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Nishioka H, Hirose J, Okamoto N, Okada T, Oka K, Taniwaki T, Nakamura E, Yamashita Y, Mizuta H. Evaluation of the relationship between T1ρ and T2 values and patella cartilage degeneration in patients of the same age group. Eur J Radiol 2014; 84:463-468. [PMID: 25559169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the T1ρ and T2 values and the progression of cartilage degeneration in patients of the same age group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sagittal T1ρ and T2 mapping and three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo images were obtained from 78 subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). The degree of patella cartilage degeneration was classified into four groups using MRI-based grading: apparently normal cartilage, mild OA, moderate OA, and severe OA group. We measured the T1ρ and T2 values (ms) in the regions of interest set on the full-thickness patella cartilage. Then, we analyzed the relationship between the T1ρ and T2 values and the degree of patella cartilage degeneration. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age among the four groups. Both the T1ρ and T2 values showed a positive correlation with the degree of OA progression (ρ=0.737 and ρ=0.632, respectively). By comparison between the apparently normal cartilage and the mild OA groups, there were significant differences in the T1ρ mapping, but not in the T2 mapping. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed that T1ρ and T2 mapping can quantitatively evaluate the degree of patella cartilage degeneration in patients within the same age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nishioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Jun Hirose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Okamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Oka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takuya Taniwaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamashita
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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102
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Madelin G, Poidevin F, Makrymallis A, Regatte RR. Classification of sodium MRI data of cartilage using machine learning. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:1435-48. [PMID: 25367844 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the possible utility of machine learning for classifying subjects with and subjects without osteoarthritis using sodium magnetic resonance imaging data. Theory: Support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, naïve Bayes, discriminant analysis, linear regression, logistic regression, neural networks, decision tree, and tree bagging were tested. METHODS Sodium magnetic resonance imaging with and without fluid suppression by inversion recovery was acquired on the knee cartilage of 19 controls and 28 osteoarthritis patients. Sodium concentrations were measured in regions of interests in the knee for both acquisitions. Mean (MEAN) and standard deviation (STD) of these concentrations were measured in each regions of interest, and the minimum, maximum, and mean of these two measurements were calculated over all regions of interests for each subject. The resulting 12 variables per subject were used as predictors for classification. RESULTS Either Min [STD] alone, or in combination with Mean [MEAN] or Min [MEAN], all from fluid suppressed data, were the best predictors with an accuracy >74%, mainly with linear logistic regression and linear support vector machine. Other good classifiers include discriminant analysis, linear regression, and naïve Bayes. CONCLUSION Machine learning is a promising technique for classifying osteoarthritis patients and controls from sodium magnetic resonance imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Madelin
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Frederick Poidevin
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonios Makrymallis
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Building, Gower Place, London, UK
| | - Ravinder R Regatte
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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103
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Kijowski R, Chaudhary R. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the articular cartilage of the knee joint. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2014; 22:649-69. [PMID: 25442027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by a decrease in the proteoglycan content and disruption of the highly organized collagen fiber network of articular cartilage. Various quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques have been developed for noninvasive assessment of the proteoglycan and collagen components of cartilage. These techniques have been extensively used in clinical practice to detect early cartilage degeneration and in osteoarthritis research studies to monitor disease-related and treatment-related changes in cartilage over time. This article reviews the role of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating the composition and ultrastructure of the articular cartilage of the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kijowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA.
| | - Rajeev Chaudhary
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA
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104
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Jordan CD, Monu UD, McWalter EJ, Watkins RD, Chen W, Bangerter NK, Hargreaves BA, Gold GE. Variability of CubeQuant T1ρ, quantitative DESS T2, and cones sodium MRI in knee cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1559-67. [PMID: 25278065 PMCID: PMC4185151 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the variability of T1ρ relaxation times using CubeQuant, T2 relaxation times using quantitative double echo in steady state (DESS), and normalized sodium signals using 3D cones sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of knee cartilage in vivo at 3 T. DESIGN Eight healthy subjects were scanned at 3 T at baseline, 1 day, 5 months, and 1 year. Ten regions of interest (ROIs) of knee cartilage were segmented in the medial and lateral compartments of each subject's knee. T1ρ and T2 relaxation times and normalized sodium signals were measured and the root-mean-square coefficient of variation (CVRMS) was calculated. Intra-subject variability was measured over short, moderate and long-term, as well as intra-observer and inter-observer variability. RESULTS The average intra-subject CVRMS measurements over short, moderate, and long-term time periods were 4.6%, 6.1%, and 6.0% for the T1ρ measurements, 6.4%, 9.3%, and 10.7% for the T2 measurements and 11.3%, 11.6%, and 12.9% for the sodium measurements, respectively. The average CVRMS measurements for intra-observer and inter-observer segmentation were 3.8% and 5.7% for the T1ρ measurements, 4.7% and 6.7% for the T2 measurements, and 8.1% and 11.4% for the sodium measurements, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These CVRMS measurements are substantially lower than previously measured changes expected in patients with advanced osteoarthritis compared to healthy volunteers, suggesting that CubeQuant T1ρ, quantitative DESS T2 and 3D cones sodium measurements are sufficiently sensitive for in vivo cartilage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D. Jordan
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States
| | - Uchechukwuka D. Monu
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States
| | | | | | - Weitian Chen
- GE Applied Science Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Neal K. Bangerter
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Brian A. Hargreaves
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States,Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States
| | - Garry E. Gold
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States,Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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105
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Adiabatic rotating frame relaxation of MRI reveals early cartilage degeneration in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament transection. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1444-52. [PMID: 25278055 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the sensitivity of seven quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters (adiabatic T1ρ, adiabatic T2ρ, continuous wave (CW) T1ρ, relaxation along a fictitious field (RAFF), T2 measured with adiabatic double echo (DE) and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence, and T1 during off-resonance saturation [magnetization transfer (MT)]) to detect early osteoarthritic changes in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). METHODS ACLT was unilaterally induced in the knees of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 8) while contralateral joints served as controls. Femoral condyles of the joints were harvested 4 weeks post-ACLT. MRI was performed at 9.4 T. For reference, quantitative histology, Mankin grading and biomechanical measurements were conducted. RESULTS Reference methods demonstrated early, superficial cartilage degeneration in the ACLT group, including significant loss of proteoglycans in both medial and lateral compartments, increased collagen fibril anisotropy in the lateral condyle and decreased biomechanical properties at both medial and lateral compartments. CW-T1ρ was prolonged in the lateral compartment of ACLT joints while adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ detected degenerative changes in tissue in both lateral and medial condyles (P < 0.05). DE-T2 was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated only in the lateral compartment while CPMG-T2, MT or RAFF did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ relaxation times detected most sensitively early degenerative changes in cartilage 4 weeks post-ACLT in a rabbit model.
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106
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Hesper T, Hosalkar HS, Bittersohl D, Welsch GH, Krauspe R, Zilkens C, Bittersohl B. T2* mapping for articular cartilage assessment: principles, current applications, and future prospects. Skeletal Radiol 2014; 43:1429-45. [PMID: 24643762 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-014-1852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
With advances in joint preservation surgery that are intended to alter the course of osteoarthritis by early intervention, accurate and reliable assessment of the cartilage status is critical. Biochemically sensitive MRI techniques can add robust biomarkers for disease onset and progression, and therefore, could be meaningful assessment tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of cartilage abnormalities. T2* mapping could be a good alternative because it would combine the benefits of biochemical cartilage evaluation with remarkable features including short imaging time and the ability of high-resolution three-dimensional cartilage evaluation-without the need for contrast media administration or special hardware. Several in vitro and in vivo studies, which have elaborated on the potential of cartilage T2* assessment in various cartilage disease patterns and grades of degeneration, have been reported. However, much remains to be understood and certain unresolved questions have become apparent with these studies that are crucial to the further application of this technique. This review summarizes the principles of the technique and current applications of T2* mapping for articular cartilage assessment. Limitations of recent studies are discussed and the potential implications for patient care are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hesper
- Department of Orthopaedics Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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107
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Gupta R, Virayavanich W, Kuo D, Su F, Link T, Ma B, Li X. MR T(1)ρ quantification of cartilage focal lesions in acutely injured knees: correlation with arthroscopic evaluation. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:1290-6. [PMID: 25111625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative T1ρ MRI has been suggested as a promising tool to detect changes in cartilage composition that are characteristic of cartilage damage and degeneration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of MR T1ρ to detect cartilage lesions as evaluated by arthroscopy in acutely ACL-injured knees and to compare with the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) using clinical standard MRI. METHOD Ten healthy controls (mean age 35) with no ACL injury or history of osteoarthritis (OA) and 10 patients with acute ACL injuries (mean age 39) were scanned at 3 Tesla (3T). ACL patients underwent ACL reconstruction, where focal lesions were graded according to an Outerbridge grading system during arthroscopic evaluation. Normalized MR T1ρ values (T1ρ z-scores normalized to control values in matched regions) in full thickness, and superficial and deep layers of cartilage were compared between defined sub-compartments with and without focal lesions. Intraclass (ICC) correlation and the root mean square coefficient of variation (RMS-CV) were performed to evaluate the inter-observer reproducibility of T1ρ quantification. Sub-compartments of cartilage were also evaluated using WORMS scoring and compared to their Outerbridge score respectively. RESULTS The inter-observer ICC and the RMS-CV of the sub-compartment T1ρ quantification were 0.961 and 3.9%, respectively. The average T1ρ z-scores were significantly increased in sub-compartments with focal lesions compared to those without focal lesions and to the control cohort (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that T1ρ provided a better diagnostic capability than clinical standard MRI grading in detecting focal cartilage abnormalities after acute injuries. Quantitative MRI may have great potential in detecting cartilage abnormalities and degeneration non-invasively, which are occult with standard morphological MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Gupta
- Musculo-skeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research (MQIR), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Warapat Virayavanich
- Musculo-skeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research (MQIR), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel Kuo
- Musculo-skeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research (MQIR), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Favian Su
- Musculo-skeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research (MQIR), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas Link
- Musculo-skeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research (MQIR), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Benjamin Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Musculo-skeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research (MQIR), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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108
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Rautiainen J, Nissi MJ, Salo EN, Tiitu V, Finnilä MAJ, Aho OM, Saarakkala S, Lehenkari P, Ellermann J, Nieminen MT. Multiparametric MRI assessment of human articular cartilage degeneration: Correlation with quantitative histology and mechanical properties. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:249-259. [PMID: 25104181 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the sensitivity of quantitative MRI techniques (T1 , T1,Gd , T2 , continous wave (CW) T1ρ dispersion, adiabatic T1ρ , adiabatic T2ρ , RAFF and inversion-prepared magnetization transfer (MT)) for assessment of human articular cartilage with varying degrees of natural degeneration. METHODS Osteochondral samples (n = 14) were obtained from the tibial plateaus of patients undergoing total knee replacement. MRI of the specimens was performed at 9.4T and the relaxation time maps were evaluated in the cartilage zones. For reference, quantitative histology, OARSI grading and biomechanical measurements were performed and correlated with MRI findings. RESULTS All MRI parameters, except T1,Gd , showed statistically significant differences in tangential and full-thickness regions of interest (ROIs) between early and advanced osteoarthritis (OA) groups, as classified by OARSI grading. CW-T1ρ showed significant dispersion in all ROIs and featured classical laminar structure of cartilage with spin-lock powers below 1000 Hz. Adiabatic T1ρ , T2ρ , CW-T1ρ, MT, and RAFF correlated strongly with OARSI grade and biomechanical parameters. CONCLUSION MRI parameters were able to differentiate between early and advanced OA. Furthermore, rotating frame methods, namely adiabatic T1ρ , adiabatic T2ρ , CW-T1ρ , and RAFF, as well as MT experiment correlated strongly with biomechanical parameters and OARSI grade, suggesting high sensitivity of the parameters for cartilage degeneration. Magn Reson Med 74:249-259, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Rautiainen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Departments of Radiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elli-Noora Salo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Olli-Matti Aho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jutta Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Departments of Radiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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109
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Wang P, Block J, Gore JC. Chemical exchange in knee cartilage assessed by R1ρ (1/T1ρ) dispersion at 3T. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 33:38-42. [PMID: 25093631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the characteristics of proton chemical exchange in knee cartilage in vivo by R1ρ dispersion analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six healthy subjects (one female and five males, age range 24 to 71 y) underwent T1ρ imaging of knee cartilage on a 3T MRI scanner. Quantitative estimates of R1ρ (=1/T1ρ) were made using 5 different spin-lock durations for each of 12 different spin-lock amplitudes over the range 0 to 550Hz. When the variations of R1ρ with spin-locking strength (the R1ρ dispersion) are dominated by chemical exchange contributions, R1ρ dispersion curves can be analyzed to derive quantitative characteristics of the exchange and provide information on tissue composition. In this work, in vivo R1ρ dispersion of human knee articular cartilage at 3T was analyzed, and the exchange rates of protons between water and macromolecular hydroxyls (mainly in glycosaminoglycans) were estimated based on a theoretical model. RESULTS R1ρ values showed marked dispersion in articular cartilage and varied by approximately 50% between low and high values of the locking field, a change much greater than in surrounding tissues, consistent with greater contributions from chemical exchange. From the theoretical model, the exchange rates in cartilage were estimated to be in the range of 1.0-3.0kHz, and varied within the tissue. Variations within a single knee appear to be larger with increasing age. CONCLUSION R1ρ dispersion analysis may provide more specific information for studying cartilage biochemical composition and form the basis for quantitative evaluation of cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Jake Block
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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110
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Wang L, Regatte RR. T₁ρ MRI of human musculoskeletal system. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 41:586-600. [PMID: 24935818 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the direct visualization of the human musculoskeletal (MSK) system, especially all diarthrodial tissues including cartilage, bone, menisci, ligaments, tendon, hip, synovium, etc. Conventional MRI techniques based on T1 - and T2 -weighted, proton density (PD) contrast are inconclusive in quantifying early biochemically degenerative changes in MSK system in general and articular cartilage in particular. In recent years, quantitative MR parameter mapping techniques have been used to quantify the biochemical changes in articular cartilage, with a special emphasis on evaluating joint injury, cartilage degeneration, and soft tissue repair. In this article we focus on cartilage biochemical composition, basic principles of T1ρ MRI, implementation of T1ρ pulse sequences, biochemical validation, and summarize the potential applications of the T1ρ MRI technique in MSK diseases including osteoarthritis (OA), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and knee joint repair. Finally, we also review the potential advantages, challenges, and future prospects of T1ρ MRI for widespread clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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111
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Non-invasive and in vivo assessment of osteoarthritic articular cartilage: a review on MRI investigations. Rheumatol Int 2014; 35:1-16. [PMID: 24879325 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-3052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is of great interest to orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatologists, radiologists, and researchers because it would allow physicians to provide patients with treatments and advice to slow the onset or progression of the disease. Early detection can be achieved by identifying early changes in selected features of degenerative articular cartilage (AC) using non-invasive imaging modalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming the standard for assessment of OA. The aim of this paper was to review the influence of MRI on the selection, detection, and measurement of AC features associated with early OA. Our review of the literature indicates that the changes associated with early OA are in cartilage thickness, cartilage volume, cartilage water content, and proteoglycan content that can be accurately, consistently, and non-invasively measured using MRI. Choosing an MR pulse sequence that provides the capability to assess cartilage physiology and morphology in a single acquisition and advanced multi-nuclei MRI is desirable. The results of the review indicate that using an ultra-high magnetic strength, MR imager does not affect early OA detection. In conclusion, MRI is currently the most suitable modality for early detection of knee OA, and future research should focus on the quantitative evaluation of early OA features using advances in MR hardware, software, and data processing with sophisticated image/pattern recognition techniques.
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112
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Simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging and consolidation measurement of articular cartilage. SENSORS 2014; 14:7940-58. [PMID: 24803188 PMCID: PMC4063042 DOI: 10.3390/s140507940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the opportunity to study biological tissues and processes in a non-disruptive manner. The technique shows promise for the study of the load-bearing performance (consolidation) of articular cartilage and changes in articular cartilage accompanying osteoarthritis. Consolidation of articular cartilage involves the recording of two transient characteristics: the change over time of strain and the hydrostatic excess pore pressure (HEPP). MRI study of cartilage consolidation under mechanical load is limited by difficulties in measuring the HEPP in the presence of the strong magnetic fields associated with the MRI technique. Here we describe the use of MRI to image and characterize bovine articular cartilage deforming under load in an MRI compatible consolidometer while monitoring pressure with a Fabry-Perot interferometer-based fiber-optic pressure transducer.
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113
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Cartilage repair surgery: outcome evaluation by using noninvasive cartilage biomarkers based on quantitative MRI techniques? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:840170. [PMID: 24877139 PMCID: PMC4024422 DOI: 10.1155/2014/840170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are increasingly applied as outcome measures after cartilage repair. OBJECTIVE To review the current literature on the use of quantitative MRI biomarkers for evaluation of cartilage repair at the knee and ankle. METHODS Using PubMed literature research, studies on biochemical, quantitative MR imaging of cartilage repair were identified and reviewed. RESULTS Quantitative MR biomarkers detect early degeneration of articular cartilage, mainly represented by an increasing water content, collagen disruption, and proteoglycan loss. Recently, feasibility of biochemical MR imaging of cartilage repair tissue and surrounding cartilage was demonstrated. Ultrastructural properties of the tissue after different repair procedures resulted in differences in imaging characteristics. T2 mapping, T1rho mapping, delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) are applicable on most clinical 1.5 T and 3 T MR scanners. Currently, a standard of reference is difficult to define and knowledge is limited concerning correlation of clinical and MR findings. The lack of histological correlations complicates the identification of the exact tissue composition. CONCLUSIONS A multimodal approach combining several quantitative MRI techniques in addition to morphological and clinical evaluation might be promising. Further investigations are required to demonstrate the potential for outcome evaluation after cartilage repair.
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114
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Madelin G, Lee JS, Regatte RR, Jerschow A. Sodium MRI: methods and applications. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 79:14-47. [PMID: 24815363 PMCID: PMC4126172 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sodium NMR spectroscopy and MRI have become popular in recent years through the increased availability of high-field MRI scanners, advanced scanner hardware and improved methodology. Sodium MRI is being evaluated for stroke and tumor detection, for breast cancer studies, and for the assessment of osteoarthritis and muscle and kidney functions, to name just a few. In this article, we aim to present an up-to-date review of the theoretical background, the methodology, the challenges, limitations, and current and potential new applications of sodium MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Madelin
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jae-Seung Lee
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York, NY 10016, USA; Chemistry Department, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ravinder R Regatte
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Chemistry Department, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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115
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116
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Zbýň Š, Mlynárik V, Juras V, Szomolanyi P, Trattnig S. Sodium MR Imaging of Articular Cartilage Pathologies. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:41. [PMID: 24683524 PMCID: PMC3963441 DOI: 10.1007/s40134-014-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have proved that noninvasive sodium MR imaging can directly determine the cartilage GAG content, which plays a central role in cartilage homeostasis. New technical developments in the recent decade have helped to transfer this method from in vitro to pre-clinical in vivo studies. Sodium imaging has already been applied for the evaluation of cartilage and repair tissue in patients after various cartilage repair surgery techniques and in patients with osteoarthritis. These studies showed that this technique could be helpful not only for assessment of the cartilage status, but also predictive for osteoarthritis. However, due to the low detectable sodium MR signal in cartilage, sodium imaging is still challenging, and further hardware and software improvements are necessary for translating sodium MR imaging into clinical practice, preferably to 3T MR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Zbýň
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimír Mlynárik
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Juras
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavol Szomolanyi
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Shapiro LM, McWalter EJ, Son MS, Levenston M, Hargreaves BA, Gold GE. Mechanisms of osteoarthritis in the knee: MR imaging appearance. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 39:1346-56. [PMID: 24677706 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis has grown to become a widely prevalent disease that has major implications in both individual and public health. Although originally considered to be a degenerative disease driven by "wear and tear" of the articular cartilage, recent evidence has led to a consensus that osteoarthritis pathophysiology should be perceived in the context of the entire joint and multiple tissues. MRI is becoming an increasingly more important modality for imaging osteoarthritis, due to its excellent soft tissue contrast and ability to acquire morphological and biochemical data. This review will describe the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis as it is associated with various tissue types, highlight several promising MR imaging techniques for osteoarthritis and illustrate the expected appearance of osteoarthritis with each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Wang YXJ, Liu X, Zheng H, Liang D, Yuan J. PANDA-T1ρ: Integrating principal component analysis and dictionary learning for fast T1ρ mapping. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:263-72. [PMID: 24554439 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long scanning time greatly hinders the widespread application of spin-lattice relaxation in rotating frame (T1ρ) in clinics. In this study, a novel method is proposed to reconstruct the T1ρ-weighted images from undersampled k-space data and hence accelerate the acquisition of T1ρ imaging. METHODS The proposed approach (PANDA-T1ρ) combined the benefit of PCA and dictionary learning when reconstructing image from undersampled data. Specifically, the PCA transform was first used to sparsify the image series along the parameter direction and then the sparsified images were reconstructed by means of dictionary learning and finally solved the images. A variation of PANDA-T1ρ was also developed for the heavy noise case. Numerical simulation and in vivo experiments were carried out with the accelerating factor from 2 to 4 to verify the performance of PANDA-T1ρ. RESULTS The reconstructed T1ρ maps using the PANDA-T1ρ method were found to be comparable to the reference at all verified acceleration factors. Moreover, the variation exhibited better performance than the original version when the k-space data were contaminated by heavy noise. CONCLUSION PANDA-T1ρ can significantly reduce the scanning time of T1ρ by integrating PCA and dictionary learning and provides better parameter estimation than the state-of-art methods for a fixed acceleration factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinwei Zhang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Qiegen Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi-Xiang J Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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119
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Han Y, Liimatainen T, Gorman RC, Witschey WRT. Assessing Myocardial Disease Using T 1ρ MRI. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2014; 7:9248. [PMID: 24688628 PMCID: PMC3968806 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-013-9248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive assessment of myocardial disease in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. Recently, there has been a renewed interest to use a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique utilizing spin locking radiofrequency (RF) pulses, called T1ρ MRI. The spin locking RF pulse creates sensitivity to some mechanisms of nuclear relaxation such as 1H exchange between water and amide, amine and hydroxyl functional groups in molecules; consequently, there is the potential to non-invasively, and without exogenous contrast agents, obtain important molecular information from diseased myocardial tissue. The purpose of this article is to review and critically examine the recent published literature in the field related to T1ρ MRI of myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Han
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 9022 Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timo Liimatainen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert C. Gorman
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Bldg 421, 7th floor, Rm 103, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Walter R. T. Witschey
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Bldg 421, 7th floor, Rm 103, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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120
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Johnson CP, Thedens DR, Magnotta VA. Precision-guided sampling schedules for efficient T1ρ mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 41:242-50. [PMID: 24474423 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe, assess, and implement a simple precision estimation framework for optimization of spin-lock time (TSL) sampling schedules for quantitative T1ρ mapping using a mono-exponential signal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A method is described for estimating T1ρ precision, and a cost function based on the precision estimates is evaluated to determine efficient TSL sampling schedules. The validity of the framework was tested by imaging a phantom with various sampling schedules and comparing theoretical and experimental precision values. The method utility was demonstrated with in vivo T1ρ mapping of brain tissue using a similar procedure as the phantom experiment. To assist investigators, optimal sampling schedules are tabulated for various tissue types and an online calculator is implemented. RESULTS Theoretical and experimental precision values followed similar trends for both the phantom and in vivo experiments. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of theoretical estimates of T1ρ map signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was typically 5% in the phantom experiment and 33% in the in vivo demonstration. In both experiments, optimal TSL schedules yielded greater T1ρ map SNR efficiency than typical schedules. CONCLUSION The framework can be used to improve the imaging efficiency of T1ρ mapping protocols and to guide selection of imaging parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey P Johnson
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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121
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Mirkes CC, Hoffmann J, Shajan G, Pohmann R, Scheffler K. High-resolution quantitative sodium imaging at 9.4 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:342-51. [PMID: 24435910 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigation of the feasibility to perform high-resolution quantitative sodium imaging at 9.4 Tesla (T). METHODS A proton patch antenna was combined with a sodium birdcage coil to provide a proton signal without compromising the efficiency of the X-nucleus coil. Sodium density weighted images with a nominal resolution of 1 × 1 × 5 mm(3) were acquired within 30 min with an ultrashort echo time sequence. The methods used for signal calibration as well as for B0, B1, and off-resonance correction were verified on a phantom and five healthy volunteers. RESULTS An actual voxel volume of roughly 40 μL could be achieved at 9.4T, while maintaining an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (8 for brain tissue and 35 for cerebrospinal fluid). The measured mean sodium concentrations for gray and white matter were 36 ± 2 and 31 ± 1 mmol/L of wet tissue, which are comparable to values previously reported in the literature. CONCLUSION The reduction of partial volume effects is essential for accurate measurement of the sodium concentration in the human brain. Ultrahigh field imaging is a viable tool to achieve this goal due to its increased sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Mirkes
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Hoffmann
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Shajan
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Pohmann
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
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122
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Li X, Majumdar S. Quantitative MRI of articular cartilage and its clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:991-1008. [PMID: 24115571 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is one of the most essential tissues for healthy joint function and is compromised in degenerative and traumatic joint diseases. There have been tremendous advances during the past decade using quantitative MRI techniques as a noninvasive tool for evaluating cartilage, with a focus on assessing cartilage degeneration during osteoarthritis (OA). In this review, after a brief overview of cartilage composition and degeneration, we discuss techniques that grade and quantify morphologic changes as well as the techniques that quantify changes in the extracellular matrix. The basic principles, in vivo applications, advantages, and challenges for each technique are discussed. Recent studies using the OA Initiative (OAI) data are also summarized. Quantitative MRI provides noninvasive measures of cartilage degeneration at the earliest stages of joint degeneration, which is essential for efforts toward prevention and early intervention in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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123
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Moon CH, Kim JH, Zhao T, Bae KT. Quantitative23Na MRI of human knee cartilage using dual-tuned1H/23Na transceiver array radiofrequency coil at 7 tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:1063-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hong Moon
- Department of Radiology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- MR Research Support; Siemens Healthcare; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kyongtae Ty Bae
- Department of Radiology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
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124
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Physiological assessment of in vivo human knee articular cartilage using sodium MR imaging at 1.5T. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1059-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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125
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Ellermann J, Ling W, Nissi MJ, Arendt E, Carlson CS, Garwood M, Michaeli S, Mangia S. MRI rotating frame relaxation measurements for articular cartilage assessment. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1537-43. [PMID: 23993794 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we introduced two MRI rotating frame relaxation methods, namely adiabatic T1ρ and Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field (RAFF), along with an inversion-prepared Magnetization Transfer (MT) protocol for assessment of articular cartilage. Given the inherent sensitivity of rotating frame relaxation methods to slow molecular motions that are relevant in cartilage, we hypothesized that adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF would have higher sensitivity to articular cartilage degradation as compared to laboratory frame T2 and MT. To test this hypothesis, a proteoglycan depletion model was used. Relaxation time measurements were performed at 0 and 48h in 10 bovine patellar specimens, 5 of which were treated with trypsin and 5 untreated controls were stored under identical conditions in isotonic saline for 48h. Relaxation times measured at 48h were longer than those measured at 0h in both groups. The changes in T2 and MT relaxation times after 48h were approximately 3 times larger in the trypsin treated specimens as compared to the untreated group, whereas increases of adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF were 4 to 5 fold larger. Overall, these findings demonstrate a higher sensitivity of adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF to the trypsin-induced changes in bovine patellar cartilage as compared to the commonly used T2 and MT. Since adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF are advantageous for human applications as compared to standard continuous-wave T1ρ methods, adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF are promising tools for assessing cartilage degradation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
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126
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Newbould RD, Miller SR, Upadhyay N, Rao AW, Swann P, Gold GE, Strachan RK, Matthews PM, Taylor PC, Brown AP. T1-weighted sodium MRI of the articulator cartilage in osteoarthritis: a cross sectional and longitudinal study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73067. [PMID: 23940822 PMCID: PMC3733834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown great utility in diagnosing soft tissue burden in osteoarthritis (OA), though MRI measures of cartilage integrity have proven more elusive. Sodium MRI can reflect the proteoglycan content of cartilage; however, it requires specialized hardware, acquisition sequences, and long imaging times. This study was designed to assess the potential of a clinically feasible sodium MRI acquisition to detect differences in the knee cartilage of subjects with OA versus healthy controls (HC), and to determine whether longitudinal changes in sodium content are observed at 3 and 6 months. 28 subjects with primary knee OA and 19 HC subjects age and gender matched were enrolled in this ethically-approved study. At baseline, 3 and 6 months subjects underwent structural MRI and a 0.4ms echo time 3D T1-weighted sodium scan as well as the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) and knee pain by visual analogue score (VAS). A standing radiograph of the knee was taken for Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) scoring. A blinded reader outlined the cartilage on the structural images which was used to determine median T1-weighted sodium concentrations in each region of interest on the co-registered sodium scans. VAS, K-L, and KOOS all significantly separated the OA and HC groups. OA subjects had higher T1-weighted sodium concentrations, most strongly observed in the lateral tibial, lateral femoral and medial patella ROIs. There were no significant changes in cartilage volume or sodium concentration over 6 months. This study has shown that a clinically-feasible sodium MRI at a moderate 3T field strength and imaging time with fluid attenuation by T1 weighting significantly separated HCs from OA subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexford D Newbould
- Imanova Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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127
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Matzat SJ, van Tiel J, Gold GE, Oei EHG. Quantitative MRI techniques of cartilage composition. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2013; 3:162-74. [PMID: 23833729 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2013.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to aging populations and increasing rates of obesity in the developed world, the prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) is continually increasing. Decreasing the societal and patient burden of this disease motivates research in prevention, early detection of OA, and novel treatment strategies against OA. One key facet of this effort is the need to track the degradation of tissues within joints, especially cartilage. Currently, conventional imaging techniques provide accurate means to detect morphological deterioration of cartilage in the later stages of OA, but these methods are not sensitive to the subtle biochemical changes during early disease stages. Novel quantitative techniques with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide direct and indirect assessments of cartilage composition, and thus allow for earlier detection and tracking of OA. This review describes the most prominent quantitative MRI techniques to date-dGEMRIC, T2 mapping, T1rho mapping, and sodium imaging. Other, less-validated methods for quantifying cartilage composition are also described-Ultrashort echo time (UTE), gagCEST, and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). For each technique, this article discusses the proposed biochemical correlates, as well its advantages and limitations for clinical and research use. The article concludes with a detailed discussion of how the field of quantitative MRI has progressed to provide information regarding two specific patient populations through clinical research-patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture and patients with impingement in the hip. While quantitative imaging techniques continue to rapidly evolve, specific challenges for each technique as well as challenges to clinical applications remain.
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128
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Melkus G, Grabau M, Karampinos DC, Majumdar S. Ex vivo porcine model to measure pH dependence of chemical exchange saturation transfer effect of glycosaminoglycan in the intervertebral disc. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:1743-9. [PMID: 23818244 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have linked low pH and loss of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the intervertebral discs (IVDs) of patients with discogenic back pain. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) effect of GAG (gagCEST) is pH dependent and whether it can be used to detect pH changes in IVD specimens. Iopromide, a Food and Drug Administration approved agent for CT/X-Ray, was also evaluated as a pH-sensitive CEST probe to explore the agents' potential to measure IVD pH. METHODS The pH dependency of the CEST effect of chondroitin sulfate (containing GAG) and Iopromide phantoms was investigated at 7 T. Z-spectra from porcine IVD specimens were acquired before and after manipulating the pH with sodium lactate. Iopromide was injected into the specimens and the calibration curve was used to determine the pH status. RESULTS Chondroitin sulfate showed a non-linear dependence of gagCEST effect with pH and gagCEST signal differences were detected in the specimens. The CEST effect of Iopromide resulted in a sigmoidal relation with pH and was used to measure pH. CONCLUSION gagCEST is sensitive to pH and enables investigation of the IVD pH status. Iopromide CEST is independent of the local GAG concentration and has the potential for measuring pH in the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Melkus
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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129
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Kotecha M, Klatt D, Magin RL. Monitoring cartilage tissue engineering using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging, and elastography. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:470-84. [PMID: 23574498 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A key technical challenge in cartilage tissue engineering is the development of a noninvasive method for monitoring the composition, structure, and function of the tissue at different growth stages. Due to its noninvasive, three-dimensional imaging capabilities and the breadth of available contrast mechanisms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can be expected to play a leading role in assessing engineered cartilage. In this review, we describe the new MR-based tools (spectroscopy, imaging, and elastography) that can provide quantitative biomarkers for cartilage tissue development both in vitro and in vivo. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy can identify the changing molecular structure and alternations in the conformation of major macromolecules (collagen and proteoglycans) using parameters such as chemical shift, relaxation rates, and magnetic spin couplings. MRI provides high-resolution images whose contrast reflects developing tissue microstructure and porosity through changes in local relaxation times and the apparent diffusion coefficient. Magnetic resonance elastography uses low-frequency mechanical vibrations in conjunction with MRI to measure soft tissue mechanical properties (shear modulus and viscosity). When combined, these three techniques provide a noninvasive, multiscale window for characterizing cartilage tissue growth at all stages of tissue development, from the initial cell seeding of scaffolds to the development of the extracellular matrix during construct incubation, and finally, to the postimplantation assessment of tissue integration in animals and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrignayani Kotecha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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130
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Fenty M, Crescenzi R, Fry B, Squillante D, Turk D, Maurer PM, Borthakur A. Novel imaging of the intervertebral disk and pain. Global Spine J 2013; 3:127-32. [PMID: 24436863 PMCID: PMC3854607 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1347930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-1-rho (T1ρ) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and disc height ratio (DHR) are potential biomarkers of degenerative disk disease (DDD) related to biochemical composition and morphology of the intervertebral disk (IVD), respectively. To objectively detect DDD at an early stage, the hypothesis was tested that the average T1ρ relaxation time of the nucleus pulposus (NP) correlates with the disk height of degenerate IVDs, measured by MRI. Studies were performed on a 3-T Siemens Tim Trio clinical MRI scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States) on patients being treated for low back pain whose disks were categorized into (1) painful and (2) nonpainful subgroups based on provocative diskography and (3) age-matched healthy controls. Painful disks presented both low DHR and T1ρ values, nonpainful disks measured the highest DHR and extended to a higher range of T1ρ, and control disks presented a midrange DHR with the highest T1ρ values. T1ρ MRI evaluated in the NP of IVDs may be useful to establish a threshold (120 milliseconds here) above which indicates a healthy disk, and disks measuring low NP T1ρ (50 to 120 milliseconds here) would require disk height analysis to further categorize the disk. Combining T1ρ MRI and disk height analysis may hold promise in predicting painful disks without provocative diskography, and predictive models should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fenty
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Rachelle Crescenzi
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Bryan Fry
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Danielle Turk
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Arijitt Borthakur
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States,Address for correspondence Ari Borthakur, PhD Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaB1 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie BoulevardPhiladelphia, PA 19104-6100United States
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131
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Kotecha M, Ravindran S, Schmid TM, Vaidyanathan A, George A, Magin RL. Application of sodium triple-quantum coherence NMR spectroscopy for the study of growth dynamics in cartilage tissue engineering. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:709-17. [PMID: 23378198 PMCID: PMC3634872 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the tissue growth dynamics of tissue-engineered cartilage at an early growth stage after cell seeding for four weeks using sodium triple-quantum coherence NMR spectroscopy. The following tissue-engineering constructs were studied: 1) bovine chondrocytes cultured in alginate beads; 2) bovine chondrocytes cultured as pellets (scaffold-free chondrocyte pellets); and 3) human marrow stromal cells (HMSCs) seeded in collagen/chitosan based biomimetic scaffolds. We found that the sodium triple-quantum coherence spectroscopy could differentiate between different tissue-engineered constructs and native tissues based on the fast and slow components of relaxation rate as well as on the average quadrupolar coupling. Both fast (Tf ) and slow (Ts ) relaxation times were found to be longer in chondrocyte pellets and biomimetic scaffolds compared to chondrocytes suspended in alginate beads and human articular cartilage tissues. In all cases, it was found that relaxation rates and motion of sodium ions measured from correlation times were dependent on the amount of macromolecules, high cell density and anisotropy of the cartilage tissue-engineered constructs. Average quadrupolar couplings were found to be lower in the engineered tissue compared to native tissue, presumably due to the lack of order in collagen accumulated in the engineered tissue. These results support the use of sodium triple-quantum coherence spectroscopy as a tool to investigate anisotropy and growth dynamics of cartilage tissue-engineered constructs in a simple and reliable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrignayani Kotecha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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132
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Madelin G, Regatte RR. Biomedical applications of sodium MRI in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:511-29. [PMID: 23722972 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we present an up-to-date overview of the potential biomedical applications of sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in vivo. Sodium MRI is a subject of increasing interest in translational imaging research as it can give some direct and quantitative biochemical information on the tissue viability, cell integrity and function, and therefore not only help the diagnosis but also the prognosis of diseases and treatment outcomes. It has already been applied in vivo in most human tissues, such as brain for stroke or tumor detection and therapeutic response, in breast cancer, in articular cartilage, in muscle, and in kidney, and it was shown in some studies that it could provide very useful new information not available through standard proton MRI. However, this technique is still very challenging due to the low detectable sodium signal in biological tissue with MRI and hardware/software limitations of the clinical scanners. The article is divided in three parts: 1) the role of sodium in biological tissues, 2) a short review on sodium magnetic resonance, and 3) a review of some studies on sodium MRI on different organs/diseases to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Madelin
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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133
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Nieminen MT, Nissi MJ, Mattila L, Kiviranta I. Evaluation of chondral repair using quantitative MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 36:1287-99. [PMID: 23165732 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Various quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) biomarkers, including but not limited to parametric MRI mapping, semiquantitative evaluation, and morphological assessment, have been successfully applied to assess cartilage repair in both animal and human studies. Through the interaction between interstitial water and constituent macromolecules the compositional and structural properties of cartilage can be evaluated. In this review a comprehensive view of a variety of quantitative techniques, particularly those involving parametric mapping, and their relationship to the properties of cartilage repair is presented. Some techniques, such as T2 relaxation time mapping and delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), are well established, while the full potential of more recently introduced techniques remain to be demonstrated. A combination of several MRI techniques is necessary for a comprehensive characterization of chondral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miika T Nieminen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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134
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Proceedings for OctoberCEST, the third international workshop on CEST imaging, 15-17 October 2012. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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135
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Chan DD, Neu CP. Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20120608. [PMID: 23135247 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease that reflects a complex interplay of biochemical, biomechanical, metabolic and genetic factors, which are often triggered by injury, and mediated by inflammation, catabolic cytokines and enzymes. An unmet clinical need is the lack of reliable methods that are able to probe the pathogenesis of early OA when disease-rectifying therapies may be most effective. Non-invasive quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) techniques have shown potential for characterizing the structural, biochemical and mechanical changes that occur with cartilage degeneration. In this paper, we review the background in articular cartilage and OA as it pertains to conventional MRI and qMRI techniques. We then discuss how conventional MRI and qMRI techniques are used in clinical and research environments to evaluate biochemical and mechanical changes associated with degeneration. Some qMRI techniques allow for the use of relaxometry values as indirect biomarkers for cartilage components. Direct characterization of mechanical behaviour of cartilage is possible via other specialized qMRI techniques. The combination of these qMRI techniques has the potential to fully characterize the biochemical and biomechanical states that represent the initial changes associated with cartilage degeneration. Additionally, knowledge of in vivo cartilage biochemistry and mechanical behaviour in healthy subjects and across a spectrum of osteoarthritic patients could lead to improvements in the detection, management and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deva D Chan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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136
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Binks DA, Hodgson RJ, Ries ME, Foster RJ, Smye SW, McGonagle D, Radjenovic A. Quantitative parametric MRI of articular cartilage: a review of progress and open challenges. Br J Radiol 2013; 86:20120163. [PMID: 23407427 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20120163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing life expectancies and the desire to maintain active lifestyles well into old age, the impact of the debilitating disease osteoarthritis (OA) and its burden on healthcare services is mounting. Emerging regenerative therapies could deliver significant advances in the effective treatment of OA but rely upon the ability to identify the initial signs of tissue damage and will also benefit from quantitative assessment of tissue repair in vivo. Continued development in the field of quantitative MRI in recent years has seen the emergence of techniques able to probe the earliest biochemical changes linked with the onset of OA. Quantitative MRI measurements including T(1), T(2) and T(1ρ) relaxometry, diffusion weighted imaging and magnetisation transfer have been studied and linked to the macromolecular structure of cartilage. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage, sodium MRI and glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer techniques are sensitive to depletion of cartilage glycosaminoglycans and may allow detection of the earliest stages of OA. We review these current and emerging techniques for the diagnosis of early OA, evaluate the progress that has been made towards their implementation in the clinic and identify future challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Binks
- Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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137
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Madelin G, Babb J, Xia D, Chang G, Krasnokutsky S, Abramson SB, Jerschow A, Regatte RR. Articular cartilage: evaluation with fluid-suppressed 7.0-T sodium MR imaging in subjects with and subjects without osteoarthritis. Radiology 2013; 268:481-91. [PMID: 23468572 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the potential use of sodium magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of cartilage, with and without fluid suppression by using an adiabatic pulse, for classifying subjects with versus subjects without osteoarthritis at 7.0 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was approved by the institutional review board and was compliant with HIPAA. The knee cartilage of 19 asymptomatic (control subjects) and 28 symptomatic (osteoarthritis patients) subjects underwent 7.0-T sodium MR imaging with use of two different sequences: one without fluid suppression (radial three-dimensional sequence) and one with fluid suppression (inversion recovery [IR] wideband uniform rate and smooth truncation [WURST]). Fluid suppression was obtained by using IR with an adiabatic inversion pulse (WURST pulse). Mean sodium concentrations and their standard deviations were measured in the patellar, femorotibial medial, and lateral cartilage regions over four consecutive sections for each subject. The minimum, maximum, median, and average means and standard deviations were calculated over all measurements for each subject. The utility of these measures in the detection of osteoarthritis was evaluated by using logistic regression and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Bonferroni correction was applied to the P values obtained with logistic regression. RESULTS Measurements from IR WURST were found to be significant predicators of all osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence score of 1-4) and early osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence score of 1 or 2). The minimum standard deviation provided the highest AUC (0.83) with the highest accuracy (>78%), sensitivity (>82%), and specificity (>74%) for both all osteoarthritis and early osteoarthritis groups. CONCLUSION Quantitative sodium MR imaging at 7.0 T with fluid suppression by using adiabatic IR is a potential biomarker for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Madelin
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 660 First Ave, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Zobel BB, Vadalà G, Del Vescovo R, Battisti S, Martina FM, Stellato L, Leoncini E, Borthakur A, Denaro V. In response. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:202. [PMID: 23138407 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31827c20e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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139
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Fleysher L, Oesingmann N, Brown R, Sodickson DK, Wiggins GC, Inglese M. Noninvasive quantification of intracellular sodium in human brain using ultrahigh-field MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:9-19. [PMID: 22714793 PMCID: PMC3691850 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In vivo sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures tissue sodium content in living human brain but current methods do not allow noninvasive quantitative assessment of intracellular sodium concentration (ISC) - the most useful marker of tissue viability. In this study, we report the first noninvasive quantitative in vivo measurement of ISC and intracellular sodium volume fraction (ISVF) in healthy human brain, made possible by measuring tissue sodium concentration (TSC) and intracellular sodium molar fraction (ISMF) at ultra-high field MRI. The method uses single-quantum (SQ) and triple-quantum filtered (TQF) imaging at 7 Tesla to separate intra- and extracellular sodium signals and provide quantification of ISMF, ISC and ISVF. This novel method allows noninvasive quantitative measurement of ISC and ISVF, opening many possibilities for structural and functional metabolic studies in healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Fleysher
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Niels Oesingmann
- Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., New York University, New York USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel K. Sodickson
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Graham C. Wiggins
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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140
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Aidas K, Ågren H, Kongsted J, Laaksonen A, Mocci F. A quantum mechanics/molecular dynamics study of electric field gradient fluctuations in the liquid phase. The case of Na+in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:1621-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41993a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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141
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Deligianni X, Bär P, Scheffler K, Trattnig S, Bieri O. High-resolution Fourier-encoded sub-millisecond echo time musculoskeletal imaging at 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2012; 70:1434-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Deligianni
- Division of Radiological Physics; Department of Radiology; University of Basel Hospital; Basel Switzerland
| | - P. Bär
- Siemens Healthcare; Erlangen Germany
| | - K. Scheffler
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center; Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - S. Trattnig
- Department of Radiology; MR Center of Excellence; Medical University Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - O. Bieri
- Division of Radiological Physics; Department of Radiology; University of Basel Hospital; Basel Switzerland
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142
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Total body Na+-depletion without hyponatraemia can trigger overtraining-like symptoms with sleeping disorders and increasing blood pressure: Explorative case and literature study. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:799-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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143
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Lotz JC, Haughton V, Boden SD, An HS, Kang JD, Masuda K, Freemont A, Berven S, Sengupta DK, Tanenbaum L, Maurer P, Ranganathan A, Alavi A, Marinelli NL. New treatments and imaging strategies in degenerative disease of the intervertebral disks. Radiology 2012; 264:6-19. [PMID: 22723559 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients with persistent low back pain and sciatica effectively demonstrates spine anatomy and the relationship of nerve roots and intervertebral disks. Except in cases with nerve root compression, disk extrusion, or central stenosis, conventional anatomic MR images do not help distinguish effectively between painful and nonpainful degenerating disks. Hypoxia, inflammation, innervation, accelerated catabolism, and reduced water and glycosaminoglycan content characterize degenerated disks, the extent of which may distinguish nonpainful from painful ones. Applied to the spine, "functional" imaging techniques such as MR spectroscopy, T1ρ calculation, T2 relaxation time measurement, diffusion quantitative imaging, and radio nucleotide imaging provide measurements of some of these degenerative features. Novel minimally invasive therapies, with injected growth factors or genetic materials, target these processes in the disk and effectively reverse degeneration in controlled laboratory conditions. Functional imaging has applications in clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of these therapies and eventually to select patients for treatment. This report summarizes the biochemical processes in disk degeneration, the application of advanced disk imaging techniques, and the novel biologic therapies that presently have the most clinical promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Lotz
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Noebauer-Huhmann IM, Juras V, Pfirrmann CWA, Szomolanyi P, Zbyn S, Messner A, Wimmer J, Weber M, Friedrich KM, Stelzeneder D, Trattnig S. Sodium MR imaging of the lumbar intervertebral disk at 7 T: correlation with T2 mapping and modified Pfirrmann score at 3 T--preliminary results. Radiology 2012; 265:555-64. [PMID: 22923712 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare sodium imaging of lumbar intervertebral disks in asymptomatic volunteers at 7-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with quantitative T2 mapping and morphologic scoring at 3 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following ethical board approval and informed consent, the L2-3 to L5-S1 disks were examined in 10 asymptomatic volunteers (nine men, one woman; mean age, 30 years; range, 23-43 years). At 7 T, normalized sodium signal-to-noise ratios were calculated, by using region-of-interest analysis. At 3 T, T2 mapping was performed with a multiecho spin-echo sequence (repetition time msec/echo times msec, 1500/24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156). T2 values were calculated over the nucleus, with a pixelwise, monoexponential nonnegative least-squares-fit analysis. Morphologic grading according to a modified Pfirrmann score was assessed independently by three experienced musculoskeletal radiologists, and Pearson correlation analysis of the covariates was performed. RESULTS The mean normalized sodium signal intensity was 275.5±115.4 (standard deviation). The T2 mapping showed a mean value of 89.8 msec±19.34. The median modified Pfirrmann score was 2b (90% had score≤3c). The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a cubic function between sodium imaging and the modified Pfirrmann score, a moderate inverse correlation between T2 mapping and the modified Pfirrmann score (r=-0.62), and no correlation between sodium imaging and T2 mapping (r=0.06). CONCLUSION The results suggest that MR imaging of the intervertebral disk, using sodium imaging and T2 mapping, can help characterize different component changes and that both of these methods are to some degree related to the Pfirrmann score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris-Melanie Noebauer-Huhmann
- MR Centre-High Field MR, Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna/Vienna General Hospital, Waerhringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Part 2: Quantitative proton T2 and sodium magnetic resonance imaging to assess intervertebral disc degeneration in a rabbit model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:E1113-9. [PMID: 22511229 PMCID: PMC3421065 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3182583447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Comparison of sodium concentration ([Na]) and proton T2 relaxation time between normal and degenerated discs in a rabbit model. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was to evaluate quantitative [Na] and T2 characteristics of discs associated with degenerative changes. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Intervertebral disc degeneration is a common chronic condition that may lead to back pain, limited activity, and disability. Noninvasive imaging method to detect early intervertebral disc degeneration is vital to follow disease progression and guide clinical treatment and management. METHODS Dual-tuned magnetic resonance imaging of rabbit discs was performed using 3T. Thirteen rabbits were included in the study; 6 control rabbits (24 normal discs) and 7 rabbits with annular puncture-induced disc degeneration (9 degenerated discs, 19 intact internal-control discs). Dual-tuned magnetic resonance imaging of discs was performed at baseline and 12-week poststab. [Na] and T2 were measured and compared among 3 groups of discs. RESULTS The mean [Na] were 274.8 ± 40.2 mM for the normal discs, 247.2 ± 27.7 mM for the internal-control discs, and 190.6 ± 19.1 mM for the degenerated discs. The corresponding T2 for 3 groups were 97.1 ± 12.1 ms, 93.7 ± 11.9 ms, and 79.0 ± 9.1 ms, respectively. The [Na] is highly correlated with the T2 in the degenerated discs (r = 0.90, P < 0.01). The mean percent decreases from the normal to degenerated discs were in 30.6% in [Na] and 18.6% in T2, whereas those from the internal-control to degenerated discs were 22.9% in [Na] and 15.6% in T2. CONCLUSION Although both [Na] and T2 changes in discs were associated with the disc-punctured rabbits, greater change in [Na] is observed at 12-week poststab compared with T2 change. Because T2 and [Na] reflect different disc properties, performing both imaging under same condition will be helpful in the evaluation of disc degeneration.
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146
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Brown R, Madelin G, Lattanzi R, Chang G, Regatte RR, Sodickson DK, Wiggins GC. Design of a nested eight-channel sodium and four-channel proton coil for 7T knee imaging. Magn Reson Med 2012; 70:259-68. [PMID: 22887123 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The critical design aim for a sodium/proton coil is to maximize sodium sensitivity and transmit field homogeneity while simultaneously providing adequate proton sensitivity and homogeneity. While most dual-frequency coils use lossy high-impedance trap circuits or PIN diodes to allow dual-resonance, we explored a nested-coil design for sodium/proton knee imaging at 7 T. A stand-alone eight-channel sodium receive array was implemented without standard dual-resonance circuitry to provide improved sodium signal-to-noise ratio. A detunable sodium birdcage was added for homogeneous sodium excitation and a four-channel proton transmit-receive array was added to provide anatomical reference imaging and B0 shimming capabilities. Both additional modules were implemented with minimal disturbance to the eight-channel sodium array by managing their respective resonances and geometrical arrangement. In vivo sodium signal-to-noise ratio was 1.2-1.7 times greater in the developed eight-channel array than in a mononuclear sodium birdcage coil, whereas the developed four-channel proton array provided signal-to-noise ratio similar to that of a commercial mononuclear proton birdcage coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brown
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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147
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Jones EF, Schooler J, Miller DC, Drake CR, Wahnishe H, Siddiqui S, Li X, Majumdar S. Characterization of human osteoarthritic cartilage using optical and magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:32-9. [PMID: 21384207 PMCID: PMC3258397 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease starting with key molecular events that ultimately lead to the breakdown of the cartilage. The purpose of this study is to use two imaging methods that are sensitive to molecular and macromolecular changes in OA to better characterize the disease process in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Procedures Human femoral condyles were collected from patients diagnosed with severe OA during total knee replacement surgeries. T1ρ and T2 magnetic resonance measurements were obtained using a 3-Tesla whole body scanner to assess macromolecular changes in the damaged cartilage matrix. Optical imaging was performed on specimens treated with MMPSense 680 to assess the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. A linear regression model was used to assess the correlation of MMP optical data with T1ρ magnetic resonance (MR) measurements. Slices from a representative specimen were removed from regions with high and low optical signals for subsequent histological analysis. Results All specimens exhibit high T1ρ and T2 measurements in the range of 48–75 ms and 36–69 ms, respectively. They also show intense photon signals (0.376 to 7.89 × 10−4 cm2) from the activated MMPSense 680 probe, indicative of high MMP activity. The analysis of variance test of the regression model indicates a positive correlation between the MMP optical signal and T1ρ measurements (R2 = 0.8936, P = 0.0044). Histological data also confirmed that regions with high MMP optical signal and intense T1ρ relaxation exhibit severe clefting, abnormal tidemarks, and irregular cellularity. Conclusions The high T1ρ and T2 measurements suggest that there is a severe loss of proteoglycans with high water mobility in the damaged cartilage. The intense optical signals found in these specimens indicate the presence of active MMPs, and the positive correlation with T1ρ measurements implicates MMP’s involvement in OA progression, characterized by a severe loss of proteoglycans in the cartilage matrix. The bimodal approach using optical and MR imaging may provide key molecular and macromolecular information of the disease pathway, offering insights toward the development of new tools for the early detection, treatment, and/or prevention of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella F Jones
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Molecular and Functional Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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Zbýň S, Stelzeneder D, Welsch GH, Negrin LL, Juras V, Mayerhoefer ME, Szomolanyi P, Bogner W, Domayer SE, Weber M, Trattnig S. Evaluation of native hyaline cartilage and repair tissue after two cartilage repair surgery techniques with 23Na MR imaging at 7 T: initial experience. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:837-45. [PMID: 22548796 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the sodium normalized mean signal intensity (NMSI) values between patients after bone marrow stimulation (BMS) and matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) cartilage repair procedures. METHODS Nine BMS and nine MACT patients were included. Each BMS patient was matched with one MACT patient according to age [BMS 36.7 ± 10.7 (mean ± standard deviation) years; MACT 36.9 ± 10.0 years], postoperative interval (BMS 33.5 ± 25.3 months; MACT 33.2 ± 25.7 months), and defect location. All magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements were performed on a 7 T system. Proton images served for morphological evaluation of repair tissue using the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) scoring system. Sodium NMSI values in the repair area and morphologically normal cartilage were calculated. Clinical outcome was assessed right after MRI. Analysis of covariance, t-tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients were evaluated. RESULTS Sodium NMSI was significantly lower in BMS (P = 0.004) and MACT (P = 0.006) repair tissue, compared to reference cartilage. Sodium NMSI was not different between the reference cartilage in MACT and BMS patients (P = 0.664), however it was significantly higher in MACT than in BMS repair tissue (P = 0.028). Better clinical outcome was observed in BMS than in MACT patients. There was no difference between MOCART scores for MACT and BMS patients (P = 0.915). We did not observe any significant correlation between MOCART score and sodium repair tissue NMSI (r = -0.001; P = 0.996). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and therefore, repair tissue of better quality in MACT than in BMS patients. Sodium imaging might be beneficial in non-invasive evaluation of cartilage repair surgery efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zbýň
- MR Centre-Highfield MR, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna/Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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Zobel BB, Vadalà G, Del Vescovo R, Battisti S, Martina FM, Stellato L, Leoncini E, Borthakur A, Denaro V. T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging quantification of early lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in healthy young adults. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:1224-30. [PMID: 22281486 PMCID: PMC5583725 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31824b2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study using T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of lumbar spine in healthy young adults. OBJECTIVE To evaluate early intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) quantified by T1ρ- and T2-weighted MRI in asymptomatic young adults and to correlate T1ρ value with Pfirrmann degenerative grade, sex, and body mass index (BMI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Intervertebral disc starts early to degenerate losing proteoglycan content in the nucleus pulposus (NP). A potential tool for the study of early stage of IDD is T1ρ MRI. T1ρ relaxation time of human discs has been correlated to proteoglycan content in previous studies. METHODS T1ρ- and T2-weighted images of the lumbar spine were obtained for 63 asymptomatic young subjects (34 men and 29 women; mean age, 22.95 ± 1.8 yr), with a 1.5-T MRI scanner. T1ρ mapping and values in the NP and anulus fibrosus (n = 315) were obtained. Degenerative grade was assessed using T2-weighted images, according to the Pfirrmann scale. Differences in T1ρ value between sexes, BMI, and linear regression analyses with degenerative grade were determined. RESULTS T1ρ values of NPs were significantly higher than those of anulus fibrosus at all levels. T1ρ values were significantly lower in women at L3-L4 and L4-L5 discs (P < 0.05). T1ρ values decreased linearly with degenerative grade. However, nondegenerated discs (Pfirrmann grades 1 and 2) showed a wide range of T1ρ relaxation time. No significant correlation was observed between T1ρ value and BMI. CONCLUSION The data of this study showed a significant difference in IDD onset between sexes. T1ρ values correlate with Pfirrmann degenerative grade in young adults. However, the wide distribution of T1ρ values in healthy intervertebral disc highlights the low sensitivity of Pfirrmann grade to detect the early IDD changes. T1ρ can be potentially used as a clinical tool to identify early IDD and to create a reliable quantitative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Beomonte Zobel
- Department of Radiology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital of Rome, Italy, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vadalà
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital of Rome, Italy, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Del Vescovo
- Department of Radiology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital of Rome, Italy, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Battisti
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital of Rome, Italy, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Maria Martina
- Department of Radiology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital of Rome, Italy, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Stellato
- Department of Radiology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital of Rome, Italy, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Arijitt Borthakur
- CMROI, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital of Rome, Italy, Rome, Rome, Italy
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Advanced MR methods at ultra-high field (7 Tesla) for clinical musculoskeletal applications. Eur Radiol 2012; 22:2338-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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