101
|
Carruthers CW, Suh JH, Gustafsson JA, Webb P. Phosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptor tau1c transactivation domain enhances binding to CREB binding protein (CBP) TAZ2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:119-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
102
|
Regulatory Actions of Glucocorticoid Hormones: From Organisms to Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
103
|
Novel antidepressant-like activity of caffeic Acid phenethyl ester is mediated by enhanced glucocorticoid receptor function in the hippocampus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:646039. [PMID: 25477995 PMCID: PMC4248557 DOI: 10.1155/2014/646039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis that has a variety of potential pharmacological effects. Although we previously demonstrated that propolis has antidepressant-like activity, the effect of CAPE on this activity remains unknown. The present study assessed whether treatment with CAPE (5, 10, and 20 µmol/kg for 21 days) has an antidepressant-like effect in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable stress via tail suspension (TST) and forced swim (FST) tests. CAPE administration induced behaviors consistent with an antidepressant effect, evidenced by decreased immobility in the TST and FST independent of any effect on serum corticosterone secretion. Western blots, conducted subsequent to behavioral assessment, revealed that CAPE significantly decreased glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation at S234 (pGR(S234)), resulting in an increased pGR(S220/S234) ratio. We also observed negative correlations between pGR(S220)/(S234) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) phosphorylation, which was decreased by CAPE treatment. These findings suggest that CAPE treatment exerts an antidepressant-like effect via downregulation of p38MAPK phosphorylation, thereby contributing to enhanced GR function.
Collapse
|
104
|
Toneatto J, Charó NL, Naselli A, Muñoz-Bernart M, Lombardi A, Piwien-Pilipuk G. Corticosteroid Receptors, Their Chaperones and Cochaperones: How Do They Modulate Adipogenesis? NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.11131/2014/101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
105
|
Miller GE, Murphy ML, Cashman R, Ma R, Ma J, Arevalo JM, Kobor MS, Cole SW. Greater inflammatory activity and blunted glucocorticoid signaling in monocytes of chronically stressed caregivers. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:191-9. [PMID: 25242587 PMCID: PMC4973629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is associated with morbidity and mortality from numerous conditions, many of whose pathogenesis involves persistent inflammation. Here, we examine how chronic stress influences signaling pathways that regulate inflammation in monocytes. The sample consisted of 33 adults caring for a family member with glioblastoma and 47 controls whose lives were free of major stressors. The subjects were assessed four times over eight months. Relative to controls, caregivers' monocytes showed increased expression of genes bearing response elements for nuclear-factor kappa B, a key pro-inflammatory transcription factor. Simultaneously, caregivers showed reduced expression of genes with response elements for the glucocorticoid receptor, a transcription factor that conveys cortisol's anti-inflammatory signals to monocytes. Transcript origin analyses revealed that CD14+/CD16- cells, a population of immature monocytes, were the predominate source of inflammatory gene expression among caregivers. We considered hormonal, molecular, and functional explanations for caregivers' decreased glucocorticoid-mediated transcription. Across twelve days, the groups displayed similar diurnal cortisol profiles, suggesting that differential adrenocortical activity was not involved. Moreover, the groups' monocytes expressed similar amounts of glucocorticoid receptor protein, suggesting that differential receptor availability was not involved. In ex vivo studies, subjects' monocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and caregivers showed greater production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 relative to controls. However, no group differences in functional glucocorticoid sensitivity were apparent; hydrocortisone was equally effective at inhibiting cytokine production in caregivers and controls. These findings may help shed light on the mechanisms through which caregiving increases vulnerability to inflammation-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. Miller
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, United States,Corresponding author. Address: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 102 Swift Hall, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-2710, United States. (G.E. Miller)
| | - Michael L.M. Murphy
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, United States
| | | | - Roy Ma
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver Centre, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, United States,UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, United States,Norman Cousins Center at UCLA, United States
| | - Jesusa M.G. Arevalo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, United States,UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, United States,Norman Cousins Center at UCLA, United States
| | - Michael S. Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Canada,Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve W. Cole
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, United States,UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, United States,Norman Cousins Center at UCLA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Serova LI, Arango V, Sabban EL. Early intervention with intranasal NPY prevents single prolonged stress-triggered impairments in hypothalamus and ventral hippocampus in male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3920-33. [PMID: 25057792 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a promising treatment strategy to reduce traumatic stress-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We evaluated the potential of intranasal NPY to prevent dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a core neuroendocrine feature of PTSD. Rats were exposed to single prolonged stress (SPS), a PTSD animal model, and infused intranasally with vehicle or NPY immediately after SPS stressors. After 7 days undisturbed, hypothalamus and hippocampus, 2 structures regulating the HPA axis activity, were examined for changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and CRH expression. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone, and hypothalamic CRH mRNA, were significantly higher in the vehicle but not NPY-treated group, compared with unstressed controls. Although total GR levels were not altered in hypothalamus, a significant decrease of GR phosphorylated on Ser232 and increased FK506-binding protein 5 mRNA were observed with the vehicle but not in animals infused with intranasal NPY. In contrast, in the ventral hippocampus, only vehicle-treated animals demonstrated elevated GR protein expression and increased GR phosphorylation on Ser232, specifically in the nuclear fraction. Additionally, SPS-induced increase of CRH mRNA in the ventral hippocampus was accompanied by apparent decrease of CRH peptide particularly in the CA3 subfield, both prevented by NPY. The results show that early intervention with intranasal NPY can prevent traumatic stress-triggered dysregulation of the HPA axis likely by restoring HPA axis proper negative feedback inhibition via GR. Thus, intranasal NPY has a potential as a noninvasive therapy to prevent negative effects of traumatic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Laukova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.L., L.G.A., L.I.S., E.L.S.), New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595; and Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division (V.A.), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Boardman C, Chachi L, Gavrila A, Keenan CR, Perry MM, Xia YC, Meurs H, Sharma P. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action and insensitivity in airways disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:129-43. [PMID: 25218650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the mainstay for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it has been recognized that glucocorticoids do not work well in certain patient populations suggesting reduced sensitivity. The ultimate biologic responses to glucocorticoids are determined by not only the concentration of glucocorticoids but also the differences between individuals in glucocorticoid sensitivity, which is influenced by multiple factors. Studies are emerging to understand these mechanisms in detail, which would help in increasing glucocorticoid sensitivity in patients with chronic airways disease. This review aims to highlight both classical and emerging concepts of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids and also review some novel strategies to overcome steroid insensitivity in airways disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Boardman
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Chachi
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - A Gavrila
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - C R Keenan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M M Perry
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Y C Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Meurs
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 4C46 HRIC, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Givalois L. The glucocorticoid receptors regulation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:e17-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
109
|
Keenan CR, Mok JS, Harris T, Xia Y, Salem S, Stewart AG. Bronchial epithelial cells are rendered insensitive to glucocorticoid transactivation by transforming growth factor-β1. Respir Res 2014; 15:55. [PMID: 24886104 PMCID: PMC4021546 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) impairs glucocorticoid (GC) function in pulmonary epithelial cell-lines. However, the signalling cascade leading to this impairment is unknown. In the present study, we provide the first evidence that TGF-beta impairs GC action in differentiated primary air-liquid interface (ALI) human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). Using the BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cell line, we also present a systematic examination of the known pathways activated by TGF-beta, in order to ascertain the molecular mechanism through which TGF-beta impairs epithelial GC action. Methods GC transactivation was measured using a Glucocorticoid Response Element (GRE)–Secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter and measuring GC-inducible gene expression by qRT-PCR. GC transrepression was measured by examining GC regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. TGF-beta signalling pathways were investigated using siRNA and small molecule kinase inhibitors. GRα level, phosphorylation and sub-cellular localisation were determined by western blotting, immunocytochemistry and localisation of GRα–Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM for n independent experiments in cell lines, or for experiments on primary HBEC cells from n individual donors. All data were statistically analysed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (Graphpad, San Diego, CA). In most cases, two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to analyse the data. In all cases, P <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results TGF-beta impaired Glucocorticoid Response Element (GRE) activation and the GC induction of several anti-inflammatory genes, but did not broadly impair the regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression in A549 and BEAS-2B cell lines. TGF-beta-impairment of GC transactivation was also observed in differentiated primary HBECs. The TGF-beta receptor (ALK5) inhibitor SB431541 fully prevented the GC transactivation impairment in the BEAS-2B cell line. However, neither inhibitors of the known downstream non-canonical signalling pathways, nor knocking down Smad4 by siRNA prevented the TGF-beta impairment of GC activity. Conclusions Our results indicate that TGF-beta profoundly impairs GC transactivation in bronchial epithelial cells through activating ALK5, but not through known non-canonical pathways, nor through Smad4-dependent signalling, suggesting that TGF-beta may impair GC action through a novel non-canonical signalling mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alastair G Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Grattan St,, Parkville, VIC Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Allan AM, Goggin SL, Caldwell KK. Prenatal alcohol exposure modifies glucocorticoid receptor subcellular distribution in the medial prefrontal cortex and impairs frontal cortex-dependent learning. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96200. [PMID: 24755652 PMCID: PMC3995983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been shown to impair learning, memory and executive functioning in children. Perseveration, or the failure to respond adaptively to changing contingencies, is a hallmark on neurobehavioral assessment tasks for human fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Adaptive responding is predominantly a product of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and is regulated by corticosteroids. In our mouse model of PAE we recently reported deficits in hippocampal formation-dependent learning and memory and a dysregulation of hippocampal formation glucocorticoid receptor (GR) subcellular distribution. Here, we examined the effect of PAE on frontal cortical-dependent behavior, as well as mPFC GR subcellular distribution and the levels of regulators of intracellular GR transport. PAE mice displayed significantly reduced response flexibility in a Y-maze reversal learning task. While the levels of total nuclear GR were reduced in PAE mPFC, levels of GR phosphorylated at serines 203, 211 and 226 were not significantly changed. Cytosolic, but not nuclear, MR levels were elevated in the PAE mPFC. The levels of critical GR trafficking proteins, FKBP51, Hsp90, cyclophilin 40, dynamitin and dynein intermediate chain, were altered in PAE mice, in favor of the exclusion of GR from the nucleus, indicating dysregulation of GR trafficking. Our findings suggest that there may be a link between a deficit in GR nuclear localization and frontal cortical learning deficits in prenatal alcohol-exposed mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Allan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Goggin
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kevin K. Caldwell
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Paakinaho V, Kaikkonen S, Makkonen H, Benes V, Palvimo JJ. SUMOylation regulates the chromatin occupancy and anti-proliferative gene programs of glucocorticoid receptor. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:1575-92. [PMID: 24194604 PMCID: PMC3919585 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the glucocorticoids, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is regulated by post-translational modifications, including SUMOylation. We have analyzed how SUMOylation influences the activity of endogenous GR target genes and the receptor chromatin binding by using isogenic HEK293 cells expressing wild-type GR (wtGR) or SUMOylation-defective GR (GR3KR). Gene expression profiling revealed that both dexamethasone up- and downregulated genes are affected by the GR SUMOylation and that the affected genes are significantly associated with pathways of cellular proliferation and survival. The GR3KR-expressing cells proliferated more rapidly, and their anti-proliferative response to dexamethasone was less pronounced than in the wtGR-expressing cells. ChIP-seq analyses indicated that the SUMOylation modulates the chromatin occupancy of GR on several loci associated with cellular growth in a fashion that parallels with their differential dexamethasone-regulated expression between the two cell lines. Moreover, chromatin SUMO-2/3 marks, which were associated with active GR-binding sites, showed markedly higher overlap with the wtGR cistrome than with the GR3KR cistrome. In sum, our results indicate that the SUMOylation does not simply repress the GR activity, but regulates the activity of the receptor in a target locus selective fashion, playing an important role in controlling the GR activity on genes influencing cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Core Facilities and Services, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Simic I, Adzic M, Maric N, Savic D, Djordjevic J, Mihaljevic M, Mitic M, Pavlovic Z, Soldatovic I, Krstic-Demonacos M, Jasovic-Gasic M, Radojcic M. A preliminary evaluation of leukocyte phospho-glucocorticoid receptor as a potential biomarker of depressogenic vulnerability in healthy adults. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:658-64. [PMID: 23477901 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of maladaptive chronic stress response involves altered phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In this study, we investigated if important depressogenic vulnerability factors, such as neuroticism and self-reports of negative affective states, may be associated with alterations in levels of the GR and GR phosphoisoforms in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy adults. In 21 women and 16 men we evaluated PMBC levels of total GR (tGR), GR phosphorylated at serine 211 (pGR-S211) and serine 226 (pGR-S226) and correlated these data with personality traits and current reports of stress, anxiety and depression. Also, we assessed plasma cortisol levels in all tested subjects. Our results showed that in women nuclear pGR-S226 was positively correlated with neuroticism and current reports of depression, anxiety and stress, while the ratio of nuclear pGR-S211/pGR-S226 was negatively correlated with reports of depression. None of the aforementioned correlations were significant in men. No significant relations between cortisol levels and any of GR parameters were observed. These preliminary findings highlight the value of GR phosphorylation-related research in identifying molecular biomarkers of depressogenic vulnerability, at least in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Simic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. BOX 522 MBE090, Belgrade 11001, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Loss of glucocorticoid receptor activation is a hallmark of BRCA1-mutated breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142:283-96. [PMID: 24166279 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate cell homeostasis and can affect carcinogenesis. An inherited germline mutation in the BRCA1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene, confers a predisposition to breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 participates in the maintenance of genome stability through DNA repair, in cellular homeostasis through gene transcription, and in signaling regulation. The interaction between BRCA1 and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathway was studied in normal breast tissues and triple-negative breast cancers from BRCA1 mutation carriers. A loss of the active Ser211 phosphorylated form of GR was found in the mutant as compared to the non-mutant. In in vitro studies, the BRCA1 status in breast cancer cell lines regulates GC-dependent proliferation/apoptosis and impacts GC-dependent gene expression. The lack of BRCA1 inhibited dexamethasone actions on its target genes' expression and the opposite effect was seen with BRCA1 overexpression. BRCA1 overexpression enhances MAPK p38 phosphorylation, resulting in an amplification of GR phosphorylation on Ser 211 and GR basal expression. Our results indicate that BRCA1 is essential to develop an efficient GC signalization. GR P-Ser211 levels may constitute an important diagnostic factor for screening BRCA1 loss of expression in tumors from BRCA1 mutation carriers as well as in sporadic BRCAness tumors. This marker may help to optimize therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
114
|
The biology of the glucocorticoid receptor: new signaling mechanisms in health and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1033-44. [PMID: 24084075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are primary stress hormones necessary for life that regulate numerous physiologic processes in an effort to maintain homeostasis. Synthetic derivatives of these hormones have been mainstays in the clinic for treating inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and hematologic cancers. The physiologic and pharmacologic actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. Ligand-occupied GR induces or represses the transcription of thousands of genes through direct binding to DNA response elements, physically associating with other transcription factors, or both. The traditional view that glucocorticoids act through a single GR protein has changed dramatically with the discovery of a large cohort of receptor isoforms with unique expression, gene-regulatory, and functional profiles. These GR subtypes are derived from a single gene by means of alternative splicing and alternative translation initiation mechanisms. Posttranslational modification of these GR isoforms further expands the diversity of glucocorticoid responses. Here we discuss the origin and molecular properties of the GR isoforms and their contribution to the specificity and sensitivity of glucocorticoid signaling in healthy and diseased tissues.
Collapse
|
115
|
Tsiarli MA, Monaghan AP, DeFranco DB. Differential subcellular localization of the glucocorticoid receptor in distinct neural stem and progenitor populations of the mouse telencephalon in vivo. Brain Res 2013; 1523:10-27. [PMID: 23751362 PMCID: PMC3749785 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are given to pregnant women at risk for premature delivery to promote lung maturation. Despite reports of detrimental effects of glucocorticoids on telencephalic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), the regional and cellular expressions of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in various NSPC populations in the intact brain have not been thoroughly assessed. Therefore in this study we performed a detailed analysis of GR protein expression in the developing mouse ventral and dorsal telencephalon in vivo. At embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), the majority of Pax6-positive radial glial cells (RGCs) and Tbr2-positive intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) expressed nuclear GR, while a small number of RGCs on the apical ventricular zone (aVZ), expressed cytoplasmic GR. However, on E13.5, the latter population of RGCs increased in size, whereas abventricular NSPCs and especially neurons of the cortical plate, expressed nuclear GR. In IPCs, GR was always nuclear. A similar expression profile was observed throughout the ventral telencephalon, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, with NSPCs of the aVZ primarily expressing cytoplasmic GR, while abventricular NSPCs and mature cells primarily expressed nuclear GR. Close to birth, nuclear GR accumulated within specific cortical areas such as layer V, the subplate and CA1 area of the hippocampus. In summary, our data show that GR protein is present in early NSPCs of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon at E11.5 and primarily occupies the nucleus. Moreover, our study suggests that the subcellular localization of the receptor may be subjected to region and neurodevelopmental stage-specific regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Tsiarli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - A. Paula Monaghan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Donald B. DeFranco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Poolman TM, Farrow SN, Matthews L, Loudon AS, Ray DW. Pin1 promotes GR transactivation by enhancing recruitment to target genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8515-25. [PMID: 23887939 PMCID: PMC3794586 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand activated transcription factor, serving to regulate both energy metabolism and immune functions. Factors that influence cellular sensitivity to glucocorticoids (GC) are therefore of great interest. The N-terminal of the GR contains numerous potential proline-directed phosphorylation sites, some of which can regulate GR transactivation. Unrestricted proline isomerisation can be inhibited by adjacent serine phosphorylation and requires a prolyl isomerise, Pin1. Pin1 therefore determines the functional outcome of proline-directed kinases acting on the GR, as cis/trans isomers are distinct pools with different interacting proteins. We show that Pin1 mediates GR transactivation, but not GR trans-repression. Two N-terminal GR serines, S203 and S211, are targets for Pin1 potentiation of GR transactivation, establishing a direct link between Pin1 and the GR. We also demonstrate GC-activated co-recruitment of GR and Pin1 to the GILZ gene promoter. The Pin1 effect required both its WW and catalytic domains, and GR recruitment to its GRE was Pin1-dependent. Therefore, Pin1 is a selective regulator of GR transactivation, acting through N-terminal phospho-serine residues to regulate GR recruitment to its target sites in the genome. As Pin1 is dysregulated in disease states, this interaction may contribute to altered GC action in inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toryn M Poolman
- Centre in Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK, Respiratory Therapy Area, GSK, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling rewrites the glucocorticoid transcriptome via glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3700-14. [PMID: 23878391 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00150-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal glucocorticoid and neurotrophin signaling has been implicated in numerous psychiatric disorders. However, the impact of neurotrophic signaling on glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent gene expression is not understood. We therefore examined the impact of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling on GR transcriptional regulatory function by gene expression profiling in primary rat cortical neurons stimulated with the selective GR agonist dexamethasone (Dex) and BDNF, alone or in combination. Simultaneous treatment with BDNF and Dex elicited a unique set of GR-responsive genes associated with neuronal growth and differentiation and also enhanced the induction of a large number of Dex-sensitive genes. BDNF via its receptor TrkB enhanced the transcriptional activity of a synthetic GR reporter, suggesting a direct effect of BDNF signaling on GR function. Indeed, BDNF treatment induces the phosphorylation of GR at serine 155 (S155) and serine 287 (S287). Expression of a nonphosphorylatable mutant (GR S155A/S287A) impaired the induction of a subset of BDNF- and Dex-regulated genes. Mechanistically, BDNF-induced GR phosphorylation increased GR occupancy and cofactor recruitment at the promoter of a BDNF-enhanced gene. GR phosphorylation in vivo is sensitive to changes in the levels of BDNF and TrkB as well as stress. Therefore, BDNF signaling specifies and amplifies the GR transcriptome through a coordinated GR phosphorylation-dependent detection mechanism.
Collapse
|
118
|
Ammit AJ. Glucocorticoid insensitivity as a source of drug targets for respiratory disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:370-6. [PMID: 23434363 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) are effective and clinically useful medicines for repressing inflammation in lung disease; however, the number of respiratory conditions that have been recognized to be refractory or insensitive to glucocorticoids is on the rise--either due to an inherent difference in the glucocorticoid sensitivity as part of the disease process or due to exogenous stressors such as cigarette smoke and other oxidative insults. Independent of causality, the aim of future therapeutic advances to conquer this frontier will no doubt be based on our growing knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid insensitivity in respiratory diseases. The current article aims to highlight the key molecular mechanisms responsible for glucocorticoid insensitivity in asthma and COPD. This new knowledge will ultimately allow us to enhance lung health by restoring glucocorticoid responsiveness in respiratory disease. In this way, our increased understanding of corticosteroid insensitivity can be exploited as a source of drug targets for respiratory disease in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaina J Ammit
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Moodley T, Wilson SM, Joshi T, Rider CF, Sharma P, Yan D, Newton R, Giembycz MA. Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors Augment the Ability of Formoterol to Enhance Glucocorticoid-Dependent Gene Transcription in Human Airway Epithelial Cells: A Novel Mechanism for the Clinical Efficacy of Roflumilast in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:894-906. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.083493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
120
|
Mitic M, Simic I, Djordjevic J, Radojcic MB, Adzic M. Gender-specific effects of fluoxetine on hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation and behavior in chronically stressed rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:100-11. [PMID: 23353902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial isolation stress (CPSI) modulates glucocorticoid receptor (GR) functioning in Wistar male rat hippocampus (HIPPO) through alteration of nuclear GR phosphorylation and its upstream kinases signaling, which parallels animal depressive-like behavior. The current study investigated potential gender specificities regarding the effect of chronic therapy by an antidepressant fluoxetine (FLU) on GR signaling in HIPPO and depressive-like behavior in CPSI animals. FLU was administrated to female and male naïve or CPSI rats for 21 days and GR protein, its phosphorylation status and upstream kinases, as well as GR and BDNF mRNA were followed in HIPPO together with animal serum corticosterone (CORT) and depressive-like behavior. The results showed that CPSI increased immobility in males versus hyperactivity in females and disrupted nuclear pGR232-Cdk5 pathway and JNK signaling in a gender-specific way. In contrast, in both genders CPSI increased the nuclear levels of GR and pGR246 but decreased CORT and mRNA levels of GR and BDNF. Concomitant FLU normalized the depressive-like behavior and altered the nuclear pGR232-Cdk5 signaling in a gender-specific manner. In both females and males, FLU reversed the nuclear levels of GR and pGR246 without affecting CORT and GR mRNA levels. In contrast, FLU exhibited gender-specific effect on BDNF mRNA in CPSI animals, by increasing it in females, but not in males. In spite of normalization the total nuclear GR level upon FLU treatment in both gender, down-regulation of GR mRNA is possibly maintained through prevalence of pGR232 isoform only in males. The gender-specific alterations of pGR232-Cdk5 signaling and BDNF gene expression in HIPPO and normalization of depressive-like behavior upon FLU treatment distinguishes this signaling pathway as potential future antidepressant target for gender-specific therapy of stress related mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mitic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box-522-MBE090, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Simic I, Maric NP, Mitic M, Soldatovic I, Pavlovic Z, Mihaljevic M, Andric S, Radojcic MB, Adzic M. Phosphorylation of leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor in patients with current episode of major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:281-5. [PMID: 23123359 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The impaired glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling has long been considered one of the cornerstones in understanding the pathophysiology of depression. Since the phosphorylation of GR is very important for GR function, in this study we investigated whether GR phosphorylation at serine 211 (pGR-S211) and serine 226 (pGR-S226) is altered in patients with current episode of major depressive disorder (MDD). Particularly, in 30 MDD patients and 35 controls we assessed the levels of nuclear total GR (tGR), pGR-S211 and pGR-S226 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using Western blot technique, along with plasma cortisol concentrations from the same blood samples. Our results demonstrated increased phosphorylation of GR at S226 (p<0.001) and, to a less extent, at S211 (p<0.05) in MDD patients compared to controls. Consequently, the pGR-S211/pGR-S226 ratio was decreased (p<0.05) implying reduced transcriptional activity of GR in MDD patients. MDD subjects had higher cortisol levels than controls and cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with PBMC pGR-S226 levels from the same blood samples. There was no difference in the levels of tGR between MDD and control subjects. The study showed that altered phosphorylation of GR could contribute to impaired GR function related to the pathophysiology of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Simic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box-522-MBE090, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Nixon M, Andrew R, Chapman KE. It takes two to tango: dimerisation of glucocorticoid receptor and its anti-inflammatory functions. Steroids 2013; 78:59-68. [PMID: 23127816 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
For a number of years, there has been a widespread view that the adverse side-effects of prolonged glucocorticoid (GC) treatment are a result of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated gene activation, whilst the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects result from GR-mediated 'transrepression'. Since the introduction of the dimerisation-deficient GR mutant, GR(dim), was apparently unable to activate gene transcription, yet still able to repress pro-inflammatory gene transcription, the search for novel GR modulators has centred on the separation of gene activation from repression by prevention of GR dimerisation. However, recent work has questioned the conclusions drawn from these early GR(dim) studies, with evidence that GR(dim) mutants not only activate gene transcription, but that, in direct contradiction to the initial GR(dim) work, are also capable of forming dimers. This review of the current literature highlights the versatility of the GR in forming homodimer interactions, as well as the ability to bind to alternate nuclear receptors, and investigates the potential implications such varying GR dimer conformations may have for the design of GR ligands with a safer side effect profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nixon
- Endocrinology, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Clarke M, Pentz R, Bobyn J, Hayley S. Stressor-like effects of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44073. [PMID: 22952879 PMCID: PMC3430637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel treatment strategies for stressor related disorders, particularly depression and anxiety disorders. Indeed, existing drug treatments are only clinically successful in a subset of patients and relapse is common. This likely stems from the fact that stressor disorders are heterogeneous with multiple biological pathways being affected. To this end, the present investigation sought to assess in mice the contribution of the c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) pathway to the behavioral, hormonal and neurochemical effects of an acute stressor. Indeed, although JNK has been shown to modulate glucocorticoid receptors in vitro, virtually nothing is known of the role for JNK in affecting stressor induced pathology. We presently found that the JNK antagonist, SP600125, (but not the p38 antagonist, SB203580) increased plasma corticosterone levels under resting conditions and in the context of an acute stressor (wet bedding + restraint). SP600125 also reduced exploration in an open field arena, but prevented the stressor induced increase in open arm exploration in an elevated plus maze. Finally, SP600125 affected noradrenergic activity in the central amygdala and locus coruleus under resting condition, but prevented the noradrenergic effects within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that were induced by the acute stressor exposure. These data suggest inhibiting endogenous JNK can have stressor-like corticoid, behavioral and central monoamine effects under basal conditions, but can actually reverse some behavioral and neurochemical effects of an acute stressor. Thus, endogenous JNK appears to affect stress relevant processes in a context-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Clarke
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rowan Pentz
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Bobyn
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Rubio-Patiño C, Palmeri CM, Pérez-Perarnau A, Cosialls AM, Moncunill-Massaguer C, González-Gironès DM, Pons-Hernández L, López JM, Ventura F, Gil J, Pons G, Iglesias-Serret D. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is involved in ligand-dependent activation of transcription and cellular localization of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1508-20. [PMID: 22771494 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in different cell types and therefore are widely used to treat a variety of diseases including autoimmune disorders and cancer. This effect is mediated by the GC receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that translocates into the nucleus where it modulates transcription of target genes in a promoter-specific manner. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) regulates GR response by genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, although the specific role of each isoform is not well defined. We used GSK3 pharmacological inhibitors and isoform-specific small interfering RNA to evaluate the role of GSK3 in the genomic regulation induced by GC. GSK3 inhibition resulted in the reduction of GC-induced mRNA expression of GC-induced genes such as BIM, HIAP1, and GILZ. Knockdown of GSK3β but not GSK3α reduced endogenous GILZ induction in response to dexamethasone and GR-dependent reporter gene activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that GSK3 inhibition impaired the dexamethasone-mediated binding of GR and RNA polymerase II to endogenous GILZ promoter. These results indicate that GSK3β is important for GR transactivation activity and that GSK3β inhibition suppresses GC-stimulated gene expression. Furthermore, we show that genomic regulation by the GR is independent of known GSK3β phosphorylation sites. We propose that GC-dependent transcriptional activation requires functional GSK3β signaling and that altered GSK3β activity influences cell response to GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Rubio-Patiño
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Bouazza B, Krytska K, Debba-Pavard M, Amrani Y, Honkanen RE, Tran J, Tliba O. Cytokines alter glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in airway cells: role of phosphatases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:464-73. [PMID: 22592921 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0364oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid insensitivity (CSI) represents a profound challenge in managing patients with asthma. We recently demonstrated that short exposure of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) to proasthmatic cytokines drastically reduced their responsiveness to glucocorticoids (GCs), an effect that was partially mediated via interferon regulatory factor-1, suggesting the involvement of additional mechanisms (Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008;38:463-472). Although GC receptor (GR) can be phosphorylated at multiple serines in the N-terminal region, the major phosphorylation sites critical for GR transcriptional activity are serines 211 (Ser211) and 226 (Ser226). We tested the novel hypothesis that cytokine-induced CSI in ASMCs is due to an impaired GR phosphorylation. Cells were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (500 UI/ml) for 6 hours and/or fluticasone (100 nm) added 2 hours before. GR was constitutively phosphorylated at Ser226 but not at Ser211 residues. Cytokines dramatically suppressed fluticasone-induced phosphorylation of GR on Ser211 but not on Ser226 residues while increasing the expression of Ser/Thr protein phosphatase (PP)5 but not that of PP1 or PP2A. Transfection studies using a reporter construct containing GC responsive elements showed that the specific small interfering RNA-induced mRNA knockdown of PP5, but not that of PP1 or PP2A, partially prevented the cytokine suppressive effects on GR-meditated transactivation activity. Similarly, cytokines failed to inhibit GC-induced GR-Ser211 phosphorylation when expression of PP5 was suppressed. We propose that the novel mechanism that proasthmatic cytokine-induced CSI in ASMCs is due, in part, to PP5-mediated impairment of GR-Ser211 phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belaid Bouazza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5233, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Joanny E, Ding Q, Gong L, Kong P, Saklatvala J, Clark AR. Anti-inflammatory effects of selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators are partially dependent on up-regulation of dual specificity phosphatase 1. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1124-36. [PMID: 21718312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is thought that the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) are largely due to GC receptor (GR)-mediated transrepression of NF-κB and other transcription factors, whereas side effects are caused by activation of gene expression (transactivation). Selective GR modulators (SGRMs) that preferentially promote transrepression should retain anti-inflammatory properties whilst causing fewer side effects. Contradicting this model, we found that anti-inflammatory effects of the classical GC dexamethasone were partly dependent on transactivation of the dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) gene. We wished to determine whether anti-inflammatory effects of SGRMs are also mediated by DUSP1. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Dissociated properties of two SGRMs were confirmed using GR- and NF-κB-dependent reporters, and capacity to activate GC-responsive elements of the DUSP1 gene was tested. Effects of SGRMs on the expression of DUSP1 and pro-inflammatory gene products were assessed in various cell lines and in primary murine Dusp1(+/+) and Dusp1(-/-) macrophages. KEY RESULTS The SGRMs were able to up-regulate DUSP1 in several cell types, and this response correlated with the ability of the compounds to suppress COX-2 expression. Several anti-inflammatory effects of SGRMs were ablated or significantly impaired in Dusp1(-/-) macrophages. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Like dexamethasone, SGRMs appear to exert anti-inflammatory effects partly via the up-regulation of DUSP1. This finding has implications for how potentially therapeutic novel GR ligands are identified and assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Joanny
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, London, UK Roche Palo Alto LLC, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Ling J, Kumar R. Crosstalk between NFkB and glucocorticoid signaling: a potential target of breast cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2012; 322:119-26. [PMID: 22433713 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is an aggressive and high mortality cancer that can be classified into five molecular subtypes, based on gene expression profiling. The extreme heterogeneity poses difficulties for understanding and treating BC. Among many risk factors, inflammation plays a causal role in BC progression and recurrence, wherein NFkB and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are critical transcription factors in regulating inflammation. NFkB is generally pro-inflammatory, and GR is anti-inflammatory, constituting a Yin-Yang mode in regulation. Thus, the crosstalk between these two transcription factors exerts even more important functions in determining the survival or apoptosis of BC cells. NFkB is widely involved in the initiation and progression of BC; its inhibitors are emerging as a potent primary or adjuvant therapy. On the other hand, glucocorticoids (GCs) are already used as neo-adjuvant and adjuvant therapies to treat various cancers with remarkable effects to induce apoptosis in leukemia and lymphoma. However, GCs unexpectedly promote cancer cell survival and induce chemo-resistance in BC. To understand this unique transcriptional interplay in BC, in this review we discuss the functions of NFkB and GR in BC development and progression by emphasizing their cross talk at cell signaling and protein interaction levels; and the future perspectives are proposed for the development of new therapeutic approaches for BC based on these signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ling
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been successfully used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases for decades. However, there is a relative GC resistance in several inflammatory lung disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but still the mechanism(s) behind this unresponsiveness remains unknown. Interaction between transcription factors and the GC receptor contribute to GC effects but may also provide mechanisms explaining steroid resistance. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factors are important regulators of pulmonary gene expression and have been implicated in inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and COPD. In addition, several studies have indicated a role for C/EBPs in mediating GC effects. In this review, we discuss the different mechanisms of GC action as well as the function of the lung-enriched members of the C/EBP transcription factor family. We also summarize the current knowledge of the role of C/EBP transcription factors in mediating the effects of GCs, with emphasis on pulmonary effects, and their potential role in mediating GC resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Roos
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Lung Research Laboratory L4:01, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital - Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Clark AR, Belvisi MG. Maps and legends: the quest for dissociated ligands of the glucocorticoid receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 134:54-67. [PMID: 22212616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that have pleiotropic effects on development, metabolism, cognitive function and other aspects of physiology. Since the demonstration more than sixty years ago of their capacity to suppress inflammation, synthetic glucocorticoids have been extremely widely used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, their clinical use is limited by numerous, unpredictable and potentially serious side effects. Glucocorticoids regulate gene expression both positively and negatively. Both of these effects are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, a ligand-dependent transcription factor. It has become widely accepted that anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids are mostly due to inhibition of transcription, whereas the activation of transcription by the glucocorticoid receptor accounts for the majority of side effects. This dogma (which we refer to as the "transrepression hypothesis") predicts the possibility of uncoupling therapeutic, anti-inflammatory effects from side effects by identifying novel, selective ligands of the glucocorticoid receptor, which preferentially mediate inhibition rather than activation of transcription. It is argued that such "dissociated" glucocorticoid receptor ligands should retain anti-inflammatory potency but cause fewer side effects. Here we critically re-examine the history and foundations of the transrepression hypothesis. We argue that it is incompatible with the complexity of gene regulation by glucocorticoids and poorly supported by experimental evidence; that it no longer aids clear thinking about the actions of the glucocorticoid receptor; and that it will not prove a fruitful basis for continued refinement and improvement of anti-inflammatory drugs that target the glucocorticoid receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Clark
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Derouiche A, Cousin C, Mijakovic I. Protein phosphorylation from the perspective of systems biology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 23:585-90. [PMID: 22119098 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation pathways emerge as large and interconnected networks, involving mutually activating protein kinases, kinases acting as network nodes by phosphorylating different substrates, and cross-talk of phosphorylation with other post-translational modifications. The complexity of these networks clearly necessitates the use of systems biology approaches. Phosphoproteomics represents the basis for detection of phosphoproteins and phosphorylation sites, but it must be combined with transcriptomics and interactomics in attempts to build in silico phosphorylation networks. This review highlights the implication of phosphorylation in cellular physiology across all domains of life. It focuses particularly on reports of human disease correlated to defects in phosphorylation networks. Brief outline of developments in quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics and bioinformatic tools specific for phosphoproteome studies is provided.
Collapse
|
131
|
Miller GE, Chen E, Parker KJ. Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychol Bull 2011; 137:959-97. [PMID: 21787044 PMCID: PMC3202072 DOI: 10.1037/a0024768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1136] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Among people exposed to major psychological stressors in early life, there are elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases of aging. The most compelling data come from studies of children raised in poverty or maltreated by their parents, who show heightened vulnerability to vascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and premature mortality. These findings raise challenging theoretical questions. How does childhood stress get under the skin, at the molecular level, to affect risk for later diseases? And how does it incubate there, giving rise to diseases several decades later? Here we present a biological embedding model, which attempts to address these questions by synthesizing knowledge across several behavioral and biomedical literatures. This model maintains that childhood stress gets "programmed" into macrophages through epigenetic markings, posttranslational modifications, and tissue remodeling. As a consequence these cells are endowed with proinflammatory tendencies, manifest in exaggerated cytokine responses to challenge and decreased sensitivity to inhibitory hormonal signals. The model goes on to propose that over the life course, these proinflammatory tendencies are exacerbated by behavioral proclivities and hormonal dysregulation, themselves the products of exposure to early stress. Behaviorally, the model posits that childhood stress gives rise to excessive threat vigilance, mistrust of others, poor social relationships, impaired self-regulation, and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Hormonally, early stress confers altered patterns of endocrine and autonomic discharge. This milieu amplifies the proinflammatory environment already instantiated by macrophages. Acting in concert with other exposures and genetic liabilities, the resulting inflammation drives forward pathogenic mechanisms that ultimately foster chronic disease.
Collapse
|
132
|
Ligand-independent phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor integrates cellular stress pathways with nuclear receptor signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4663-75. [PMID: 21930780 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05866-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are stress hormones that maintain homeostasis through gene regulation mediated by nuclear receptors. We have discovered that other cellular stressors are integrated with glucocorticoid signaling through a new hormone-independent phosphorylation site, Ser134, on the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Ser134 phosphorylation is induced by a variety of stress-activating stimuli in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent manner. Cells expressing a mutant glucocorticoid receptor incapable of phosphorylation at Ser134 (S134A-GR) had significantly altered hormone-dependent genome-wide transcriptional responses and associated hormone-mediated cellular functions. The phosphorylation of Ser134 significantly increased the association of the GR with the zeta isoform of the 14-3-3 class of signaling proteins (14-3-3zeta) on chromatin promoter regions, resulting in a blunted hormone-dependent transcriptional response of select genes. These data argue that the phosphorylation of Ser134 acts as a molecular sensor on the GR, monitoring the level of cellular stress to redirect glucocorticoid-regulated signaling through altered 14-3-3zeta cofactor binding and promoter recruitment. This posttranslational modification allows prior cellular stress signals to dictate the transcriptional response to glucocorticoids.
Collapse
|
133
|
Dvorak Z, Pavek P. Regulation of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes by glucocorticoids. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 42:621-35. [PMID: 20482443 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.484462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) is a complex process involving multiple mechanisms. Among them, transcriptional regulation through ligand-activated nuclear receptors is the crucial mechanism involved in hormone-controlled and xenobiotic-induced expression of drug-metabolizing CYPs. In this article, we focus, in detail, on the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the transcriptional regulation of human drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes and the mechanisms of the regulation. There are at least three distinct transcriptional mechanisms by which GR controls the expression of CYPs: 1) direct binding of GR to a specific gene-promoter sequence called the glucocorticoid responsive element (GRE); 2) indirect binding of GR in the form of a multiprotein complex to gene promoters without a direct contact between GR and promoter DNA; and 3) up- or downregulation of other CYP transcriptional regulators or nuclear receptors (i.e., transcriptional regulatory cross-talk). However, due to the general effect of glucocorticoids on numerous cellular pathways and functions, the net transcriptional effect of glucocorticoids on drug-metabolizing enzymes is usually a combination of several mechanisms. Since synthetic glucocorticoids are widely prescribed in human pharmacotherapy for the treatment of many diseases, comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional regulation of drug-metabolizing CYPs via GR with respect to glucocorticoid therapy or glucocorticoid hormonal status will aid in the development of efficient individualized pharmacotherapy without drug-drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Vilasco M, Communal L, Mourra N, Courtin A, Forgez P, Gompel A. Glucocorticoid receptor and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:1-10. [PMID: 21818591 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stress enhances glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis, which alters inflammation and immune responses, as well as cellular proliferation and apoptosis in a number of tissues. Increasingly, stress has been associated with cancer progression, and in particular in breast cancer. Consequently, an operational glucocorticoid receptor system in breast tissue influences breast cancer development. In this review, we summarize the data on the GC/GR system in normal and tumoral breast tissue. We also review the molecular mechanisms by which GCs control apoptosis and proliferation in breast cancer models and how GCs alter the chemotherapy of breast cancer treatment when used in combination. Finally, we discuss the participation of GR in breast tumorigenesis under hormone replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Vilasco
- INSERM-UPMC, UMRS 938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Beck IM, De Bosscher K, Haegeman G. Glucocorticoid receptor mutants: man-made tools for functional research. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:295-310. [PMID: 21549614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that can bind to glucocorticoids (GCs). Upon ligand binding, GR sheds its cytoplasmic chaperoning complex and translocates to the nucleus, where it can act as a ligand-dependent transcription factor, transactivating or transrepressing specific gene promoters. Often, GR interacts with specific cofactors to implement a variety of gene promoter effects. GR activity and function is further modulated by post-translational modifications. To assess the diverse aspects of GR mechanisms of activation and gene regulation, researchers continue to use a range of artificial GR mutants. In this review we analyze the characteristics of GR mutants with the aim of assisting the design and interpretation of GR mutant-based experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA. Cellular processing of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and protein: new mechanisms for generating tissue-specific actions of glucocorticoids. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3177-84. [PMID: 21149445 PMCID: PMC3030321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.179325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids regulate numerous physiological processes and are mainstays in the treatment of inflammation, autoimmune disease, and cancer. The traditional view that glucocorticoids act through a single glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein has changed in recent years with the discovery of a large cohort of receptor subtypes arising from alternative processing of the GR gene. These isoforms differ in their expression, gene regulatory, and functional profiles. Post-translational modification of these proteins further expands GR diversity. Here, we discuss the origin and molecular properties of the GR isoforms and their contribution to the sensitivity and specificity of the glucocorticoid response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Oakley
- From the Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIEHS, National Institutes of Heath, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- From the Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIEHS, National Institutes of Heath, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Marwick JA, Chung KF. Glucocorticoid insensitivity as a future target of therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010; 5:297-309. [PMID: 20856829 PMCID: PMC2939685 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s7390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by an abnormal and chronic inflammatory response in the lung that underlies the chronic airflow obstruction of the small airways, the inexorable decline of lung function, and the severity of the disease. The control of this inflammation remains a key strategy for treating the disease; however, there are no current anti-inflammatory treatments that are effective. Although glucocorticoids (GCs) effectively control inflammation in many diseases such as asthma, they are less effective in COPD. The molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of this relative GC-insensitive inflammation in the lung of patients with COPD remain unclear. However, recent studies have indicated novel mechanisms and possible therapeutic strategies. One of the major mechanisms proposed is an oxidant-mediated alteration in the signaling pathways in the inflammatory cells in the lung, which may result in the impairment of repressor proteins used by the GC receptor to inhibit the transcription of proinflammatory genes. Although these studies have described mechanisms and targets by which GC function can be restored in cells from patients with COPD, more work is needed to completely elucidate these and other pathways that may be involved in order to allow for more confident therapeutic targeting. Given the relative GC-insensitive nature of the inflammation in COPD, a combination of therapies in addition to a restoration of GC function, including effective alternative anti-inflammatory targets, antioxidants, and proresolving therapeutic strategies, is likely to provide better targeting and improvement in the management of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Marwick JA, Adcock IM, Chung KF. Overcoming reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity in airway disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Drugs 2010; 70:929-48. [PMID: 20481652 DOI: 10.2165/10898520-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable and growing unmet medical need in respiratory disease concerning effective anti-inflammatory therapies for conditions such as severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. These diseases share a predominant characteristic of an enhanced and uncontrolled inflammatory response in the lungs, which contributes to disease progression, hospitalization and mortality. These diseases are poorly controlled by current anti-inflammatory therapies including glucocorticoids, which are otherwise effective in many other inflammatory conditions or in milder disease such as asthma. The exact cause of this apparent impairment of glucocorticoid function remains largely unclear; however, recent studies have now implicated a number of possible mechanisms. Central among these is an elevation of the oxidant burden in the lungs and the resulting reduction in the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-2. This contributes to both the enhancement of proinflammatory mediator expression and the impaired ability of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-alpha to repress proinflammatory gene expression. The oxidant-mediated reduction in HDAC-2 activity is, in part, a result of an elevation in the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) delta/Akt signalling pathway. Blockade of the PI3Kdelta pathway restores glucocortiocoid function in both in vitro and in vivo models, and in primary cells from disease. In addition, inhibition of the PI3Kdelta and PI3Kgamma isoforms is anti-inflammatory in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Consequently, selective inhibition of this pathway may provide a therapeutic strategy both as a novel anti-inflammatory and in combination therapy with glucocorticoids to restore their function. However, a number of other oxidant-related and -unrelated mechanisms, including altered kinase signalling and expression of the dominant negative GRbeta, may also play a role in the development of glucocorticoid insensitivity. Further elucidation of these mechanisms and pathways will enable novel therapeutic targeting for alternative anti-inflammatory drugs or combination therapies providing restoration for the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|