101
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Cuesta SA, Meneses L. The Role of Organic Small Molecules in Pain Management. Molecules 2021; 26:4029. [PMID: 34279369 PMCID: PMC8271912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, a timeline starting at the willow bark and ending in the latest discoveries of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs will be discussed. Furthermore, the chemical features of the different small organic molecules that have been used in pain management will be studied. Then, the mechanism of different types of pain will be assessed, including neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, and the relationship found between oxidative stress and pain. This will include obtaining insights into the cyclooxygenase action mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as ibuprofen and etoricoxib and the structural difference between the two cyclooxygenase isoforms leading to a selective inhibition, the action mechanism of pregabalin and its use in chronic neuropathic pain, new theories and studies on the analgesic action mechanism of paracetamol and how changes in its structure can lead to better characteristics of this drug, and cannabinoid action mechanism in managing pain through a cannabinoid receptor mechanism. Finally, an overview of the different approaches science is taking to develop more efficient molecules for pain treatment will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 Apartado, Quito 17-01-2184, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Meneses
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 Apartado, Quito 17-01-2184, Ecuador
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102
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Vaughn SE, Strawn JR, Poweleit EA, Sarangdhar M, Ramsey LB. The Impact of Marijuana on Antidepressant Treatment in Adolescents: Clinical and Pharmacologic Considerations. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070615. [PMID: 34209709 PMCID: PMC8307883 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropharmacology of marijuana, including its effects on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)/antidepressant metabolism and the subsequent response and tolerability in youth, has received limited attention. We sought to (1) review clinically relevant pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions between cannabinoids and selected SSRIs, (2) use PK models to examine the impact of cannabinoids on SSRI exposure (area under curve (AUC)) and maximum concentration (CMAX) in adolescents, and (3) examine the frequency of adverse events reported when SSRIs and cannabinoids are used concomitantly. Cannabinoid metabolism, interactions with SSRIs, impact on relevant PK/PD pathways and known drug–drug interactions were reviewed. Then, the impact of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on exposure (AUC24) and CMAX for escitalopram and sertraline was modeled using pediatric PK data. Using data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS), the relationship between CBD and CYP2C19-metabolized SSRIs and side effects was examined. Cannabis and CBD inhibit cytochrome activity, alter serotonergic transmission, and modulate SSRI response. In PK models, CBD and/or THC increases sertraline and es/citalopram concentrations in adolescents, and coadministration of CBD and CYP2C19-metabolized SSRIs increases the risk of cough, diarrhea, dizziness, and fatigue. Given the significant SSRI–cannabinoid interactions, clinicians should discuss THC and CBD use in youth prescribed SSRIs and be aware of the impact of initiating, stopping, or decreasing cannabinoid use as this may significantly affect es/citalopram and sertraline exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Vaughn
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-636-4788
| | - Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Ethan A. Poweleit
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (E.A.P.); (M.S.)
- Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mayur Sarangdhar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (E.A.P.); (M.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Laura B. Ramsey
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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103
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Al Khoury A, Sleiman R, Atoui A, Hindieh P, Maroun RG, Bailly JD, El Khoury A. Antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of organs of Cannabis sativa L.: relation to phenolic content and antioxidant capacities. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4485-4492. [PMID: 34143269 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a carcinogenic mycotoxin that frequently contaminates crops worldwide. Current research indicates that the use of natural extracts to combat mycotoxin contamination may represent an eco-friendly, sustainable strategy to ensure food safety. Although Cannabis sativa L. has long been known for its psychoactive cannabinoids, it is also rich in many other bioactive molecules. This study examines extracts from various organs of Cannabis sativa L. to determine their ability to limit aflatoxin production and growth of Aspergillus flavus. The results indicate that flower extract is most effective for limiting the synthesis of aflatoxin B1, leading to an almost-complete inhibition of toxin production at a concentration of 0.225 mg dry matter per gram of culture medium. Since flower extract is rich in phenolic compounds, its total antioxidant ability and radical-scavenging capacity are determined. Compared with other anti-aflatoxigenic extracts, the anti-oxidative potential of Cannabis sativa L. flower extract appears moderate, suggesting that its anti-mycotoxin effect may be related to other bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Al Khoury
- Centre d'analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté Des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Mikhael, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut, 1104, Lebanon.,Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, EI-Purpan, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Rhend Sleiman
- Climate and Water Unit, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar station, P.O. Box 1965, Jdeidet El Maten, 1202, Lebanon
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut, 1104, Lebanon
| | - Pamela Hindieh
- Centre d'analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté Des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Mikhael, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut, 1104, Lebanon
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Centre d'analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté Des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Mikhael, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut, 1104, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Denis Bailly
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, EI-Purpan, 31300, Toulouse, France.
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d'analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté Des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Mikhael, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut, 1104, Lebanon
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104
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Maggirwar SB, Khalsa JH. The Link between Cannabis Use, Immune System, and Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061099. [PMID: 34207524 PMCID: PMC8229290 DOI: 10.3390/v13061099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis continues to be the most used drug in the world today. Research shows that cannabis use is associated with a wide range of adverse health consequences that may involve almost every physiological and biochemical system including respiratory/pulmonary complications such as chronic cough and emphysema, impairment of immune function, and increased risk of acquiring or transmitting viral infections such as HIV, HCV, and others. The review of published research shows that cannabis use may impair immune function in many instances and thereby exerts an impact on viral infections including human immune deficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C infection (HCV), and human T-cell lymphotropic type I and II virus (HTLV-I/II). The need for more research is also highlighted in the areas of long-term effects of cannabis use on pulmonary/respiratory diseases, immune dysfunction and the risk of infection transmission, and the molecular/genetic basis of immune dysfunction in chronic cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jag H. Khalsa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
- Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Infections Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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105
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Khalid S, Almalki FA, Hadda TB, Bader A, Abu-Izneid T, Berredjem M, Elsharkawy ER, Alqahtani AM. Medicinal Applications of Cannabinoids Extracted from Cannabis sativa (L.): A New Route in the Fight Against COVID-19? Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1564-1578. [PMID: 33267756 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201202125807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a well-known plant that has been recognized for its benefits since ancient times by several medicinal systems, including those of China, India, Greece, and Egypt. Although C. sativa is one of the most investigated medicinal plants in the world, it faces some of the greatest controversies surrounding its legalization and use as a medication. C. sativa contains several hundred phytoconstituents, including the infamous "cannabinoids". It is necessary to properly understand the medicinal importance of these phytochemicals and spread awareness among the countries where cannabis is still facing legal obstacles. The current review focuses on the most recent literature pertaining to various applications of cannabinoids, with a special focus on the medicinal aspect of these phytochemicals. Peer-reviewed articles focusing on the importance of cannabis and cannabinoids are the target of this review. Articles were selected based on the relevance to the general scope of the work, i.e., application of cannabinoids. Cannabinoids can truly be regarded as wonder drugs, considering their immense diversity of usage. Unfortunately, however, many of the mares have never been researched biologically or pharmacologically due to their low yield in the plant. However, the approval of some cannabinoids by the FDA (along with other recognized national medical health systems) has opened the horizon for the use of these natural drugs in medicines such as Epidiolex® (cannabidiol, used for the treatment of severe forms of epilepsy) and Sativex®(Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, used for the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis). Many pharmacological properties of C. sativa are attributed to cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component, along with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a psychoactive component. This review addresses the most important applications or current utilization of cannabinoids in a variety of treatments such as chronic pain, cancer, emesis, anorexia, irritable bowel syndrome, communicable diseases, glaucoma, and central nervous system disorders. The biosynthetic pathway of cannabinoids is also discussed. In short, cannabis has a myriad of bioactive compounds that have the potential to increase the list of approved cannabinoids suitable for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Khalid
- Department of Botany, Islamia College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Faisal A Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taibi Ben Hadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Bader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collage of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Malika Berredjem
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry LCOA, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Badji-Mokhtar - Annaba University, Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Eman R Elsharkawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Borders University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
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106
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Marazziti D, Avella MT, Ivaldi T, Palermo S, Massa L, Vecchia AD, Basile L, Mucci F. Neuroenhancement: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2021; 18:137-169. [PMID: 34909030 PMCID: PMC8629054 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological neuroenhancement refers to the non-medical use of prescription drugs, alcohol, illegal drugs, or the so-called soft enhancers for the purpose of improving cognition, mood, pro-social behavior, or work and academic performance. This phenomenon is undoubtedly more frequent than previously supposed especially amongst university students. The aim of the present paper was to carefully review and comment on the available literature on neuroenhancement, according to Prisma guidelines. The results showed a great use of all prescribed drugs (benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, nootropic compounds, and especially stimulants) as neuroenhancers amongst healthy subjects, although probably the real prevalence is underestimated. The use of illicit drugs and soft enhancers is similarly quite common. Data on the improvement of cognition by other compounds, such as oxytocin and pheromones, or non-pharmacological techniques, specifically deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, are still limited. In any case, if it is true that human beings are embedded by the desire to overcome the limits of their intrinsic nature, neuroenhancement practices put into question the concept of authenticity. Therefore, the problem appears quite complex and requires to be deepened and analyzed with no prejudice, although within an ethical conceptual frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
- Unicamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Avella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Tea Ivaldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Palermo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Massa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Basile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Mucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy
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107
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Desaulniers Brousseau V, Wu BS, MacPherson S, Morello V, Lefsrud M. Cannabinoids and Terpenes: How Production of Photo-Protectants Can Be Manipulated to Enhance Cannabis sativa L. Phytochemistry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:620021. [PMID: 34135916 PMCID: PMC8200639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.620021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is cultivated for its secondary metabolites, of which the cannabinoids have documented health benefits and growing pharmaceutical potential. Recent legal cannabis production in North America and Europe has been accompanied by an increase in reported findings for optimization of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoid production. Of the many environmental cues that can be manipulated during plant growth in controlled environments, cannabis cultivation with different lighting spectra indicates differential production and accumulation of medically important cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG), as well as terpenes and flavonoids. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation shows potential in stimulating cannabinoid biosynthesis in cannabis trichomes and pre-harvest or post-harvest UV treatment merits further exploration to determine if plant secondary metabolite accumulation could be enhanced in this manner. Visible LED light can augment THC and terpene accumulation, but not CBD. Well-designed experiments with light wavelengths other than blue and red light will provide more insight into light-dependent regulatory and molecular pathways in cannabis. Lighting strategies such as subcanopy lighting and varied light spectra at different developmental stages can lower energy consumption and optimize cannabis PSM production. Although evidence demonstrates that secondary metabolites in cannabis may be modulated by the light spectrum like other plant species, several questions remain for cannabinoid production pathways in this fast-paced and growing industry. In summarizing recent research progress on light spectra and secondary metabolites in cannabis, along with pertinent light responses in model plant species, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark Lefsrud
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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108
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Toxicological properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2021; 71:1-11. [PMID: 32597140 PMCID: PMC7837244 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. contains more than 100 phytocannabinoids that can interact with cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. None of the cannabinoid receptor ligands is entirely CB1- or CB2-specific. The effects of cannabinoids therefore differ not just because of different potency at cannabinoid receptors but also because they can interact with other non-CB1 and non-CB2 targets, such as TRPV1, GPR55, and GPR119. The most studied phytocannabinoid is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is a partial agonist at both cannabinoid receptors, but its psychotomimetic effect is produced primarily via activation of the CB1 receptor, which is strongly expressed in the central nervous system, with the noteworthy exception of the brain stem. Although acute cognitive and other effects of THC are well known, the risk of irreversible neuropsychological effects of THC needs further research to elucidate the association. Unlike THC, phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) does not appear to have psychotomimetic effects but may interact with some of the effects of THC if taken concomitantly. CBD administered orally has recently undergone well-controlled clinical trials to assess its safety in the treatment of paediatric epilepsy syndromes. Their findings point to increased transaminase levels as a safety issue that calls for postmarketing surveillance for liver toxicity. The aim of this review is to summarise what is known about acute and chronic toxicological effects of both compounds and address the gaps in knowledge about the safety of exogenous cannabinoids that are still open.
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109
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Bara A, Ferland JMN, Rompala G, Szutorisz H, Hurd YL. Cannabis and synaptic reprogramming of the developing brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:423-438. [PMID: 34021274 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have been transformational in regard to the perception of the health risks and benefits of cannabis with increased acceptance of use. This has unintended neurodevelopmental implications given the increased use of cannabis and the potent levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol today being consumed by pregnant women, young mothers and teens. In this Review, we provide an overview of the neurobiological effects of cannabinoid exposure during prenatal/perinatal and adolescent periods, in which the endogenous cannabinoid system plays a fundamental role in neurodevelopmental processes. We highlight impaired synaptic plasticity as characteristic of developmental exposure and the important contribution of epigenetic reprogramming that maintains the long-term impact into adulthood and across generations. Such epigenetic influence by its very nature being highly responsive to the environment also provides the potential to diminish neural perturbations associated with developmental cannabis exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Bara
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline-Marie N Ferland
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Rompala
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Henrietta Szutorisz
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA. .,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA. .,Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, NY, USA.
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110
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Cancer Initiation, Progression and Resistance: Are Phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. Promising Compounds? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092668. [PMID: 34063214 PMCID: PMC8124362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a source of over 150 active compounds known as phytocannabinoids that are receiving renewed interest due to their diverse pharmacologic activities. Indeed, phytocannabinoids mimic the endogenous bioactive endocannabinoids effects through activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors widely described in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. All phytocannabinoids have been studied for their protective actions towards different biological mechanisms, including inflammation, immune response, oxidative stress that, altogether, result in an inhibitory activity against the carcinogenesis. The role of the endocannabinoid system is not yet completely clear in cancer, but several studies indicate that cannabinoid receptors and endogenous ligands are overexpressed in different tumor tissues. Recently, in vitro and in vivo evidence support the effectiveness of phytocannabinoids against various cancer types, in terms of proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis, actions partially due to their ability to regulate signaling pathways critical for cell growth and survival. The aim of this review was to report the current knowledge about the action of phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. against cancer initiation and progression with a specific regard to brain, breast, colorectal, and lung cancer as well as their possible use in the therapies. We will also report the known molecular mechanisms responsible for such positive effects. Finally, we will describe the actual therapeutic options for Cannabis sativa L. and the ongoing clinical trials.
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111
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Wang F, Multhoff G. Repurposing Cannabidiol as a Potential Drug Candidate for Anti-Tumor Therapies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040582. [PMID: 33921049 PMCID: PMC8071421 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, evidence has accumulated that cannabinoids-especially the non-psychoactive compound, cannabidiol (CBD)-possess promising medical and pharmacological activities that might qualify them as potential anti-tumor drugs. This review is based on multiple studies summarizing different mechanisms for how CBD can target tumor cells including cannabinoid receptors or other constituents of the endocannabinoid system, and their complex activation of biological systems that results in the inhibition of tumor growth. CBD also participates in anti-inflammatory activities which are related to tumor progression, as demonstrated in preclinical models. Although the numbers of clinical trials and tested tumor entities are limited, there is clear evidence that CBD has anti-tumor efficacy and is well tolerated in human cancer patients. In summary, it appears that CBD has potential as a neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant drug in therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Radiation-Immuno Oncology Group, TranslaTUM—Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-4514; Fax: +49-89-4140-4299
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation-Immuno Oncology Group, TranslaTUM—Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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112
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Schofs L, Sparo MD, Sánchez Bruni SF. The antimicrobial effect behind Cannabis sativa. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00761. [PMID: 33822478 PMCID: PMC8023331 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug-resistant bacteria has revealed the need for new antimicrobial compounds. Cannabis sativa preparations have a long history of medical applications, including the treatment of infectious diseases. This review collects the information about the activity of C. sativa extracts and its main components (cannabinoids and terpenes) against pathogenic bacteria and fungus, to assess its potential using as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureano Schofs
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Tandil Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Comisión de investigaciones científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Mónica D Sparo
- Tandil Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Comisión de investigaciones científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Tandil, Argentina.,Clinical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Sergio F Sánchez Bruni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Tandil Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Comisión de investigaciones científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Tandil, Argentina
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113
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Peeri H, Shalev N, Vinayaka AC, Nizar R, Kazimirsky G, Namdar D, Anil SM, Belausov E, Brodie C, Koltai H. Specific Compositions of Cannabis sativa Compounds Have Cytotoxic Activity and Inhibit Motility and Colony Formation of Human Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1720. [PMID: 33916466 PMCID: PMC8038598 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal subtype of glioma. Cannabis sativa is used for the treatment of various medical conditions. Around 150 phytocannabinoids have been identified in C. sativa, among them Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) that trigger GBM cell death. However, the optimal combinations of cannabis molecules for anti-GBM activity are unknown. Chemical composition was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Cytotoxic activity was determined by XTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays and apoptosis and cell cycle by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). F-actin structures were observed by confocal microscopy, gene expression by quantitative PCR, and cell migration and invasion by scratch and transwell assays, respectively. Fractions of a high-THC cannabis strain extract had significant cytotoxic activity against GBM cell lines and glioma stem cells derived from tumor specimens. A standard mix (SM) of the active fractions F4 and F5 induced apoptosis and expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress associated-genes. F4 and F5 inhibited cell migration and invasion, altered cell cytoskeletons, and inhibited colony formation in 2 and 3-dimensional models. Combinations of cannabis compounds exert cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory effects and should be examined for efficacy on GBM in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Peeri
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (R.N.); (G.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Nurit Shalev
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Ajjampura C. Vinayaka
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Rephael Nizar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (R.N.); (G.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Gila Kazimirsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (R.N.); (G.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Dvora Namdar
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Seegehalli M. Anil
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
| | - Chaya Brodie
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (R.N.); (G.K.); (C.B.)
- Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Science, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (H.P.); (N.S.); (A.C.V.); (D.N.); (S.M.A.); (E.B.)
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114
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Nguyen S, Mangubat M, Eleswarapu S, Wilson JB, Molina J, Abraham A, Artaza JN, Friedman TC, Ferrini MG. The Combination of High-Fat Diet and Oral Marijuana Promotes the Development of Fibrosis in the Mouse Corpora Cavernosa. Sex Med 2021; 9:100312. [PMID: 33540365 PMCID: PMC8072182 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2020.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The link between cannabis use and erectile dysfunction remains unclear. Moreover, the effect of cannabis in tandem with current Western dietary habits is an area in male sexual health that has yet to be explored. This study seeks to investigate the impact of diet and cannabis on penile health in an animal model. AIM To determine the effects of diet and oral cannabis extract on fibrosis and oxidative stress within the corpora cavernosa of mice. METHODS This is a pilot animal study in which groups of 2-month old C57BL/6J male mice were fed a normal chow diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) daily and treated with or without either MJ or THC extract for 2 months. After euthanization, mouse penises were isolated and processed for immunohistochemical studies to determine: (i) smooth muscle cell to collagen content, (ii) myofibroblast proliferation, and (iii) anti-oxidative activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quantitative assessment of immunohistochemical markers of fibrosis and oxidative stress within the corpora cavernosa of mice fed a high-fat diet in combination with either oral marijuana (MJ) or Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol extract (THC). RESULTS The combination of HFD with MJ resulted in: (i) a decrease in the smooth/collagen ratio in the corpora cavernosa, (ii) an increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in the tunica albuginea compatible with myofibroblast proliferation, and (iii) a decrease in heme oxygenase 1 expression indicating an increase in oxidative stress. Significant histological changes were not observed in the HFD + THC group. CONCLUSIONS HFD combined with oral MJ extract led to structural alterations in erectile tissue that are associated with accelerated corporal fibrosis. However, the addition of THC to the diet did not exacerbate histological changes within the corpora. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the discrepant effects between MJ and THC in order to optimize the therapeutic potential of cannabis and minimize its adverse effects on penile health. S Nguyen, M Mangubat, S Eleswarapu, et al. The Combination of High-Fat Diet and Oral Marijuana Promotes the Development of Fibrosis in the Mouse Corpora Cavernosa. Sex Med 2021;9:100312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Nguyen
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mangubat
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sriram Eleswarapu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julian B Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn Molina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Abraham
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jorge N Artaza
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monica G Ferrini
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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115
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Echeverry C, Prunell G, Narbondo C, de Medina VS, Nadal X, Reyes-Parada M, Scorza C. A Comparative In Vitro Study of the Neuroprotective Effect Induced by Cannabidiol, Cannabigerol, and Their Respective Acid Forms: Relevance of the 5-HT 1A Receptors. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:335-348. [PMID: 32886342 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous preclinical studies have demonstrated that cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG), two non-psychotomimetic phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa, induce neuroprotective effects on toxic and neurodegenerative processes. However, a comparative study of both compounds has not been reported so far, and the targets involved in this effect remain unknown. The ability of CBD and CBG to attenuate the neurotoxicity induced by two insults involving oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) and mitochondrial dysfunction (rotenone) was evaluated in neural cell cultures. The involvement of CB-1 and CB-2 or 5-HT1A receptors was investigated. The neuroprotective effect of their respective acids forms, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), was also analyzed. MTT and immunocytochemistry assays were used to evaluate cell viability. No significant variation on cell viability was per se induced by the lower concentrations tested of CBD and CBG or CBDA and CBGA; however, high concentrations of CBD, CBDA, or CBGA were toxic since a 40-50% reduction of cell viability was observed. CBD and CBG showed neuroprotective effects against H2O2 or rotenone; however, both compounds were more effective in attenuating the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. A high concentration of CBDA reduced the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. WAY100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist) but not AM251 and AM630 (CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists, respectively) significantly diminished the neuroprotective effect induced by CBG only against rotenone. Our results contribute to the understanding of the neuroprotective effect of CBD and CBG, showing differences with their acid forms, and also highlight the role of 5-HT1A receptors in the mechanisms of action of CBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Echeverry
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Giselle Prunell
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Camila Narbondo
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Xavier Nadal
- EthnoPhytoTech Research & Consulting S.L.U., Sant Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | - Miguel Reyes-Parada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Department of Experimental Neuropharmacology, IIBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay
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116
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Wei L, Dong Y, Sun Y, Mei X, Ma X, Shi J, Yang Q, Ji Y, Zhang Z, Sun H, Sun X, Song S. Anticancer property of Hemp Bioactive Peptides in Hep3B liver cancer cells through Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1833-1841. [PMID: 33841802 PMCID: PMC8020916 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne protein hydrolysates exhibit biological activity that may be therapeutic in a number of human disease settings. Hemp peptides (HP) generated by controlled hydrolysis of hemp proteins have a number of health benefits and are of pharmaceutical value. In the present study, we produce small molecular weight HP from hemp seed and investigate its anticancer properties in Hep3B human liver cancer cells. We demonstrate that HP treatment increased apoptosis, reduced cell viability, and reduced cell migration in Hep3B human liver cancer cells without affecting the normal liver cell line L02. We correlate these phenotypes with increased cellular ROS levels, upregulation of cleaved caspase 3 and Bad, and downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2. HP treatment led to increased Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, with subsequent downregulation of β-catenin, suggesting β-catenin signaling modulation as a critical mechanism by which HP exhibits anticancer properties. Our findings suggest HP are of potential therapeutic interest for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian‐Hui Wei
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yan Dong
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yu‐Feng Sun
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Xue‐Song Mei
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Xue‐Song Ma
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Jie Shi
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Qing‐li Yang
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yan‐Ru Ji
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Zheng‐Hai Zhang
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Hu‐Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Xing‐Rong Sun
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Shu‐Min Song
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
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117
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Abstract
Quantification of major cannabinoids in cannabis products is normally performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods. We propose a cost-effective alternative method that successfully separates and quantifies 14 cannabinoids in a single run using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with a UV detector in 18 min. The separation is carried out in 60% acetonitrile in the presence of 6.5 mM sodium hydroxide and 25 µM β-cyclodextrin, resulting in good separation of cannabinoids. Our CE method demonstrated the limit of detection between 1.2–1.8 µg/mL, with the linear range reaching up to 50 µg/mL. We validated the method performance by testing a plant extract and quantifying cannabinoid content. This method is the first to separate 14 cannabinoids in one run using a CE system with UV detection.
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118
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Lee XC, Werner E, Falasca M. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy and Its Regulation by Cannabinoids in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061211. [PMID: 33802014 PMCID: PMC7999886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review examines the complex function of autophagy in malignancy and explores its regulation by cannabinoids in different cancers. Autophagy is an important process in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, through the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents. The action of autophagy is highly dependent on tumour stage and type and the receptors with which ligands interact. Cannabinoids are growingly being acknowledged for their anticancer activities and are known to stimulate several mechanisms such as apoptosis and autophagy. Better understanding the mechanism of action behind autophagy and its regulation by cannabinoids will allow the development of novel cancer therapeutics. Abstract Autophagy is a “self-degradation” process whereby malfunctioned cytoplasmic constituents and protein aggregates are engulfed by a vesicle called the autophagosome, and subsequently degraded by the lysosome. Autophagy plays a crucial role in sustaining protein homeostasis and can be an alternative source of energy under detrimental circumstances. Studies have demonstrated a paradoxical function for autophagy in cancer, displaying both tumour suppressive and tumour promotive roles. In early phases of tumour development autophagy promotes cancer cell death. In later phases, autophagy enables cancer cells to survive and withstand therapy. Cannabinoids, which are derivatives of the Cannabis sativa L. plant, have shown to be associated with autophagy induction in cells. There is an emerging interest in studying the signalling pathways involved in cannabinoid-induced autophagy and their potential application in anticancer therapies. In this review, the molecular mechanisms involved in the autophagy degradation process will be discussed. This review also highlights a role for autophagy in cancer progression, with cannabinoid-induced autophagy presenting a novel strategy for anticancer therapy.
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119
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Filer CN. Chirality in Cannabinoid Research. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:1-4. [PMID: 33614946 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mankind has long utilized Cannabis for diverse purposes. However, it has only been since the late 19th century that its individual cannabinoids began to be isolated, analyzed, and synthesized. By the mid-20th century it was discovered that many cannabinoids were asymmetric, with chirality often controlling their pharmacology. Increasingly accurate measurement and understanding of cannabinoid chirality will facilitate their synthesis and accelerate their medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crist N Filer
- PerkinElmer Health Sciences, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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120
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Breijyeh Z, Jubeh B, Bufo SA, Karaman R, Scrano L. Cannabis: A Toxin-Producing Plant with Potential Therapeutic Uses. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:117. [PMID: 33562446 PMCID: PMC7915118 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, Cannabis sativa has been utilized as a medicine and for recreational and spiritual purposes. Phytocannabinoids are a family of compounds that are found in the cannabis plant, which is known for its psychotogenic and euphoric effects; the main psychotropic constituent of cannabis is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). The pharmacological effects of cannabinoids are a result of interactions between those compounds and cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, located in many parts of the human body. Cannabis is used as a therapeutic agent for treating pain and emesis. Some cannabinoids are clinically applied for treating chronic pain, particularly cancer and multiple sclerosis-associated pain, for appetite stimulation and anti-emesis in HIV/AIDS and cancer patients, and for spasticity treatment in multiple sclerosis and epilepsy patients. Medical cannabis varies from recreational cannabis in the chemical content of THC and cannabidiol (CBD), modes of administration, and safety. Despite the therapeutic effects of cannabis, exposure to high concentrations of THC, the main compound that is responsible for most of the intoxicating effects experienced by users, could lead to psychological events and adverse effects that affect almost all body systems, such as neurological (dizziness, drowsiness, seizures, coma, and others), ophthalmological (mydriasis and conjunctival hyperemia), cardiovascular (tachycardia and arterial hypertension), and gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, and thirst), mainly associated with recreational use. Cannabis toxicity in children is more concerning and can cause serious adverse effects such as acute neurological symptoms (stupor), lethargy, seizures, and even coma. More countries are legalizing the commercial production and sale of cannabis for medicinal use, and some for recreational use as well. Liberalization of cannabis laws has led to increased incidence of toxicity, hyperemesis syndrome, lung disease cardiovascular disease, reduced fertility, tolerance, and dependence with chronic prolonged use. This review focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of cannabis and cannabinoids, as well as the acute and chronic toxic effects of cannabis use on various body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Breijyeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem Abu Dis P144, Palestine; (Z.B.); (B.J.)
| | - Buthaina Jubeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem Abu Dis P144, Palestine; (Z.B.); (B.J.)
| | - Sabino A. Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem Abu Dis P144, Palestine; (Z.B.); (B.J.)
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European Cultures (DICEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
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121
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Buprenorphine-cannabis interaction in patients undergoing opioid maintenance therapy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:847-856. [PMID: 31907614 PMCID: PMC8236049 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is a partial μ-opioid agonist widely used for opioid maintenance therapy (OMT). It is mainly metabolized to pharmacologically active norbuprenorphine by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozyme 3A4. This may give rise to drug-drug interactions under combinations with inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A4. Cannabis is a potential inhibitor of CYP3A4, and there is a large degree of concomitant cannabis use among OMT patients. We performed a retrospective analysis on liver healthy OMT patients substituted with buprenorphine, either with (n = 15) or without (n = 17) concomitant use of cannabis. Patients with additional illicit drugs or medications affecting CYP3A were excluded. Measured blood concentrations of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine were compared between the two groups. Cannabis users and non-users received similar doses, but users had 2.7-fold higher concentrations of buprenorphine (p < 0.01) and 1.4-fold for norbuprenorphine (1.4-fold, p = 0.07). Moreover, the metabolite-to-parent drug ratio was 0.98 in non-users and 0.38 in users (p = 0.02). Female gender did not produce significant effects. These findings indicate that cannabis use decreases the formation of norbuprenorphine and elevates buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine concentrations in blood most probably by inhibition of CYP3A4. The pharmacokinetic interaction may give rise to enhanced or altered opioid activity and risk of intoxications. Physicians should inform patients about this risk and supervise cannabis users by regular control of buprenorphine blood levels, i.e., by therapeutic drug monitoring.
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122
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Mano-Sousa BJ, Maia GAS, Lima PL, Campos VA, Negri G, Chequer FMD, Duarte-Almeida JM. Color determination method and evaluation of methods for the detection of cannabinoids by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:854-865. [PMID: 33369752 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is the drug of abuse most cultivated, trafficked, and consumed worldwide. One of several techniques used to detect cannabinoids is based on the thin-layer chromatography (TLC). However, the designation of the colors observed can be inaccurate and not reproducible. The designation of colors goes beyond physical and physiological aspects, because what is conventionally called color is a socio-cultural construction. Thus, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the different TLC methods to detection of cannabinoids, and apply standardization method in naming of colors. TLC analysis performed using silica gel 60 F254 as a stationary phase. Three mobile phase compositions [hexane:chloroform (8:2 v:v), hexane:ethyl ether (8:2 v:v), and chloroform:hexane (8:2 v:v)], as well as, two different solutions of Fast Blue B salt (FBBS, Azoic Diazo No. 48) and Fast Blue RR (FBRR, Azoic Diazo No. 24) were evaluated. Determination of colors names was realized through the Sci-Chromus® software. The best resolution was obtained using hexane:ethyl ether (8:2 v:v) as a mobile phase. It was observed that although the cannabidiol (CBD), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabigerol (CBG) were detect using both the FBBS- and FBRR-acidified solutions, the best visualization was achieved using the latter reagent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that applied and demonstrated a method for standardization and denomination of colors in the TLC analysis of cannabinoids. This method was able to reduce the subjectivity in naming the colors observed and presented several application possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Lamounier Lima
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Alves Campos
- Posto de Perícia Integrado, 7º Departamento de Polícia Civil de Minas Gerais (PCMG, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giuseppina Negri
- Department of Preventive Medicine (SP) e de Biologia Química (Diadema), CEBRID, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Valliere MA, Korman TP, Arbing MA, Bowie JU. A bio-inspired cell-free system for cannabinoid production from inexpensive inputs. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1427-1433. [PMID: 32839605 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Moving cannabinoid production away from the vagaries of plant extraction and into engineered microbes could provide a consistent, purer, cheaper and environmentally benign source of these important therapeutic molecules, but microbial production faces notable challenges. An alternative to microbes and plants is to remove the complexity of cellular systems by employing enzymatic biosynthesis. Here we design and implement a new cell-free system for cannabinoid production with the following features: (1) only low-cost inputs are needed; (2) only 12 enzymes are employed; (3) the system does not require oxygen and (4) we use a nonnatural enzyme system to reduce ATP requirements that is generally applicable to malonyl-CoA-dependent pathways such as polyketide biosynthesis. The system produces ~0.5 g l-1 cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) or cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA) from low-cost inputs, nearly two orders of magnitude higher than yeast-based production. Cell-free systems such as this may provide a new route to reliable cannabinoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan A Valliere
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Conagen, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Tyler P Korman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Invizyne Technologies, Inc., Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Arbing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James U Bowie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Soto-Mercado V, Mendivil-Perez M, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Multi-Target Effects of the Cannabinoid CP55940 on Familial Alzheimer's Disease PSEN1 E280A Cholinergic-Like Neurons: Role of CB1 Receptor. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S359-S378. [PMID: 33252082 PMCID: PMC8293648 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by structural damage, death, and functional disruption of cholinergic neurons (ChNs) as a result of intracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, extracellular neuritic plaques, and hyperphosphorylation of protein tau (p-Tau) overtime. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CP55940 (CP) on PSEN1 E280A cholinergic-like nerve cells (PSEN1 ChLNs)-a natural model of familial AD. METHODS Wild type (WT) and PSEN1 ChLNs were exposed to CP (1μM) only or in the presence of the CB1 and CB2 receptors (CB1Rs, CB2Rs) inverse agonist SR141716 (1μM) and SR144528 (1μM) respectively, for 24 h. Untreated or treated neurons were assessed for biochemical and functional analysis. RESULTS CP in the presence of both inverse agonists (hereafter SR) almost completely inhibits the aggregation of intracellular sAβPPβf and p-Tau, increases ΔΨm, decreases oxidation of DJ-1Cys106-SH residue, and blocks the activation of c-Jun, p53, PUMA, and caspase-3 independently of CB1Rs signaling in mutant ChLNs. CP also inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species partially dependent on CB1Rs. Although CP reduced extracellular Aβ42, it was unable to reverse the Ca2+ influx dysregulation as a response to acetylcholine stimuli in mutant ChLNs. Exposure to anti-Aβ antibody 6E10 (1:300) in the absence or presence of SR plus CP completely recovered transient [Ca2+]i signal as a response to acetylcholine in mutant ChLNs. CONCLUSION Taken together our findings suggest that the combination of cannabinoids, CB1Rs inverse agonists, and anti-Aβ antibodies might be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Soto-Mercado
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
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Perin P, Mabou Tagne A, Enrico P, Marino F, Cosentino M, Pizzala R, Boselli C. Cannabinoids, Inner Ear, Hearing, and Tinnitus: A Neuroimmunological Perspective. Front Neurol 2020; 11:505995. [PMID: 33329293 PMCID: PMC7719758 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.505995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for recreational and therapeutic purposes. Whereas, the recreative uses are based on the psychotropic effect of some of its compounds, its therapeutic effects range over a wide spectrum of actions, most of which target the brain or the immune system. Several studies have found cannabinoid receptors in the auditory system, both at peripheral and central levels, thus raising the interest in cannabinoid signaling in hearing, and especially in tinnitus, which is affected also by anxiety, memory, and attention circuits where cannabinoid effects are well described. Available studies on animal models of tinnitus suggest that cannabinoids are not likely to be helpful in tinnitus treatment and could even be harmful. However, the pharmacology of cannabinoids is very complex, and most studies focused on neural CB1R-based responses. Cannabinoid effects on the immune system (where CB2Rs predominate) are increasingly recognized as essential in understanding nervous system pathological responses, and data on immune cannabinoid targets have emerged in the auditory system as well. In addition, nonclassical cannabinoid targets (such as TRP channels) appear to play an important role in the auditory system as well. This review will focus on neuroimmunological mechanisms for cannabinoid effects and their possible use as protective and therapeutic agents in the ear and auditory system, especially in tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perin
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Pizzala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Thuy BTP, Hieu LT, My TTA, Hai NTT, Loan HTP, Thuy NTT, Triet NT, Van Anh TT, Dieu NTX, Quy PT, Van Trung N, Quang DT, Huynh LK, Nhung NTA. Screening for Streptococcus pyogenes antibacterial and Candida albicans antifungal bioactivities of organic compounds in natural essential oils of Piper betle L., Cleistocalyx operculatus L. and Ageratum conyzoides L. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Biological Activity of Cannabis sativa L. Extracts Critically Depends on Solvent Polarity and Decarboxylation. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid molecules have been proposed to significantly contribute to the pharmacological profile of cannabis extracts. Phytoplant Research has developed highly productive cannabis cultivars with defined chemotypes, as well as proprietary methods for the extraction and purification of cannabinoids. Here, we investigate the effect of solvent selection and decarboxylation on the composition and pharmacological activity of cannabis extracts. A library of forty cannabis extracts was generated from ten different cannabis cultivars registered by Phytoplant Research at the EU Community Plant Variety Office. Plant material was extracted using two different solvents, ethanol and hexane, and crude extracts were subsequently decarboxylated or not. Cannabinoid content in the resulting extracts was quantified, and biological activity was screened in vitro at three molecular targets involved in hypoxia and inflammation (NF-κB, HIF-1α and STAT3). Changes in transcriptional activation were strongly associated to solvent selection and decarboxylation. Two decarboxylated extracts prepared with hexane were the most potent at inhibiting NF-κB transcription, while HIF-1α activation was preferentially inhibited by ethanolic extracts, and decarboxylated extracts were generally more potent at inhibiting STAT3 induction. Our results indicate that solvent selection and proper decarboxylation represent key aspects of the standardized production of cannabis extracts with reproducible pharmacological activity.
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128
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Maccarrone M. Phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids: different in nature. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-020-00957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the earliest cultivated plants, of which Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are the most widespread and best characterized species. Their extracts contain (phyto)cannabinoids (pCBs) of therapeutic interest, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, along with many other compounds, so that there is no “one cannabis” but several mixtures even from the same plant. This complexity is mirrored, or even exceeded, by the complexity of the molecular targets that pCBs find in our body, most of which belong to the so-called “endocannabinoid (eCB) system”. Here, we describe the major pCBs and the main components of the eCB system to appreciate their differences and mutual interactions, as well as the potential of using pCB/eCB-based drugs as novel therapeutics to treat human diseases, both in the central nervous system and at the periphery. Moreover, we address the question of the evolution of pCBs and eCBs, showing that the latter compounds were the first to appear in nature, and that the former substances took a few million years to mimic the three-dimensional structures of the latter, and hence their biological activity in our body.
Graphic abstract
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Impact of Different Growing Substrates on Growth, Yield and Cannabinoid Content of Two Cannabis sativa L. Genotypes in a Pot Culture. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of different growing substrate compositions, consisting of peat (PM), peat substituted with 30% green fibre (G30) and coco coir fibre (CC) growth media, were investigated in regard to the plant height, biomass and floral yield, biomass nitrogen (N) content, root growth, and cannabidiol content (CBD/A) of two phytocannabinoid-rich cannabis genotypes in an indoor pot cultivation system. Genotypes and substrate treatment combinations were randomly allocated to 36 plants according to a Latin square design. The results showed a higher total plant height for PM (39.96 cm), followed by G30 (35.28 cm), and the lowest in CC (31.54 cm). The N content of leaves indicated the highest values for plants grown in G30 (52.24 g kg DW−1), followed by PM (46.75 g kg DW−1) and a significantly lower content for CC (37.00 g kg DW−1). Root length density (RLD) increased by 40% (PM) and 50% (G30), compared to CC treatments, with no significant differences in root dry weight. Both genotypes, Kanada (KAN) and 0.2x, reacted in a genotype-specific manner. KAN indicated a reduced floral yield of plants grown in G30 (4.94 g plant−1) and CC (3.84 g plant−1) compared to PM (8.56 g plant−1). 0.2x indicated stable high floral yields of 9.19 g plant−1 (G30) to 7.90 g plant−1 (CC). Leaf DW increased in PM (5.78 g plant−1) and G30 (5.66 g plant−1) compared to CC (3.30 g plant−1), while CBD/A content remained constant. Due to a higher biomass yield, the CBD/A yield of flowers (549.66 mg plant−1) and leaves (224.16 mg plant−1) revealed 0.2x as an interesting genotype for indoor pot cultivation in a peat-based substrate substituted with 30% green fibres. Overall, the demand for organic green fibres to partly replace fractionated peat showed a genotype-specific option for a homogeneous plant development, with comparable high biomass yields and stable cannabinoid contents compared to a peat containing standard substrate.
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The Effects of Cannabidiol, a Non-Intoxicating Compound of Cannabis, on the Cardiovascular System in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186740. [PMID: 32937917 PMCID: PMC7554803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating and generally well-tolerated constituent of cannabis which exhibits potential beneficial properties in a wide range of diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. Due to its complex mechanism of action, CBD may affect the cardiovascular system in different ways. Thus, we reviewed the influence of CBD on this system in health and disease to determine the potential risk of cardiovascular side effects during CBD use for medical and wellness purposes and to elucidate its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases. Administration of CBD to healthy volunteers or animals usually does not markedly affect hemodynamic parameters. Although CBD has been found to exhibit vasodilatory and antioxidant properties in hypertension, it has not affected blood pressure in hypertensive animals. Hypotensive action of CBD has been mainly revealed under stress conditions. Many positive effects of CBD have been observed in experimental models of heart diseases (myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis), stroke, neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, sepsis-related encephalitis, cardiovascular complications of diabetes, and ischemia/reperfusion injures of liver and kidneys. In these pathological conditions CBD decreased organ damage and dysfunction, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammatory processes and apoptosis, among others. Nevertheless, further clinical research is needed to recommend the use of CBD in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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131
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Kitamura M, Kiba Y, Suzuki R, Tomida N, Uwaya A, Isami F, Deng S. Cannabidiol Content and In Vitro Biological Activities of Commercial Cannabidiol Oils and Hemp Seed Oils. MEDICINES 2020; 7:medicines7090057. [PMID: 32906708 PMCID: PMC7555937 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7090057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed contains high contents of various nutrients, including fatty acids and proteins. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound that can be extracted from C. sativa and used for treating epilepsy and pain. Industrial hemp products, including CBD and hemp seed oils, have become increasingly popular. Some products are marketed without a clear distinction between CBD and hemp seed oils. Herein, the CBD content and biological activities of commercial CBD and hemp seed oils were examined. Methods: CBD content was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. For in vitro antioxidant activity determination, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical-scavenging assays were performed. Results: The CBD concentrations in the two CBD oil samples were 18.9 ± 0.5 and 9.2 ± 0.4 mg/mL. Of the seven hemp seed oil samples, six samples contained CBD in concentrations ranging from 2.0 ± 0.1 to 20.5 ± 0.5 µg/mL, but it was not detected in one sample. Antioxidant activity was observed in both CBD oil samples. Conclusions: The results indicate that (1) CBD content varied by hemp seed oil sample and that (2) antioxidant activity could be a useful landmark for discriminating CBD oils from hemp seed oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1–1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan; (Y.K.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-49-271-8021
| | - Yuka Kiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1–1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan; (Y.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1–1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan; (Y.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Natsumi Tomida
- Research and Development, Morinda Worldwide, Inc., Morinda Bldg., 3-2-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.T.); (A.U.); (F.I.)
| | - Akemi Uwaya
- Research and Development, Morinda Worldwide, Inc., Morinda Bldg., 3-2-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.T.); (A.U.); (F.I.)
| | - Fumiyuki Isami
- Research and Development, Morinda Worldwide, Inc., Morinda Bldg., 3-2-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.T.); (A.U.); (F.I.)
| | - Shixin Deng
- Research and Development, Morinda Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT 84003, USA;
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Ladha KS, Ajrawat P, Yang Y, Clarke H. Understanding the Medical Chemistry of the Cannabis Plant is Critical to Guiding Real World Clinical Evidence. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184042. [PMID: 32899678 PMCID: PMC7570835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While cannabis has been consumed for thousands of years, the medical-legal landscape surrounding its use has dramatically evolved over the past decades. Patients are turning to cannabis as a therapeutic option for several medical conditions. Given the surge in interest over the past decades there exists a major gap in the literature with respect to understanding the products that are currently being consumed by patients. The current perspective highlights the lack of relevance within the current literature towards understanding the medical chemistry of the products being consumed. The cannabis industry must rigorously invest into understanding what people are consuming from a chemical composition standpoint. This will inform what compounds in addition to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol may be producing physiologic/therapeutic effects from plant based extracts. Only through real-world evidence and a formalized, granular data collection process within which we know the chemical inputs for patients already using or beginning to use medical cannabis, we can come closer to the ability to provide targeted clinical decision making and design future appropriate randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim S. Ladha
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada;
- Department of Anesthesia, St, Michael′s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Centre For Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Prabjit Ajrawat
- Centre For Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Department of Anesthesia, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Hance Clarke
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada;
- Centre For Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Department of Anesthesia, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Transitional Pain Service, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-340-4800-5679; Fax: +1-416-340-3698
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133
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Lowin T, Tingting R, Zurmahr J, Classen T, Schneider M, Pongratz G. Cannabidiol (CBD): a killer for inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:714. [PMID: 32873774 PMCID: PMC7463000 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid from cannabis sativa that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in several inflammatory conditions including arthritis. However, CBD binds to several receptors and enzymes and, therefore, its mode of action remains elusive. In this study, we show that CBD increases intracellular calcium levels, reduces cell viability and IL-6/IL-8/MMP-3 production of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF). These effects were pronounced under inflammatory conditions by activating transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA1), and by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Changes in intracellular calcium and cell viability were determined by using the fluorescent dyes Cal-520/PoPo3 together with cell titer blue and the luminescent dye RealTime-glo. Cell-based impedance measurements were conducted with the XCELLigence system and TRPA1 protein was detected by flow cytometry. Cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA. CBD reduced cell viability, proliferation, and IL-6/IL-8 production of RASF. Moreover, CBD increased intracellular calcium and uptake of the cationic viability dye PoPo3 in RASF, which was enhanced by pre-treatment with TNF. Concomitant incubation of CBD with the TRPA1 antagonist A967079 but not the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine reduced the effects of CBD on calcium and PoPo3 uptake. In addition, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, cyclosporin A, also blocked the effects of CBD on cell viability and IL-8 production. PoPo3 uptake was inhibited by the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel inhibitor DIDS and Decynium-22, an inhibitor for all organic cation transporter isoforms. CBD increases intracellular calcium levels, reduces cell viability, and IL-6/IL-8/MMP-3 production of RASF by activating TRPA1 and mitochondrial targets. This effect was enhanced by pre-treatment with TNF suggesting that CBD preferentially targets activated, pro-inflammatory RASF. Thus, CBD possesses anti-arthritic activity and might ameliorate arthritis via targeting synovial fibroblasts under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lowin
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich & Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, University Hospital Duesseldorf, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ren Tingting
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich & Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, University Hospital Duesseldorf, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Zurmahr
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich & Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, University Hospital Duesseldorf, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Classen
- Klinik für Orthopädie/Orthopädische Rheumatologie, St. Elisabeth-Hospital Meerbusch-Lank, D-40668, Meerbusch, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich & Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, University Hospital Duesseldorf, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Pongratz
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich & Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, University Hospital Duesseldorf, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Matešić N, Jurina T, Benković M, Panić M, Valinger D, Gajdoš Kljusurić J, Jurinjak Tušek A. Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Cannabis sativa L.: optimization and kinetics study. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1804938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Matešić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Jurina
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Benković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manuela Panić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Valinger
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ana Jurinjak Tušek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Rouhollahi E, MacLeod BA, Barr AM, Puil E. Cannabis Extract CT-921 Has a High Efficacy-Adverse Effect Profile in a Neuropathic Pain Model. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3351-3361. [PMID: 32884239 PMCID: PMC7443010 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s247584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Legalization of cannabis encourages the development of specific cultivars to treat disease such as neuropathic pain. Because of the large number of cultivars, it is necessary to prioritize extracts before proceeding to clinical trials. Purpose To compare extracts of two unique cannabis cultivars (CT-921, CT-928) for treatment of neuropathic pain induced by constriction of sciatic nerve in mice and to illustrate the use of this animal model to set priority for future trials. Methods Pain severity was measured by threshold force causing paw withdrawal. Dose-response relationships and time course were determined for intravenously injected extracts of cultivars and vehicle. The doses for allodynia relief were correlated with decreased respiratory rate, temperature and behavioral changes. Results Effective analgesic dose for 50 and 95% (ED50An and ED95An) was 15, and 29 mg/kg for CT-921 and 0.9 and 4.7 for CT-928. At ED50An, for both extracts, the duration was 120 min. At ED95An, administration of CT-928 significantly decreased respiratory rate while CT-921 did not. CT-928 decreased temperature more than CT-921. CT-928 produced frantic hyperactivity not seen with CT-921. At equivalent analgesic doses, THC was much less in CT-921 than in CT-928 suggesting interactions with components other than THC influenced the analgesia. At equivalent analgesic doses, efficacy-to-adverse effect profile for CT-928 was worse than for CT-921. Conclusion Both extracts relieved neuropathic pain; however, CT-921 had a better efficacy-to-adverse effect profile, a rational basis for prioritizing cultivars for future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rouhollahi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernard A MacLeod
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ernest Puil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Receptors and Channels Possibly Mediating the Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Seizures and Epilepsy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080174. [PMID: 32751761 PMCID: PMC7463541 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy contributes to approximately 1% of the global disease burden. By affecting especially young children as well as older persons of all social and racial variety, epilepsy is a present disorder worldwide. Currently, only 65% of epileptic patients can be successfully treated with antiepileptic drugs. For this reason, alternative medicine receives more attention. Cannabis has been cultivated for over 6000 years to treat pain and insomnia and used since the 19th century to suppress epileptic seizures. The two best described phytocannabinoids, (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are claimed to have positive effects on different neurological as well as neurodegenerative diseases, including epilepsy. There are different cannabinoids which act through different types of receptors and channels, including the cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 (CB1, CB2), G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and 18 (GPR18), opioid receptor µ and δ, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and 2 (TRPV2), type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR) and voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC). The mechanisms and importance of the interaction between phytocannabinoids and their different sites of action regarding epileptic seizures and their clinical value are described in this review.
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137
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Virtual Screening of C. Sativa Constituents for the Identification of Selective Ligands for Cannabinoid Receptor 2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155308. [PMID: 32722631 PMCID: PMC7432466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective targeting of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is crucial for the development of peripheral system-acting cannabinoid analgesics. This work aimed at computer-assisted identification of prospective CB2-selective compounds among the constituents of Cannabis Sativa. The molecular structures and corresponding binding affinities to CB1 and CB2 receptors were collected from ChEMBL. The molecular structures of Cannabis Sativa constituents were collected from a phytochemical database. The collected records were curated and applied for the development of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models with a machine learning approach. The validated models predicted the affinities of Cannabis Sativa constituents. Four structures of CB2 were acquired from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the discriminatory ability of CB2-selective ligands and two sets of decoys were tested. We succeeded in developing the QSAR model by achieving Q2 5-CV > 0.62. The QSAR models helped to identify three prospective CB2-selective molecules that are dissimilar to already tested compounds. In a complementary structure-based virtual screening study that used available PDB structures of CB2, the agonist-bound, Cryogenic Electron Microscopy structure of CB2 showed the best statistical performance in discriminating between CB2-active and non-active ligands. The same structure also performed best in discriminating between CB2-selective ligands from non-selective ligands.
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McCartney D, Benson MJ, Desbrow B, Irwin C, Suraev A, McGregor IS. Cannabidiol and Sports Performance: a Narrative Review of Relevant Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2020; 6:27. [PMID: 32632671 PMCID: PMC7338332 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa. CBD initially drew scientific interest due to its anticonvulsant properties but increasing evidence of other therapeutic effects has attracted the attention of additional clinical and non-clinical populations, including athletes. Unlike the intoxicating cannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), CBD is no longer prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency and appears to be safe and well-tolerated in humans. It has also become readily available in many countries with the introduction of over-the-counter "nutraceutical" products. The aim of this narrative review was to explore various physiological and psychological effects of CBD that may be relevant to the sport and/or exercise context and to identify key areas for future research. As direct studies of CBD and sports performance are is currently lacking, evidence for this narrative review was sourced from preclinical studies and a limited number of clinical trials in non-athlete populations. Preclinical studies have observed robust anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and analgesic effects of CBD in animal models. Preliminary preclinical evidence also suggests that CBD may protect against gastrointestinal damage associated with inflammation and promote healing of traumatic skeletal injuries. However, further research is required to confirm these observations. Early stage clinical studies suggest that CBD may be anxiolytic in "stress-inducing" situations and in individuals with anxiety disorders. While some case reports indicate that CBD improves sleep, robust evidence is currently lacking. Cognitive function and thermoregulation appear to be unaffected by CBD while effects on food intake, metabolic function, cardiovascular function, and infection require further study. CBD may exert a number of physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects with the potential to benefit athletes. However, well controlled, studies in athlete populations are required before definitive conclusions can be reached regarding the utility of CBD in supporting athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Melissa J Benson
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anastasia Suraev
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Loflin MJE, Kiluk BD, Huestis MA, Aklin WM, Budney AJ, Carroll KM, D'Souza DC, Dworkin RH, Gray KM, Hasin DS, Lee DC, Le Foll B, Levin FR, Lile JA, Mason BJ, McRae-Clark AL, Montoya I, Peters EN, Ramey T, Turk DC, Vandrey R, Weiss RD, Strain EC. The state of clinical outcome assessments for cannabis use disorder clinical trials: A review and research agenda. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:107993. [PMID: 32360455 PMCID: PMC7293929 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable variability in the use of outcome measures in clinical trials for cannabis use disorder (CUD), and a lack of consensus regarding optimal outcomes may have hindered development and approval of new pharmacotherapies. The goal of this paper is to summarize an evaluation of assessment measures and clinical endpoints for CUD clinical trials, and propose a research agenda and priorities to improve CUD clinical outcome assessments. The primary recommendation is that sustained abstinence from cannabis should not be considered the primary outcome for all CUD clinical trials as it has multiple limitations. However, there are multiple challenges to the development of a reliable and valid indicator of cannabis reduction, including the lack of a standard unit of measure for the various forms of cannabis and products and the limitations of currently available biological and self-report assessments. Development of a core toolkit of assessments is needed to both allow flexibility for study design, while facilitating interpretation of outcomes across trials. Four primary agenda items for future research are identified to expedite development of improved clinical outcome assessments for this toolkit: (1) determine whether minimally invasive biologic assays could identify an acute level of cannabis use associated with psychomotor impairment or other cannabis-related harms; (2) create an indicator of quantity of cannabis use that is consistent across product types; (3) examine the presence of cannabis-specific functional outcomes; and (4) identify an optimal duration to assess changes in CUD diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory J E Loflin
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA 92161, United States
| | - Brian D Kiluk
- Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19144, United States
| | - Will M Aklin
- NIH/NIDA Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Alan J Budney
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Kathleen M Carroll
- Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Robert H Dworkin
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Kevin M Gray
- Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, MSC861, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Deborah S Hasin
- Columbia University Medical Center, 722 W. 168(th) St, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Dustin C Lee
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto, 33 Russell St, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Frances R Levin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Dr, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Joshua A Lile
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street MN 150, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Barbara J Mason
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Aimee L McRae-Clark
- Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, MSC861, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Ivan Montoya
- NIH/NIDA Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Erica N Peters
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 6115 Falls Rd #200, Baltimore, MD 21209, United States
| | - Tatiana Ramey
- NIH/NIDA Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Dennis C Turk
- University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Roger D Weiss
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, United States; McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Eric C Strain
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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140
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Poyatos L, Pérez-Acevedo AP, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Martin S, Hladun O, Siles A, Torrens M, Busardo FP, Farré M. Oral Administration of Cannabis and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Preparations: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56060309. [PMID: 32585912 PMCID: PMC7353904 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: Changes in cannabis legalization regimes in several countries have influenced the diversification of cannabis use. There is an ever-increasing number of cannabis forms available, which are gaining popularity for both recreational and therapeutic use. From a therapeutic perspective, oral cannabis containing Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) is a promising route of administration but there is still little information about its pharmacokinetics (PK) effects in humans. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a general overview of the available PK data on cannabis and THC after oral administration. Materials and Methods: A search of the published literature was conducted using the PubMed database to collect available articles describing the PK data of THC after oral administration in humans. Results: The literature search yielded 363 results, 26 of which met our inclusion criteria. The PK of oral THC has been studied using capsules (including oil content), tablets, baked goods (brownies and cookies), and oil and tea (decoctions). Capsules and tablets, which mainly correspond to pharmaceutical forms, were found to be the oral formulations most commonly studied. Overall, the results reflect the high variability in the THC absorption of oral formulations, with delayed peak plasma concentrations compared to other routes of administration. Conclusions: Oral THC has a highly variable PK profile that differs between formulations, with seemingly higher variability in baked goods and oil forms. Overall, there is limited information available in this field. Therefore, further investigations are required to unravel the unpredictability of oral THC administration to increase the effectiveness and safety of oral formulations in medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Poyatos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Ana Pilar Pérez-Acevedo
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934978865
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Soraya Martin
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Olga Hladun
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
| | - Adrià Siles
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Marta Torrens
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
- Drug Addiction Program, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria, Parc de Salut Mar and Institut Hospital del Mar de Recerca Mèdica (PSMAR-IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardo
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (E.P.); (C.P.-M.); (S.M.); (O.H.); (M.F.)
- Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain;
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The Power of Three in Cannabis Shotgun Proteomics: Proteases, Databases and Search Engines. Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8020013. [PMID: 32549361 PMCID: PMC7356525 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis research has taken off since the relaxation of legislation, yet proteomics is still lagging. In 2019, we published three proteomics methods aimed at optimizing protein extraction, protein digestion for bottom-up and middle-down proteomics, as well as the analysis of intact proteins for top-down proteomics. The database of Cannabis sativa proteins used in these studies was retrieved from UniProt, the reference repositories for proteins, which is incomplete and therefore underrepresents the genetic diversity of this non-model species. In this fourth study, we remedy this shortcoming by searching larger databases from various sources. We also compare two search engines, the oldest, SEQUEST, and the most popular, Mascot. This shotgun proteomics experiment also utilizes the power of parallel digestions with orthogonal proteases of increasing selectivity, namely chymotrypsin, trypsin/Lys-C and Asp-N. Our results show that the larger the database the greater the list of accessions identified but the longer the duration of the search. Using orthogonal proteases and different search algorithms increases the total number of proteins identified, most of them common despite differing proteases and algorithms, but many of them unique as well.
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142
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Molla HM, Tseng KY. Neural substrates underlying the negative impact of cannabinoid exposure during adolescence. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 195:172965. [PMID: 32526217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As cannabinoid use among the adolescent population becomes widespread with recent legalizations, understanding more about its effects on the developing brain becomes increasingly important. Adolescent cannabinoid use has been shown to elicit both short and long lasting effects on cortical function, in part due to its impact on maturing brain regions including the prefrontal cortex and associated inputs. This paper provides an overview of current state of knowledge on the lasting impact of repeated cannabinoid exposure on behavior and associated neural circuits in adolescents compared to other age groups. Data obtained from human and rodent literature are integrated to discuss potential neural mechanisms underpinning the enduring negative impact of cannabinoid exposure during this sensitive period of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Molla
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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143
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Burgel L, Hartung J, Schibano D, Graeff-Hönninger S. Impact of Different Phytohormones on Morphology, Yield and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E725. [PMID: 32521804 PMCID: PMC7355821 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGR), 1-naphthalenaecetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and a mixture of both (NAA/BAP-mix), was investigated in regard to plant height, length of axillary branches, number of internodes, biomass yield and cannabinoid content of three different phytocannabinoid-rich (PCR) Cannabis genotypes. The results showed that total plant height was significantly reduced under the application of NAA (28%), BAP (18%), and NAA/BAP-mix treated plants (15%). Axillary branch length was also significantly reduced by 58% (NAA) and 30% (NAA/BAP-mix). BAP did not significantly reduce the length of axillary branches. The number of internodes was reduced by NAA (19%), BAP (10%), and the NAA/BAP-mix (14%) compared to the untreated control. NAA application influenced the plant architecture of the tested cv. KANADA beneficially, resulting in a more compact growth habitus, while inflorescence yield (23.51 g plant-1) remained similar compared to the control (24.31 g plant-1). Inflorescence yield of v. 0.2x and cv. FED was reduced due to PGR application while cannabinoid content remained stable. Overall, the application of PGR could be used on a genotype-specific level to beneficially influence plant architecture and optimize inflorescence yield per unit area and thus cannabinoid yield, especially in the presence of space limitations under indoor cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Burgel
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, Cropping Systems and Modelling, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Jens Hartung
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, Biostatistics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | | | - Simone Graeff-Hönninger
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, Cropping Systems and Modelling, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
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Cannabis Use as a Risk Factor for Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality: Epidemiological Associations and Implications for Nurses. J Addict Nurs 2020; 31:92-101. [PMID: 32487935 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders commonly co-occur and are major public health concerns given the morbidity and mortality associated with them. Globally, cannabis is among the most commonly used drugs, and cannabis use frequently begins in adolescence or emerging adulthood, both important periods of development and periods in which psychiatric symptoms and disorders frequently emerge. Thus, the relationships between cannabis use and mental illnesses are essential for nurses and other healthcare professionals and researchers to explore and understand. This literature review examines the relationships between cannabis use and depression, anxiety, and suicide. It includes a primer on the neurobiology of cannabis effects; an overview on the epidemiological evidence on the associations between cannabis use and depression, anxiety, and suicide; and a discussion of implications for nurses, particularly important given changes in the medical and recreational cannabis legislation in North America. Overall, this review found consistent evidence showing a cross-sectional association between recreational cannabis use and depression, anxiety, and suicide, despite some limitations and conflicts in the literature. In addition, most evidence from longitudinal or case control studies suggested cannabis use preceded the development of depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors, although the quality of this evidence was mixed. Implications for future research and nursing practice are discussed.
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145
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Farra YM, Eden MJ, Coleman JR, Kulkarni P, Ferris CF, Oakes JM, Bellini C. Acute neuroradiological, behavioral, and physiological effects of nose-only exposure to vaporized cannabis in C57BL/6 mice. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:200-217. [PMID: 32475185 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1767237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The rapid increase of cannabis consumption reinforces the need to elucidate the health hazards of this practice. The presence of fine particulate matter in cannabis smoke and vapor poses a major concern, as it may contribute to cardiopulmonary disease. To facilitate the assessment of risks associated with cannabis inhalation, we developed and characterized a method for exposing mice to cannabis in a way that mimics the delivery of the drug to the airways of smokers. Materials and Methods: Cannabis (10.3% THC, 0.05% CBD) was vaporized to generate aerosols with a reproducible particle profile. Aerosols were acutely delivered to male, adult C57BL/6 mice via a nose-only exposure system. Serum THC levels were measured for increasing cannabis doses. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at baseline and following exposure. Behavioral response to cannabis inhalation in the open field was documented. Awake neurological activity upon cannabis exposure was monitored using BOLD fMRI.Results and Discussion: Cannabis aerosols contained particles with count median diameter of 243 ± 39 nm and geometric standard deviation of 1.56 ± 0.06. Blood serum THC levels increased linearly with aerosolized mass and peaked at 136 ± 5 ng/mL. Cannabis inhalation decreased heart rate and blood pressure but promoted anxiety-like behavior. Observed differences in BOLD activation volumes linked cannabis to increased awareness to sensory stimuli and reduced behavioral arousal.Conclusions: Quantified physiological, behavioral, and neurological responses served as validation for our mouse model of cannabis inhalation. Animal models of aerosol exposure will be instrumental for uncovering the health outcomes of chronic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen M Farra
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Eden
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R Coleman
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Oakes
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chiara Bellini
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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146
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Gurley BJ, Murphy TP, Gul W, Walker LA, ElSohly M. Content versus Label Claims in Cannabidiol (CBD)-Containing Products Obtained from Commercial Outlets in the State of Mississippi. J Diet Suppl 2020; 17:599-607. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1766634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bill J. Gurley
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | | | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Larry A. Walker
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Mahmoud ElSohly
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, USA
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147
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Furqan T, Batool S, Habib R, Shah M, Kalasz H, Darvas F, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Batool S, Nurulain SM. Cannabis Constituents and Acetylcholinesterase Interaction: Molecular Docking, In Vitro Studies and Association with CNR1 rs 806368 and ACHE rs17228602. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050758. [PMID: 32414087 PMCID: PMC7277636 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study documented here was aimed to find the molecular interactions of some of the cannabinoid constituents of cannabis with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Molecular docking and LogP determination were performed to predict the AChE inhibitory effect and lipophilicity. AChE enzyme activity was measured in the blood of cannabis addicted human subjects. Further, genetic predisposition to cannabis addiction was investigated by association analysis of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs806368 and ACHE rs17228602 using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. All the understudied cannabis constituents showed promising binding affinities with AChE and are lipophilic in nature. The AChE activity was observed to be indifferent in cannabis addicted and non-addicted healthy controls. There was no significant association with CNR1 SNP rs806368 and ACHE rs17228602. The study concludes that in silico prediction for individual biomolecules of cannabis is different from in vivo physiological action in human subjects when all are present together. However, for a deeper mechanistic insight into these interactions and association, multi-population studies are suggested. Further studies to explore the inhibitory potential of different cannabis constituents for intended AChE inhibitor-based drug are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyyaba Furqan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sidra Batool
- Department of Biosciences, Bioinformatics laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Rabia Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Mamoona Shah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Huba Kalasz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | | | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (S.M.N.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Sajida Batool
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (S.M.N.)
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148
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Sarma ND, Waye A, ElSohly MA, Brown PN, Elzinga S, Johnson HE, Marles RJ, Melanson JE, Russo E, Deyton L, Hudalla C, Vrdoljak GA, Wurzer JH, Khan IA, Kim NC, Giancaspro GI. Cannabis Inflorescence for Medical Purposes: USP Considerations for Quality Attributes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1334-1351. [PMID: 32281793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an active and growing interest in cannabis female inflorescence (Cannabis sativa) for medical purposes. Therefore, a definition of its quality attributes can help mitigate public health risks associated with contaminated, substandard, or adulterated products and support sound and reproducible basic and clinical research. As cannabis is a heterogeneous matrix that can contain a complex secondary metabolome with an uneven distribution of constituents, ensuring its quality requires appropriate sampling procedures and a suite of tests, analytical procedures, and acceptance criteria to define the identity, content of constituents (e.g., cannabinoids), and limits on contaminants. As an independent science-based public health organization, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) has formed a Cannabis Expert Panel, which has evaluated specifications necessary to define key cannabis quality attributes. The consensus within the expert panel was that these specifications should differentiate between cannabis chemotypes. Based on the secondary metabolite profiles, the expert panel has suggested adoption of three broad categories of cannabis. These three main chemotypes have been identified as useful for labeling based on the following cannabinoid constituents: (1) tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-dominant chemotype; (2) intermediate chemotype with both THC and cannabidiol (CBD); and (3) CBD-dominant chemotype. Cannabis plants in each of these chemotypes may be further subcategorized based on the content of other cannabinoids and/or mono- and sesquiterpene profiles. Morphological and chromatographic tests are presented for the identification and quantitative determination of critical constituents. Limits for contaminants including pesticide residues, microbial levels, mycotoxins, and elemental contaminants are presented based on toxicological considerations and aligned with the existing USP procedures for general tests and assays. The principles outlined in this review should be able to be used as the basis of public quality specifications for cannabis inflorescence, which are needed for public health protection and to facilitate scientific research on cannabis safety and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandakumara D Sarma
- Department of Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Science Division, United States Pharmacopeia (USP), 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Andrew Waye
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | | | - Paula N Brown
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Sytze Elzinga
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Holly E Johnson
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Robin J Marles
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | | | - Ethan Russo
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Lawrence Deyton
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | | | | | - Joshua H Wurzer
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- USP Cannabis Expert Panel, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nam-Cheol Kim
- Department of Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Science Division, United States Pharmacopeia (USP), 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Gabriel I Giancaspro
- Department of Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Science Division, United States Pharmacopeia (USP), 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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149
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Cannabis and Canabidinoids on the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Going Beyond Misuse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082940. [PMID: 32331305 PMCID: PMC7215817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal condition, including mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Cannabis sativa (CS) is widely used for medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes. The most studied compound of CS is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Besides many relevant therapeutic roles such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, there is still much controversy about the consumption of this plant since the misuse can lead to serious health problems. Because of these reasons, the aim of this review is to investigate the effects of CS on the treatment of UC and CD. The literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, PMC, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The use of CS leads to the improvement of UC and CD scores and quality of life. The medical use of CS is on the rise. Although the literature shows relevant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that could improve UC and CD scores, it is still not possible to establish a treatment criterion since the studies have no standardization regarding the variety and part of the plant that is used, route of administration and doses. Therefore, we suggest caution in the use of CS in the therapeutic approach of IBD until clinical trials with standardization and a relevant number of patients are performed.
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150
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Brown JD, Costales B, van Boemmel-Wegmann S, Goodin AJ, Segal R, Winterstein AG. Characteristics of Older Adults Who Were Early Adopters of Medical Cannabis in the Florida Medical Marijuana Use Registry. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1166. [PMID: 32325769 PMCID: PMC7230351 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of medical marijuana is increasing in the United States and older adults are the fastest growing user group. There is little information about the characteristics and outcomes related to medical marijuana use. This study is a descriptive analysis of older adults (aged ≥50 years old) who were early adopters of a medical marijuana program in the U.S. state of Florida. Per state legislation, initial and follow-up treatment plans were submitted to the University of Florida College of Pharmacy. Data collection included demographics, clinical history, medical conditions, substance use history, prescription history, and health status. Follow-up treatment plans noted changes in the chief complaint and actions taken since the initial visit. Of the state's 7548 registered users between August 2016 and July 2017, N = 4447 (58.9%) were older adults. Patients utilized cannabidiol (CBD)-only preparations (45%), preparations that had both tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD (33.3%) or were recorded to use both CBD-only and THC + CBD products (21.7%). The chief complaints indicating medical cannabis treatment were musculoskeletal disorders and spasms (48.4%) and chronic pain (45.4%). Among other prescription medications, patients utilized antidepressants (23.8%), anxiolytics and benzodiazepines (23.5%), opioids (28.6%), and cardiovascular agents (27.9%). Among all drug classes with potential sedating effects, 44.8% of the cohort were exposed to at least one. Patients with follow-up visits (27.5%) exhibited marked improvement as assessed by the authorizing physicians. However, the patient registry lacked detailed records and linkable information to other data resources to achieve complete follow up in order to assess safety or efficacy. Future improvements to registries are needed to more adequately capture patient information to fill knowledge gaps related to the safety and effectiveness of medical marijuana, particularly in the older adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Brown
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brianna Costales
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Sascha van Boemmel-Wegmann
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Amie J. Goodin
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Richard Segal
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Almut G. Winterstein
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Colleges of Public Health and Health Professions and Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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