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Kakar N, Horn D, Decker E, Sowada N, Kubisch C, Ahmad J, Borck G, Bergmann C. Expanding the phenotype associated with biallelic WDR60 mutations: Siblings with retinal degeneration and polydactyly lacking other features of short rib thoracic dystrophies. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:438-442. [PMID: 29271569 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are disorders of the primary cilium that can affect almost all organs and that are characterized by pleiotropy and extensive intra- and interfamilial phenotypic variability. Accordingly, mutations in the same gene can cause different ciliopathy phenotypes of varying severity. WDR60 encodes a protein thought to play a role in the primary cilium's intraflagellar transport machinery. Mutations in this gene are a rare cause of Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD) and short-rib polydactyly syndrome (SRPS). Here we report on a milder and distinct phenotype in a consanguineous Pakistani pedigree with two adolescent sisters affected by retinal degeneration and postaxial polydactyly, but lack of any further skeletal or chondrodysplasia features. By targeted high-throughput sequencing of genes known or suspected to be involved in ciliogenesis, we detected a novel homozygous N-terminal truncating WDR60 mutation (c.44delC/p.Ala15Glufs*90) that co-segregated with the disease in the family. Our finding broadens the spectrum of WDR60-related phenotypes and shows the utility of broad multigene panels during the genetic work-up of patients with ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseebullah Kakar
- Department of Biotechnology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Decker
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Nadine Sowada
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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102
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König J, Kranz B, König S, Schlingmann KP, Titieni A, Tönshoff B, Habbig S, Pape L, Häffner K, Hansen M, Büscher A, Bald M, Billing H, Schild R, Walden U, Hampel T, Staude H, Riedl M, Gretz N, Lablans M, Bergmann C, Hildebrandt F, Omran H, Konrad M. Phenotypic Spectrum of Children with Nephronophthisis and Related Ciliopathies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12:1974-1983. [PMID: 29146700 PMCID: PMC5718263 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.01280217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic variability are major challenges in familial nephronophthisis and related ciliopathies. To date, mutations in 20 different genes (NPHP1 to -20) have been identified causing either isolated kidney disease or complex multiorgan disorders. In this study, we provide a comprehensive and detailed characterization of 152 children with a special focus on extrarenal organ involvement and the long-term development of ESRD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We established an online-based registry (www.nephreg.de) to assess the clinical course of patients with nephronophthisis and related ciliopathies on a yearly base. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were collected. Mean observation time was 7.5±6.1 years. RESULTS In total, 51% of the children presented with isolated nephronophthisis, whereas the other 49% exhibited related ciliopathies. Monogenetic defects were identified in 97 of 152 patients, 89 affecting NPHP genes. Eight patients carried mutations in other genes related to cystic kidney diseases. A homozygous NPHP1 deletion was, by far, the most frequent genetic defect (n=60). We observed a high prevalence of extrarenal manifestations (23% [14 of 60] for the NPHP1 group and 66% [61 of 92] for children without NPHP1). A homozygous NPHP1 deletion not only led to juvenile nephronophthisis but also was able to present as a predominantly neurologic phenotype. However, irrespective of the initial clinical presentation, the kidney function of all patients carrying NPHP1 mutations declined rapidly between the ages of 8 and 16 years, with ESRD at a mean age of 11.4±2.4 years. In contrast within the non-NPHP1 group, there was no uniform pattern regarding the development of ESRD comprising patients with early onset and others preserving normal kidney function until adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in NPHP genes cause a wide range of ciliopathies with multiorgan involvement and different clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens König
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
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103
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Cowan JR, Tariq M, Shaw C, Rao M, Belmont JW, Lalani SR, Smolarek TA, Ware SM. Copy number variation as a genetic basis for heterotaxy and heterotaxy-spectrum congenital heart defects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0406. [PMID: 27821535 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic disorders and rare copy number abnormalities are identified in 15-25% of patients with syndromic conditions, but their prevalence in individuals with isolated birth defects is less clear. A spectrum of congenital heart defects (CHDs) is seen in heterotaxy, a highly heritable and genetically heterogeneous multiple congenital anomaly syndrome resulting from failure to properly establish left-right (L-R) organ asymmetry during early embryonic development. To identify novel genetic causes of heterotaxy, we analysed copy number variants (CNVs) in 225 patients with heterotaxy and heterotaxy-spectrum CHDs using array-based genotyping methods. Clinically relevant CNVs were identified in approximately 20% of patients and encompassed both known and putative heterotaxy genes. Patients were carefully phenotyped, revealing a significant association of abdominal situs inversus with pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNVs, while d-transposition of the great arteries was more frequently associated with common CNVs. Identified cytogenetic abnormalities ranged from large unbalanced translocations to smaller, kilobase-scale CNVs, including a rare, single exon deletion in ZIC3, a gene known to cause X-linked heterotaxy. Morpholino loss-of-function experiments in Xenopus support a role for one of these novel candidates, the platelet isoform of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFKP) in heterotaxy. Collectively, our results confirm a high CNV yield for array-based testing in patients with heterotaxy, and support use of CNV analysis for identification of novel biological processes relevant to human laterality.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chad Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mitchell Rao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John W Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Teresa A Smolarek
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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104
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Liu Q, Wang XF, Du C, Lin YZ, Ma J, Wang YH, Zhou JH, Wang X. The integration of a macrophage-adapted live vaccine strain of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) in the horse genome. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2596-2606. [PMID: 28884679 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration is an important feature of retroviruses and retrovirus-based therapeutic transfection vectors. The non-primate lentivirus equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) primarily targets macrophages/monocytes in vivo. Investigation of the integration features of EIAVDLV121 strains, which are adapted to donkey monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), is of great interest. In this study, we analysed the integration features of EIAVDLV121 in equine MDMs during in vitro infection. Our previously published integration sites (IS) for EIAVFDDV13 in fetal equine dermal (FED) cells were also analysed in parallel as references. Sequencing of the host genomic regions flanking the viral IS showed that reference sequence (RefSeq) genes were preferentially targeted for integration by EIAVDLV121. Introns, AT-rich regions, long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and DNA transposons were also predominantly biased toward viral insertion, which is consistent with EIAVFDDV13 integration into the horse genome in FED cells. In addition, the most significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, specifically gag junctions for EIAVDLV121 and tight junctions for EIAVFDDV13, are regulators of metabolic function, which is consistent with the common bioprocesses, specifically cell cycle and chromosome/DNA organization, identified by gene ontology (GO) analysis. Our results demonstrate that EIAV integration occurs in regions that harbour structural and topological features of local chromatin in both macrophages and fibroblasts. Our data on EIAV will facilitate further understanding of lentivirus infection and the development of safer and more effective gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Cheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yue-Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu-Hong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
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105
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Mitchison HM, Shoemark A. Motile cilia defects in diseases other than primary ciliary dyskinesia: The contemporary diagnostic and research role for transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 41:415-427. [PMID: 28925789 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1370050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural studies have underpinned the cell biological and clinical investigations of the varied roles of motile cilia in health and disease, with a long history since the 1950s. Recent developments from transmission electron microscopy (TEM; cryo-electron microscopy, electron tomography) have yielded higher resolution and fresh insights into the structure and function of these complex organelles. Microscopy in ciliated organisms, disease models, and in patients with ciliopathy diseases has dramatically expanded our understanding of the ubiquity, multisystem involvement, and importance of cilia in normal human development. Here, we review the importance of motile cilia ultrastructural studies in understanding the basis of diseases other than primary ciliary dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Mitchison
- a Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Experimental and Personalised Medicine, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , University College London , London , UK
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- b Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine , Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust , London , UK.,c Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine , Ninewells Hospital and Medical School , Dundee , UK
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106
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Kenny J, Forsythe E, Beales P, Bacchelli C. Toward personalized medicine in Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Per Med 2017; 14:447-456. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine is becoming routine in the treatment of common diseases such as cancer, but has lagged behind in the field of rare diseases. It is currently in the early stages for the treatment of Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Advances in the understanding of ciliary biology and diagnostic techniques have opened up the prospect of treating BBS in a patient-specific manner. Owing to their structure and function, cilia provide an attractive therapeutic target and genetic therapies are being explored in ciliopathy treatment. Promising avenues include gene therapy, gene editing techniques and splice-correcting and read-through therapies. Targeted drug design has been successful in the treatment of genetic disease and research is underway in the discovery of known and novel drugs to treat Bardet–Biedl syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kenny
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Forsythe
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip Beales
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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107
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Molinari E, Sayer JA. Emerging treatments and personalised medicine for ciliopathies associated with cystic kidney disease. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1372282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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108
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Minella AL, Occelli LM, Narfström K, Petersen-Jones SM. Central retinal preservation in rdAc cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:224-232. [PMID: 28856832 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) due to CEP290 mutations show characteristic macular preservation. Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a noninvasive technique to investigate retinal structural changes. Loss of integrity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) on OCT in people with retinal disease has been associated with loss of visual function and is a useful measure of retinal disease progression. We hypothesized that rdAc felines with Cep290 mutation would have a similar pattern of degeneration, with relative central retinal preservation associated with maintenance of the EZ. PROCEDURES Fundus imaging, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and SD-OCT cross-sectional imaging was performed on 11 rdAc cats ranging from 6 months to 10 years of age. Images were collected from the area centralis, visual streak, and the mid-superior and mid-inferior retina. Receptor plus (REC+, encompassing the entire length of photoreceptors) thicknesses were measured. Regional rates of degeneration were determined by regression analysis and compared using unpaired t-tests. The EZ was evaluated for the presence, absence, or loss of definition. RESULTS RdAc cats showed REC+ thinning over time in all regions. The area centralis and visual streak had a slower rate of thinning than the mid-peripheral retina. There was loss of integrity of the EZ initially in the more peripheral regions, while its integrity was maintained in the area centralis and visual streak at all ages studied. CONCLUSIONS rdAc cats show preservation of the central retina with maintenance of EZ integrity, which recapitulates findings in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Louise Minella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Laurence Mireille Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kristina Narfström
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Simon Michael Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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109
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Roosing S, Cremers FPM, Riemslag FCC, Zonneveld-Vrieling MN, Talsma HE, Klessens-Godfroy FJM, den Hollander AI, van den Born LI. A Rare Form of Retinal Dystrophy Caused by Hypomorphic Nonsense Mutations in CEP290. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8080208. [PMID: 28829391 PMCID: PMC5575671 DOI: 10.3390/genes8080208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the gene defect and to study the clinical characteristics and natural course of disease in a family originally diagnosed with oligocone trichromacy (OT), a rare congenital cone dysfunction syndrome. METHODS Extensive clinical and ophthalmologic assessment was performed on two siblings with OT and long-term follow up data were analyzed. Subsequently, whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequence analysis of CEP290 was performed in the two siblings. Additionally, the identified CEP290 mutations were analyzed in persons with achromatopsia (ACHM) (n = 23) and autosomal recessive or isolated cone dystrophy (CD; n = 145). RESULTS In the first decade of life, the siblings were diagnosed with OT based on low visual acuity, photophobia, nystagmus, and absent cone response on electroretinography , but with normal color discrimination. Over time, the phenotype of OT evolved to a progressive degenerative disease without any CEP290-associated non-ocular features. In both siblings, two nonsense mutations (c.451C>T; p.(Arg151*) and c.4723A>T; p.(Lys1575*)) in CEP290 were found. Previously, p.(Arg151*) was demonstrated to induce nonsense-mediated alternative splicing events leading to intact open reading frames of the resulting mRNA products (p.(Leu148_Glu165del) and p.(Leu148_Lys172del)). mRNA analysis for p.(Lys1575*) confirmed a suspected hypomorphic character, as exon 36 skipping was observed in a small fraction of CEP290 mRNA, resulting in a 36 aa in-frame deletion (p.(Glu1569_Trp1604del)). No additional cases carrying these variants were identified in the ACHM and CD cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Compound heterozygous hypomorphic mutations in CEP290 may lead to a rare form of cone-dominated retinal dystrophy, a novel phenotype belonging to the CEP290-associated spectrum of ciliopathies. These findings provide insight into the effect of CEP290 mutations on the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frans C C Riemslag
- Bartiméus Institute for the Visually Impaired, 3703 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Herman E Talsma
- Bartiméus Institute for the Visually Impaired, 3703 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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110
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Mitchison HM, Valente EM. Motile and non-motile cilia in human pathology: from function to phenotypes. J Pathol 2017; 241:294-309. [PMID: 27859258 DOI: 10.1002/path.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are inherited human disorders caused by both motile and non-motile cilia dysfunction that form an important and rapidly expanding disease category. Ciliopathies are complex conditions to diagnose, being multisystem disorders characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity and clinical variability with high levels of lethality. There is marked phenotypic overlap among distinct ciliopathy syndromes that presents a major challenge for their recognition, diagnosis, and clinical management, in addition to posing an on-going task to develop the most appropriate family counselling. The impact of next-generation sequencing and high-throughput technologies in the last decade has significantly improved our understanding of the biological basis of ciliopathy disorders, enhancing our ability to determine the possible reasons for the extensive overlap in their symptoms and genetic aetiologies. Here, we review the diverse functions of cilia in human health and disease and discuss a growing shift away from the classical clinical definitions of ciliopathy syndromes to a more functional categorization. This approach arises from our improved understanding of this unique organelle, revealed through new genetic and cell biological insights into the discrete functioning of subcompartments of the cilium (basal body, transition zone, intraflagellar transport, motility). Mutations affecting these distinct ciliary protein modules can confer different genetic diseases and new clinical classifications are possible to define, according to the nature and extent of organ involvement. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 00143, Rome, Italy
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111
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Molinari E, Srivastava S, Sayer JA, Ramsbottom SA. From disease modelling to personalised therapy in patients with CEP290 mutations. F1000Res 2017; 6:669. [PMID: 28690834 PMCID: PMC5482330 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11553.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations that give rise to premature termination codons are a common cause of inherited genetic diseases. When transcripts containing these changes are generated, they are usually rapidly removed by the cell through the process of nonsense-mediated decay. Here we discuss observed changes in transcripts of the centrosomal protein CEP290 resulting not from degradation, but from changes in exon usage. We also comment on a landmark paper (Drivas et al. Sci Transl Med. 2015) where modelling this process of exon usage may be used to predict disease severity in CEP290 ciliopathies, and how understanding this process may potentially be used for therapeutic benefit in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Shalabh Srivastava
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - John A Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK.,Renal Services, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Simon A Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
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112
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May-Simera H, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Wolfrum U. Cilia - The sensory antennae in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:144-180. [PMID: 28504201 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like projections found on almost all cells in the human body. Originally believed to function merely in motility, the function of solitary non-motile (primary) cilia was long overlooked. Recent research has demonstrated that primary cilia function as signalling hubs that sense environmental cues and are pivotal for organ development and function, tissue hoemoestasis, and maintenance of human health. Cilia share a common anatomy and their diverse functional features are achieved by evolutionarily conserved functional modules, organized into sub-compartments. Defects in these functional modules are responsible for a rapidly growing list of human diseases collectively termed ciliopathies. Ocular pathogenesis is common in virtually all classes of syndromic ciliopathies, and disruptions in cilia genes have been found to be causative in a growing number of non-syndromic retinal dystrophies. This review will address what is currently known about cilia contribution to visual function. We will focus on the molecular and cellular functions of ciliary proteins and their role in the photoreceptor sensory cilia and their visual phenotypes. We also highlight other ciliated cell types in tissues of the eye (e.g. lens, RPE and Müller glia cells) discussing their possible contribution to disease progression. Progress in basic research on the cilia function in the eye is paving the way for therapeutic options for retinal ciliopathies. In the final section we describe the latest advancements in gene therapy, read-through of non-sense mutations and stem cell therapy, all being adopted to treat cilia dysfunction in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen May-Simera
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cilia Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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113
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Nguyen TMT, Hull S, Roepman R, van den Born LI, Oud MM, de Vrieze E, Hetterschijt L, Letteboer SJF, van Beersum SEC, Blokland EA, Yntema HG, Cremers FPM, van der Zwaag PA, Arno G, van Wijk E, Webster AR, Haer-Wigman L. Missense mutations in the WD40 domain of AHI1 cause non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. J Med Genet 2017; 54:624-632. [PMID: 28442542 PMCID: PMC5574394 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent findings suggesting that Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) is involved in non-syndromic retinal disease have been debated, as the functional significance of identified missense variants was uncertain. We assessed whether AHI1 variants cause non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods Exome sequencing was performed in three probands with RP. The effects of the identified missense variants in AHI1 were predicted by three-dimensional structure homology modelling. Ciliary parameters were evaluated in patient’s fibroblasts, and recombinant mutant proteins were expressed in ciliated retinal pigmented epithelium cells. Results In the three patients with RP, three sets of compound heterozygous variants were detected in AHI1 (c.2174G>A; p.Trp725* and c.2258A>T; p.Asp753Val, c.660delC; p.Ser221Glnfs*10 and c.2090C>T; p.Pro697Leu, c.2087A>G; p.His696Arg and c.2429C>T; p.Pro810Leu). All four missense variants were present in the conserved WD40 domain of Jouberin, the ciliary protein encoded by AHI1, with variable predicted implications for the domain structure. No significant changes in the percentage of ciliated cells, nor in cilium length or intraflagellar transport were detected. However, expression of mutant recombinant Jouberin in ciliated cells showed a significantly decreased enrichment at the ciliary base. Conclusions This report confirms that mutations in AHI1 can underlie autosomal recessive RP. Moreover, it structurally and functionally validates the effect of the RP-associated AHI1 variants on protein function, thus proposing a new genotype–phenotype correlation for AHI1 mutation associated retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Minh T Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hull
- UniversityCollege London, Instituteof Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Machteld M Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vrieze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Hetterschijt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stef J F Letteboer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E C van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen A Blokland
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helger G Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A van der Zwaag
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin Arno
- UniversityCollege London, Instituteof Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UniversityCollege London, Instituteof Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Haer-Wigman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Applications of antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of inherited retinal diseases. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017; 28:260-266. [PMID: 28151748 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last years, antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) have gained attention as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of ocular diseases such as cytomegalovirus retinitis, keratitis-induced corneal neovascularization, and inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). In this review, we summarize the recent key findings, and describe the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead to translate AON-based therapies to the clinic, in particular for IRDs. RECENT FINDINGS The efficacy of AONs to restore splice defects and cellular phenotypes associated with a common mutation in CEP290 was demonstrated in patient-derived optic cups and in a transgenic mouse model, respectively. In addition, allele-specific knockdown of a mutant RHO allele resulted in a delay of photoreceptor cell death and functional preservation of these cells in a transgenic rat model. SUMMARY As demonstrated by several preclinical efficacy studies, AON-based therapy is moving to the clinic for the treatment of some genetic subtypes of IRD. More insights into the delivery of these molecules, the duration of the therapeutic effect, and potential off-target effects will be essential to further shape the transition to the clinic and reveal the true potential of AON-based therapy for retinal diseases.
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115
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Genomic differentiation between Asturiana de los Valles, Avileña-Negra Ibérica, Bruna dels Pirineus, Morucha, Pirenaica, Retinta and Rubia Gallega cattle breeds. Animal 2017; 11:1667-1679. [PMID: 28270253 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spanish local beef cattle breeds have most likely common origin followed by a process of differentiation. This particular historical evolution has most probably left detectable signatures in the genome. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with differentiation processes in seven Spanish autochthonous populations (Asturiana de los Valles (AV), Avileña-Negra Ibérica (ANI), Bruna dels Pirineus (BP), Morucha (Mo), Pirenaica (Pi), Retinta (Re) and Rubia Gallega (RG)). The BovineHD 777K BeadChip was used on 342 individuals (AV, n=50; ANI, n=48; BP, n=50; Mo, n=50; Pi, n=48; Re, n=48; RG, n=48) chosen to be as unrelated as possible. We calculated the fixation index (F ST ) and performed a Bayesian analysis named SelEstim. The output of both procedures was very similar, although the Bayesian analysis provided a richer inference and allowed us to calculate significance thresholds by generating a pseudo-observed data set from the estimated posterior distributions. We identified a very large number of genomic regions, but when a very restrictive significance threshold was applied these regions were reduced to only 10. Among them, four regions can be highlighted because they comprised a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and showed extremely high signals (Kullback-Leiber divergence (KLD)>6). They are located in BTA 2 (5 575 950 to 10 152 228 base pairs (bp)), BTA 5 (17 596 734 to 18 850 702 bp), BTA 6 (37 853 912 to 39 441 548 bp) and BTA 18 (13 345 515 to 15 243 838 bp) and harbor, among others, the MSTN (Myostatin), KIT-LG (KIT Ligand), LAP3 (leucine aminopeptidase 3), NAPCG (non-SMC condensing I complex, subunit G), LCORL (ligand dependent nuclear receptor corepressor-like) and MC1R (Melanocortin 1 receptor) genes. Knowledge on these genomic regions allows to identify potential targets of recent selection and helps to define potential candidate genes associated with traits of interest, such as coat color, muscle development, fertility, growth, carcass and immunological response.
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Guen VJ, Gamble C, Perez DE, Bourassa S, Zappel H, Gärtner J, Lees JA, Colas P. STAR syndrome-associated CDK10/Cyclin M regulates actin network architecture and ciliogenesis. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:678-88. [PMID: 27104747 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1147632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CDK10/CycM is a protein kinase deficient in STAR (toe Syndactyly, Telecanthus and Anogenital and Renal malformations) syndrome, which results from mutations in the X-linked FAM58A gene encoding Cyclin M. The biological functions of CDK10/CycM and etiology of STAR syndrome are poorly understood. Here, we report that deficiency of CDK10/Cyclin M promotes assembly and elongation of primary cilia. We establish that this reflects a key role for CDK10/Cyclin M in regulation of actin network organization, which is known to govern ciliogenesis. In an unbiased screen, we identified the RhoA-associated kinase PKN2 as a CDK10/CycM phosphorylation substrate. We establish that PKN2 is a bone fide regulator of ciliogenesis, acting in a similar manner to CDK10/CycM. We discovered that CDK10/Cyclin M binds and phosphorylates PKN2 on threonines 121 and 124, within PKN2's core RhoA-binding domain. Furthermore, we demonstrate that deficiencies in CDK10/CycM or PKN2, or expression of a non-phosphorylatable version of PKN2, destabilize both the RhoA protein and the actin network architecture. Importantly, we established that ectopic expression of RhoA is sufficient to override the induction of ciliogenesis resulting from CDK10/CycM knockdown, indicating that RhoA regulation is critical for CDK10/CycM's negative effect on ciliogenesis. Finally, we show that kidney sections from a STAR patient display dilated renal tubules and abnormal, elongated cilia. Altogether, these results reveal CDK10/CycM as a key regulator of actin dynamics and a suppressor of ciliogenesis through phosphorylation of PKN2 and promotion of RhoA signaling. Moreover, they suggest that STAR syndrome is a ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Guen
- a P2I2 group, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) , Roscoff , France.,b David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Carly Gamble
- a P2I2 group, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) , Roscoff , France
| | - Dahlia E Perez
- b David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- c Proteomics Platform, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ) , Québec , Canada
| | - Hildegard Zappel
- d Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Division of Neuropediatrics , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- d Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Division of Neuropediatrics , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- b David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Pierre Colas
- a P2I2 group, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) , Roscoff , France
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Li L, Khanna H. Stem cells with a view: a look inside a retinal ciliopathy. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:62. [PMID: 27868044 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Parfitt DA, Lane A, Ramsden C, Jovanovic K, Coffey PJ, Hardcastle AJ, Cheetham ME. Using induced pluripotent stem cells to understand retinal ciliopathy disease mechanisms and develop therapies. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:1245-1251. [PMID: 27911706 PMCID: PMC5238943 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The photoreceptor cells in the retina have a highly specialised sensory cilium, the outer segment (OS), which is important for detecting light. Mutations in cilia-related genes often result in retinal degeneration. The ability to reprogramme human cells into induced pluripotent stem cells and then differentiate them into a wide range of different cell types has revolutionised our ability to study human disease. To date, however, the challenge of producing fully differentiated photoreceptors in vitro has limited the application of this technology in studying retinal degeneration. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in stem cell technology and photoreceptor differentiation. In particular, the development of photoreceptors with rudimentary OS that can be used to understand disease mechanisms and as an important model to test potential new therapies for inherited retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Parfitt
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Amelia Lane
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Conor Ramsden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | | | - Peter J. Coffey
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
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Li C, He J, Chen J, Zhao J, Gu D, Hixson JE, Rao DC, Jaquish CE, Gu CC, Chen J, Huang J, Chen S, Kelly TN. Genome-Wide Gene-Sodium Interaction Analyses on Blood Pressure: The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt-Sensitivity Study. Hypertension 2016; 68:348-55. [PMID: 27271309 PMCID: PMC5373034 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We performed genome-wide analyses to identify genomic loci that interact with sodium to influence blood pressure (BP) using single-marker-based (1 and 2 df joint tests) and gene-based tests among 1876 Chinese participants of the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt-Sensitivity (GenSalt) study. Among GenSalt participants, the average of 3 urine samples was used to estimate sodium excretion. Nine BP measurements were taken using a random zero sphygmomanometer. A total of 2.05 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms were imputed using Affymetrix 6.0 genotype data and the Chinese Han of Beijing and Japanese of Tokyo HapMap reference panel. Promising findings (P<1.00×10(-4)) from GenSalt were evaluated for replication among 775 Chinese participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Single-nucleotide polymorphism and gene-based results were meta-analyzed across the GenSalt and MESA studies to determine genome-wide significance. The 1 df tests identified interactions for UST rs13211840 on diastolic BP (P=3.13×10(-9)). The 2 df tests additionally identified associations for CLGN rs2567241 (P=3.90×10(-12)) and LOC105369882 rs11104632 (P=4.51×10(-8)) with systolic BP. The CLGN variant rs2567241 was also associated with diastolic BP (P=3.11×10(-22)) and mean arterial pressure (P=2.86×10(-15)). Genome-wide gene-based analysis identified MKNK1 (P=6.70×10(-7)), C2orf80 (P<1.00×10(-12)), EPHA6 (P=2.88×10(-7)), SCOC-AS1 (P=4.35×10(-14)), SCOC (P=6.46×10(-11)), CLGN (P=3.68×10(-13)), MGAT4D (P=4.73×10(-11)), ARHGAP42 (P≤1.00×10(-12)), CASP4 (P=1.31×10(-8)), and LINC01478 (P=6.75×10(-10)) that were associated with at least 1 BP phenotype. In summary, we identified 8 novel and 1 previously reported BP loci through the examination of single-nucleotide polymorphism and gene-based interactions with sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Li
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Jiang He
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Jing Chen
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Jinying Zhao
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - James E Hixson
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Dabeeru C Rao
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Cashell E Jaquish
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Charles C Gu
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Jichun Chen
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Shufeng Chen
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.)
| | - Tanika N Kelly
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.L., J.H., J.Z., T.N.K.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H., J.C.); State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.G., J.C., J.H., S.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.E.H.); Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R., C.C.G.); and Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (C.E.J.).
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Ramsbottom SA, Pownall ME, Roelink H, Conway SJ. Regulation of Hedgehog Signalling Inside and Outside the Cell. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27547735 PMCID: PMC4990124 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is conserved throughout metazoans and plays an important regulatory role in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Many levels of regulation exist that control the release, reception, and interpretation of the hedgehog signal. The fatty nature of the Shh ligand means that it tends to associate tightly with the cell membrane, and yet it is known to act as a morphogen that diffuses to elicit pattern formation. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a major role in the regulation of Hh distribution outside the cell. Inside the cell, the primary cilium provides an important hub for processing the Hh signal in vertebrates. This review will summarise the current understanding of how the Hh pathway is regulated from ligand production, release, and diffusion, through to signal reception and intracellular transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)191-241-8612
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121
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Hyvärinen LVM. Retinal degeneration mimicking cerebral visual impairment in a young child with CEP290 mutations: Case report. BRITISH JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0264619616640567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This publication depicts an unusual variant of retinitis pigmentosa–like retinal degeneration with visual adaptation problems in cone cell functioning from early infancy. In the beginning, the symptoms mimicked visual processing disorders (cerebral visual impairment [CVI]). Repeated functional and clinical assessments from the age of 3 years to the age of 9 years confirmed stable retinal functions. Genetic studies at the age of 9 years revealed that the girl and her parents are the carriers of CEP290 mutations.
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Garanto A, Chung DC, Duijkers L, Corral-Serrano JC, Messchaert M, Xiao R, Bennett J, Vandenberghe LH, Collin RWJ. In vitro and in vivo rescue of aberrant splicing in CEP290-associated LCA by antisense oligonucleotide delivery. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2552-2563. [PMID: 27106101 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a severe disorder resulting in visual impairment usually starting in the first year of life. The most frequent genetic cause of LCA is an intronic mutation in CEP290 (c.2991 + 1655A > G) that creates a cryptic splice donor site resulting in the insertion of a pseudoexon (exon X) into CEP290 mRNA. Previously, we showed that naked antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) effectively restored normal CEP290 splicing in patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells. We here explore the therapeutic potential of naked and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-packaged AONs in vitro and in vivo In both cases, AON delivery fully restored CEP290 pre-mRNA splicing, significantly increased CEP290 protein levels and rescued a ciliary phenotype present in patient-derived fibroblast cells. Moreover, administration of naked and AAV-packaged AONs to the retina of a humanized mutant Cep290 mouse model, carrying the intronic mutation, showed a statistically significant reduction of exon X-containing Cep290 transcripts, without compromising the retinal structure. Together, our data highlight the tremendous therapeutic prospective of AONs for the treatment of not only CEP290-associated LCA but potentially many other subtypes of retinal dystrophy caused by splicing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garanto
- Department of Human Genetics.,Donders Center for NeurosciencesRadboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel C Chung
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology and Center for Advanced Retinal and Ophthalmic Therapeutics, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Julio C Corral-Serrano
- Department of Human Genetics.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriël Messchaert
- Department of Human Genetics.,Donders Center for NeurosciencesRadboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ru Xiao
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology and Center for Advanced Retinal and Ophthalmic Therapeutics, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luk H Vandenberghe
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rob W J Collin
- Department of Human Genetics .,Donders Center for NeurosciencesRadboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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123
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Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapy for Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:517-24. [PMID: 26427454 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are an extremely heterogeneous group of genetic diseases for which currently no effective treatment strategies exist. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made utilizing gene augmentation therapy for a few genetic subtypes of IRD, although several technical challenges so far prevent a broad clinical application of this approach for other forms of IRD. Many of the mutations leading to these retinal diseases affect pre-mRNA splicing of the mutated genes . Antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-mediated splice modulation appears to be a powerful approach to correct the consequences of such mutations at the pre-mRNA level , as demonstrated by promising results in clinical trials for several inherited disorders like Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hypercholesterolemia and various types of cancer. In this mini-review, we summarize ongoing pre-clinical research on AON-based therapy for a few genetic subtypes of IRD , speculate on other potential therapeutic targets, and discuss the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead to translate splice modulation therapy for retinal disorders to the clinic.
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Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. It is characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations including primary features of the disease (rod-cone dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, genital abnormalities, renal defects, and learning difficulties) and secondary BBS characteristics (developmental delay, speech deficit, brachydactyly or syndactyly, dental defects, ataxia or poor coordination, olfactory deficit, diabetes mellitus, congenital heart disease, etc.); most of these symptoms may not be present at birth but appear and progressively worsen during the first and second decades of life. At least 20 BBS genes have already been identified, and all of them are involved in primary cilia functioning. Genetic diagnosis of BBS is complicated due to lack of gene-specific disease symptoms; however, it is gradually becoming more accessible with the invention of multigene sequencing technologies. Clinical management of BBS is largely limited to a symptomatic treatment. Mouse experiments demonstrate that the most debilitating complication of BBS, blindness, can be rescued by topical gene therapy. There is a published case report describing the delay of BBS symptoms by nutritional compensation of the disease-related biochemical deficiencies. Progress in DNA testing technologies is likely to rapidly resolve all limitations in BBS diagnosis; however, much slower improvement is expected with regard to BBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny N Suspitsin
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Parfitt DA, Lane A, Ramsden CM, Carr AJF, Munro PM, Jovanovic K, Schwarz N, Kanuga N, Muthiah MN, Hull S, Gallo JM, da Cruz L, Moore AT, Hardcastle AJ, Coffey PJ, Cheetham ME. Identification and Correction of Mechanisms Underlying Inherited Blindness in Human iPSC-Derived Optic Cups. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:769-781. [PMID: 27151457 PMCID: PMC4899423 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is an inherited retinal dystrophy that causes childhood blindness. Photoreceptors are especially sensitive to an intronic mutation in the cilia-related gene CEP290, which causes missplicing and premature termination, but the basis of this sensitivity is unclear. Here, we generated differentiated photoreceptors in three-dimensional optic cups and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from iPSCs with this common CEP290 mutation to investigate disease mechanisms and evaluate candidate therapies. iPSCs differentiated normally into RPE and optic cups, despite abnormal CEP290 splicing and cilia defects. The highest levels of aberrant splicing and cilia defects were observed in optic cups, explaining the retinal-specific manifestation of this CEP290 mutation. Treating optic cups with an antisense morpholino effectively blocked aberrant splicing and restored expression of full-length CEP290, restoring normal cilia-based protein trafficking. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of the retina-specific phenotypes in CEP290 LCA patients and potential strategies for therapeutic intervention. Generation of 3D optic cups with opsin-expressing photoreceptors and outer segments A CEP290-LCA intronic mutation creates a cryptic exon that impairs ciliogenesis Aberrant splicing is increased in photoreceptors compared to other cell types Antisense oligonucleotide can block the cryptic exon and restore CEP290 function
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Parfitt
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Amelia Lane
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Conor M Ramsden
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Amanda-Jayne F Carr
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peter M Munro
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Katarina Jovanovic
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Nele Schwarz
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Naheed Kanuga
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Manickam N Muthiah
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Sarah Hull
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Gallo
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Lyndon da Cruz
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Anthony T Moore
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Alison J Hardcastle
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peter J Coffey
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Michael E Cheetham
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Improving the management of Inherited Retinal Dystrophies by targeted sequencing of a population-specific gene panel. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23910. [PMID: 27032803 PMCID: PMC4817143 DOI: 10.1038/srep23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has overcome important limitations to the molecular diagnosis of Inherited Retinal Dystrophies (IRD) such as the high clinical and genetic heterogeneity and the overlapping phenotypes. The purpose of this study was the identification of the genetic defect in 32 Spanish families with different forms of IRD. With that aim, we implemented a custom NGS panel comprising 64 IRD-associated genes in our population, and three disease-associated intronic regions. A total of 37 pathogenic mutations (14 novels) were found in 73% of IRD patients ranging from 50% for autosomal dominant cases, 75% for syndromic cases, 83% for autosomal recessive cases, and 100% for X-linked cases. Additionally, unexpected phenotype-genotype correlations were found in 6 probands, which led to the refinement of their clinical diagnoses. Furthermore, intra- and interfamilial phenotypic variability was observed in two cases. Moreover, two cases unsuccessfully analysed by exome sequencing were resolved by applying this panel. Our results demonstrate that this hypothesis-free approach based on frequently mutated, population-specific loci is highly cost-efficient for the routine diagnosis of this heterogeneous condition and allows the unbiased analysis of a miscellaneous cohort. The molecular information found here has aid clinical diagnosis and has improved genetic counselling and patient management.
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127
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Drivas TG, Wojno AP, Tucker BA, Stone EM, Bennett J. Basal exon skipping and genetic pleiotropy: A predictive model of disease pathogenesis. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:291ra97. [PMID: 26062849 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic pleiotropy, the phenomenon by which mutations in the same gene result in markedly different disease phenotypes, has proven difficult to explain with traditional models of disease pathogenesis. We have developed a model of pleiotropic disease that explains, through the process of basal exon skipping, how different mutations in the same gene can differentially affect protein production, with the total amount of protein produced correlating with disease severity. Mutations in the centrosomal protein of 290 kDa (CEP290) gene are associated with a spectrum of phenotypically distinct human diseases (the ciliopathies). Molecular biologic examination of CEP290 transcript and protein expression in cells from patients carrying CEP290 mutations, measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, correlated with disease severity and corroborated our model. We show that basal exon skipping may be the mechanism underlying the disease pleiotropy caused by CEP290 mutations. Applying our model to a different disease gene, CC2D2A (coiled-coil and C2 domains-containing protein 2A), we found that the same correlations held true. Our model explains the phenotypic diversity of two different inherited ciliopathies and may establish a new model for the pathogenesis of other pleiotropic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Drivas
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam P Wojno
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 50309, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 50309, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 50309, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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128
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Song Z, Zhang X, Jia S, Yelick PC, Zhao C. Zebrafish as a Model for Human Ciliopathies. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:107-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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DNAH6 and Its Interactions with PCD Genes in Heterotaxy and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005821. [PMID: 26918822 PMCID: PMC4769270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotaxy, a birth defect involving left-right patterning defects, and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a sinopulmonary disease with dyskinetic/immotile cilia in the airway are seemingly disparate diseases. However, they have an overlapping genetic etiology involving mutations in cilia genes, a reflection of the common requirement for motile cilia in left-right patterning and airway clearance. While PCD is a monogenic recessive disorder, heterotaxy has a more complex, largely non-monogenic etiology. In this study, we show mutations in the novel dynein gene DNAH6 can cause heterotaxy and ciliary dysfunction similar to PCD. We provide the first evidence that trans-heterozygous interactions between DNAH6 and other PCD genes potentially can cause heterotaxy. DNAH6 was initially identified as a candidate heterotaxy/PCD gene by filtering exome-sequencing data from 25 heterotaxy patients stratified by whether they have airway motile cilia defects. dnah6 morpholino knockdown in zebrafish disrupted motile cilia in Kupffer’s vesicle required for left-right patterning and caused heterotaxy with abnormal cardiac/gut looping. Similarly DNAH6 shRNA knockdown disrupted motile cilia in human and mouse respiratory epithelia. Notably a heterotaxy patient harboring heterozygous DNAH6 mutation was identified to also carry a rare heterozygous PCD-causing DNAI1 mutation, suggesting a DNAH6/DNAI1 trans-heterozygous interaction. Furthermore, sequencing of 149 additional heterotaxy patients showed 5 of 6 patients with heterozygous DNAH6 mutations also had heterozygous mutations in DNAH5 or other PCD genes. We functionally assayed for DNAH6/DNAH5 and DNAH6/DNAI1 trans-heterozygous interactions using subthreshold double-morpholino knockdown in zebrafish and showed this caused heterotaxy. Similarly, subthreshold siRNA knockdown of Dnah6 in heterozygous Dnah5 or Dnai1 mutant mouse respiratory epithelia disrupted motile cilia function. Together, these findings support an oligogenic disease model with broad relevance for further interrogating the genetic etiology of human ciliopathies. Heterotaxy is a birth defect involving randomization of left-right body axis. Its genetic etiology is still poorly understood, but recent studies suggest mutations in genes causing primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a sinopulmonary disease, also can cause heterotaxy. Moreover, heterotaxy patients can show airway cilia dysfunction reminiscent of PCD. The link between these two seemingly disparate diseases reflects the common requirement for motile cilia in both left-right patterning and airway mucus clearance. Sequencing analysis of heterotaxy patients together with experimental modeling identified DNAH6 as a novel gene that can cause both heterotaxy and PCD. We further showed DNAH6 can interact with other PCD genes to mediate a more complex oligogenic etiology of disease. Thus experimental modeling with double gene knockdown showed digenic interactions of DNAH6 with DNAH5 or DNAI1 could disrupt motile cilia function in the respiratory epithelia and also cause heterotaxy in zebrafish embryos. These findings provide the first experimental evidence indicating oligogenic interactions can contribute to the complex genetics of heterotaxy.
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Masyukova SV, Landis DE, Henke SJ, Williams CL, Pieczynski JN, Roszczynialski KN, Covington JE, Malarkey EB, Yoder BK. A Screen for Modifiers of Cilia Phenotypes Reveals Novel MKS Alleles and Uncovers a Specific Genetic Interaction between osm-3 and nphp-4. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005841. [PMID: 26863025 PMCID: PMC4749664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a ciliopathy in which genetic modifiers may underlie the variable penetrance of clinical features. To identify modifiers, a screen was conducted on C. elegans nphp-4(tm925) mutants. Mutations in ten loci exacerbating nphp-4(tm925) ciliary defects were obtained. Four loci have been identified, three of which are established ciliopathy genes mks-1, mks-2, and mks-5. The fourth allele (yhw66) is a missense mutation (S316F) in OSM-3, a kinesin required for cilia distal segment assembly. While osm-3(yhw66) mutants alone have no overt cilia phenotype, nphp-4(tm925);osm-3(yhw66) double mutants lack distal segments and are dye-filling (Dyf) and osmotic avoidance (Osm) defective, similar to osm-3(mn357) null mutants. In osm-3(yhw66) mutants anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) velocity is reduced. Furthermore, expression of OSM-3(S316F)::GFP reduced IFT velocities in nphp-4(tm925) mutants, but not in wild type animals. In silico analysis indicates the S316F mutation may affect a phosphorylation site. Putative phospho-null OSM-3(S316F) and phospho-mimetic OSM-3(S316D) proteins accumulate at the cilia base and tip respectively. FRAP analysis indicates that the cilia entry rate of OSM-3(S316F) is slower than OSM-3 and that in the presence of OSM-3(S316F), OSM-3 and OSM-3(S316D) rates decrease. In the presence OSM-3::GFP or OSM-3(S316D)::GFP, OSM-3(S316F)::tdTomato redistributes along the cilium and accumulates in the cilia tip. OSM-3(S316F) and OSM-3(S316D) are functional as they restore cilia distal segment formation in osm-3(mn357) null mutants; however, only OSM-3(S316F) rescues the osm-3(mn357) null Dyf phenotype. Despite rescue of cilia length in osm-3(mn357) null mutants, neither OSM-3(S316F) nor OSM-3(S316D) restores ciliary defects in nphp-4(tm925);osm-3(yhw66) double mutants. Thus, these OSM-3 mutations cause NPHP-4 dependent and independent phenotypes. These data indicate that in addition to regulating cilia protein entry or exit, NPHP-4 influences localization and function of a distal ciliary kinesin. Moreover, data suggest human OSM-3 homolog (Kif17) could act as a modifying locus affecting disease penetrance or expressivity in NPHP patients. Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy that has minimal genotype-phenotype correlation. The cause of this variation is not known, but could result from additional mutations in the patients’ backgrounds capable of modifying the phenotype. To identify candidate NPHP modifying loci, we conducted an enhancer mutagenesis screen using C. elegans nphp-4(tm925) mutants. Mutations in ten loci were obtained that severely exacerbated the cilia defects in the nphp-4(tm925) mutants, but importantly, had minimal defects in the absence of the nphp-4 mutation. Here we identified four of these loci, each encoding a cilia protein. Three mutations are in known ciliopathy genes, mks-1, mks-2 and mks-5. The fourth allele is a missense (S316F) mutation in OSM-3, a kinesin required for distal cilia assembly and is the sole kinesin responsible for intraflagellar transport along the cilia distal segment in C. elegans. The osm-3(yhw66) mutation affects a putative phosphorylation site that is important for OSM-3 localization, movement, and function, largely in an nphp-4 dependent manner. These data establish a genetic interaction between osm-3 and nphp-4 that regulates kinesin activity and localization and raises the possibility that mutations in Kif17, the mammalian homolog of osm-3, may influence the phenotypes in human NPHP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Masyukova
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dawn E. Landis
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Henke
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Corey L. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jay N. Pieczynski
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kelly N. Roszczynialski
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jannese E. Covington
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Erik B. Malarkey
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Filges I, Bruder E, Brandal K, Meier S, Undlien DE, Waage TR, Hoesli I, Schubach M, de Beer T, Sheng Y, Hoeller S, Schulzke S, Røsby O, Miny P, Tercanli S, Oppedal T, Meyer P, Selmer KK, Strømme P. Strømme Syndrome Is a Ciliary Disorder Caused by Mutations in CENPF. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:359-63. [PMID: 26820108 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Strømme syndrome was first described by Strømme et al. (1993) in siblings presenting with "apple peel" type intestinal atresia, ocular anomalies and microcephaly. The etiology remains unknown to date. We describe the long-term clinical follow-up data for the original pair of siblings as well as two previously unreported siblings with a severe phenotype overlapping that of the Strømme syndrome including fetal autopsy results. Using family-based whole-exome sequencing, we identified truncating mutations in the centrosome gene CENPF in the two nonconsanguineous Caucasian sibling pairs. Compound heterozygous inheritance was confirmed in both families. Recently, mutations in this gene were shown to cause a fetal lethal phenotype, the phenotype and functional data being compatible with a human ciliopathy [Waters et al., 2015]. We show for the first time that Strømme syndrome is an autosomal-recessive disease caused by mutations in CENPF that can result in a wide phenotypic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Filges
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kristin Brandal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie Meier
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dag Erik Undlien
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Rygvold Waage
- Section of Paediatric Neurohabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Hoesli
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Schubach
- Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tjaart de Beer
- Biozentrum and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ying Sheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvia Hoeller
- Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schulzke
- Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oddveig Røsby
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Miny
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Truls Oppedal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Section for Pediatric Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Meyer
- Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaja Kristine Selmer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Strømme
- Section for Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Bales KL, Gross AK. Aberrant protein trafficking in retinal degenerations: The initial phase of retinal remodeling. Exp Eye Res 2015; 150:71-80. [PMID: 26632497 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinal trafficking proteins are involved in molecular assemblies that govern protein transport, orchestrate cellular events involved in cilia formation, regulate signal transduction, autophagy and endocytic trafficking, all of which if not properly controlled initiate retinal degeneration. Improper function and or trafficking of these proteins and molecular networks they are involved in cause a detrimental cascade of neural retinal remodeling due to cell death, resulting as devastating blinding diseases. A universal finding in retinal degenerative diseases is the profound detection of retinal remodeling, occurring as a phased modification of neural retinal function and structure, which begins at the molecular level. Retinal remodeling instigated by aberrant trafficking of proteins encompasses many forms of retinal degenerations, such as the diverse forms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and disorders that resemble RP through mutations in the rhodopsin gene, retinal ciliopathies, and some forms of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As a large majority of genes associated with these different retinopathies are overlapping, it is imperative to understand their underlying molecular mechanisms. This review will discuss some of the most recent discoveries in vertebrate retinal remodeling and retinal degenerations caused by protein mistrafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Bales
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alecia K Gross
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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133
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Srour M, Hamdan F, McKnight D, Davis E, Mandel H, Schwartzentruber J, Martin B, Patry L, Nassif C, Dionne-Laporte A, Ospina L, Lemyre E, Massicotte C, Laframboise R, Maranda B, Labuda D, Décarie JC, Rypens F, Goldsher D, Fallet-Bianco C, Soucy JF, Laberge AM, Maftei C, Boycott K, Brais B, Boucher RM, Rouleau G, Katsanis N, Majewski J, Elpeleg O, Kukolich M, Shalev S, Michaud J, Michaud JL. Joubert Syndrome in French Canadians and Identification of Mutations in CEP104. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:744-53. [PMID: 26477546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a primarily autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by a distinctive mid-hindbrain and cerebellar malformation, oculomotor apraxia, irregular breathing, developmental delay, and ataxia. JBTS is a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy. We sought to characterize the genetic landscape associated with JBTS in the French Canadian (FC) population. We studied 43 FC JBTS subjects from 35 families by combining targeted and exome sequencing. We identified pathogenic (n = 32 families) or possibly pathogenic (n = 2 families) variants in genes previously associated with JBTS in all of these subjects, except for one. In the latter case, we found a homozygous splice-site mutation (c.735+2T>C) in CEP104. Interestingly, we identified two additional non-FC JBTS subjects with mutations in CEP104; one of these subjects harbors a maternally inherited nonsense mutation (c.496C>T [p.Arg166*]) and a de novo splice-site mutation (c.2572-2A>G), whereas the other bears a homozygous frameshift mutation (c.1328_1329insT [p.Tyr444fs*3]) in CEP104. Previous studies have shown that CEP104 moves from the mother centriole to the tip of the primary cilium during ciliogenesis. Knockdown of CEP104 in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE1) cells resulted in severe defects in ciliogenesis. These observations suggest that CEP104 acts early during cilia formation by regulating the conversion of the mother centriole into the cilia basal body. We conclude that disruption of CEP104 causes JBTS. Our study also reveals that the cause of JBTS has been elucidated in the great majority of our FC subjects (33/35 [94%] families), even though JBTS shows substantial locus and allelic heterogeneity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacques L Michaud
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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134
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Coppieters F, Todeschini AL, Fujimaki T, Baert A, De Bruyne M, Van Cauwenbergh C, Verdin H, Bauwens M, Ongenaert M, Kondo M, Meire F, Murakami A, Veitia RA, Leroy BP, De Baere E. Hidden Genetic Variation in LCA9-Associated Congenital Blindness Explained by 5'UTR Mutations and Copy-Number Variations of NMNAT1. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:1188-96. [PMID: 26316326 PMCID: PMC5054839 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a severe autosomal‐recessive retinal dystrophy leading to congenital blindness. A recently identified LCA gene is NMNAT1, located in the LCA9 locus. Although most mutations in blindness genes are coding variations, there is accumulating evidence for hidden noncoding defects or structural variations (SVs). The starting point of this study was an LCA9‐associated consanguineous family in which no coding mutations were found in the LCA9 region. Exploring the untranslated regions of NMNAT1 revealed a novel homozygous 5′UTR variant, c.‐70A>T. Moreover, an adjacent 5′UTR variant, c.‐69C>T, was identified in a second consanguineous family displaying a similar phenotype. Both 5′UTR variants resulted in decreased NMNAT1 mRNA abundance in patients’ lymphocytes, and caused decreased luciferase activity in human retinal pigment epithelial RPE‐1 cells. Second, we unraveled pseudohomozygosity of a coding NMNAT1 mutation in two unrelated LCA patients by the identification of two distinct heterozygous partial NMNAT1 deletions. Molecular characterization of the breakpoint junctions revealed a complex Alu‐rich genomic architecture. Our study uncovered hidden genetic variation in NMNAT1‐associated LCA and emphasized a shift from coding to noncoding regulatory mutations and repeat‐mediated SVs in the molecular pathogenesis of heterogeneous recessive disorders such as hereditary blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takuro Fujimaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Annelot Baert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hannah Verdin
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miriam Bauwens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maté Ongenaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Françoise Meire
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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135
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Veleri S, Lazar CH, Chang B, Sieving PA, Banin E, Swaroop A. Biology and therapy of inherited retinal degenerative disease: insights from mouse models. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:109-29. [PMID: 25650393 PMCID: PMC4314777 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurodegeneration associated with the dysfunction or death of photoreceptors is a major cause of incurable vision loss. Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades in discovering genes and genetic defects that lead to retinal diseases. The primary focus has now shifted to uncovering disease mechanisms and designing treatment strategies, especially inspired by the successful application of gene therapy in some forms of congenital blindness in humans. Both spontaneous and laboratory-generated mouse mutants have been valuable for providing fundamental insights into normal retinal development and for deciphering disease pathology. Here, we provide a review of mouse models of human retinal degeneration, with a primary focus on diseases affecting photoreceptor function. We also describe models associated with retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction or synaptic abnormalities. Furthermore, we highlight the crucial role of mouse models in elucidating retinal and photoreceptor biology in health and disease, and in the assessment of novel therapeutic modalities, including gene- and stem-cell-based therapies, for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobi Veleri
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Csilla H Lazar
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Molecular Biology Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano Sciences, Babes-Bolyai-University, Cluj-Napoca, 400271, Romania
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eyal Banin
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Center for Retinal and Macular Degenerations, Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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136
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Intravitreal Injection of Splice-switching Oligonucleotides to Manipulate Splicing in Retinal Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e250. [PMID: 26325627 PMCID: PMC4877449 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis is a severe hereditary retinal dystrophy responsible for neonatal blindness. The most common disease-causing mutation (c.2991+1655A>G; 10-15%) creates a strong splice donor site that leads to insertion of a cryptic exon encoding a premature stop codon. Recently, we reported that splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSO) allow skipping of the mutant cryptic exon and the restoration of ciliation in fibroblasts of affected patients, supporting the feasibility of a SSO-mediated exon skipping strategy to correct the aberrant splicing. Here, we present data in the wild-type mouse, which demonstrate that intravitreal administration of 2'-OMePS-SSO allows selective alteration of Cep290 splicing in retinal cells, including photoreceptors as shown by successful alteration of Abca4 splicing using the same approach. We show that both SSOs and Cep290 skipped mRNA were detectable for at least 1 month and that intravitreal administration of oligonucleotides did not provoke any serious adverse event. These data suggest that intravitreal injections of SSO should be considered to bypass protein truncation resulting from the c.2991+1655A>G mutation as well as other truncating mutations in genes which like CEP290 or ABCA4 have a mRNA size that exceed cargo capacities of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved adeno-associated virus (AAV)-vectors, thus hampering gene augmentation therapy.
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137
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Slaats GG, Saldivar JC, Bacal J, Zeman MK, Kile AC, Hynes AM, Srivastava S, Nazmutdinova J, den Ouden K, Zagers MS, Foletto V, Verhaar MC, Miles C, Sayer JA, Cimprich KA, Giles RH. DNA replication stress underlies renal phenotypes in CEP290-associated Joubert syndrome. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3657-66. [PMID: 26301811 DOI: 10.1172/jci80657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile ciliopathy syndromes that are associated with renal cysts and premature renal failure are commonly the result of mutations in the gene encoding centrosomal protein CEP290. In addition to centrosomes and the transition zone at the base of the primary cilium, CEP290 also localizes to the nucleus; however, the nuclear function of CEP290 is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that reduction of cellular CEP290 in primary human and mouse kidney cells as well as in zebrafish embryos leads to enhanced DNA damage signaling and accumulation of DNA breaks ex vivo and in vivo. Compared with those from WT mice, primary kidney cells from Cep290-deficient mice exhibited supernumerary centrioles, decreased replication fork velocity, fork asymmetry, and increased levels of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Treatment of Cep290-deficient cells with CDK inhibitors rescued DNA damage and centriole number. Moreover, the loss of primary cilia that results from CEP290 dysfunction was rescued in 3D cell culture spheroids of primary murine kidney cells after exposure to CDK inhibitors. Together, our results provide a link between CEP290 and DNA replication stress and suggest CDK inhibition as a potential treatment strategy for a wide range of ciliopathy syndromes.
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138
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Ramsbottom S, Miles C, Sayer J. Murine Cep290 phenotypes are modified by genetic backgrounds and provide an impetus for investigating disease modifier alleles. F1000Res 2015; 4:590. [PMID: 26594343 PMCID: PMC4648220 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6959.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of primary cilia is of broad interest both in terms of disease pathogenesis and the fundamental biological role of these structures. Murine models of ciliopathies provide valuable tools for the study of these diseases. However, it is important to consider the precise phenotype of murine models and how dependant it is upon genetic background. Here we compare and contrast murine models of
Cep290, a frequent genetic cause of Joubert syndrome in order to refine our concept of genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Colin Miles
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - John Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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139
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Cortés CR, Metzis V, Wicking C. Unmasking the ciliopathies: craniofacial defects and the primary cilium. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:637-53. [PMID: 26173831 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the primary cilium has emerged as a pivotal sensory organelle that acts as a major signaling hub for a number of developmental signaling pathways. In that time, a vast number of proteins involved in trafficking and signaling have been linked to ciliary assembly and/or function, demonstrating the importance of this organelle during embryonic development. Given the central role of the primary cilium in regulating developmental signaling, it is not surprising that its dysfunction results in widespread defects in the embryo, leading to an expanding class of human congenital disorders known as ciliopathies. These disorders are individually rare and phenotypically variable, but together they affect virtually every vertebrate organ system. Features of ciliopathies that are often overlooked, but which are being reported with increasing frequency, are craniofacial abnormalities, ranging from subtle midline defects to full-blown orofacial clefting. The challenge moving forward is to understand the primary mechanism of disease given the link between the primary cilium and a number of developmental signaling pathways (such as hedgehog, platelet-derived growth factor, and WNT signaling) that are essential for craniofacial development. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of craniofacial abnormalities present in the ciliopathy spectrum, and reveal those defects in common across multiple disorders. Further, we discuss the molecular defects and potential signaling perturbations underlying these anomalies. This provides insight into the mechanisms leading to ciliopathy phenotypes more generally and highlights the prevalence of widespread dysmorphologies resulting from cilia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Cortés
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vicki Metzis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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140
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141
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The Role of RPGR and Its Interacting Proteins in Ciliopathies. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:414781. [PMID: 26124960 PMCID: PMC4466403 DOI: 10.1155/2015/414781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies encompass a group of genetic disorders characterized by defects in the formation, maintenance, or function of cilia. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is frequently one of the clinical features presented in diverse ciliopathies. RP is a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders, characterized by the death of photoreceptors and affecting more than one million individuals worldwide. The retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene is mutated in up to 20% of all RP patients. RPGR protein has different interacting partners to function in ciliary protein trafficking. In this review, we specifically focus on RPGR and its two interacting proteins: RPGRIP1 and RPGRIP1L. We summarize the function of the three proteins and highlight recent studies that provide insight into the cellular function of those proteins.
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142
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Yvon C, Ramsden CM, Lane A, Powner MB, da Cruz L, Coffey PJ, Carr AJF. Using Stem Cells to Model Diseases of the Outer Retina. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:382-9. [PMID: 26106463 PMCID: PMC4477013 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration arises from the loss of photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide with limited effective treatment options. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC)-derived retinal cells and tissues from individuals with retinal degeneration is a rapidly evolving technology that holds a great potential for its use in disease modelling. IPSCs provide an ideal platform to investigate normal and pathological retinogenesis, but also deliver a valuable source of retinal cell types for drug screening and cell therapy. In this review, we will provide some examples of the ways in which IPSCs have been used to model diseases of the outer retina including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Usher syndrome (USH), Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), gyrate atrophy (GA), juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) and age related macular degeneration (AMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Yvon
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Conor M. Ramsden
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Amelia Lane
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Michael B. Powner
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Lyndon da Cruz
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Peter J. Coffey
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, NRI, UC, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Amanda-Jayne F. Carr
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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143
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Wang L, Yang Y, Song J, Mao L, Wei X, Sun Y, Yang S, Mu F, Wang H, Niu Y. Two novel mutations in the C-terminal region of centrosomal protein 290 (CEP290) result in classic Joubert syndrome. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:772-6. [PMID: 24850569 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814535488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a neurologic disorder with a pathognomonic "molar tooth sign" on brain imaging. The purpose of this study was to identify potential mutations in a Chinese patient with Joubert syndrome by targeted massively parallel sequencing. Taking advantage of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies, 18 Joubert-causing genes of a Chinese patient with classic Joubert syndrome were sequenced at a time, and 2 novel variants in the CEP290 gene (c.7323_7327delAGAAG and c.6012-2A>G) were identified in this patient. Sanger validation showed that 2 variants were inherited from each parents, respectively. Both variants are located in the C-terminal region of the CEP290 protein and are predicted to be deleterious. The results support that the combination of targeted genes enrichment and next-generation sequencing is valuable molecular diagnostic tool and suitable for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jieping Song
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, China
| | | | | | - Yan Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | | - Yanfeng Niu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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144
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Rachel RA, Yamamoto EA, Dewanjee MK, May-Simera HL, Sergeev YV, Hackett AN, Pohida K, Munasinghe J, Gotoh N, Wickstead B, Fariss RN, Dong L, Li T, Swaroop A. CEP290 alleles in mice disrupt tissue-specific cilia biogenesis and recapitulate features of syndromic ciliopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3775-91. [PMID: 25859007 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct mutations in the centrosomal-cilia protein CEP290 lead to diverse clinical findings in syndromic ciliopathies. We show that CEP290 localizes to the transition zone in ciliated cells, precisely to the region of Y-linkers between central microtubules and plasma membrane. To create models of CEP290-associated ciliopathy syndromes, we generated Cep290(ko/ko) and Cep290(gt/gt) mice that produce no or a truncated CEP290 protein, respectively. Cep290(ko/ko) mice exhibit early vision loss and die from hydrocephalus. Retinal photoreceptors in Cep290(ko/ko) mice lack connecting cilia, and ciliated ventricular ependyma fails to mature. The minority of Cep290(ko/ko) mice that escape hydrocephalus demonstrate progressive kidney pathology. Cep290(gt/gt) mice die at mid-gestation, and the occasional Cep290(gt/gt) mouse that survives shows hydrocephalus and severely cystic kidneys. Partial loss of CEP290-interacting ciliopathy protein MKKS mitigates lethality and renal pathology in Cep290(gt/gt) mice. Our studies demonstrate domain-specific functions of CEP290 and provide novel therapeutic paradigms for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | | | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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145
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Species-dependent splice recognition of a cryptic exon resulting from a recurrent intronic CEP290 mutation that causes congenital blindness. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5285-98. [PMID: 25761237 PMCID: PMC4394476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation in intron 26 of CEP290 (c.2991+1655A>G) is the most common genetic cause of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), a severe type of inherited retinal degeneration. This mutation creates a cryptic splice donor site, resulting in the insertion of an aberrant exon (exon X) into ~50% of all CEP290 transcripts. A humanized mouse model with this mutation did not recapitulate the aberrant CEP290 splicing observed in LCA patients, suggesting differential recognition of cryptic splice sites between species. To further assess this phenomenon, we generated two CEP290 minigene constructs, with and without the intronic mutation, and transfected these in cell lines of various species. RT-PCR analysis revealed that exon X is well recognized by the splicing machinery in human and non-human primate cell lines. Intriguingly, this recognition decreases in cell lines derived from species such as dog and rodents, and it is completely absent in Drosophila. In addition, other cryptic splicing events corresponding to sequences in intron 26 of CEP290 were observed to varying degrees in the different cell lines. Together, these results highlight the complexity of splice site recognition among different species, and show that care is warranted when generating animal models to mimic splice site mutations in vivo.
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146
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Waters AM, Asfahani R, Carroll P, Bicknell L, Lescai F, Bright A, Chanudet E, Brooks A, Christou-Savina S, Osman G, Walsh P, Bacchelli C, Chapgier A, Vernay B, Bader DM, Deshpande C, O' Sullivan M, Ocaka L, Stanescu H, Stewart HS, Hildebrandt F, Otto E, Johnson CA, Szymanska K, Katsanis N, Davis E, Kleta R, Hubank M, Doxsey S, Jackson A, Stupka E, Winey M, Beales PL. The kinetochore protein, CENPF, is mutated in human ciliopathy and microcephaly phenotypes. J Med Genet 2015; 52:147-56. [PMID: 25564561 PMCID: PMC4345935 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in microtubule-regulating genes are associated with disorders of neuronal migration and microcephaly. Regulation of centriole length has been shown to underlie the pathogenesis of certain ciliopathy phenotypes. Using a next-generation sequencing approach, we identified mutations in a novel centriolar disease gene in a kindred with an embryonic lethal ciliopathy phenotype and in a patient with primary microcephaly. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole exome sequencing data from a non-consanguineous Caucasian kindred exhibiting mid-gestation lethality and ciliopathic malformations revealed two novel non-synonymous variants in CENPF, a microtubule-regulating gene. All four affected fetuses showed segregation for two mutated alleles [IVS5-2A>C, predicted to abolish the consensus splice-acceptor site from exon 6; c.1744G>T, p.E582X]. In a second unrelated patient exhibiting microcephaly, we identified two CENPF mutations [c.1744G>T, p.E582X; c.8692 C>T, p.R2898X] by whole exome sequencing. We found that CENP-F colocalised with Ninein at the subdistal appendages of the mother centriole in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells. Intraflagellar transport protein-88 (IFT-88) colocalised with CENP-F along the ciliary axonemes of renal epithelial cells in age-matched control human fetuses but did not in truncated cilia of mutant CENPF kidneys. Pairwise co-immunoprecipitation assays of mitotic and serum-starved HEKT293 cells confirmed that IFT88 precipitates with endogenous CENP-F. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify CENPF as a new centriolar disease gene implicated in severe human ciliopathy and microcephaly related phenotypes. CENP-F has a novel putative function in ciliogenesis and cortical neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M Waters
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK Department of Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rowan Asfahani
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Carroll
- Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Francesco Lescai
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Estelle Chanudet
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Brooks
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Guled Osman
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Walsh
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ariane Chapgier
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Bader
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Charu Deshpande
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mary O' Sullivan
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Ocaka
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Horia Stanescu
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen S Stewart
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Edgar Otto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Leeds, UK
| | - Katarzyna Szymanska
- Department of Pediatrics, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Erica Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Robert Kleta
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Hubank
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Jackson
- Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK MRC Human Genetics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elia Stupka
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Winey
- Molecular, Ceullular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Philip L Beales
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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147
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Rao Damerla R, Gabriel GC, Li Y, Klena NT, Liu X, Chen Y, Cui C, Pazour GJ, Lo CW. Role of cilia in structural birth defects: insights from ciliopathy mutant mouse models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:115-25. [PMID: 24975753 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Structural birth defect (SBD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the newborn period. Although the etiology of SBD is diverse, a wide spectrum of SBD associated with ciliopathies points to the cilium as having a central role in the pathogenesis of SBDs. Ciliopathies are human diseases arising from disruption of cilia structure and/or function. They are associated with developmental anomalies in one or more organ systems and can involve defects in motile cilia, such as those in the airway epithelia or from defects in nonmotile (primary cilia) that have sensory and cell signaling function. Availability of low cost next generation sequencing has allowed for explosion of new knowledge in genetic etiology of ciliopathies. This has led to the appreciation that many genes are shared in common between otherwise clinically distinct ciliopathies. Further insights into the relevance of the cilium in SBD has come from recovery of pathogenic mutations in cilia-related genes from many large-scale mouse forward genetic screens with differing developmental phenotyping focus. Our mouse mutagenesis screen for congenital heart disease (CHD) using noninvasive fetal echocardiography has yielded a marked enrichment for pathogenic mutations in genes required for motile or primary cilia function. These novel mutant mouse models will be invaluable for modeling human ciliopathies and further interrogating the role of the cilium in the pathogenesis of SBD and CHD. Overall, these findings suggest a central role for the cilium in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of developmental anomalies associated with CHD and SBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Damerla
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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148
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Leber Congenital Amaurosis: First Genotyped Hungarian Patients and Report of 2 Novel Mutations in the CRB1 and CEP290 Genes. Eur J Ophthalmol 2015; 26:78-84. [DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To introduce the first Hungarian patients with genetically defined Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and to report 2 novel mutations. Methods Seven otherwise healthy patients (4-29 years, 5 male and 2 female) who had an onset of severe visual impairment before age 2 years were investigated. The diagnosis was established in all individuals by medical history, funduscopy, and full-field electroretinogram (ERG). Ocular examination included visual acuity testing, digital fundus photography, and in 6 patients retinal imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Arrayed primer extension microarray screening was performed in all probands. In 2 patients, further Sanger sequencing and targeted next-generation sequencing revealed the second disease allele. Results A cone-rod type LCA was revealed in 4 patients and a rod-cone type disease in 3 patients. Five patients presented with maculopathy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging showed diffuse retinal thickening in 3 probands with severe macular atrophy in one. Full-field ERGs were undetectable or residual in all patients. Genetic screening revealed AIPL1, CRB1, and CEP290 gene-related pathology in 6 patients; in 1 proband, no mutation was found. Three homozygous and 3 compound heterozygous mutations were identified. Two novel variants were detected: c.2536G>T (p.G846X) in the CRB1 gene and c.4929delA (p.Lys1643fsX2) in the CEP290 gene. Conclusions Genetic subtypes identified are among the most common ones in LCA; the phenotypes are consistent with those reported previously. Both novel mutations are predicted to result in a premature translation termination. The phenotype related to the novel CRB1 mutation results in severe atrophic maculopathy.
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149
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Abstract
Humans and other vertebrates exhibit left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement of the internal organs, and failure to establish normal LR asymmetry leads to internal laterality disorders, including situs inversus and heterotaxy. Situs inversus is complete mirror-imaged arrangement of the internal organs along LR axis, whereas heterotaxy is abnormal arrangement of the internal thoraco-abdominal organs across LR axis of the body, most of which are associated with complex cardiovascular malformations. Both disorders are genetically heterogeneous with reduced penetrance, presumably because of monogenic, polygenic or multifactorial causes. Research in genetics of LR asymmetry disorders has been extremely prolific over the past 17 years, and a series of loci and disease genes involved in situs inversus and heterotaxy have been described. The review highlights the classification, chromosomal abnormalities, pathogenic genes and the possible mechanism of human LR asymmetry disorders.
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150
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Tollenaere MAX, Mailand N, Bekker-Jensen S. Centriolar satellites: key mediators of centrosome functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:11-23. [PMID: 25173771 PMCID: PMC11114028 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Centriolar satellites are small, microscopically visible granules that cluster around centrosomes. These structures, which contain numerous proteins directly involved in centrosome maintenance, ciliogenesis, and neurogenesis, have traditionally been viewed as vehicles for protein trafficking towards the centrosome. However, the recent identification of several new centriolar satellite components suggests that this model offers only an incomplete picture of their cellular functions. While the mechanisms controlling centriolar satellite status and function are not yet understood in detail, emerging evidence points to these structures as important hubs for dynamic, multi-faceted regulation in response to a variety of cues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the roles of centriolar satellites in regulating centrosome functions, ciliogenesis, and neurogenesis. We also highlight newly discovered regulatory mechanisms targeting centriolar satellites and their functional status, and we discuss how defects in centriolar satellite components are intimately linked to a wide spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A. X. Tollenaere
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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