101
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of atherosclerosis. It is implicated in the formation of early fatty streaks, when the endothelium is activated and expresses chemokines and adhesion molecules leading to monocyte/lymphocyte recruitment and infiltration into the subendothelium. It also acts at the onset of adverse clinical vascular events, when activated cells within the plaque secrete matrix proteases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and weaken the fibrous cap, leading to rupture and thrombus formation. Cells involved in the atherosclerotic process secrete and are activated by soluble factors, known as cytokines. Important recent advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis provided evidence that the immunoinflammatory response in atherosclerosis is modulated by regulatory pathways, in which the two anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β play a critical role. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the role of cytokines in the development, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis. Specific emphasis is placed on the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to pathogenic (innate and adaptive) and regulatory immunity in the context of atherosclerosis. Based on our current knowledge of the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis, we propose some novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. In addition, we discuss the potential of circulating cytokine levels as biomarkers of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Tedgui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 689, Cardiovascular Research Center Lariboisiere, and University Paris 7, Paris, France.
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102
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Abstract
The human immune system mounts specific responses to a vast array of antigens. Although this is clearly beneficial in fighting off harmful infections and cancerous cells, the system must be carefully controlled to ensure that normal self-antigens are not targeted. A recently characterized subset of T cells, identified by their cell surface expression of CD4 and CD25, is critical in regulating the function of other immune cells and preventing potentially harmful autoimmune responses. This article reviews what is currently known about these so-called regulatory T cells and discusses the therapeutic potential of these cells to modulate human immune-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Randolph
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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103
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McHugh RS. Autoimmune Gastritis Is a Well-Defined Autoimmune Disease Model for the Study of CD4+CD25+ T Cell-Mediated Suppression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 293:153-77. [PMID: 15981480 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27702-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is an experimental model that closely resembles human autoimmune gastritis, the underlying pathology of pernicious anemia. Pathogenic CD4+ T cells are reactive to the parietal cell autoantigen, H/K ATPase, and are controlled by CD4+CD25+ T cells in an immunosuppressive cytokine-independent manner. Comparison of CD4+CD25+ T cell-mediated suppression in other autoimmune models shows inconsistencies with respect to requirements of cytokines for immunosuppression. More recent data, however, indicate that the evidence for requirement of IL-10 and TGF-beta could be due to the complex nature of the T cells causing the disease as well as the role of induced regulatory T cell populations. AIG provides a well-defined model that may allow for better analysis of CD4+CD25+ T cell in vivo biology. Evidence from this model indicates that immune responses must be initiated and then CD4+CD25+ T cells are recruited to control the quality of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S McHugh
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, 6001 Wellington, New Zealand.
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104
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Huehn J, Siegmund K, Hamann A. Migration rules: functional properties of naive and effector/memory-like regulatory T cell subsets. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 293:89-114. [PMID: 15981477 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27702-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor T cells were first described in the early 1970s, but since the hypothetical soluble suppressor factor could not be identified on a molecular level and since appropriate cellular markers were lacking, the suppressor T cell concept vanished for a long time. The discovery by Sakaguchi and co-workers, that the adoptive transfer of CD25+CD4+ -depleted T cells induced several organ-specific autoimmune diseases in immunodeficient recipients, put the suppressor T cell model back into the focus of many immunologists. CD25+CD4+ T cells were named regulatory T cells (Treg) and since then have been intensively characterized by many groups. It has now been well documented in a variety of models that CD25+CD4+ Tregs, in addition to cell-intrinsic peripheral tolerance mechanisms such as anergy induction and peripheral deletion, play indispensable roles in the maintenance of natural self-tolerance, in averting autoimmune responses as well as in controlling inflammatory reactions. However, a number of fundamental questions concerning their origin, mechanism of action, and the sites of suppression remain elusive and are currently a matter of debate. Notably, the potential heterogeneity of Tregs with respect to phenotype and function deserves attention and is a major issue discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huehn
- Exp. Rheumatology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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105
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Hoffmann P, Ermann J, Edinger M. CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 293:265-85. [PMID: 15981484 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27702-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is a well-established treatment modality for malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. High-dose radio- and/or chemotherapy eradicate the hematopoietic system of the patient and induce sufficient immunosuppression to enable donor stem cell engraftment. The replacement of the recipient's immune system with that of the donor significantly contributes to the success of this treatment, since donor immune cells facilitate stem cell engraftment, provide protection from infections, and eliminate residual malignant or nonmalignant host hematopoiesis, thereby protecting from disease relapse in patients transplanted for leukemia or lymphoma (graft-versus-leukemia effect, GVL). Mediators of these beneficial effects are mature T cells within the stem cell graft. However, donor T cells can also attack host tissues and induce a life-threatening syndrome called graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The challenge of allogeneic SCT is to find a balance between beneficial and harmful T cell effects, which at present is only insufficiently achieved by the use of immunosuppressive drugs. In the future, it might be possible to replace or support such medications by using the intrinsic regulatory capacity of the transplanted immune system, as represented by T cell subpopulations with suppressive activity, such as CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. In various mouse model systems, these cells have been shown to suppress GVHD while preserving the GVL effect. As the characterization of their human counterparts is rapidly progressing, their application in allogeneic SCT might soon be explored in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hoffmann
- Institute of Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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106
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Vahlenkamp TW, Tompkins MB, Tompkins WAF. The role of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in viral infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:219-25. [PMID: 16126280 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many virus infections result in the suppression of one or more functions of the immune system. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain viral-induced immunosuppression, including an imbalance in the cellular Th1/Th2 or cytokine profile, induction of anergy, depletion of effector cells and most recently the activation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (T reg) cells. CD4+CD25+ T reg cells are a subset of circulating CD4+ T cells with suppressive properties. CD4+CD25+ T reg cells were first identified in mice as cells capable of maintaining self-tolerance by suppressing autoreactive T cells. This review focuses on interactions between CD4+CD25+ T reg cells and viral pathogens. Most cases in which CD4+CD25+ T reg cells participate in response to infection reported so far involve chronic or persistent viral infections. Examples have been growing recently and include members of different viral families including retroviridae, herpesviridae and picornaviridae. It is currently not known how microbes are recognized by CD4+CD25+ T reg cells and whether exoantigen-specific T reg cells are of the same lineage as self-reacting natural T reg cells or represent peripherally induced counterparts derived from CD4+CD25- T cells. The findings that T reg cells influence the functional immunity during viral infections, however, might indicate that, in some cases, virus-specific T reg cells not only influence immune pathology or prevent pathogen elimination but also can promote a generalized state of immunosuppression in vivo such that the host is more susceptible to secondary infections with other pathogens or has reduced resistance to tumors. Conceivably, the activities of T reg cells might be one of the contributing reasons why it has been difficult so far to produce effective vaccines against some persisting viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Vahlenkamp
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Boddenblick 5a, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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107
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Chattopadhyay S, Chakraborty NG, Mukherji B. Regulatory T cells and tumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1153-61. [PMID: 15868167 PMCID: PMC11034277 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Central deletion of "self-reactive" T cells has been the textbook paradigm for inducing "self-tolerance" in the periphery and the concept of a role of T cell-mediated suppression in this process has long been controversial. A decisive shift in the opinion on suppressor T cells has lately occurred with the observations of Sakaguchi's group that linked a class of CD4+CD25+ T cells to the prevention of autoimmunity from neonatal thymectomy in mice. These CD4+CD25+ T cells have been named T regulatory (Treg) cells. They are believed to be selected in the thymus as an anti-self repertoire. Hence they were referred to as natural T regulatory (nTreg) cells. Presently, in addition to their role in autoimmunity, they are believed to exert regulatory function in infection, in transplantation immunity as well as in tumor immunity. In contrast to these nTreg cells, another class of CD4+ Treg cells also exercises regulatory function in the periphery. These Treg cells are also CD4+ T cells and after activation they also become phenotypically CD4+CD25+. They are, however induced in the periphery as Treg cells. Hence, they are termed as induced Treg (iTreg) cells. There are major differences in the biology of these two types of Treg cells. They differ in their requirements for activation and in their mode of action. Nonetheless, evidence indicates that both nTreg cells and iTreg cells are involved in the control of tumor immunity. The question of how to circumvent their regulatory constraints, therefore, has become a major challenge for tumor immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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108
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Kullberg MC, Hay V, Cheever AW, Mamura M, Sher A, Letterio JJ, Shevach EM, Piccirillo CA. TGF-beta1 production by CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells is not essential for suppression of intestinal inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2886-95. [PMID: 16180248 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are potent suppressors of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and inhibit several organ-specific autoimmune diseases. While most in vitro studies suggest that CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells adopt a cytokine-independent but cell contact-dependent mode of T cell regulation, their precise mechanism of suppression in vivo remains largely unknown. Here we examine the functional contribution of Treg cell-derived TGF-beta1 and effector T cell responsiveness to TGF-beta in CD4+ CD25+ T cell-mediated suppression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We show that CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells from either TGF-beta1+/+ or neonatal TGF-beta1-/- mice can suppress the incidence and severity of IBD as well as colonic IFN-gamma mRNA expression induced by WT CD4+ CD25- effector T cells. Furthermore, TGF-beta-resistant Smad3-/- CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells are equivalent to WT Treg cells in their capacity to suppress disease induced by either WT or Smad3-/- CD4+ CD25- effector T cells. Finally, anti-TGF-beta treatment exacerbates the colitogenic potential of CD4+ CD25- effector T cells in the absence of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells. Together, these data demonstrate that in certain situations CD4+ CD25+ T cells are able to suppress intestinal inflammation by a mechanism not requiring Treg cell-derived TGF-beta1 or effector T cell/Treg cell responsiveness to TGF-beta via Smad3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika C Kullberg
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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109
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Huang X, Zhu J, Yang Y. Protection against autoimmunity in nonlymphopenic hosts by CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells is antigen-specific and requires IL-10 and TGF-beta. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4283-91. [PMID: 16177068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (T(Reg)) play a critical role in the control of autoimmunity. However, little is known about how T(Reg) suppress self-reactive T cells in vivo, thus limiting the development of T(Reg)-based therapy for treating autoimmune diseases. This is in large part due to the dependency on a state of lymphopenia to demonstrate T(Reg)-mediated suppression in vivo and the unknown Ag specificity of T(Reg) in most experimental models. Using a nonlymphopenic model of autoimmune pneumonitis and T(Reg) with known Ag specificity, in this study we demonstrated that these T(Reg) can actively suppress activation of self-reactive T cells and protect mice from fatal autoimmune pneumonitis. The protection required T(Reg) with the same Ag specificity as the self-reactive T cells and depended on IL-10 and TGF-beta. These results suggest that suppression of autoimmunity by T(Reg) in vivo consists of multiple layers of regulation and advocate for a strategy involving Ag-specific T(Reg) for treating organ-specific autoimmunity, because they do not cause generalized immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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110
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Kearley J, Barker JE, Robinson DS, Lloyd CM. Resolution of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity after in vivo transfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is interleukin 10 dependent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:1539-47. [PMID: 16314435 PMCID: PMC1350743 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Deficient suppression of T cell responses to allergen by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells has been observed in patients with allergic disease. Our current experiments used a mouse model of airway inflammation to examine the suppressive activity of allergen-specific CD4+CD25+ T cells in vivo. Transfer of ovalbumin (OVA) peptide-specific CD4+CD25+ T cells to OVA-sensitized mice reduced airway hyperreactivity (AHR), recruitment of eosinophils, and T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine expression in the lung after allergen challenge. This suppression was dependent on interleukin (IL) 10 because increased lung expression of IL-10 was detected after transfer of CD4+CD25+ T cells, and regulation was reversed by anti-IL-10R antibody. However, suppression of AHR, airway inflammation, and increased expression of IL-10 were still observed when CD4+CD25+ T cells from IL-10 gene-deficient mice were transferred. Intracellular cytokine staining confirmed that transfer of CD4+CD25+ T cells induced IL-10 expression in recipient CD4+ T cells, but no increase in IL-10 expression was detected in airway macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells. These data suggest that CD4+CD25+ T cells can suppress the Th2 cell-driven response to allergen in vivo by an IL-10-dependent mechanism but that IL-10 production by the regulatory T cells themselves is not required for such suppression.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/therapy
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kearley
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, England, UK
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111
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Bellinghausen I, König B, Böttcher I, Knop J, Saloga J. Regulatory activity of human CD4 CD25 T cells depends on allergen concentration, type of allergen and atopy status of the donor. Immunology 2005; 116:103-11. [PMID: 16108822 PMCID: PMC1802407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3-positive T cells (Treg) are functional in most atopic patients with allergic rhinitis and are able to inhibit T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine production of CD4+ CD25- T cells. This study was designed to analyse the following additional aspects: influence of allergen concentration, influence of the type of allergen, and influence of the atopy status of the donor on the strength of the regulatory activity. CD4+ CD25- T cells from healthy non-atopic controls or from grass-pollen-allergic or wasp-venom-allergic donors were stimulated alone or in the presence of Treg with autologous mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells which were pulsed with different concentrations of the respective allergens. Treg from grass-pollen-allergic donors failed to inhibit proliferation but not cytokine production of CD4+ CD25- T cells at high antigen doses while Treg from non-atopic donors did not fail at these allergen concentrations. Proliferative responses and cytokine production of CD4+ CD25- T cells from most of the examined wasp-venom-allergic patients were not inhibited at any concentration of wasp venom. The use of wasp venom- or phospholipase A2-pulsed dendritic cells for stimulation of CD4+ CD25- T cells from donors who were not allergic to wasp stings only resulted in an inhibited proliferation and Th2 cytokine production by Treg at 10-fold lower than the optimal concentration, while interferon-gamma production was inhibited at all concentrations investigated. These data demonstrate that in allergic diseases the function of Treg is dependent on the concentration and the type of the respective allergen with different thresholds for individual allergens and patients.
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112
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DiPaolo RJ, Glass DD, Bijwaard KE, Shevach EM. CD4+CD25+ T Cells Prevent the Development of Organ-Specific Autoimmune Disease by Inhibiting the Differentiation of Autoreactive Effector T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:7135-42. [PMID: 16301616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic-derived, naturally occurring, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (nTreg) are potent suppressors of immune responses. A detailed understanding of which components of the development and activation of pathogenic effector T cells are inhibited by nTreg during the course of T cell-mediated, organ-specific autoimmunity is as yet unknown. We have analyzed the effects of polyclonal nTreg on the development of autoimmune gastritis. The nTreg inhibited the development of disease, but failed to inhibit the migration of effector cells into the gastric lymph node or stomach. Notably, nTreg did not inhibit the expansion of autoreactive T cells in the gastric lymph node. The primary effect of nTreg appeared to be inhibition of differentiation of autoantigen-specific T cells to Th1 effector cells, as reflected by a decrease in Ag-stimulated IFN-gamma production and a reduction in T-bet expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J DiPaolo
- Section of Cellular Immunology, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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113
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114
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Buer J, Westendorf AM, Zeng AP, He F, Hansen W, Probst-Kepper M. Mechanisms of Central and Peripheral T-Cell Tolerance: An Update. Transfus Med Hemother 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000089128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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115
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Rutella S, Danese S, Leone G. Regulatory T cells for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases: from the bench to the bedside. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.11.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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116
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Abstract
Immunological tolerance is one of the fundamental concepts of the immune system. During the past decade, CD4+CD25+-regulatory T cells have emerged as key players in the development of tolerance to autoantigens as well as to foreign antigens. Still many questions remain illusive regarding the basic properties of CD4+CD25+-regulatory T cells. This review aims to recapitulate some of the current understandings about the phenotype, function and clinical relevance of murine and human CD4+CD25+-regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wing
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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117
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Verginis P, Li HS, Carayanniotis G. Tolerogenic semimature dendritic cells suppress experimental autoimmune thyroiditis by activation of thyroglobulin-specific CD4+CD25+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7433-9. [PMID: 15905592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo treatment of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) with TNF-alpha has been previously shown to induce partial maturation of DCs that are able to suppress autoimmunity. In this study, we demonstrate that i.v. administration of TNF-alpha-treated, semimature DCs pulsed with thyrogloblin (Tg), but not with OVA Ag, inhibits the subsequent development of Tg-induced experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in CBA/J mice. This protocol activates CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in vivo, which secrete IL-10 upon specific recognition of Tg in vitro and express regulatory T cell (Treg)-associated markers such as glucocorticoid-induced TNFR, CTLA-4, and Foxp3. These CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells suppressed the proliferation and cytokine release of Tg-specific, CD4(+)CD25(-) effector cells in vitro, in an IL-10-independent, cell contact-dependent manner. Prior adoptive transfer of the same CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells into CBA/J hosts suppressed Tg-induced EAT. These results demonstrate that the tolerogenic potential of Tg-pulsed, semimature DCs in EAT is likely to be mediated through the selective activation of Tg-specific CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells and provide new insights for the study of Ag-specific immunoregulation of autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Female
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thyroglobulin/immunology
- Thyroglobulin/pharmacology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis Verginis
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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118
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Abstract
Although T-cell clones bearing T-cell receptors with high affinity for self-peptide major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products are generally eliminated in the thymus (recessive tolerance), the peripheral T-cell repertoire remains strongly biased toward self-peptide MHC complexes and includes autoreactive T cells. A search for peripheral T cells that might exert dominant inhibitory effects on autoreactivity has implicated a subpopulation of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells called regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we discuss the role of cytokines and costimulatory molecules in the generation, maintenance, and function of Tregs. We also summarize evidence for the involvement of Tregs in controlling autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Last, we discuss our recent definition of the potential role of B7 expressed on activated T-effector cells as a target molecule for Treg-dependent suppression. These observations suggest that the engagement of B7 on effector T cells transmits an inhibitory signal that blocks or attenuates effector T-cell function. We restrict our comments to the suppression mediated by cells within the CD4 lineage; the impact of the cells within the CD8 lineage that may suppress via engagement of Qa-1 on effector T cells is not addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Paust
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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119
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Maerten P, Shen C, Bullens DMA, Van Assche G, Van Gool S, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P, Ceuppens JL. Effects of interleukin 4 on CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cell function. J Autoimmun 2005; 25:112-20. [PMID: 16051465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance against self and non-self. The modulatory effects of cytokines, such as interleukin 4 (IL-4) on the function of Tregs have not been explored in detail. We here report that IL-4 prevents spontaneous apoptosis and the decline of foxp3 mRNA which were found to occur during culture of isolated Tregs. Tregs exposed to IL-4 were more potent in suppressing the proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells and they better inhibited IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T cells as compared to Tregs cultured in medium. IL-4 also enhanced membrane IL-2Ralpha (CD25) expression on Tregs above the levels observed on freshly isolated cells. IL-4-mediated effects on Treg function persisted in Tregs from Stat6-/- mice, pointing to a Stat6-independent intracellular transduction pathway. In conclusion, our data suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of IL-4 could partly be mediated by effects on Tregs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Maerten
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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120
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Brusko TM, Wasserfall CH, Agarwal A, Kapturczak MH, Atkinson MA. An integral role for heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in maintaining peripheral tolerance by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5181-6. [PMID: 15843512 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, a great deal of interest and attention has been directed toward a population of regulatory T cells (Treg) coexpressing the markers CD4 and CD25. The hallmark phenotype of this cell population resides in its ability to dominantly maintain peripheral tolerance and avert autoimmunity. Despite robust research interest in Treg, their mechanism of action and interaction with other cell populations providing immune regulation remains unclear. In this study, we present a model for Treg activity that implicates carbon monoxide, a by-product of heme oxygenase-1 activity, as an important and underappreciated facet in the suppressive capacity of Treg. Our hypothesis is based on recent evidence supporting a role for heme oxygenase-1 in regulating immune reactivity and posit carbon monoxide to function as a suppressive molecule. Potential roles for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, costimulatory molecules, and cytokines in tolerance induction are also presented. This model, if validated, could act as a catalyst for new investigations into Treg function and ultimately result in novel methods to modulate Treg biology toward therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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121
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Piccirillo CA, Tritt M, Sgouroudis E, Albanese A, Pyzik M, Hay V. Control of Type 1 Autoimmune Diabetes by Naturally Occurring CD4+CD25+Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Neonatal NOD Mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1051:72-87. [PMID: 16126946 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice serve as a model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes (T1D), a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease leading to the destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta islet cells. A possible deficiency in regulatory T (T(reg)) cell development or function may promote the activation, expansion, and recruitment of autoreactive T cells and the onset of T1D. Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) (nT(reg)) cells, which typically display potent inhibitory effects on T cell functions in vitro and in vivo, may be defective at controlling autoimmunity in T1D. We have examined the relative contribution of CD4(+)CD25(+) nT(reg) cells in the immune regulation of T1D in the NOD mouse model. CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells represent 5-10% of CD4(+) thymocytes or peripheral T cells from prediabetic neonatal NOD mice, are anergic to TCR signals, and potently suppress activated T cells in a contact-dependent and cytokine-independent fashion in vitro. Unlike total CD4(+) T cells, prediabetic CD25(+)-depleted CD4(+) T cells are potently diabetogenic when transferred in immunodeficient NOD mice. Co-transfer of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from thymocytes or peripheral lymphoid tissues of neonatal NOD mice dramatically halts disease development and beta-islet cell lymphocytic infiltration, even when T1D is induced by CD4(+) T cells from BDC2.5 transgenic or diabetic NOD mice. Finally, we show that CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) preferentially accumulate in inflamed pancreatic environments, where they potently inhibit the antigen-specific expansion and cytokine effector functions of diabetogenic T cells. Thus, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell-mediated regulation is operative in the prediabetic neonatal T cell repertoire and can suppress the diabetogenic process and control the onset of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Piccirillo
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Room 408, Lyman Duff Medical Building, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
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122
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Abstract
Mechanisms of immunosuppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor T cells have been addressed using many in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, those studies have not yielded a single mode of action. This review will discuss the mechanisms of suppression, which include the local secretion of cytokines such as TGF-beta and direct cell contact through binding of cell surface molecules such as CTLA-4 on suppressor T cells to CD80 and CD86 molecules on effector T cells. Suppression requires the appropriate colocalization of suppressor and effector T cells in different tissue and may involve the interference with T cell receptor signaling that triggers transcription factors important in regulating effector cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald von Boehmer
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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123
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Sánchez-Fueyo A. [Immunological tolerance and liver transplantation]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2005; 28:250-6. [PMID: 15811269 DOI: 10.1157/13073096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The induction of tolerance to allografts has traditionally been one of the basic aims of transplantation research. Multiple data obtained in experimental models indicate that the outcome of transplantation (rejection versus acceptance/tolerance) depends on the balance between allo-reactive cytopathic lymphocytes and immunoregulatory lymphocytes. Thus, most tolerance-inducing treatments aim to reduce the number of allo-aggressive lymphocytes and, at the same time, to increase the population of regulatory lymphocytes, which ensure graft viability once drug therapy has been withdrawn. Liver allografts are singular in that they are accepted without the need for treatment in most experimental models. Likewise, in humans, liver grafts also show a lower susceptibility to rejection than any other organ and immunosuppressive treatment can be completely eliminated in approximately 25% of recipients. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the tolerogenic properties of the liver. Notable among these are the effects derived from the large number of passing leukocytes present in the liver and its peculiar anatomy that maximizes contact among blood lymphocytes and liver cells with tolerogenic potential. Although there are many cases of tolerance in human allograft recipients, therapeutic strategies that would allow predictable tolerance induction and without a high risk of adverse affects are still lacking. Therefore, most studies in humans have traditionally aimed to minimize doses of immunosuppressive drugs rather than eliminate them. However, recent results in preclinical models and pilot studies indicate that therapeutic protocols for tolerance induction may become available in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez-Fueyo
- Instituto de Enfermedades Digestivas, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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124
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Hawrylowicz CM, O'Garra A. Potential role of interleukin-10-secreting regulatory T cells in allergy and asthma. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:271-83. [PMID: 15775993 DOI: 10.1038/nri1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are caused by aberrant T-helper-2 immune responses in susceptible individuals. Both naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells and inducible populations of antigen-specific interleukin-10-secreting regulatory T cells inhibit these inappropriate immune responses in experimental models. This article discusses the evidence that regulatory T-cell function might be impaired in allergic and asthmatic disease and that certain therapeutic regimens might function, at least in part, to promote regulatory T-cell generation. Current research strategies seek to exploit these observations to improve the generation of allergen-specific regulatory T-cell populations with the potential to provide the safe and long-term alleviation of disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hawrylowicz
- Department of Asthma, Allergy & Respiratory Science, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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125
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Gad M, Kristensen NN, Kury E, Claesson MH. Characterization of T-regulatory cells, induced by immature dendritic cells, which inhibit enteroantigen-reactive colitis-inducing T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Immunology 2005; 113:499-508. [PMID: 15554928 PMCID: PMC1782604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, derived from co-cultures of unfractionated CD4(+) T cells and immature dendritic cells (DC), suppress enteroantigen-induced proliferation of CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells. The DC-induced Treg cells are a mixture of CD25(+) (10-20%) and CD25(-) (80-90%) T cells. However, all the suppressor activity in vitro and in vivo resides in the CD25(+) T-cell subset. The CD25(+) DC-induced Treg cells can inhibit enteroantigen-induced proliferation in vitro through a transwell membrane, and their function does not appear to depend on previous activation. DC-induced CD25(+) Treg cells display a naive phenotype, expressing high levels of CD45RB and l-selectin (CD62L). In addition, the DC-induced Treg cells mediate a stronger suppressive activity than prototype CD25(+) regulatory T cells. The DC-induced Treg cells, and hereof purified CD25(+) and CD25(-) T-cell fractions, were co-injected into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with colitis-inducing CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells. Both unfractionated CD4(+) and purified CD25(+) Treg cells fully protected the recipients against the development of colitis. In contrast, co-transfer of fractionated CD25(-) T cells offered no protection against disease development. Enterobacterial antigen-exposed CD4(+) T cells of the protected mice secreted higher levels of interleukin-10 and lower levels of interferon-gamma than the unprotected mice. The present data demonstrate DC-induced CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells, which phenotypically and functionally differ from the generally accepted prototype of CD25(+) Treg cells. These data may initiate new procedures for the expansion of Treg cells for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gad
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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126
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Abstract
Recent years have seen Tregs become a popular subject of immunological research. Abundant experimental data have now confirmed that naturally occurring CD25+CD4+ Tregs in particular play a key role in the maintenance of self tolerance, with their dysfunction leading to severe or even fatal immunopathology. The sphere of influence of Tregs is now known to extend well beyond just the maintenance of immunological tolerance and to impinge on a host of clinically important areas from cancer to infectious diseases. The identification of specific molecular markers in both human and murine immune systems has enabled the unprecedented investigation of these cells and should prove key to ultimately unlocking their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Fehérvari
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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127
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Wraith DC, Nicolson KS, Whitley NT. Regulatory CD4+ T cells and the control of autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16:695-701. [PMID: 15511660 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a delicately balanced network of interacting cells. In recent years, the concept of immune regulation/suppression has been firmly established, and both natural and induced regulatory cells play vital roles in protection from autoimmune disease. Recent work has revealed the diverse nature of regulatory CD4+ T (Treg) cells and the molecules involved in their function. Innate and adaptive responses to infection are able to override the suppressive properties of such regulatory cells, whereas several reports point to deficiencies in regulatory cell function in autoimmune disease. Protocols have been developed that allow the expansion of Treg cells in vitro and their antigen-specific induction in vivo. A full understanding of Treg differentiation and function will facilitate the development of improved strategies for prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Wraith
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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128
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129
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Roers A, Siewe L, Strittmatter E, Deckert M, Schlüter D, Stenzel W, Gruber AD, Krieg T, Rajewsky K, Müller W. T cell-specific inactivation of the interleukin 10 gene in mice results in enhanced T cell responses but normal innate responses to lipopolysaccharide or skin irritation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:1289-97. [PMID: 15534372 PMCID: PMC2211912 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is a regulator of inflammatory responses and is secreted by a variety of different cell types including T cells. T regulatory cells have been shown to suppress immune responses by IL-10-dependent, but also IL-10-independent, mechanisms. Herein, we address the role of T cell-derived IL-10 in mice with an inactivation of the IL-10 gene restricted to T cells generated by Cre/loxP-mediated targeting of the IL-10 gene. Splenocytes from this T cell-specific mutant secrete increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines after activation in vitro compared with show enhanced contact hypersensitivity reactions, and succumb to severe immunopathology upon infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Despite intact IL-10 genes in other cell types, the dysregulation of T cell responses observed in the T cell-specific IL-10 mutant closely resembles the phenotype in complete IL-10 deficiency. However, in contrast to complete IL-10 deficiency, sensitivity to endotoxic shock and irritant responses of the skin are not enhanced in the T cell-specific IL-10 mutant. Our data highlight the importance of T cell-derived IL-10 in the regulation of T cell responses and demonstrate that endotoxic shock and the irritant response of the skin are controlled by IL-10 from other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Roers
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Josef Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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130
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O'Garra A, Vieira PL, Vieira P, Goldfeld AE. IL-10-producing and naturally occurring CD4+ Tregs: limiting collateral damage. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1372-8. [PMID: 15545984 PMCID: PMC525746 DOI: 10.1172/jci23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective immune responses against pathogens are sometimes accompanied by strong inflammatory reactions. To minimize damage to self, the activation of the immune system also triggers anti-inflammatory circuits. Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions are normal components of the same immune response, which coordinately fight infections while preventing immune pathology. IL-10 is an important suppressive cytokine, produced by a large number of immune cells in addition to the antigen-driven IL-10-producing regulatory and the naturally occurring suppressor CD4+ T cells, which is a key player in anti-inflammatory immune responses. However, additional mechanisms have evolved to ensure that pathogen eradication is achieved with minimum damage to the host. Here we discuss those mechanisms that operate to regulate effector immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O'Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
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131
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez-Fueyo
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August PiSunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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132
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Abstract
Recent years have seen Tregs become a popular subject of immunological research. Abundant experimental data have now confirmed that naturally occurring CD25+CD4+ Tregs in particular play a key role in the maintenance of self tolerance, with their dysfunction leading to severe or even fatal immunopathology. The sphere of influence of Tregs is now known to extend well beyond just the maintenance of immunological tolerance and to impinge on a host of clinically important areas from cancer to infectious diseases. The identification of specific molecular markers in both human and murine immune systems has enabled the unprecedented investigation of these cells and should prove key to ultimately unlocking their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Fehérvari
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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133
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Abstract
The induction and maintenance of immune tolerance to transplanted tissues constitute an active process involving multiple mechanisms that work cooperatively to prevent graft rejection. These mechanisms are similar to inherent tolerance toward self antigens and have a requirement for active immunoregulation, largely T cell mediated, that promotes specific unresponsiveness to donor alloantigens. This review outlines our current understanding of the Treg subsets that contribute to allotolerance and the mechanisms by which these cells exert their effects as well as their potential for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Walsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6144, USA
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134
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Abstract
The immune system evolved to protect the host against the attack of foreign, potentially pathogenic, microorganisms. It does so by recognizing antigens expressed by those microorganisms and mounting an immune response against all cells expressing them, with the ultimate aim of their elimination. Various mechanisms have been reported to control and regulate the immune system to prevent or minimize reactivity to self-antigens or an overexuberant response to a pathogen, both of which can result in damage to the host. Deletion of autoreactive cells during T- and B-cell development allows the immune system to be tolerant of most self-antigens. Peripheral tolerance to self was suggested several years ago to result from the induction of anergy in peripheral self-reactive lymphocytes. More recently, however, it has become clear that avoidance of damage to the host is also achieved by active suppression mediated by regulatory T (T(reg)) cell populations. We discuss here the varied mechanisms used by T(reg) cells to suppress the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O'Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, The National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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135
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases afflict approximately 5% of the population and reflect a failure in the immune system to discriminate between self and non-self resulting in the breakdown of self-tolerance. Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells (Treg cells) have been shown to play an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and self-tolerance by counteracting the development and effector functions of potentially autoreactive T cells. We have in the previous APMIS review described the phenotype and physiology of Treg cells. The present overview deals with the thymic origin of Treg cells and their role in disease models such as autoimmune gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, we will consider some aspects of the therapeutic potential of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Nielsen
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Medical Anatomy, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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136
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Piccirillo CA, Thornton AM. Cornerstone of peripheral tolerance: naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:374-80. [PMID: 15207505 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Host Resistance Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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137
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Sakaguchi S. Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22:531-62. [PMID: 15032588 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2521] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells, the majority of which express CD25, are engaged in dominant control of self-reactive T cells, contributing to the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance. Their depletion or functional alteration leads to the development of autoimmune disease in otherwise normal animals. The majority, if not all, of such CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells are produced by the normal thymus as a functionally distinct and mature subpopulation of T cells. Their repertoire of antigen specificities is as broad as that of naive T cells, and they are capable of recognizing both self and nonself antigens, thus enabling them to control various immune responses. In addition to antigen recognition, signals through various accessory molecules and via cytokines control their activation, expansion, and survival, and tune their suppressive activity. Furthermore, the generation of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells in the immune system is at least in part developmentally and genetically controlled. Genetic defects that primarily affect their development or function can indeed be a primary cause of autoimmune and other inflammatory disorders in humans. Based on recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of this T cell-mediated immune regulation, this review discusses how naturally arising CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of various immune responses, and how they can be exploited to prevent and treat autoimmune disease, allergy, cancer, and chronic infection, or establish donor-specific transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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138
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Beilharz MW, Sammels LM, Paun A, Shaw K, van Eeden P, Watson MW, Ashdown ML. Timed ablation of regulatory CD4+ T cells can prevent murine AIDS progression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4917-25. [PMID: 15067071 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe successful immunotherapy of murine AIDS (MAIDS) in C57BL/6J mice based on the elimination of replicating CD4(+) regulator T cells. We demonstrate that a single injection of the antimitotic drug vinblastine (Vb) given 14 days postinfection (p.i.) with LP-BM5 can prevent MAIDS progression. Treatment with anti-CD4 mAb at 14 days p.i. is similarly able to prevent MAIDS. Treatment at other time points with Vb or anti-CD4 mAb is ineffective. The effect is based on ablation of a replicating dominantly suppressive CD4(+) T cell population, as indicated by adoptive transfer and in vivo depletion experiments using mAbs against CD4 as well as combinations of mAbs against the known regulatory cell surface markers CD25, GITR, and CTLA-4. Cell surface marker analysis shows a population of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells arising shortly before day 14 p.i. Cytokine analyses show a peak in IL-10 production from day 12 to day 16 p.i. MAIDS-infected mice also have CD4(+) T cells with significantly higher expression levels of CD38 and particularly CD69, which have been demonstrated to be regulator T cell markers in the Friend retroviral model. The immunotherapy appears to prevent disease progression, although no protection against reinfection with LP-BM5 is generated. These data define a new therapy for murine retroviral infection, which has potential for use in other diseases where T regulator cell-mediated immunosuppression plays a role in the disease process.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Disease Progression
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Female
- Growth Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Growth Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy
- Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Vinblastine/administration & dosage
- Vinblastine/therapeutic use
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred W Beilharz
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
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139
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Paust S, Lu L, McCarty N, Cantor H. Engagement of B7 on effector T cells by regulatory T cells prevents autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10398-403. [PMID: 15235129 PMCID: PMC478583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403342101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is considerable evidence that a subpopulation of regulatory CD4(+)CD25+ T cells can suppress the response of autoreactive T cells, the underlying molecular mechanism is not understood. We find that transmission of a suppressive signal by CD4CD25+ regulatory cells requires engagement of the B7 molecule expressed on target T cells. The response of T cells from B7-deficient mice is resistant to suppression in vitro, and these cells provoke a lethal wasting disease in lymphopenic mice despite the presence of regulatory T cells. Susceptibility of B7-deficient cells to suppression is restored by lentiviral-based expression of full-length, but not truncated, B7 lacking a transmembrane/cytoplasmic domain. Because expression of these B7 truncation mutants restores CD28-dependent costimulatory activity, these findings that indicate B7-based transmission of suppressive activity suggest new approaches to modifying autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Paust
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, SM 722, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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140
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Vieira PL, Christensen JR, Minaee S, O'Neill EJ, Barrat FJ, Boonstra A, Barthlott T, Stockinger B, Wraith DC, O'Garra A. IL-10-Secreting Regulatory T Cells Do Not Express Foxp3 but Have Comparable Regulatory Function to Naturally Occurring CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5986-93. [PMID: 15128781 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (T(Reg)) control immune responses to self and nonself Ags. The relationship between Ag-driven IL-10-secreting T(Reg) (IL-10-T(Reg)) and naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) T(Reg) is as yet unclear. We show that mouse IL-10-T(Reg) obtained using either in vitro or in vivo regimens of antigenic stimulation did not express the CD4(+)CD25(+) T(Reg)-associated transcription factor Foxp3. However, despite the absence of Foxp3 expression, homogeneous populations of IL-10-T(Reg) inhibited the in vitro proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells with a similar efficiency to that of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(Reg). This inhibition of T cell proliferation by IL-10-T(Reg) was achieved through an IL-10-independent mechanism as seen for CD4(+)CD25(+) T(Reg) and was overcome by exogenous IL-2. Both IL-10-T(Reg) and CD4(+)CD25(+) T(Reg) were similar in that they produced little to no IL-2. These data show that Foxp3 expression is not a prerequisite for IL-10-T(Reg) activity in vitro or in vivo, and suggest that IL-10-T(Reg) and naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) T(Reg) may have distinct origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Vieira
- Division of Immunoregulation, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
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141
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Ou LS, Goleva E, Hall C, Leung DYM. T regulatory cells in atopic dermatitis and subversion of their activity by superantigens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:756-63. [PMID: 15100684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.01.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving colonization by superantigen (SAg)-secreting Staphylococcus aureus. CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are thought to play an important role in controlling inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVE In this study we examined whether Treg cells might be deficient in patients with AD. METHODS CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- T cells were isolated from PBMCs by using immunomagnetic beads. Cells were cultured with anti-CD3 or SAg, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), for 72 hours. Proliferation was measured by means of tritiated thymidine incorporation. CD4, CD8, CD25, and cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen expression on PBMCs was assessed by means of flow cytometry. RNA was extracted from isolated subsets of T cells, and the results of real-time PCR for FoxP3 mRNA were determined. RESULTS Surprisingly, CD4+CD25+ T cells were significantly (P <.01) increased in patients with AD (6.68%+/-0.99%, n=15) compared with in asthmatic patients (3.42%+/-0.58%, n=12) or nonatopic healthy control subjects (3.34%+/-0.43%, n=14). Patients with AD also had a higher expression of CD25+ in skin-homing, CD4+, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-positive T cells than asthmatic and nonatopic subjects, with values of 35.95% versus 22.44% versus 23.03%, respectively (P <.006). Only CD4+CD25+ cells expressed FoxP3, whereas CD4+CD25- T cells and CD4- cells did not. Consistent with known properties of Treg cells, CD4+CD25+ cells were anergic to anti-CD3 stimulation. When CD4+CD25+ cells from each study group were mixed with CD4+CD25- cells, proliferative responses were equally suppressed after anti-CD3 stimulation. In contrast, after SEB stimulation, CD4+CD25+ cells were no longer anergic. Furthermore, when CD4+CD25+ cells were mixed with CD4+CD25- cells and stimulated with SEB, the suppressive function of Treg cells was reversed. CONCLUSION Patients with AD have significantly increased numbers of peripheral blood Treg cells with normal immunosuppressive activity. However, after SAg stimulation, Treg cells lose their immunosuppressive activity. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which SAgs could augment T-cell activation in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Shiou Ou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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142
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Cottrez F, Groux H. Specialization in tolerance: innate CD(4+)CD(25+) versus acquired TR1 and TH3 regulatory T cells. Transplantation 2004; 77:S12-5. [PMID: 14726762 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000106471.23410.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of immune responses to self-antigens is a complex process that involves maintaining self-tolerance while retaining the capacity to mount robust immune responses against invading microorganisms. Over the past few years, many new insights into this process have been gained, leading to the reemergence of the idea that regulatory T cells (Treg) are key players in immune regulation. These insights have raised fundamental questions concerning the definition of a Treg and what exactly constitutes T-cell-mediated suppression, identification of the signals and the cellular environment that promote the development and differentiation of these cells, and which signals maintain the homeostasis of the immune system. Thus far, the different models where Treg have been characterized cannot fully account for CD(4+)CD(25+) T cells. In this article, the authors propose the coexistence of two specialized types of CD(4+) Treg-innate and acquired-that differ in terms of their development, specificity, mechanisms, and sites of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Cottrez
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Hôpital de l'Archet, Nice, France
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143
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Hori S, Takahashi T, Sakaguchi S. Control of autoimmunity by naturally arising regulatory CD4+ T cells. Adv Immunol 2004; 81:331-71. [PMID: 14711059 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(03)81008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Naturally acquired immunological self-tolerance is not entirely accounted for by clonal deletion, anergy, and ignorance. It is now well established that the T cell-repertoire of healthy individuals harbors self-reactive lymphocytes with a potential to cause autoimmune disease and these lymphocytes are under dominant control by a unique subpopulation of CD4+ T cells now called regulatory T cells. Efforts to delineate these Treg cells naturally present in normal individuals have revealed that they are enriched in the CD25+ CD4+ population. The identification of the CD25 molecule as a useful marker for naturally arising CD4+ regulatory T cells has made it possible to investigate many key aspects of their immunobiology, including their antigen specificities and the cellular/molecular pathways involved in their development and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, reduction or dysfunction of the CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cell population can be responsible for certain autoimmune diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Hori
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, The Institute for Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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144
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Abstract
The alloimmune response can be divided into specific junctures where critical decisions between tolerance and immunity are made which define the outcome of the transplant. At these "decision nodes" various cytokines direct alloresponsive T cells to develop either a proinflammatory response aimed at graft destruction or an immunoregulatory response facilitating graft acceptance. This review will focus on the role of these cytokines in influencing the progression of an alloimmune response leading ultimately to either allograft survival or rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Walsh
- University of Pennsylvania, 700 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Terry B. Strom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Laurence A. Turka
- University of Pennsylvania, 700 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Correspondence:
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145
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Raghavan S, Nyström J, Fredriksson M, Holmgren J, Harandi AM. Orally administered CpG oligodeoxynucleotide induces production of CXC and CC chemokines in the gastric mucosa and suppresses bacterial colonization in a mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect Immun 2004; 71:7014-22. [PMID: 14638791 PMCID: PMC308895 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.12.7014-7022.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNA and unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) are known to be potent stimulators of the innate immune system in vitro and in vivo. We therefore investigated if oral administration of CpG ODN could enhance innate immunity in the gastric mucosa and control the extent of Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. Intragastric administration of a single dose of CpG ODN significantly increased local production of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and RANTES and the CXC chemokine gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 in the stomach and/or the small intestine. Importantly, intragastric administration of CpG ODN to mice with an already established H. pylori infection, in the absence of any coadministered antigen, was found to reduce the bacterial load in the stomach compared to the load in H. pylori-infected control mice, while similar administration of non-CpG ODN had no effect on the bacterial load. The reduction in the bacterial numbers in the stomachs of mice treated with CpG ODN was associated with enhanced infiltration of immune cells and increased RANTES production in the gastric mucosa compared to the infiltration of immune cells and RANTES production in H. pylori-infected control animals. These findings suggest that intragastric administration of CpG ODN without antigen codelivery may represent a valuable strategy for induction of innate immunity against H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghavan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, S 41346 Göteborg, Sweden
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146
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Casares N, Arribillaga L, Sarobe P, Dotor J, Lopez-Diaz de Cerio A, Melero I, Prieto J, Borrás-Cuesta F, Lasarte JJ. CD4+/CD25+ Regulatory Cells Inhibit Activation of Tumor-Primed CD4+ T Cells with IFN-γ-Dependent Antiangiogenic Activity, as well as Long-Lasting Tumor Immunity Elicited by Peptide Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:5931-9. [PMID: 14634104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD25(+) regulatory T (T reg) cells suppress the activation/proliferation of other CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Also, down-regulation of CD25(+) T reg cells enhance antitumor immune responses. In this study, we show that depletion of CD25(+) T reg cells allows the host to induce both CD4(+) and CD8(+) antitumoral responses following tumor challenge. Simultaneous depletion of CD25(+) and CD8(+) cells, as well as adoptive transfer experiments, revealed that tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells, which emerged in the absence of CD25(+) T reg cells, were able to reject CT26 colon cancer cells, a MHC class II-negative tumor. The antitumoral effect mediated by CD4(+) T cells was dependent on IFN-gamma production, which exerted a potent antiangiogenic activity. The capacity of the host to mount this antitumor response is lost once the number of CD25(+) T reg cells is restored over time. However, CD25(+) T reg cell depletion before immunization with AH1 (a cytotoxic T cell determinant from CT26 tumor cells) permits the induction of a long-lasting antitumoral immune response, not observed if immunization is conducted in the presence of regulatory cells. A study of the effect of different levels of depletion of CD25(+) T reg cells before immunization with the peptide AH1 alone, or in combination with a Th determinant, unraveled that Th cells play an important role in overcoming the suppressive effect of CD25(+) T reg on the induction of long-lasting cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Casares
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University Clinic and Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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147
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Dubois B, Chapat L, Goubier A, Papiernik M, Nicolas JF, Kaiserlian D. Innate CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are required for oral tolerance and inhibition of CD8+ T cells mediating skin inflammation. Blood 2003; 102:3295-301. [PMID: 12855551 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the role of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in oral tolerance, we used the model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), which is mediated by CD8+ Tc1 effector cells independently of CD4+ T-cell help. Conversely to normal mice, invariant chain knock-out (KO) (Ii degrees / degrees ) mice, which are deficient in CD4+ T cells, cannot be orally tolerized and develop a chronic hapten-specific CHS response. Transfer of naive CD4+ T cells before hapten gavage into Ii degrees / degrees mice restores oral tolerance by a mechanism independent of interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by CD4+ T cells. That naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T cells are critical for oral tolerance induction is demonstrated by the finding that (1) transfer of CD4+CD25+ but not CD4+CD25- T cells into Ii degrees / degrees recipients completely prevents the CHS response and skin infiltration by CD8+ T cells, by blocking development of hapten-specific CD8+ T cells; (2) in vivo depletion of CD4+CD25+ cells by antibody treatment in normal mice impairs oral tolerance; and (3) CD4+CD25+ T cells inhibit hapten-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation and interferon gamma (IFN gamma) production, in vitro. These data show that naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T cells are instrumental for orally induced tolerance and are key actors for the control of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell effectors mediating skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Dubois
- Department de Immunité, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U404, Institut Fédératif de Recherche, 128 Bioscience Lyon Gerland, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon cedex 07, France
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148
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Suvas S, Kumaraguru U, Pack CD, Lee S, Rouse BT. CD4+CD25+ T cells regulate virus-specific primary and memory CD8+ T cell responses. J Exp Med 2003; 198:889-901. [PMID: 12975455 PMCID: PMC2194203 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells appear important to prevent activation of autoreactive T cells. This article demonstrates that the magnitude of a CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response to an acute viral infection is also subject to control by CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Treg). Accordingly, if natural Treg were depleted with specific anti-CD25 antibody before infection with HSV, the resultant CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant peptide SSIEFARL was significantly enhanced. This was shown by several in vitro measures of CD8+ T cell reactivity and by assays that directly determine CD8+ T cell function, such as proliferation and cytotoxicity in vivo. The enhanced responsiveness in CD25-depleted animals was between three- and fourfold with the effect evident both in the acute and memory phases of the immune response. Surprisingly, HSV infection resulted in enhanced Treg function with such cells able to suppress CD8+ T cell responses to both viral and unrelated antigens. Our results are discussed both in term of how viral infection might temporarily diminish immunity to other infectious agents and their application to vaccines. Thus, controlling suppressor effects at the time of vaccination could result in more effective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmit Suvas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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149
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Adam E, Pierrot C, Lafitte S, Godin C, Saoudi A, Capron M, Khalife J. The age-related resistance of rats to Plasmodium berghei infection is associated with differential cellular and humoral immune responses. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:1067-78. [PMID: 13129529 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how the age of rats would affect the course of infection of and the immune response to Plasmodium berghei. Both young (4-week-old) and adult rats (8-week-old) can be infected with P. berghei ANKA strain, with significantly higher levels of infected red blood cells in young rats. While 100% of young rats succumbed to infection, adult rats were able to clear blood parasites and no mortality was observed. Analysis of cellular distribution and circulating cytokines demonstrated the persistence of CD4+/CD25+ T cells and high expression of circulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) during the progression of infection in young-susceptible rats, whereas high levels of CD8+ T cells and natural killer T cells are detected in adult-resistant rats. Analysis of antibody isotypes showed that adult rats produced significantly higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent IgG2c antibodies than young rats during infection. Further evaluation of the role of IL-10, IFN-gamma and of immune cells showed that only the adoptive transfer of spleen cells from adult-resistant rats was able to convert susceptibility of young-susceptible rats to a resistant phenotype. These observations suggest that cell-mediated mechanisms are crucial for the control of a primary infection with P. berghei in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Adam
- INSERM U547, IFR 17, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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150
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Raghavan S, Fredriksson M, Svennerholm AM, Holmgren J, Suri-Payer E. Absence of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is associated with a loss of regulation leading to increased pathology in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2003. [PMID: 12780684 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori induces symptomatic chronic gastritis in a subpopulation of infected individuals. The mechanism(s) determining the development and severity of pathology leading to symptoms are not fully understood. In a mouse model of H. pylori infection we analysed the influence of immunoregulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells on H. pylori colonization and gastritis. Athymic C57BL/6 nu/nu mice were reconstituted with (a) lymph node (LN) cells (b) LN cells depleted of CD25+ T cells (CD25(-) LN) or (c) not reconstituted at all. Mice were then infected orally with 3 x 10(8)H. pylori SS1 bacteria. At 2 and 6 weeks after the inoculation there was a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in H. pylori colonization in athymic mice transferred with CD25(-) LN cells compared to mice transferred with LN cells. Colonization was still reduced at 12 weeks after inoculation. Mice transferred with CD25(-) LN cells showed an earlier onset and increased severity of gastritis as compared to mice receiving LN cells. Splenic cells isolated from mice receiving CD25(-) LN cells produced the highest level of IFN-gamma on stimulation with H. pylori antigens in vitro, had a higher H. pylori-specific DTH response and increased infiltration of CD4+ T cells and macrophages in the gastric mucosa. Athymic mice not transferred with T cells had persistent high H. pylori colonization and displayed a normal gastric epithelium without inflammatory cells. In conclusion, CD4+CD25+ cells reduce immunopathology in H. pylori infection, possibly by reducing the activation of IFN-gamma producing CD4+ T cells, even at the expense of a higher H. pylori load in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghavan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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