochondrial mass, indicated by reduced activity of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I and IV and depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), respectively. Both ETC activity and mtDNA gradually recovered after 12 h, suggesting that MB occurs at late time points after APAP overdose. Immunofluorescent staining of mitochondria with mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20 further demonstrated that MB occurs selectively in hepatocytes surrounding necrotic areas. MB signaling mediators including PPARγ co-activator 1-α (Pgc-1α), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (Nrf-1) and mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1) were induced. Pgc-1α was selectively increased in hepatocytes surrounding necrotic areas. In addition, the time course of MB induction coincides with increased liver regeneration. Post-treatment with the known MB inducer SRT1720 increased Pgc-1α expression and liver regeneration, resulting in protection against late liver injury after APAP overdose. Thus, induction of MB is an important feature during APAP hepatotoxicity and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Abdellah Mansouri
- Hepatology Department, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France; INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Denis Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Tarik Asselah
- Hepatology Department, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France; INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Denis Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Anwar Farhood
- Department of Pathology, St. David's North Austin Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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131
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Le Cann F, Delehouzé C, Leverrier-Penna S, Filliol A, Comte A, Delalande O, Desban N, Baratte B, Gallais I, Piquet-Pellorce C, Faurez F, Bonnet M, Mettey Y, Goekjian P, Samson M, Vandenabeele P, Bach S, Dimanche-Boitrel MT. Sibiriline, a new small chemical inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1, prevents immune-dependent hepatitis. FEBS J 2017; 284:3050-3068. [PMID: 28715128 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated form of cell death involved in several disease models including in particular liver diseases. Receptor-interacting protein kinases, RIPK1 and RIPK3, are the main serine/threonine kinases driving this cell death pathway. We screened a noncommercial, kinase-focused chemical library which allowed us to identify Sibiriline as a new inhibitor of necroptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD)-deficient Jurkat cells. Moreover, Sib inhibits necroptotic cell death induced by various death ligands in human or mouse cells while not protecting from caspase-dependent apoptosis. By using competition binding assay and recombinant kinase assays, we demonstrated that Sib is a rather specific competitive RIPK1 inhibitor. Molecular docking analysis shows that Sib is trapped closed to human RIPK1 adenosine triphosphate-binding site in a relatively hydrophobic pocket locking RIPK1 in an inactive conformation. In agreement with its RIPK1 inhibitory property, Sib inhibits both TNF-induced RIPK1-dependent necroptosis and RIPK1-dependent apoptosis. Finally, Sib protects mice from concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. These results reveal the small-molecule Sib as a new RIPK1 inhibitor potentially of interest for the treatment of immune-dependent hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Le Cann
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Claire Delehouzé
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS USR3151, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, France
| | - Sabrina Leverrier-Penna
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Aveline Filliol
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Arnaud Comte
- CNRS UMR 5246, Chimiothèque, ICBMS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Delalande
- CNRS UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Nathalie Desban
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS USR3151, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, France
| | - Blandine Baratte
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS USR3151, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, France
| | - Isabelle Gallais
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Claire Piquet-Pellorce
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Florence Faurez
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Marion Bonnet
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France.,Division of Infection & Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Yvette Mettey
- Laboratoire Chimie Organique, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Peter Goekjian
- CNRS UMR 5246, Laboratoire Chimie Organique 2-Glycosciences, ICBMS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Samson
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Bach
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS USR3151, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Dimanche-Boitrel
- INSERM UMR 1085, l'Environnement et le Travail, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Rennes, France.,Biosit UMS 3080, Université de Rennes 1, France
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132
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Grootjans S, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P. Initiation and execution mechanisms of necroptosis: an overview. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1184-1195. [PMID: 28498367 PMCID: PMC5520172 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death, which is induced by ligand binding to TNF family death domain receptors, pattern recognizing receptors and virus sensors. The common feature of these receptor systems is the implication of proteins, which contain a receptor interaction protein kinase (RIPK) homology interaction motif (RHIM) mediating recruitment and activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which ultimately activates the necroptosis executioner mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). In case of the TNF family members, the initiator is the survival- and cell death-regulating RIPK1 kinase, in the case of Toll-like receptor 3/4 (TLR3/4), a RHIM-containing adaptor, called TRIF, while in the case of Z-DNA-binding protein ZBP1/DAI, the cytosolic viral sensor itself contains a RHIM domain. In this review, we discuss the different protein complexes that serve as nucleation platforms for necroptosis and the mechanism of execution of necroptosis. Transgenic models (knockout, kinase-dead knock-in) and pharmacologic inhibition indicate that RIPK1, RIPK3 or MLKL are implicated in many inflammatory, degenerative and infectious diseases. However, the conclusion of necroptosis being solely involved in the etiology of diseases is blurred by the pleiotropic roles of RIPK1 and RIPK3 in other cellular processes such as apoptosis and inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasker Grootjans
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death unit, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death unit, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death unit, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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133
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Gao Y, Chu S, Zhang Z, Zuo W, Xia C, Ai Q, Luo P, Cao P, Chen N. Early Stage Functions of Mitochondrial Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3130-3141. [PMID: 27862231 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria go through frequent cycles of fusion and fission, a process required for mitochondrial quality control by eliminating ROS-damaged mitochondria through mitochondrial autophagy. Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause liver injury in animals and human beings by inducing mitochondrial damage, which need to be further evaluated. The aim of the current study is to assess the changes between oxidative damage mitophagy in vivo and in vitro, which mimics APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) in humans. Liver damage was monitored by measuring the levels of biochemical indexes. Proteins associated with oxidative stress were inspected by western blot analysis. After given APAP to both Nrf2-/- and wild-type mice, Nrf2-/- mice were highly susceptible to APAP induced liver injury. Actually, rapamycin promoted the process of autophagy, reducing the formation of giant mitochondria and lipid droplets. Both tBHQ and NAC protected hepatic cells, promoting Nrf2 translocation into nucleus and increasing the expression of downstream enzymes and proteins. C57BL/6 mice with stabilized Nrf2 had increased hepatic up-regulation of Nrf2 and other antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the mitochondria dysfunction. Interestingly, APAP-induced mitochondrial changes of Drp1; however, the initiation of mitochondria fission was inhibited by MDIVI-1, causing much more serious hepatic impairment. In the early stage of AILI, Nrf2 played a protective role in antioxidant activity while mitophagy protected against oxidative stress damage by the scavenging function. Promoting that both Drp1 and Nrf2 could be a promising new approach to reduce AILI. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3130-3141, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congyuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qidi Ai
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Piao Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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134
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RIPK1, a key survival factor for hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1118-1119. [PMID: 28215597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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135
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Cho YS, Park HL. Exploitation of necroptosis for treatment of caspase-compromised cancers. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1207-1214. [PMID: 28789335 PMCID: PMC5529905 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed necrosis, or necroptosis, is a type of specialized cell death with necrotic characteristics, including the loss of membrane integrity and swollen organelles in dying cells. However, unlike simple necrosis, it may be induced as an alternative form of cell death when apoptosis is blocked and it is mediated in an orchestrated manner, similar to apoptosis, by a series of signaling molecules. Necroptosis-associated proteins and their specific small molecules have been extensively identified in order to illuminate the underlying mechanisms by which necroptosis is activated through a novel signaling pathway. However, the biological significance of necroptosis, which is known as a secondary route of apoptosis, remains under debate. Concurrent with these concerns, the clinical application of necroptosis has been cautiously proposed to treat necroptosis-associated diseases, and to overcome resistance to anticancer drugs. Accordingly, the present review will highlight the harnessing of necroptosis for anticancer therapy. To this end, the state-of-the art technique of necroptosis as a cancer therapy will be briefly described, and then its potential for clinical purposes will be delineated. For a further understanding of necroptosis, the present review begins with a basic introduction to necroptosis and its multifaceted physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sik Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hey Li Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
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136
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Iorga A, Dara L, Kaplowitz N. Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Cascade of Events Leading to Cell Death, Apoptosis or Necrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051018. [PMID: 28486401 PMCID: PMC5454931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can broadly be divided into predictable and dose dependent such as acetaminophen (APAP) and unpredictable or idiosyncratic DILI (IDILI). Liver injury from drug hepatotoxicity (whether idiosyncratic or predictable) results in hepatocyte cell death and inflammation. The cascade of events leading to DILI and the cell death subroutine (apoptosis or necrosis) of the cell depend largely on the culprit drug. Direct toxins to hepatocytes likely induce oxidative organelle stress (such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress) leading to necrosis or apoptosis, while cell death in idiosyncratic DILI (IDILI) is usually the result of engagement of the innate and adaptive immune system (likely apoptotic), involving death receptors (DR). Here, we review the hepatocyte cell death pathways both in direct hepatotoxicity such as in APAP DILI as well as in IDILI. We examine the known signaling pathways in APAP toxicity, a model of necrotic liver cell death. We also explore what is known about the genetic basis of IDILI and the molecular pathways leading to immune activation and how these events can trigger hepatotoxicity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iorga
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Lily Dara
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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137
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Lin H, Zhao L, Ma X, Wang BC, Deng XY, Cui M, Chen SF, Shao ZW. Drp1 mediates compression-induced programmed necrosis of rat nucleus pulposus cells by promoting mitochondrial translocation of p53 and nuclear translocation of AIF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:181-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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138
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Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. PGAM5: a new player in immune-mediated liver injury. Gut 2017; 66:567-568. [PMID: 27797941 PMCID: PMC5479066 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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139
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Immature mice are more susceptible than adult mice to acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42736. [PMID: 28205631 PMCID: PMC5311972 DOI: 10.1038/srep42736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose induces acute liver injury. The aim of the present study was to analyze the difference of susceptibility between immature and adult mice to APAP-induced acute liver injury. Weanling immature and adult mice were injected with APAP (300 mg/kg). As expected, immature mice were more susceptible than adult mice to APAP-induced acute liver injury. APAP-evoked hepatic c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation was stronger in immature mice than in adult mice. Hepatic receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 was obviously activated at APAP-exposed immature and adult mice. Interestingly, hepatic RIP3 activation was more obvious in APAP-treated immature mice than adult mice. Although there was no difference on hepatic GSH metabolic enzymes between immature and adult mice, immature mice were more susceptible than adult mice to APAP-induced hepatic GSH depletion. Of interest, immature mice expressed a much higher level of hepatic Cyp2e1 and Cyp3a11 mRNAs than adult mice. Correspondingly, immature mice expressed a higher level of hepatic CYP2E1, the key drug metabolic enzyme that metabolized APAP into the reactive metabolite NAPQI. These results suggest that a higher level of hepatic drug metabolic enzymes in immature mice than adult mice might contribute to the difference of susceptibility to APAP-induced acute liver injury.
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140
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver has a number of functions in innate immunity. These functions predispose the liver to innate immune-mediated liver injury when inflammation goes unchecked. Significant progress has been made in the last 25 years on sterile inflammatory liver injury in a number of models; however, a great deal of controversy and many questions about the nature of sterile inflammation still exist. AIM The goal of this article is to review sterile inflammatory liver injury using both a basic approach to what constitutes the inflammatory injury, and through examination of current models of liver injury and inflammation. This information will be tied to human patient conditions when appropriate. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Inflammation is one of the most critical factors for managing in-patient liver disease in a number of scenarios. More information is needed for both scientists and clinicians to develop rational treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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141
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Wang S, Ni HM, Dorko K, Kumer SC, Schmitt TM, Nawabi A, Komatsu M, Huang H, Ding WX. Increased hepatic receptor interacting protein kinase 3 expression due to impaired proteasomal functions contributes to alcohol-induced steatosis and liver injury. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17681-98. [PMID: 26769846 PMCID: PMC4951242 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol exposure increased hepatic receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP) 3 expression and necroptosis in the liver but its mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that chronic alcohol feeding plus binge (Gao-binge) increased RIP3 but not RIP1 protein levels in mouse livers. RIP3 knockout mice had decreased serum alanine amino transferase activity and hepatic steatosis but had no effect on hepatic neutrophil infiltration compared with wild type mice after Gao-binge alcohol treatment. The hepatic mRNA levels of RIP3 did not change between Gao-binge and control mice, suggesting that alcohol-induced hepatic RIP3 proteins are regulated at the posttranslational level. We found that Gao-binge treatment decreased the levels of proteasome subunit alpha type-2 (PSMA2) and proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 1 (PSMC1) and impaired hepatic proteasome function. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of proteasome resulted in the accumulation of RIP3 in mouse livers. More importantly, human alcoholics had decreased expression of PSMA2 and PSMC1 but increased protein levels of RIP3 compared with healthy human livers. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of RIP1 decreased Gao-binge-induced hepatic inflammation, neutrophil infiltration and NF-κB subunit (p65) nuclear translocation but failed to protect against steatosis and liver injury induced by Gao-binge alcohol. In conclusion, results from this study suggest that impaired hepatic proteasome function by alcohol exposure may contribute to hepatic accumulation of RIP3 resulting in necroptosis and steatosis while RIP1 kinase activity is important for alcohol-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogui Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorko
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sean C Kumer
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Timothy M Schmitt
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Atta Nawabi
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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142
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Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and their translation to the human pathophysiology. J Clin Transl Res 2017; 3:157-169. [PMID: 28670625 PMCID: PMC5489132 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.03.2017s1.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and mechanisms of liver injury induced by APAP overdose have been the focus of extensive investigation. Studies in the mouse model, which closely reproduces the human condition, have shown that hepatotoxicity is initiated by formation of a reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which depletes cellular glutathione and forms protein adducts on mitochondrial proteins. This leads to mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress, accompanied by activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its translocation to the mitochondria. This then amplifies the mitochondrial oxidant stress, resulting in translocation of Bax and dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondria, which induces mitochondrial fission, and ultimately induction of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT). The induction of MPT triggers release of intermembrane proteins such as apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G into the cytosol and their translocation to the nucleus, causing nuclear DNA fragmentation and activation of regulated necrosis. Though these cascades of events were primarily identified in the mouse model, studies on human hepatocytes and analysis of circulating biomarkers from patients after APAP overdose, indicate that a number of mechanistic events are identical in mice and humans. Circulating biomarkers also seem to be useful in predicting the course of liver injury after APAP overdose in humans and hold promise for significant clinical use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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143
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Drp1-Dependent Mitochondrial Fission Plays Critical Roles in Physiological and Pathological Progresses in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010144. [PMID: 28098754 PMCID: PMC5297777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research has demonstrated that mitochondrial morphology, distribution, and function are maintained by the balanced regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion, and perturbation of the homeostasis between these processes has been related to cell or organ dysfunction and abnormal mitochondrial redistribution. Abnormal mitochondrial fusion induces the fragmentation of mitochondria from a tubular morphology into pieces; in contrast, perturbed mitochondrial fission results in the fusion of adjacent mitochondria. A member of the dynamin family of large GTPases, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), effectively influences cell survival and apoptosis by mediating the mitochondrial fission process in mammals. Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission is an intricate process regulating both cellular and organ dynamics, including development, apoptosis, acute organ injury, and various diseases. Only after clarification of the regulative mechanisms of this critical protein in vivo and in vitro will it set a milestone for preventing mitochondrial fission related pathological processes and refractory diseases.
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144
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Linkermann A. Nonapoptotic cell death in acute kidney injury and transplantation. Kidney Int 2017; 89:46-57. [PMID: 26759047 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute tubular necrosis causes a loss of renal function, which clinically presents as acute kidney failure (AKI). The biochemical signaling pathways that trigger necrosis have been investigated in detail over the past 5 years. It is now clear that necrosis (regulated necrosis, RN) represents a genetically driven process that contributes to the pathophysiology of AKI. RN pathways such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos, and mitochondrial permeability transition-induced regulated necrosis (MPT-RN) may be mechanistically distinct, and the relative contributions to overall organ damage during AKI in living organisms largely remain elusive. In a synchronized manner, some necrotic programs induce the breakdown of tubular segments and multicellular functional units, whereas others are limited to killing single cells in the tubular compartment. Importantly, the means by which a renal cell dies may have implications for the subsequent inflammatory response. In this review, the recent advances in the field of renal cell death in AKI and key enzymes that might serve as novel therapeutic targets will be discussed. As a consequence of the interference with RN, the immunogenicity of dying cells in AKI in renal transplants will be diminished, rendering inhibitors of RN indirect immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Linkermann
- Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension and Georges-Köhler-Haus for Biomedical Research and Transplantation, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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145
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Mechanisms of RIPK3‐induced inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:166-172. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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146
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Wang JX, Zhang C, Fu L, Zhang DG, Wang BW, Zhang ZH, Chen YH, Lu Y, Chen X, Xu DX. Protective effect of rosiglitazone against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury is associated with down-regulation of hepatic NADPH oxidases. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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147
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Chao X, Wang S, Ding WX. Cell Death in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. CELLULAR INJURY IN LIVER DISEASES 2017:119-142. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53774-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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148
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Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. CELLULAR INJURY IN LIVER DISEASES 2017:55-76. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53774-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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149
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Kučera O, Endlicher R, Rychtrmoc D, Lotková H, Sobotka O, Červinková Z. Acetaminophen toxicity in rat and mouse hepatocytes in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:448-456. [PMID: 27960556 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1255953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is often studied in primary cultures of hepatocytes of various species, but there are only few works comparing interspecies differences in susceptibility of hepatocytes to APAP in vitro. OBJECTIVES The aim of our work was to compare hepatotoxicity of APAP in rat and mouse hepatocytes in primary cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hepatocytes isolated from male Wistar rats and C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to APAP for up to 24 h. We determined lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in culture medium, activity of cellular dehydrogenases (WST-1) and activity of caspases 3 in cell lysate as markers of cell damage/death. We assessed content of intracellular reduced glutathione, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Respiration of digitonin-permeabilized hepatocytes was measured by high resolution respirometry and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was visualized (JC-1). RESULTS APAP from concentrations of 2.5 and 0.75 mmol/L induced a decrease in viability of rat (p < 0.001) and mouse (p < 0.001) hepatocytes (WST-1), respectively. In contrast to rat hepatocytes, there was no activation of caspase-3 in mouse hepatocytes after APAP treatment. Earlier damage to plasma membrane and faster depletion of reduced glutathione were detected in mouse hepatocytes. Mouse hepatocytes showed increased glutamate + malate-driven respiration in state 4 and higher susceptibility of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) to APAP-induced injury. CONCLUSION APAP displayed dose-dependent toxicity in hepatocytes of both species. Mouse hepatocytes in primary culture however had approximately three-fold higher susceptibility to the toxic effect of APAP when compared to rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Endlicher
- b Department of Anatomy , Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové , Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
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150
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Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Chan FKM, Kroemer G. Necroptosis: Mechanisms and Relevance to Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:103-130. [PMID: 27959630 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that critically depends on receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and generally manifests with morphological features of necrosis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie distinct instances of necroptosis have just begun to emerge. Nonetheless, it has already been shown that necroptosis contributes to cellular demise in various pathophysiological conditions, including viral infection, acute kidney injury, and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Moreover, human tumors appear to obtain an advantage from the downregulation of key components of the molecular machinery for necroptosis. Although such an advantage may stem from an increased resistance to adverse microenvironmental conditions, accumulating evidence indicates that necroptosis-deficient cancer cells are poorly immunogenic and hence escape natural and therapy-elicited immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease of necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; .,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; .,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; .,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France;
| | | | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; .,INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
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