101
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Samaras A, Espírito Santo C, Papandroulakis N, Mitrizakis N, Pavlidis M, Höglund E, Pelgrim TNM, Zethof J, Spanings FAT, Vindas MA, Ebbesson LOE, Flik G, Gorissen M. Allostatic Load and Stress Physiology in European Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata L.). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:451. [PMID: 30158900 PMCID: PMC6104477 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare effects of increasing chronic stress load on the stress response of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to identify neuroendocrine functions that regulate this response. Fish were left undisturbed (controls) or exposed to three levels of chronic stress for 3 weeks and then subjected to an acute stress test (ACT). Chronic stress impeded growth and decreased feed consumption in seabass, not in seabream. In seabass basal cortisol levels are high and increase with stress load; the response to a subsequent ACT decreases with increasing (earlier) load. Basal cortisol levels in seabream increase with the stress load, whereas the ACT induced a similar response in all groups. In seabass and seabream plasma α-MSH levels and brain stem serotonergic activity and turnover were similar and not affected by chronic stress. Species-specific molecular neuro-regional differences were seen. In-situ hybridization analysis of the early immediate gene cfos in the preoptic area showed ACT-activation in seabream; in seabass the expression level was not affected by ACT and seems constitutively high. In seabream, expression levels of telencephalic crf, crfbp, gr1, and mr were downregulated; the seabass hypothalamic preoptic area showed increased expression of crf and gr1, and decreased expression of mr, and this increased the gr1/mr ratio considerably. We substantiate species-specific physiological differences to stress coping between seabream and seabass at an endocrine and neuroendocrine molecular level. Seabass appear less resilient to stress, which we conclude from high basal activities of stress-related parameters and poor, or absent, responses to ACT. This comparative study reveals important aquaculture, husbandry, and welfare implications for the rearing of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Samaras
- AquaLabs, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Carlos Espírito Santo
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nikos Papandroulakis
- AquaLabs, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mitrizakis
- AquaLabs, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Erik Höglund
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
- Section for Aquaculture, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Thamar N. M. Pelgrim
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Zethof
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - F. A. Tom Spanings
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gert Flik
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Gert Flik
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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102
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Lallias D, Quillet E, Bégout ML, Aupérin B, Khaw HL, Millot S, Valotaire C, Kernéis T, Labbé L, Prunet P, Dupont-Nivet M. Genetic variability of environmental sensitivity revealed by phenotypic variation in body weight and (its) correlations to physiological and behavioral traits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189943. [PMID: 29253015 PMCID: PMC5734726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive phenotypic plasticity is a key component of the ability of organisms to cope with changing environmental conditions. Fish have been shown to exhibit a substantial level of phenotypic plasticity in response to abiotic and biotic factors. In the present study, we investigate the link between environmental sensitivity assessed globally (revealed by phenotypic variation in body weight) and more targeted physiological and behavioral indicators that are generally used to assess the sensitivity of a fish to environmental stressors. We took advantage of original biological material, the rainbow trout isogenic lines, which allowed the disentangling of the genetic and environmental parts of the phenotypic variance. Ten lines were characterized for the changes of body weight variability (weight measurements taken every month during 18 months), the plasma cortisol response to confinement stress (3 challenges) and a set of selected behavioral indicators. This study unambiguously demonstrated the existence of genetic determinism of environmental sensitivity, with some lines being particularly sensitive to environmental fluctuations and others rather insensitive. Correlations between coefficient of variation (CV) for body weight and behavioral and physiological traits were observed. This confirmed that CV for body weight could be used as an indicator of environmental sensitivity. As the relationship between indicators (CV weight, risk-taking, exploration and cortisol) was shown to be likely depending on the nature and intensity of the stressor, the joint use of several indicators should help to investigate the biological complexity of environmental sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Lallias
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bégout
- Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Ifremer, Place Gaby Coll, L’Houmeau, France
| | - Benoit Aupérin
- INRA, UR 1037 Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Hooi Ling Khaw
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandie Millot
- Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Ifremer, Place Gaby Coll, L’Houmeau, France
| | - Claudiane Valotaire
- INRA, UR 1037 Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Kernéis
- INRA, UE 0937 PEIMA (Pisciculture Expérimentale INRA des Monts d’Arrée), Sizun, France
| | - Laurent Labbé
- INRA, UE 0937 PEIMA (Pisciculture Expérimentale INRA des Monts d’Arrée), Sizun, France
| | - Patrick Prunet
- INRA, UR 1037 Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
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103
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Aballai V, Aedo JE, Maldonado J, Bastias-Molina M, Silva H, Meneses C, Boltaña S, Reyes A, Molina A, Valdés JA. RNA-seq analysis of the head-kidney transcriptome response to handling-stress in the red cusk-eel ( Genypterus chilensis ). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 24:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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104
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Yin G, Cao L, Du J, Jia R, Kitazawa T, Kubota A, Teraoka H. Dexamethasone-induced hepatomegaly and steatosis in larval zebrafish. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:455-459. [PMID: 28717104 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fish hepatobiliary syndrome, characterized by hepatomegaly and fatty liver, has been frequently reported in many cultured fish species and has caused a dramatic economic loss in China. Glucocorticoids are thought to be important non-nutritional factors for hepatomegaly and fatty liver development. In the present study, a dexamethasone-induced zebrafish model of fatty liver and hepatomegaly was established, and the role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the development of hepatomegaly and fatty liver was investigated using developing zebrafish. Exposure of larval zebrafish at 5 days post fertilization (dpf) to dexamethasone for 24 hr caused significant increases of liver size and number of fish with hepatic steatosis at 6 dpf. The increase of liver size caused by dexamethasone was significantly reversed by treatment with RU486, a GR antagonist, and by gene knock-down with a morpholino against the GR. The dexamethasone-induced hepatic steatosis was also inhibited by treatment with RU486. Overall, the results highlight larval zebrafish as a useful model for stress-induced liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Yin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Jinliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | | | - Akira Kubota
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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105
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Dioguardi M, Guardiola FA, Vazzana M, Cuesta A, Esteban MA, Cammarata M. Vitamin D 3 affects innate immune status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1161-1174. [PMID: 28374186 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of vitamin D3 dietary administration on certain innate immune parameters on the expression of immune-related genes in head-kidney (HK) and gut were investigated in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Vitamin D3 (vD3) was orally administered to fish in a commercial pellet food supplemented with 0 (control); 3750; 18,750; or 37,500 U kg-1. Furthermore, gut histology was considered. This study showed a modulation in the activities examined in fish fed with the addition of vD3. After just 2 weeks of administration, diet supplementation with the vitamin resulted in increased phagocytic ability, while serum peroxidase content was increased in fish fed with all experimental diets after 4 weeks, no significant differences were observed in protease, anti-protease, natural haemolytic complement activities and total IgM level. At gene level, fbl and rbl transcripts were up-regulated in HK in fish fed with the highest concentration of vD3-supplemented diets after 4 weeks, while in the gut, an up-regulation of hep gene was observed in fish fed with the different doses of vD3. These results suggest that vD3 may be of great interest for immunostimulatory purposes in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dioguardi
- Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 18, Conisma, Palermo, Italy
| | - F A Guardiola
- Fish Nutrition & Immunobiology Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Vazzana
- Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 18, Conisma, Palermo, Italy
| | - A Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Cammarata
- Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 18, Conisma, Palermo, Italy.
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106
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Cao Y, Tveten AK, Stene A. Establishment of a non-invasive method for stress evaluation in farmed salmon based on direct fecal corticoid metabolites measurement. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:317-324. [PMID: 28433720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish welfare is an important issue for growth of the aquaculture industry. Stress responses represent animal's natural reactions to challenging conditions and could be used as a welfare indicator. Cortisol level is relevant to fish welfare condition, and is a readily measured component of the primary stress response system. Generally, cortisol is measured by blood sampling. However, fish blood cortisol level could be instantly influenced by handling-stress at sampling. Fecal corticoid metabolites (FCM) are a mixture of several different metabolites with a wide range of polarities. Thus, feces could be promising alternative less handling-sensitive and non-invasive biological matrices for cortisol evaluation in Atlantic salmon. In this study we developed non-invasive method for determination of fecal corticoid metabolites in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was demonstrated that salmon FCM extracted from salmon feces is insoluble in non-polar solvents like diethyl ether, but well soluble in polar solvents like methanol. The proper extraction ratio could be one ml 100% methanol for 100 μL of the liquid part of salmon feces or 100 mg of the solid part. The FCM directly detected in unextracted liquid part of feces correlated well with the FCM extracted from both liquid and solid part of the corresponding samples, without significant difference. Thus, it is feasible to measure FCM directly in the liquid part of salmon feces without any extraction procedure. Then, we applied this assay for FCM analysis in the group of salmon that experienced salmon pancreas disease (PD) and amoebic gill disease (AGD). We demonstrated 1) both plasma cortisol and FCM increased significantly during the outbreak of inflammatory disease (P < 0.01). Plasma cortisol level was elevated from 28 ± 40 ng/ml to 164.4 ± 62.5 ng/ml, FCM from 14.4 ± 13.2 ng/ml to 170.7 ± 89.7 ng/ml 2) Growth and starvation has no significant impact on either cortisol or FCM level. 3) FCM correlated well with plasma cortisol level (P < 0.01). Furthermore, there seems more individual variation in plasma cortisol levels than in FCM levels. These results suggest FCM could be directly analyzed in liquid part of salmon feces without extraction. This directly detected FCM level could represent the total fecal FCM level and plasma cortisol level. This simple and non-invasive method makes FCM a proper indicator for salmon welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Cao
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ålesund, Norway.
| | - Ann-Kristin Tveten
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Anne Stene
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ålesund, Norway
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107
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Murray L, Rennie MD, Svendsen JC, Enders EC. Respirometry increases cortisol levels in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: implications for measurements of metabolic rate. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2206-2213. [PMID: 28345192 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the extent to which chasing, handling and confining Oncorhynchus mykiss to a small respirometer chamber during respirometric experiments is stressful and affects metabolic measurements. The study observed increased cortisol levels in animals tested using a chase protocol and subsequent intermittent-flow respirometry, suggesting that this procedural treatment may stress animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Murray
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M D Rennie
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Lakehead University, Department of Biology, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E, Canada
- IISD-Experimental Lakes Area, 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325, Winnipeg, MB, R3B OT4, Canada
| | - J C Svendsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Alle 1, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - E C Enders
- Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
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108
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Naour S, Espinoza BM, Aedo JE, Zuloaga R, Maldonado J, Bastias-Molina M, Silva H, Meneses C, Gallardo-Escarate C, Molina A, Valdés JA. Transcriptomic analysis of the hepatic response to stress in the red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis): Insights into lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and liver steatosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176447. [PMID: 28448552 PMCID: PMC5407771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleosts exhibit a broad divergence in their adaptive response to stress, depending on the magnitude, duration, and frequency of stressors and the species receiving the stimulus. We have previously reported that the red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis), an important marine farmed fish, shows a physiological response to stress that results in increased skeletal muscle atrophy mediated by over-expression of components of the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems. To better understand the systemic effects of stress on the red cusk-eel metabolism, the present study assessed the transcriptomic hepatic response to repetitive handling-stress. Using high-throughput RNA-seq, 259 up-regulated transcripts were found, mostly associated with angiogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and triacylglyceride catabolism. Conversely, 293 transcripts were down-regulated, associated to cholesterol biosynthesis, PPARα signaling, fatty acid biosynthesis, and glycolysis. This gene signature was concordant with hepatic metabolite levels and hepatic oxidative damage. Moreover, the increased plasmatic levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AP (alkaline phosphatase), as well as liver histology suggest stress-induced liver steatosis. This study offers an integrative molecular and biochemical analysis of the hepatic response to handling-stress, and reveals unknown aspects of lipid metabolism in a non-model teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Naour
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Brisa M. Espinoza
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Aedo
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Jonathan Maldonado
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional & Bioinformática, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Bastias-Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Herman Silva
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional & Bioinformática, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escarate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
- Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail: (AM); (JAV)
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
- Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail: (AM); (JAV)
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109
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Cowan M, Azpeleta C, López-Olmeda JF. Rhythms in the endocrine system of fish: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:1057-1089. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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110
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SILVA LENISEL, BALCONI LUANAS, GRESSLER LETÍCIAT, GARLET QUELENI, SUTILI FERNANDOJ, VARGAS AGUEDAPC, BALDISSEROTTO BERNARDO, MOREL ADEMIRF, HEINZMANN BERTAM. S-(+)- and R-(-)-linalool: a comparison of the in vitro anti-Aeromonas hydrophila activity and anesthetic properties in fish. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:203-212. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720150643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- LENISE L. SILVA
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e Missões, Brazil
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111
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Isorna E, de Pedro N, Valenciano AI, Alonso-Gómez ÁL, Delgado MJ. Interplay between the endocrine and circadian systems in fishes. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R141-R159. [PMID: 27999088 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system is responsible for the temporal organisation of physiological functions which, in part, involves daily cycles of hormonal activity. In this review, we analyse the interplay between the circadian and endocrine systems in fishes. We first describe the current model of fish circadian system organisation and the basis of the molecular clockwork that enables different tissues to act as internal pacemakers. This system consists of a net of central and peripherally located oscillators and can be synchronised by the light-darkness and feeding-fasting cycles. We then focus on two central neuroendocrine transducers (melatonin and orexin) and three peripheral hormones (leptin, ghrelin and cortisol), which are involved in the synchronisation of the circadian system in mammals and/or energy status signalling. We review the role of each of these as overt rhythms (i.e. outputs of the circadian system) and, for the first time, as key internal temporal messengers that act as inputs for other endogenous oscillators. Based on acute changes in clock gene expression, we describe the currently accepted model of endogenous oscillator entrainment by the light-darkness cycle and propose a new model for non-photic (endocrine) entrainment, highlighting the importance of the bidirectional cross-talking between the endocrine and circadian systems in fishes. The flexibility of the fish circadian system combined with the absence of a master clock makes these vertebrates a very attractive model for studying communication among oscillators to drive functionally coordinated outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Isorna
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II)Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria de Pedro
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II)Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Valenciano
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II)Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Alonso-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II)Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II)Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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112
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Viant MR, Elphinstone Davis J, Duffy C, Engel J, Stenton C, Sebire M, Katsiadaki I. Application of Passive Sampling to Characterise the Fish Exometabolome. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7010008. [PMID: 28216558 PMCID: PMC5372211 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous metabolites excreted by organisms into their surrounding environment, termed the exometabolome, are important for many processes including chemical communication. In fish biology, such metabolites are also known to be informative markers of physiological status. While metabolomics is increasingly used to investigate the endogenous biochemistry of organisms, no non-targeted studies of the metabolic complexity of fish exometabolomes have been reported to date. In environmental chemistry, Chemcatcher® (Portsmouth, UK) passive samplers have been developed to sample for micro-pollutants in water. Given the importance of the fish exometabolome, we sought to evaluate the capability of Chemcatcher® samplers to capture a broad spectrum of endogenous metabolites excreted by fish and to measure these using non-targeted direct infusion mass spectrometry metabolomics. The capabilities of C18 and styrene divinylbenzene reversed-phase sulfonated (SDB-RPS) Empore™ disks for capturing non-polar and polar metabolites, respectively, were compared. Furthermore, we investigated real, complex metabolite mixtures excreted from two model fish species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In total, 344 biological samples and 28 QC samples were analysed, revealing 646 and 215 m/z peaks from trout and stickleback, respectively. The measured exometabolomes were principally affected by the type of Empore™ (Hemel Hempstead, UK) disk and also by the sampling time. Many peaks were putatively annotated, including several bile acids (e.g., chenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, glycocholate, glycolithocholate, glycochenodeoxycholate, glycodeoxycholate). Collectively these observations show the ability of Chemcatcher® passive samplers to capture endogenous metabolites excreted from fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jessica Elphinstone Davis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Cathleen Duffy
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jasper Engel
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility-Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Craig Stenton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Marion Sebire
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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113
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Franco Montoya LN, Martins TP, Gimbo RY, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. β-Glucan-induced cortisol levels improve the early immune response in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:197-204. [PMID: 27903452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of endogenous cortisol on the innate immune response in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) fed with β-glucan, prior to and after stressor exposure and bacterial challenge. For this, we evaluated the serum cortisol and plasma glucose levels, the serum lysozyme levels, the hemolytic activity of the complement system, and the respiratory activity of leukocytes, as well as the number of circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes of fish fed during 15 days with diets containing β-glucan 0.1% (β-G) or β-glucan 0.1% + metyrapone 30 mg kg-1 fish (β-G + MTP). Dietary MTP was used to block cortisol production. After feeding, fish were air-exposed during 3 min, to endogenously increase the cortisol levels. Following that, they were challenged with intraperitoneal injection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Results were compared with a positive control group fed with a β-glucan-free diet. A negative control group, also fed with β-glucan-free diet but inoculated with PBS, was established to evaluate the effect of the handling during injection. Fish were sampled prior to the stressor exposure, 30 min after exposure, and 24 h post infection (hpi). Herein we observed that dietary β-G modulated the cortisol profile prior to and after the stressor, increasing the number and activity of leukocytes. Moreover, cortisol showed to be an efficient modulator of both humoral and cellular innate immune system by increasing lysozyme and complement activity, as well as neutrophil and monocyte populations. Our results suggest that β-glucan-induced cortisol increase is one important mechanism to improve the innate immune response in matrinxã.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz N Franco Montoya
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talísia P Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Y Gimbo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Cep. 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth C Urbinati
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Cep. 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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114
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Aride P, Oliveira A, Oliveira A, Ferreira M, Baptista R, Santos S, Pantoja-Lima J. Growth and hematological responses of tambaqui fed different amounts of cassava (Manihot esculenta). ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tambaqui,Colossoma macropomum is a fish of primary importance in Brazilian aquaculture and in the Amazon region in particular. The aim of this work is to analyze the combined effects of physical training and levels of dietary cassava (Manihot esculenta) on the hematological parameters, food intake, conversion efficiency, growth ratio and swimming performance of this fish. A diet for tambaqui consisting of 30% cassava caused decreases in weight gain and specific growth rate compared with the control group. Diets containing 15% or 45% cassava did not affect these indices and did not cause hematological changes in tambaqui juveniles, indicating that some amount of cassava can be used as an alternative energy source for this important aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.H.R. Aride
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazona, Brasil
| | - A.T. Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazona, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - S.M. Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação ˗ Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas, Brasil
| | - J. Pantoja-Lima
- Instituto Federal de Educação ˗ Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas, Brasil
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115
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Samaras A, Dimitroglou A, Sarropoulou E, Papaharisis L, Kottaras L, Pavlidis M. Repeatability of cortisol stress response in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and transcription differences between individuals with divergent responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34858. [PMID: 27703277 PMCID: PMC5050510 DOI: 10.1038/srep34858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the stress responses of organisms is of importance in the performance and welfare of farmed animals, including fish. Especially fish in aquaculture commonly face stressors, and better knowledge of their responses may assist in proper husbandry and selection of breeding stocks. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), a species with high cortisol concentrations, is of major importance in this respect. The main objectives of the present study were to assess the repeatability and consistency of cortisol stress response and to identify differences in liver transcription profiles of European sea bass individuals, showing a consistent low (LR) or high (HR) cortisol response. The progeny of six full sib families was used, and sampled for plasma cortisol after an acute stress challenge once per month, for four consecutive months. Results suggest that cortisol responsiveness was a repeatable trait with LR and HR fish showing low or high resting, free and post-stress cortisol concentrations respectively. Finally, the liver transcription profiles of LR and HR fish showed some important differences, indicating differential hepatic regulation between these divergent phenotypes. These transcription differences were related to various metabolic and immunological processes, with 169 transcripts being transcribed exclusively in LR fish and 161 exclusively in HR fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samaras
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - A Dimitroglou
- Research and Development Department, Nireus Aquaculture S.A., Greece
| | - E Sarropoulou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - L Papaharisis
- Research and Development Department, Nireus Aquaculture S.A., Greece
| | - L Kottaras
- Research and Development Department, Nireus Aquaculture S.A., Greece
| | - M Pavlidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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116
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Backström T, Johansson K, Brännäs E, Nilsson J, Magnhagen C. Short-term stress: effects on cortisol levels and carotenoid spots in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the carotenoid pigmentation in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus (L., 1758)) is connected to stress responsiveness. These studies also suggested that the pigmentation is dynamic and can change quickly. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the effect of a short-term stressor on the number of carotenoid spots before and after certain time intervals after the stressor. Individuals were exposed to a net-restraint stressor for 1 min and then assigned a recovery time of either 0, 1, 2, 8, or 24 h. Photographs were taken before the stressor and after the recovery time to count carotenoid spots and to look at the relative changes over time. Behaviour during the stressor and cortisol levels after the assigned recovery time were evaluated. We found that the change in spottiness, measured as the ratio of spots after and before the stressor, changed with recovery time on the right side but not on the left side. Furthermore, left-side spots were correlated with struggling activity. Thus, carotenoid pigmentation seems to be lateralized, with more static spots on the left side connected to stress responsiveness, whereas spots on the right side seem to be more dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Backström
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Johansson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Brännäs
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carin Magnhagen
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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117
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Espinoza MB, Aedo JE, Zuloaga R, Valenzuela C, Molina A, Valdés JA. Cortisol Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Through a Membrane Glucocorticoid Receptor in Rainbow Trout Myotubes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:718-725. [PMID: 27564718 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is an essential regulator of neuroendocrine stress responses in teleosts. Cortisol predominantly affects target tissues through the genomic pathway, which involves interacting with cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors, and thereby, modulating stress-response gene expressions. Cortisol also produces rapid effects via non-genomic pathways, which do not involve gene transcription. Although cortisol-mediated genomic pathways are well documented in teleosts, non-genomic pathways are not fully understood. Moreover, no studies have focused on the contribution of non-genomic cortisol pathways in compensatory stress responses in fish. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skeletal myotubes were stimulated with physiological concentrations of cortisol and cortisol-BSA, a membrane-impermeable agent, resulting in an early induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This production was not suppressed by transcription or translation inhibitors, suggesting non-genomic pathway involvement. Moreover, myotube preincubation with RU486 and NAC completely suppressed cortisol- and cortisol-BSA-induced ROS production. Subcellular fractionation analysis revealed the presence of cell membrane glucocorticoid receptors. Finally, cortisol-BSA induced a significant increase in ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation, as well as in CREB-dependent transcriptional activation of the pgc1a gene expression. The obtained results strongly suggest that cortisol acts through a non-genomic glucocorticoid receptor-mediated pathway to induce ROS production and contribute to ERK/CREB/PGC1-α signaling pathway activation as stress compensation mechanisms. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 718-725, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen B Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge E Aedo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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118
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López-Olmeda JF. Nonphotic entrainment in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:133-143. [PMID: 27642096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organisms that live on the Earth are subjected to environmental variables that display cyclic variations, such as light, temperature and tides. Since these cyclic changes in the environment are constant and predictable, they have affected biological evolution through selecting the occurrence of biological rhythms in the physiology of all living organisms, from prokaryotes to mammals. Biological clocks confer organisms an adaptive advantage as they can synchronize their behavioral and physiological processes to occur at a given moment of time when effectiveness and success would be greater and/or the cost and risk for organisms would be lower. Among environmental synchronizers, light has been mostly widely studied to date. However, other environmental signals play an important role in biological rhythms, especially in aquatic animals like fish. This review focuses on current knowledge about the role of nonphotic synchronizers (temperature, food and tidal cycles) on biological rhythms in fish, and on the entrainment of the fish circadian system to these synchronizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F López-Olmeda
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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119
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González Gómez MP, Marín Arribas SL, Vargas-Chacoff L. Stress response of Salmo salar (Linnaeus 1758) facing low abundance infestation of Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall & Bravo 2000), an object in the tank, and handling. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:853-865. [PMID: 26644318 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study looks at how low infestation loads of adult Caligus rogercresseyi and other stressors affect the physiology of Salmo salar. Experimental fish groups were with (infested) or without (control) exposure to the parasite. The parasite cohort was followed for 78 days post-infestation (dpi), and only adult lice were observed. Additional stressors were applied at 60 and 75 dpi. The analysis included measurements of fish physiology and weight. Low-level infestations by adult C. rogercresseyi for more than 50 dpi induced moderate stress in S. salar as well as a high energy demand and increased small skin mucous cells. Threshold lice loads were identified, and above those loads, a high stress response was observed. Additional stressors altered fish physiology, inducing downregulation of the cortisol response after the first stressor and upregulation after the second stressor, but infested fish responded more strongly. Parasitism by C. rogercresseyi is energetically demanding, affecting the primary and secondary responses (e.g. cortisol and glucose levels), as well as the tertiary response (fish weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- M P González Gómez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - S L Marín Arribas
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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120
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Veit JC, Piccolo J, Facco G, Scherer AF, Baldisserotto B, Koakoski G, Menezes CC, Loro VL, Barcellos LJG, Mello RO, Emanuelli T. Influence of Electronarcosis on Behavioral Responses, Blood Markers, and Fillet Properties of Silver Catfish ( Rhamdia quelen). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2016.1170747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C. Veit
- Núcleo Integrado de Desenvolvimento em Análises Laboratoriais (NIDAL), Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Piccolo
- Núcleo Integrado de Desenvolvimento em Análises Laboratoriais (NIDAL), Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Facco
- Núcleo Integrado de Desenvolvimento em Análises Laboratoriais (NIDAL), Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Aline F. Scherer
- Núcleo Integrado de Desenvolvimento em Análises Laboratoriais (NIDAL), Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Gessi Koakoski
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Charlene C. Menezes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Vania L. Loro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J. G. Barcellos
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Renius O. Mello
- Núcleo Integrado de Desenvolvimento em Análises Laboratoriais (NIDAL), Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Núcleo Integrado de Desenvolvimento em Análises Laboratoriais (NIDAL), Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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121
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Weinersmith KL, Hanninen AF, Sih A, McElreath R, Earley RL. The relationship between handling time and cortisol release rates changes as a function of brain parasite densities in California killifish Fundulus parvipinnis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:1125-1142. [PMID: 26806153 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study validated a technique for non-invasive hormone measurements in California killifish Fundulus parvipinnis, and looked for associations between cortisol (a stress hormone) and 11-ketotestosterone (KT, an androgen) release rates and the density or intensity of the trematode parasites Euhaplorchis californiensis (EUHA) and Renicola buchanani (RENB) in wild-caught, naturally infected F. parvipinnis. In experiment 1, F. parvipinnis were exposed to an acute stressor by lowering water levels to dorsal-fin height and repeatedly handling the fish over the course of an hour. Neither parasite was found to influence cortisol release rates in response to this acute stressor. In experiment 2, different F. parvipinnis were exposed on four consecutive days to the procedure for collecting water-borne hormone levels and release rates of 11-KT and cortisol were quantified. This design examined whether F. parvipinnis perceived the water-borne collection procedure to be a stressor, while also exploring how parasites influenced hormone release rates under conditions less stressful than those in experiment 1. No association was found between RENB and hormone release rates, or between EUHA and 11-KT release rates. The interaction between EUHA density and handling time, however, was an important predictor of cortisol release rates. The relationship between handling time and cortisol release rates was negative for F. parvipinnis harbouring low or intermediate density infections, and became positive for fish harbouring high densities of EUHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Weinersmith
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A
| | - A F Hanninen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, U.S.A
| | - A Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A
| | - R McElreath
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A
| | - R L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, U.S.A
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122
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López-Olmeda JF, Pujante IM, Costa LS, Galal-Khallaf A, Mancera JM, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Daily rhythms in the somatotropic axis of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): The time of day influences the response to GH administration. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:257-67. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - I. M. Pujante
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - L. S. Costa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A. Galal-Khallaf
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucia - CSIC, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J. M. Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F. J. Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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123
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Rundle A, Robertson AB, Blay AM, Butler KMA, Callaghan NI, Dieni CA, MacCormack TJ. Cerium oxide nanoparticles exhibit minimal cardiac and cytotoxicity in the freshwater fish Catostomus commersonii. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 181-182:19-26. [PMID: 26743956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanomaterials can cause oxidative, cardiorespiratory, and osmoregulatory stress in freshwater fish. In contrast, cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) can have antioxidant effects but their aquatic toxicity has not been fully characterized. Heart rate and heart rate variability were followed in white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) acutely exposed to 1.0 mg L(-1) nCeO2 for 25 h. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured to assess oxidative tissue damage, and plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, and osmolality were assessed as indicators of physiological and osmoregulatory stress. There was no MDA accumulation in gill or heart of fish exposed to nCeO2 and heart function was unchanged over the 25 h treatment. Plasma cortisol increased 6-fold but there was no change in plasma glucose or lactate. Cellular osmoregulatory toxicity was studied using an isolated red blood cell (RBC) model. In vitro exposure to 1.0 mg L(-1) nCeO2 for 1h had no effect on cell morphological parameters and did not sensitize RBCs to hemolysis under hypotonic stress. Overall, there were no indications of oxidative, cardiorespiratory, or osmoregulatory stress following acute exposure to nCeO2. Elevated plasma cortisol levels suggest that nCeO2 may exert mild toxicity to tissues outside of the cardiorespiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rundle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Anne B Robertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Blay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Kathryn M A Butler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Neal I Callaghan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Christopher A Dieni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada.
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González MP, Vargas-Chacoff L, Marín SL. Stress response of Salmo salar (Linnaeus 1758) when heavily infested by Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall & Bravo 2000) copepodids. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:263-274. [PMID: 26394864 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The year-round presence of ovigerous females of the parasite Caligus rogercresseyi in the fish farms of southern Chile results in a continuous source of the copepodid (infestive) stage of this louse. The short generation time in spring-summer could lead to high abundances of this copepodid, potentially leading to high infestation levels for fish. Knowing how heavy lice infestations affect Salmo salar can help determine how to time antiparasitic treatments so as to both minimize the treatment impact and reduce lice infestation levels for fish. This study aimed to describe the effects of high infestations of the copepodid stage of C. rogercresseyi on the physiology of S. salar. Two groups of S. salar were used: an infested group (75 copepodids per fish) and a control group (not infested). Sixty-five days after the first infestation, the infested fish group was re-infested at an infestation pressure of 200 copepodids per fish. Sampling was done prior to and following the second infestation, at 56 and 67 days (the latter 2 days following the second infestation). Several physiological variables were measured: cortisol (primary stress response) and glucose, proteins, amino acids, triglycerides, lactate, osmolality levels, and number and diameter of skin mucous cells (secondary stress responses). The plasma cortisol, glucose, and triglyceride levels were altered in the heavily infested fish, as was the diameter of skin mucous cells. These results suggest that heavy infestations of C. rogercresseyi lead to an acute stress response, metabolic reorganization, and increased mucus production in S. salar under heavy infestation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita P González
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile.
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sandra L Marín
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
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Renick VC, Weinersmith K, Vidal-Dorsch DE, Anderson TW. Effects of a pesticide and a parasite on neurological, endocrine, and behavioral responses of an estuarine fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:335-343. [PMID: 26454718 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In coastal waters, pesticides and parasites are widespread stressors that may separately and interactively affect the physiology, behavior, and survival of resident organisms. We investigated the effects of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos and the trematode parasite Euhaplorchis californiensis on three important traits of California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis): neurotransmitter activity, release of the stress hormone cortisol, and behavior. Killifish were collected from a population without E. californiensis, and then half of the fish were experimentally infected. Following a 30 day period for parasite maturation, infected and uninfected groups were exposed to four concentrations of chlorpyrifos (solvent control, 1-3ppb) prior to behavior trials to quantify activity, feeding behavior, and anti-predator responses. Water-borne cortisol release rates were measured non-invasively from each fish prior to infection, one-month post-infection, and following pesticide exposure. Killifish exposed to 3ppb chlorpyrifos exhibited a 74.6±6.8% and 60.5±8.3% reduction in brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity relative to controls. The rate of cortisol release was suppressed by each chlorpyrifos level relative to controls. Killifish exposed to the medium (2ppb) and high (3ppb) pesticide concentrations exhibited reduced activity and a decrease in mean swimming speed following a simulated predator attack. Muscle AChE was positively related to swimming activity while brain AChE was positively related to foraging behavior. No effects of the parasite were observed, possibly because of low metacercariae densities achieved through controlled infections. We found that sublethal pesticide exposure has the potential to modify several organismal endpoints with consequences for reduced fitness, including neurological, endocrine, and behavioral responses in an ecologically abundant fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet Compton Renick
- San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Coastal and Marine Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States; University of California Davis, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Kelly Weinersmith
- University of California Davis, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Rice University, BioSciences, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Doris E Vidal-Dorsch
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd. Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States
| | - Todd W Anderson
- San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Coastal and Marine Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
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128
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Newman RC, Ellis T, Davison PI, Ives MJ, Thomas RJ, Griffiths SW, Riley WD. Using novel methodologies to examine the impact of artificial light at night on the cortisol stress response in dispersing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov051. [PMID: 27293735 PMCID: PMC4778446 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is gaining recognition as having an important anthropogenic impact on the environment, yet the behavioural and physiological impacts of this stressor are largely unknown. This dearth of information is particularly true for freshwater ecosystems, which are already heavily impacted by anthropogenic pressures. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is a species of conservation and economic importance whose ecology and behaviour is well studied, making it an ideal model species. Recent investigations have demonstrated that salmon show disrupted behaviour in response to artificial light; however, it is not yet clear which physiological processes are behind the observed behavioural modifications. Here, two novel non-invasive sampling methods were used to examine the cortisol stress response of dispersing salmon fry under different artificial lighting intensities. Fish egg and embryos were reared under differing ALAN intensities and individual measures of stress were subsequently taken from dispersing fry using static sampling, whereas population-level measures were achieved using deployed passive samplers. Dispersing fry exposed to experimental confinement showed elevated cortisol levels, indicating the capacity to mount a stress response at this early stage in ontogenesis. However, only one of the two methods for sampling cortisol used in this study indicated that ALAN may act as a stressor to dispersing salmon fry. As such, a cortisol-mediated response to light was not strongly supported. Furthermore, the efficacy of the two non-invasive methodologies used in this study is, subject to further validation, indicative of them proving useful in future ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian C. Newman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Tim Ellis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Phil I. Davison
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Mark J. Ives
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Rob J. Thomas
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Sian W. Griffiths
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - William D. Riley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
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Silva LDL, Garlet QI, Koakoski G, Abreu MSD, Mallmann CA, Baldisserotto B, Barcellos LJG, Heinzmann BM. Anesthetic activity of the essential oil of Ocimum americanum in Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and its effects on stress parameters. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20150012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic activity of the essential oil (EO) of Ocimum americanum L. in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen ). In the first experiment, the depressor effects and chemical composition of the leaf EO (LEO) and inflorescence EO (IEO) were compared. Juveniles (n = 10) were placed in aquaria containing different concentrations of EO (25 - 500 mg L-1) to determine the point at which anesthesia was induced and the length of the recovery period. In the following experiment, the effects of 300 and 500 mg L-1 LEO exposure on stress parameters (plasma cortisol, glucose and sodium levels) after air exposure for 1 min were assayed. Fish (n = 10 per sampling time) were sampled immediately or transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria until sampling (15, 30, 60 or 240 min). LEO was composed mainly of β-linalool and 1,8-cineole in similar proportions, whereas IEO showed β-linalool as major compound. Anesthesia was obtained in silver catfish with 200-500 mg L-1 between 4-8 min for LEO and 6-16 min for IEO. Lower EO concentrations did not reach anesthetic stage up to 30 min. LEO used as anesthetic prevented the cortisol increase and sodium loss induced by aerial exposure. Glucose levels were raised in catfish exposed to LEO compared to basal group (not air exposed) in almost all observation times. EO of O. americanum obtained from leaves was considered suitable to anesthetic procedures due to its fast induction and handling-induced stress prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise de Lima Silva
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Brazil
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Aedo JE, Maldonado J, Aballai V, Estrada JM, Bastias-Molina M, Meneses C, Gallardo-Escarate C, Silva H, Molina A, Valdés JA. mRNA-seq reveals skeletal muscle atrophy in response to handling stress in a marine teleost, the red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1024. [PMID: 26626593 PMCID: PMC4667402 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fish reared under intensive conditions are repeatedly exposed to stress, which negatively impacts growth. Although most fish follow a conserved pattern of stress response, with increased concentrations of cortisol, each species presents specificities in the cell response and stress tolerance. Therefore, culturing new species requires a detailed knowledge of these specific responses. The red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is a new economically important marine species for the Chilean aquaculture industry. However, there is no information on the stress- and cortisol-induced mechanisms that decrease skeletal muscle growth in this teleost. Results Using Illumina RNA-seq technology, skeletal muscle sequence reads for G. chilensis were generated under control and handling stress conditions. Reads were mapped onto a reference transcriptome, resulting in the in silico identification of 785 up-regulated and 167 down-regulated transcripts. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed a significant up-regulation of catabolic genes associated with skeletal muscle atrophy. These results were validated by RT-qPCR analysis for ten candidates genes involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, autophagy and skeletal muscle growth. Additionally, using a primary culture of fish skeletal muscle cells, the effect of cortisol was evaluated in relation to red cusk-eel skeletal muscle atrophy. Conclusions The present data demonstrated that handling stress promotes skeletal muscle atrophy in the marine teleost G. chilensis through the expression of components of the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems. Furthermore, cortisol was a powerful inductor of skeletal muscle atrophy in fish myotubes. This study is an important step towards understanding the atrophy system in non-model teleost species and provides novel insights on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control skeletal muscle growth in early vertebrates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2232-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Aedo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Maldonado
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional & Bioinformática, Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Aballai
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Estrada
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Macarena Bastias-Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escarate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Herman Silva
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional & Bioinformática, Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile. .,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile.
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131
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Alzaid A, Hori TS, Hall JR, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. Cold-induced changes in stress hormone and steroidogenic transcript levels in cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), a fish capable of metabolic depression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:126-35. [PMID: 26188716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) is a fish with a wide latitudinal distribution that is capable of going into metabolic depression during the winter months, and thus, represents a unique model to investigate the impacts of cold temperatures on the stress response. In this study, we measured resting (pre-stress) plasma cortisol levels in 10 °C and 0 °C acclimated cunner from Newfoundland, and both catecholamine and cortisol levels after they were given a standardized handling stress (i.e. 1 min air exposure). In addition, we cloned and characterized cDNAs for several key genes of the cortisol-axis [cytochrome P450scc, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) most likely to be an ortholog of the teleost GR2], determined the tissue distribution of their transcripts, and measured their constitutive (i.e. pre-stress) transcript levels in individuals acclimated to both temperatures. In cunner acclimated to 0 °C, post-stress epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were much lower (by approximately 9- and 5-fold, respectively) compared to 10 °C acclimated fish, and these fish had relatively low resting cortisol levels (~15 ngml(-1)) and showed a typical post-stress response. In contrast, those acclimated to 10 °C had quite high resting cortisol levels (~75 ngml(-1)) that actually decreased (to ~20 ngml(-1)) post-stress before returning to pre-stress levels. Finally, fish acclimated to 10 °C had higher P450scc transcript levels in the head kidney and lower levels of GR transcript in both the head kidney and liver. Taken together, these results suggest that: (1) temperature has a profound effect on the stress response of this species; and (2) although the ancestors of this species inhabited warm waters (i.e. they are members of the family Labridae), populations of cunner from colder regions may show signs of stress at temperatures as low as 10 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alzaid
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Tiago S Hori
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Morandini L, Ramallo MR, Moreira RG, Höcht C, Somoza GM, Silva A, Pandolfi M. Serotonergic outcome, stress and sexual steroid hormones, and growth in a South American cichlid fish fed with an L-tryptophan enriched diet. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 223:27-37. [PMID: 26449161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reared animals for edible or ornamental purposes are frequently exposed to high aggression and stressful situations. These factors generally arise from conspecifics in densely breeding conditions. In vertebrates, serotonin (5-HT) has been postulated as a key neuromodulator and neurotransmitter involved in aggression and stress. The essential amino acid L-tryptophan (trp) is crucial for the synthesis of 5-HT, and so, leaves a gateway for indirectly augmenting brain 5-HT levels by means of a trp-enriched diet. The cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus, locally known as chanchita, is an autochthonous, potentially ornamental species and a fruitful laboratory model which behavior and reproduction has been studied over the last 15years. It presents complex social hierarchies, and great asymmetries between subordinate and dominant animals in respect to aggression, stress, and reproductive chance. The first aim of this work was to perform a morphological description of chanchita's brain serotonergic system, in both males and females. Then, we evaluated the effects of a trp-supplemented diet, given during 4weeks, on brain serotonergic activity, stress and sexual steroid hormones, and growth in isolated specimens. Results showed that chanchita's brain serotonergic system is composed of several populations of neurons located in three main areas: pretectum, hypothalamus and raphe, with no clear differences between males and females at a morphological level. Animals fed with trp-enriched diets exhibited higher forebrain serotonergic activity and a significant reduction in their relative cortisol levels, with no effects on sexual steroid plasma levels or growth parameters. Thus, this study points to food trp enrichment as a "neurodietary'' method for elevating brain serotonergic activity and decreasing stress, without affecting growth or sex steroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Morandini
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento, DBBE e IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güirlades 2160, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Roberto Ramallo
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento, DBBE e IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güirlades 2160, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências-USP, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, n.321, sala 220 CidadeUniversitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Höcht
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Manuel Somoza
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino km 8.2 (B 7130IWA) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Silva
- Unidad Bases Neurales de la Conducta, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Avda. Italia 3318, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Pandolfi
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento, DBBE e IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güirlades 2160, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Fierro-Castro C, Santa-Cruz MC, Hernández-Sánchez M, Teles M, Tort L. Analysis of steroidogenic pathway key transcripts in interrenal cells isolated by laser microdissection (LMD) in stressed rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 190:39-46. [PMID: 26358831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An assessment of the key transcripts expression of the steroidogenesis-related genes in rainbow trout subjected to either acute or chronic stress was performed in both interrenal cells and whole head kidney tissue. The analysis of interrenal cells was possible thanks to the use, for the first time in this specific type of cells, of the technique of laser microdissection (LMD) which allows to isolate specific cells and process them independently of other surrounding cells in the tissue. The results indicated that both acute and chronic stressors induced a significant up-regulation of the steroidogenesis-related genes with a higher but expected degree in the isolated cells. In addition, under acute stress a delay between cortisol levels and transcript expression was found. Under chronic stress a clear relation between plasma cortisol levels, mRNA transcription and interrenal tissue area was observed, since all parameters were concomitantly increased at day 5 after stress. Moreover results indicated that the LMD technique allowed ascertaining with more precision and accuracy whether and when the steroidogenesis-related genes were significantly expressed, disregarding the noise produced by other cells present in the head kidney. Results also showed a typical physiological response in plasma parameters and a positive relationship between plasma cortisol data and transcript abundance in isolated cells. The present results may help to better understand the mechanisms behind the interrenal response to stress challenges in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Santa-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Is gill cortisol concentration a good acute stress indicator in fish? A study in rainbow trout and zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 188:65-9. [PMID: 26119598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is the main biomarker of physiological stress in fish. It is usually measured in plasma, which requires blood collection. Though cortisol is produced in the anterior kidney, it can diffuse easily through cell membranes due to its lipophilic nature. Taking advantage of that, some non-invasive techniques have been developed to measure cortisol directly in the water from fish-holding tanks, in skin mucus or in scales. In this study, we explored the possibility to analyze fish cortisol from gill filaments as a reliable acute stress marker. Our results show that gill cortisol levels correlate well with plasma cortisol levels in both rainbow trout and zebrafish exposed or not to an acute stress protocol. Measuring cortisol in gill filaments increases the available possibilities for stress assessment in fish. Although this approach should yet be tested for its use with other stressors, it has several advantages: In relatively large fish (i.e. above 30 g) gill cortisol levels could be measured in vivo. Sampling of gill biopsies is very fast and easy, and the procedure does not induce stress if properly performed, making it an ideal option for in vivo stress assessment. In small fish, the use of gill tissue to measure cortisol has important technical advantages with respect to the current methods using whole-body homogenates. Gill homogenates could be used directly for ELISA cortisol analysis, avoiding the need of tedious and expensive cortisol extraction protocols, and, since no organic solvent is required, contributing for a more environmentally friendly analysis.
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135
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Jeffrey JD, Hasler CT, Chapman JM, Cooke SJ, Suski CD. Linking Landscape-Scale Disturbances to Stress and Condition of Fish: Implications for Restoration and Conservation. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:618-30. [PMID: 25931612 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have dramatically altered landscapes as a result of urban and agricultural development, which has led to decreases in the quality and quantity of habitats for animals. This is particularly the case for freshwater fish that reside in fluvial systems, given that changes to adjacent lands have direct impacts on the structure and function of watersheds. Because choices of habitat have physiological consequences for organisms, animals that occupy sub-optimal habitats may experience increased expenditure of energy or homeostatic overload that can cause negative outcomes for individuals and populations. With the imperiled and threatened status of many freshwater fish, there is a critical need to define relationships between land use, quality of the habitat, and physiological performance for resident fish as an aid to restoration and management. Here, we synthesize existing literature to relate variation in land use at the scale of watersheds to the physiological status of resident fish. This examination revealed that landscape-level disturbances can influence a host of physiological properties of resident fishes, ranging from cellular and genomic levels to the hormonal and whole-animal levels. More importantly, these physiological responses have been integrated into traditional field-based monitoring protocols to provide a mechanistic understanding of how organisms interact with their environment, and to enhance restoration. We also generated a conceptual model that provides a basis for relating landscape-level changes to physiological responses in fish. We conclude that physiological sampling of resident fish has the potential to assess the effects of landscape-scale disturbances on freshwater fish and to enhance restoration and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Jeffrey
- *Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- *Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jacqueline M Chapman
- *Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Steven J Cooke
- *Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 *Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Cory D Suski
- *Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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136
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Vera LM, Montoya A, Pujante IM, Pérez-Sánchez J, Calduch-Giner JA, Mancera JM, Moliner J, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Acute stress response in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) is time-of-day dependent: Physiological and oxidative stress indicators. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:1051-61. [PMID: 25102424 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.945646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since fish show daily rhythms in most physiological functions, it should not be surprising that stressors may have different effects depending on the timing of exposure. In this study, we investigated the influence of time of day on the stress responses, at both physiological and cellular levels, in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) submitted to air exposure for 30 s and then returned to their tank. One hour after air exposure, blood, hypothalamus and liver samples were taken. Six fish per experimental group (control and stressed) were sampled every 4 h during a 24-h cycle. Fish were fed in the middle of the light cycle (ML) and locomotor activity rhythms were recorded using infrared photocells to determine their daily activity pattern of behaviour, which showed a peak around feeding time in all fish. In the control group, cortisol levels did not show daily rhythmicity, whereas in the stressed fish, a daily rhythm of plasma cortisol was observed, being the average values higher than in the control group, with increased differences during the dark phase. Blood glucose showed daily rhythmicity in the control group but not in the stressed one which also showed higher values at all sampling points. In the hypothalamus of control fish, a daily rhythm of corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) gene expression was observed, with the acrophase at the beginning of the light phase. However, in the stressed fish, this rhythm was abolished. The expression of crh-binding protein (crhbp) showed a peak at the end of the dark phase in the control group, whereas in the stressed sea bream, this peak was found at ML. Regarding hepatic gene expression of oxidative stress biomarkers: (i) cytochrome c oxidase 4 showed daily rhythmicity in both control and stressed fish, with the acrophases located around ML, (ii) peroxiredoxin (prdx) 3 and 5 (prdx5) only presented daily rhythmicity of expression in the stressed fish, with the acrophase located at the beginning of the light cycle and (iii) uncoupling protein 1 showed significant differences between sampling points only in the control group, with significantly higher expression at the beginning of the dark phase. Taken together, these results indicate that stress response in gilthead sea bream is time-dependent as cortisol level rose higher at night, and that different rhythmic mechanisms interplay in the control of neuroendocrine and cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa María Vera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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137
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Chebaani N, Guardiola FA, Sihem M, Nabil A, Oumouna M, Meseguer J, Esteban MA, Cuesta A. Innate humoral immune parameters in Tilapia zillii under acute stress by low temperature and crowding. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:797-804. [PMID: 24214459 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Redbelly tilapia (Tilapia zillii; Gervais, 1848) is one of the most valuable freshwater species in North Africa representing an important part of the continental production, especially in brackish lakes. In Algeria, T. zillii is distributed in several lakes and tributaries of some rivers in the south. Though some attempts are in progress to culture this species, many investigations covering its biology and farm management are still needed. In this sense, this is the first study attempting to evaluate some of the T. zillii immune parameters and valuable data to assess their health and well-being status. Thus, we have determined the levels of serum peroxidases as well as the alternative complement, antiprotease and bactericidal activities. Furthermore, we have also evaluated the potential impact of two acute stress factors, commonly found in fish farms, in these parameters. Although it was assessed that fish exposed to low temperatures or crowding were stressed, as indicated by their increased serum levels of cortisol and glucose, both acute stressors failed to significantly affect serum peroxidases as well as antiprotease and complement activities. However, the bactericidal activity was reduced in general but only in those exposed to crowding reached statistical significance. Further studies are needed to characterise the immune response in T. zillii as well as the effects that farming stresses may produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjoua Chebaani
- Centre National pour la Recherche et le Développement de la Pêche et l'Aquaculture (CNRDPA), 11 Boulevard Colonel Amirouche, 42100, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
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138
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Øverli Ø, Nordgreen J, Mejdell CM, Janczak AM, Kittilsen S, Johansen IB, Horsberg TE. Ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) affect behavior and brain serotonergic activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Perspectives on animal welfare. Physiol Behav 2014; 132:44-50. [PMID: 24792663 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scientific research and public debate on the welfare of animals in human custody is increasing at present. Fish are in this context mentioned with particular attention to the high numbers of individuals reared in aquaculture. Research on fish has also contributed to the understanding of individual variation in the ability to cope with stress and disease. One mediator of such variation is the brain serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system, which conveys physiological and behavioral responses to stress and sub-optimal rearing conditions. Here we study links between the 5-HT response, melanin-based skin pigmentation, and behavior in laboratory-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) experimentally infested with ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Lice numbers were more variable in less pigmented fish, while the neurochemical response to ectoparastic lice-increased levels of the main 5-HT catabolite 5-HIAA in the brain stem-did not differ between pigmentation groups. A strong depression of growth and locomotor activity was seen in all infested fish but less pigmented fish grew better than fish with more skin melanization regardless of infestation status. The observed combination of neurochemical and behavioral effects clearly suggest that animal welfare concerns can be added to the list of negative effects of ectoparasitic sea lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie M Mejdell
- Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew M Janczak
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Kittilsen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Tor E Horsberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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139
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Dickmeis T, Weger BD, Weger M. The circadian clock and glucocorticoids--interactions across many time scales. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:2-15. [PMID: 23707790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones of the adrenal gland that are an integral component of the stress response and regulate many physiological processes, including metabolism and immune response. Their release into the blood is highly dynamic and occurs in about hourly pulses, the amplitude of which is modulated in a daytime dependent fashion. In addition, in many species seasonal changes in basal glucocorticoid levels have been reported. In their target tissues, glucocorticoids bind to cytoplasmic receptors of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Upon binding, these receptors regulate transcription in a highly dynamic fashion, which involves stochastic binding to regulatory DNA elements on a time scale of seconds and heat shock protein mediated receptor-ligand complex recycling within minutes. The glucocorticoid hormone system interacts with another highly dynamic system, the circadian clock. The circadian clock is an endogenous biological timing mechanism that allows organisms to anticipate regular daily changes in their environment. It regulates daily rhythms of glucocorticoid release by a variety of mechanisms, modulates glucocorticoid signaling and is itself influenced by glucocorticoids. Here, we discuss mechanisms, functions and interactions of the circadian and glucocorticoid systems across time scales ranging from seconds (DNA binding by transcriptional regulators) to years (seasonal rhythms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Nord, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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140
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High oxygen consumption rates and scale loss indicate elevated aggressive behaviour at low rearing density, while elevated brain serotonergic activity suggests chronic stress at high rearing densities in farmed rainbow trout. Physiol Behav 2013; 122:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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141
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Silva L, Garlet Q, Benovit S, Dolci G, Mallmann C, Bürger M, Baldisserotto B, Longhi S, Heinzmann B. Sedative and anesthetic activities of the essential oils of Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. and their isolated components in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:771-9. [PMID: 24068193 PMCID: PMC3854430 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the sedative and anesthetic effects of the essential oils (EO) of Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. and their isolated components on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Quantitative chemical differences between the EOs obtained from leaves and inflorescences were verified, and a new chemotype rich in globulol was described. Although there were no significant differences in the time of induction for sedation and anesthesia between the EOs, only the leaf EO at 344 mg/L anesthetized all fish without side effects. Fractionation of the leaf EO was carried out by column chromatography. The isolated compounds [(+)-1-terpinen-4-ol and (-)-globulol] showed different activity from that detected for the leaf EO in proportional concentrations and similar sedation to a eugenol control at 10 mg/L. However, fish exposed to 1-terpinen-4-ol (3 and 10 mg/L) did not remain sedated for 30 min. Anesthesia was obtained with 83-190 mg/L globulol, but animals showed loss of mucus during induction and mortality at these concentrations. Synergism of the depressor effects was detected with the association of globulol and benzodiazepine (BDZ), compared with either drug alone. Fish exposed to BDZ or globulol+BDZ association showed faster recovery from anesthesia in water containing flumazenil, but the same did not occur with globulol. In conclusion, the use of globulol in aquaculture procedures should be considered only at sedative concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/L, and its mechanism of action seems not to involve the GABAA-BDZ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.L. Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Q.I. Garlet
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - S.C. Benovit
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - G. Dolci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - C.A. Mallmann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade
Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - M.E. Bürger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - B. Baldisserotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - S.J. Longhi
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Unversidade Federal de
Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - B.M. Heinzmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de
Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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142
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Nakano T, Afonso LOB, Beckman BR, Iwama GK, Devlin RH. Acute physiological stress down-regulates mRNA expressions of growth-related genes in coho salmon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71421. [PMID: 23990952 PMCID: PMC3747168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and development in fish are regulated to a major extent by growth-related factors, such as liver-derived insulin-like growth factor (IGF) -1 in response to pituitary-secreted growth hormone (GH) binding to the GH receptor (GHR). Here, we report on the changes in the expressions of gh, ghr, and igf1 genes and the circulating levels of GH and IGF-1 proteins in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in response to handling as an acute physiological stressor. Plasma GH levels were not significantly different between stressed fish and prestressed control. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations in stressed fish 1.5 h post-stress were the same as in control fish, but levels in stressed fish decreased significantly 16 h post-stress. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that ghr mRNA levels in pituitary, liver, and muscle decreased gradually in response to the stressor. After exposure to stress, hepatic igf1 expression transiently increased, whereas levels decreased 16 h post-stress. On the other hand, the pituitary gh mRNA level did not change in response to the stressor. These observations indicate that expression of gh, ghr, and igf1 responded differently to stress. Our results show that acute physiological stress can mainly down-regulate the expressions of growth-related genes in coho salmon in vivo. This study also suggests that a relationship between the neuroendocrine stress response and growth-related factors exists in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nakano
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Luis O. B. Afonso
- Institute for Marine Biosciences (IMB/NRC), National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brian R. Beckman
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - George K. Iwama
- The University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert H. Devlin
- West Vancouver Laboratory, Center for Aquaculture and Environment Research (CAER- DFO/UBC), Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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143
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Differential expression of the corticosteroid receptors GR1, GR2 and MR in rainbow trout organs with slow release cortisol implants. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:506-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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144
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López-Olmeda JF, Blanco-Vives B, Pujante IM, Wunderink YS, Mancera JM, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Daily Rhythms in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal Axis and Acute Stress Responses in a Teleost Flatfish,Solea senegalensis. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:530-9. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.754448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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145
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Linking cortisol responsiveness and aggressive behaviour in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata: Indication of divergent coping styles. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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146
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Rodrigues PM, Silva TS, Dias J, Jessen F. PROTEOMICS in aquaculture: applications and trends. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4325-45. [PMID: 22498885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last forty years global aquaculture presented a growth rate of 6.9% per annum with an amazing production of 52.5 million tonnes in 2008, and a contribution of 43% of aquatic animal food for human consumption. In order to meet the world's health requirements of fish protein, a continuous growth in production is still expected for decades to come. Aquaculture is, though, a very competitive market, and a global awareness regarding the use of scientific knowledge and emerging technologies to obtain a better farmed organism through a sustainable production has enhanced the importance of proteomics in seafood biology research. Proteomics, as a powerful comparative tool, has therefore been increasingly used over the last decade to address different questions in aquaculture, regarding welfare, nutrition, health, quality, and safety. In this paper we will give an overview of these biological questions and the role of proteomics in their investigation, outlining the advantages, disadvantages and future challenges. A brief description of the proteomics technical approaches will be presented. Special focus will be on the latest trends related to the aquaculture production of fish with defined nutritional, health or quality properties for functional foods and the integration of proteomics techniques in addressing this challenging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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