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Gorejová R, Šišoláková I, Cipa P, Džunda R, Sopčák T, Oriňak A, Oriňaková R. Corrosion Behavior of Zn, Fe and Fe-Zn Powder Materials Prepared via Uniaxial Compression. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174983. [PMID: 34501073 PMCID: PMC8434490 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Powder metallurgy is one of the most prevalent ways for metallic degradable materials preparation. Knowledge of the properties of initial powders used during this procedure is therefore of great importance. Two different metals, iron and zinc, were selected and studied in this paper due to their promising properties in the field of biodegradable implants. Raw powders were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX). Powders (Fe, Zn and Fe-Zn in a weight ratio of 1:1) were then compressed at the pressure of 545 MPa to the form of pellets with a diameter of 1.7 cm. Surface morphology and degradation behavior in the Hanks´ solution were studied and evaluated. Electrochemical polarization tests along with the static immersion tests carried out for 21 days were employed for corrosion behavior characterization. The highest corrosion rate was observed for pure Zn powder followed by the Fe-Zn and Fe, respectively. A mixed Fe-Zn sample showed similar properties as pure zinc with no signs of iron degradation after 21 days due to the effect of galvanic protection secured by the zinc acting as a sacrificial anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Gorejová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.G.); (P.C.); (A.O.); (R.O.)
| | - Ivana Šišoláková
- Department of Physical Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.G.); (P.C.); (A.O.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-55-234-2362
| | - Pavol Cipa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.G.); (P.C.); (A.O.); (R.O.)
| | - Róbert Džunda
- Institute of Material Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Tibor Sopčák
- Institute of Material Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Andrej Oriňak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.G.); (P.C.); (A.O.); (R.O.)
| | - Renáta Oriňaková
- Department of Physical Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.G.); (P.C.); (A.O.); (R.O.)
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102
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Dong H, Virtanen S. Influence of bovine serum albumin on biodegradation behavior of pure Zn. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:185-194. [PMID: 34212467 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is emerging as a promising biodegradable metal for temporary implant applications. In this work, we investigate the influence of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-the most abundant blood protein in simulated body fluid (SBF) on degradation of pure Zn via electrochemical measurements and long-term immersion. Electrochemical experiments indicate a decrease of the corrosion rate of bare Zn with increasing BSA concentration in solution for short-term exposures. Samples were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM) (including energy dispersive spectroscopy [EDS], X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR], and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry [TOF-SIMS]) after immersion up to 21 days. Presence of BSA in the electrolyte, decrease the amount of Ca-phosphate precipitation on Zn surface. However, a more compact surface layer formed in the presence of BSA in solution. Most noteworthy, in long-term exposures, BSA enhances localized corrosion of Zn-such detrimental localized attack was not observed in BSA-free solution. We suggest that a sealed space forming between the Zn substrate and a protein adsorption layer restricts mass transport, thus triggering localized corrosion of Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhou Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Surface Science and Corrosion, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sannakaisa Virtanen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Surface Science and Corrosion, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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103
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Jiao J, Zhang S, Qu X, Yue B. Recent Advances in Research on Antibacterial Metals and Alloys as Implant Materials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:693939. [PMID: 34277473 PMCID: PMC8283567 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.693939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Implants are widely used in orthopedic surgery and are gaining attention of late. However, their use is restricted by implant-associated infections (IAI), which represent one of the most serious and dangerous complications of implant surgeries. Various strategies have been developed to prevent and treat IAI, among which the closest to clinical translation is designing metal materials with antibacterial functions by alloying methods based on existing materials, including titanium, cobalt, tantalum, and biodegradable metals. This review first discusses the complex interaction between bacteria, host cells, and materials in IAI and the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial effects of biomedical metals and alloys. Then, their applications for the prevention and treatment of IAI are highlighted. Finally, new insights into their clinical translation are provided. This review also provides suggestions for further development of antibacterial metals and alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyang Jiao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shutao Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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104
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Jarzębska A, Maj Ł, Bieda M, Chulist R, Wojtas D, Wątroba M, Janus K, Rogal Ł, Sztwiertnia K. Dynamic Recrystallization and Its Effect on Superior Plasticity of Cold-Rolled Bioabsorbable Zinc-Copper Alloys. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133483. [PMID: 34201474 PMCID: PMC8269478 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High plasticity of bioabsorbable stents, either cardiac or ureteral, is of great importance in terms of implants’ fabrication and positioning. Zn-Cu constitutes a promising group of materials in terms of feasible deformation since the superplastic effect has been observed in them, yet its origin remains poorly understood. Therefore, it is crucial to inspect the microstructural evolution of processed material to gain an insight into the mechanisms leading to such an extraordinary property. Within the present study, cold-rolled Zn-Cu alloys, i.e., Zn with addition of 1 wt.% and 5 wt.% of Cu, have been extensively investigated using scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy, so as to find out the possible explanation of superior plasticity of the Zn-Cu alloys. It has been stated that the continuous dynamic recrystallization has a tremendous impact on superior plasticity reported for Zn-1Cu alloy processed by rolling to 90% of reduction rate. The effect might be supported by static recrystallization, provoking grain growth and thereby yielding non-homogeneous microstructures. Such heterogeneous microstructure enables better formability since it increases the mean free path for dislocation movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jarzębska
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Maj
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Magdalena Bieda
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Robert Chulist
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Daniel Wojtas
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Wątroba
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Karol Janus
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Łukasz Rogal
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Sztwiertnia
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
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105
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Singh JK, Rout AK, Kumari K. A review on Borassus flabellifer lignocellulose fiber reinforced polymer composites. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117929. [PMID: 33838807 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural fiber composites play an important role for developing high performance engineering materials due to its facile availability, recyclability and eco-friendly nature. Borassus flabellifer products are significant and economical for urban and rural areas, and its fruit, leaf stalk and leaves are used in domestic purposes and some of them are disposed as waste. This waste part of Borassus flabellifer serves as a potential resource for natural fibers and utilized as raw material for reinforced polymer composites. The aim of this article narrates a comprehensive overview of Borassus fibers and its composites. Alkali treatment techniques, different fabrication methods, preparation of different matrices reinforced with bio-fibers and chemical, mechanical, thermal, morphological properties of Borassus fibers and its composites have been studied. Overall, this review article highlights, investigates and identifies gaps of the earlier research work, and provides the resourceful data for future work in various streams with Borassus fiber as reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Production Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, OP Jindal University, Raigarh, C.G., India
| | - Arun Kumar Rout
- Department of Production Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India.
| | - Kanchan Kumari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Odisha, India
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106
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Klíma K, Ulmann D, Bartoš M, Španko M, Dušková J, Vrbová R, Pinc J, Kubásek J, Ulmannová T, Foltán R, Brizman E, Drahoš M, Beňo M, Čapek J. Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt.%) Absorbable Screws-An In-Vivo Biocompatibility and Degradation Pilot Study on a Rabbit Model. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3271. [PMID: 34199249 PMCID: PMC8231803 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this pilot study, we investigated the biocompatibility and degradation rate of an extruded Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt.%) alloy on a rabbit model. An alloy screw was implanted into one of the tibiae of New Zealand White rabbits. After 120 days, the animals were euthanized. Evaluation included clinical assessment, microCT, histological examination of implants, analyses of the adjacent bone, and assessment of zinc, magnesium, and strontium in vital organs (liver, kidneys, brain). The bone sections with the implanted screw were examined via scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). This method showed that the implant was covered by a thin layer of phosphate-based solid corrosion products with a thickness ranging between 4 and 5 µm. Only negligible changes of the implant volume and area were observed. The degradation was not connected with gas evolution. The screws were fibrointegrated, partially osseointegrated histologically. We observed no inflammatory reaction or bone resorption. Periosteal apposition and formation of new bone with a regular structure were frequently observed near the implant surface. The histological evaluation of the liver, kidneys, and brain showed no toxic changes. The levels of Zn, Mg, and Sr after 120 days in the liver, kidneys, and brain did not exceed the reference values for these elements. The alloy was safe, biocompatible, and well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klíma
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Dan Ulmann
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Bartoš
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Michal Španko
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
- Department of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Dušková
- Department of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Radka Vrbová
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Jan Pinc
- Department of Functional Materials, FZU The Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tereza Ulmannová
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - René Foltán
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Eitan Brizman
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Milan Drahoš
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Michal Beňo
- Department of Stomatology—Maxillofacial Surgery, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (D.U.); (M.B.); (M.Š.); (R.V.); (T.U.); (R.F.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Jaroslav Čapek
- Department of Functional Materials, FZU The Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic;
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107
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Zhang Z, Jia B, Yang H, Han Y, Wu Q, Dai K, Zheng Y. Zn0.8Li0.1Sr-a biodegradable metal with high mechanical strength comparable to pure Ti for the treatment of osteoporotic bone fractures: In vitro and in vivo studies. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120905. [PMID: 34087587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The first in vivo investigation of Zn-based biodegradable metal aiming to treat osteoporotic bone fractures, a soaring threat to human health, is reported in this paper. Among the newly developed biodegradable metal system (ZnLiSr), Zn0.8Li0.1Sr exhibits excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, with an ultimate tensile strength (524.33 ± 18.01 MPa) comparable to pure Ti (the gold standard for orthopaedic implants), and a strength-ductility balance over 10 GPa%. The in vitro degradation tests using simulated body fluid (SBF) shows that Zn0.8Li0.1Sr manifests a uniform degradation morphology and smaller corrosion pits, with a degradation rate of 10.13 ± 1.52 μm year-1. Real-time PCR and western blotting illustrated that Zn0.8Li0.1Sr successfully stimulated the expression of critical osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, COL-1, OCN and Runx-2) and proteins. Twenty-four weeks' in vivo implantations within ovariectomized (OVX) rats were conducted to evaluate the osteoporotic-bone-fracture-treating effects of Zn0.8Li0.1Sr, with pure Ti as control group. Micro-CT, histological and immunohistochemical evaluations all revealed that Zn0.8Li0.1Sr possesses a similar biosafety level to, while significantly superior osteogenesis-inducing and osteoporotic-bone-fracture-treating effects than pure Ti. ZnLiSr biodegradable alloys manifest excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, good biosafety and osteoporotic-bone-fracture-treating effects, which would provide preferable choices for future medical applications, especially in load-bearing positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Hongtao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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108
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Qin Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Wen P, Zheng Y, Tian Y, Voshage M, Schleifenbaum JH. Influence of Laser Energy Input and Shielding Gas Flow on Evaporation Fume during Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Zn Metal. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102677. [PMID: 34065320 PMCID: PMC8160986 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Zn-based metals exhibits prominent advantages to produce customized biodegradable implants. However, massive evaporation occurs during laser melting of Zn so that it becomes a critical issue to modulate laser energy input and gas shielding conditions to eliminate the negative effect of evaporation fume during the LPBF process. In this research, two numerical models were established to simulate the interaction between the scanning laser and Zn metal as well as the interaction between the shielding gas flow and the evaporation fume, respectively. The first model predicted the evaporation rate under different laser energy input by taking the effect of evaporation on the conservation of energy, momentum, and mass into consideration. With the evaporation rate as the input, the second model predicted the elimination effect of evaporation fume under different conditions of shielding gas flow by taking the effect of the gas circulation system including geometrical design and flow rate. In the case involving an adequate laser energy input and an optimized shielding gas flow, the evaporation fume was efficiently removed from the processing chamber during the LPBF process. Furthermore, the influence of evaporation on surface quality densification was discussed by comparing LPBF of pure Zn and a Titanium alloy. The established numerical analysis not only helps to find the adequate laser energy input and the optimized shielding gas flow for the LPBF of Zn based metal, but is also beneficial to understand the influence of evaporation on the LPBF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Q.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinge Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Q.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanzhe Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Q.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Wen
- The State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Q.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Maximilian Voshage
- Digital Additive Production (DAP), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.V.); (J.H.S.)
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109
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New Zn3Mg-xY Alloys: Characteristics, Microstructural Evolution and Corrosion Behavior. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102505. [PMID: 34066121 PMCID: PMC8150708 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc biodegradable alloys attracted an increased interest in the last few years in the medical field among Mg and Fe-based materials. Knowing that the Mg element has a strengthening influence on Zn alloys, we analyze the effect of the third element, namely, Y with expected results in mechanical properties improvement. Ternary ZnMgY samples were obtained through induction melting in Argon atmosphere from high purity (Zn, Mg, and Y) materials and MgY (70/30 wt%) master alloys with different percentages of Y and keeping the same percentage of Mg (3 wt%). The corrosion resistance and microhardness of ZnMgY alloys were compared with those of pure Zn and ZnMg binary alloy. Materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), linear and cyclic potentiometry, and immersion tests. All samples present generalized corrosion after immersion and electro-corrosion experiments in Dulbecco solution. The experimental results show an increase in microhardness and indentation Young Modulus following the addition of Y. The formation of YZn12 intermetallic phase elements with a more noble potential than pure Zinc is established. A correlation is obtained between the appearance of new Y phases and aggressive galvanic corrosion.
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Abstract
The degradation behavior and biocompatibility of pure molybdenum (Mo) were investigated. Dissolution of powder metallurgically manufactured and commercially available Mo was investigated by ion concentration measurement after immersion in modified Kokubo’s SBF (c-SBF-Ca) for 28 days at 37 °C and pH 7.4. Degradation layers and corrosion attack were examined with optical microscopy and REM/EDX analysis. Furthermore, potentiodynamic polarization measurements were conducted. Mo gradually dissolves in modified SBF releasing molybdate anions (MoO42−). The dissolution rate after 28 days is 10 µm/y for both materials and dissolution accelerates over time. A non-passivating, uniform and slowly soluble degradation product layer is observed. Additionally, apoptosis and necrosis assays with Mo ion extracts and colonization tests with human endothelial (HCAEC) and smooth muscle cell lines (HCASMC) on Mo substrates were performed. No adverse effects on cell viability were observed for concentrations expected from the dissolution of implants with typical geometries and substrates were densely colonized by both cell lines. Furthermore, Mo does not trigger thrombogenic or inflammatory responses. In combination with its favorable mechanical properties and the renal excretion of bio-available molybdate ions, Mo may be an alternative to established bioresorbable metals.
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111
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Yang N, Balasubramani N, Venezuela J, Almathami S, Wen C, Dargusch M. The influence of Ca and Cu additions on the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of Zn-Ca-Cu alloys for absorbable wound closure device applications. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1436-1451. [PMID: 33210035 PMCID: PMC7658446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel ternary Zn-Ca-Cu alloys were studied for the development of absorbable wound closure device material due to Ca and Cu's therapeutic values to wound healing. The influence of Ca and Cu on the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of Zn were investigated in the as-cast state to establish the fundamental understanding on the Zn-Ca-Cu alloy system. The microstructure of Zn-0.5Ca-0.5Cu, Zn-1.0Ca-0.5Cu, and Zn0.5Ca-1.0Cu is composed of intermetallic phase CaZn13 distributed within the Zn-Cu solid solution. The presence of CaZn13 phase and Cu as solute within the Zn matrix, on the one hand, exhibited a synergistic effect on the grain refinement of Zn, reducing the grain size of pure Zn by 96%; on the other hand, improved the mechanical properties of the ternary alloys through solid solution strengthening, second phase strengthening, and grain refinement. The degradation properties of Zn-Ca-Cu alloys are primarily influenced by the micro-galvanic corrosion between Zn-Cu matrix and CaZn13 phase, where the 0.5% and 1.0% Ca addition increased the corrosion rate of Zn from 11.5 μm/y to 19.8 μm/y and 29.6 μm/y during 4 weeks immersion test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nagasivamuni Balasubramani
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sharifah Almathami
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Matthew Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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112
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Test conditions can significantly affect the results of in vitro cytotoxicity testing of degradable metallic biomaterials. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6628. [PMID: 33758226 PMCID: PMC7987994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cytotoxicity testing is an indispensable part of the development of new biomaterials. However, the standard ISO 10993-5 enables variability in the testing conditions, which makes the results of the test incomparable. We studied the influence of media composition on the results of the cytotoxicity test. Solutions of ZnCl2 served as simulated extracts and we also used extracts of three types of Zn-based and Mg-based degradable metals. We incubated the cells with the solutions prepared in two types of media with two concentrations of serum (5 and 10%). We compared the toxic effect of the extracts on L929 murine fibroblast-derived cell line, which is recommended by ISO standard and on “osteoblast-like cells” U-2 OS. We also compared two methods of exposition: solutions were added either to a sub-confluent layer or to the cell suspension. We evaluated the metabolic activity of the cells using the resazurin test. We found out that in vitro cytotoxicity is dramatically influenced by the concentration of serum and by the type of the medium as well as by the type of exposition and type of cells. Therefore, when performing in vitro cytotoxicity testing of biomaterials, the authors should carefully specify the conditions of the test and comparison of different studies should be carried out with caution.
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113
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Wątroba M, Bednarczyk W, Kawałko J, Bała P. Fine-tuning of mechanical properties in a Zn-Ag-Mg alloy via cold plastic deformation process and post-deformation annealing. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3424-3436. [PMID: 33817418 PMCID: PMC7988494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Zn-based materials have been extensively investigated as potential candidates for biodegradable implant applications. The introduction of alloying elements providing solid-solution strengthening and second phase strengthening seems crucial to provide a suitable platform for the thermo-mechanical strengthening of Zn alloys. In this study, a systematic investigation of the microstructure, crystallographic texture, phase composition, and mechanical properties of a Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg (wt%) alloy processed through combined hot extrusion (HE) and cold rolling (CR), followed by short-time heat treatment (CR + HT) at 200 °C was conducted. Besides, the influence of different annealing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties was studied. An adequate combination of processing conditions during CR and HT successfully addressed brittleness obtained in the high-strength HE Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg alloy. By controlling the microstructure, the most promising results were obtained in the sample subjected to 50% CR reduction and 5-min annealing, which were: ultimate tensile strength of 432 MPa, yield strength of 385 MPa, total elongation to failure of 34%, and Vickers microhardness of 125 HV0.3. The obtained properties clearly exceed the mechanical benchmarks for biodegradable implant materials. Based on the conducted investigation, brittle multi-phase Zn alloys' mechanical performance can be substantially enhanced to provide sufficient plasticity by grain refinement through cold deformation process, followed by short-time annealing to restore proper strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wątroba
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bednarczyk
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Kawałko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Bała
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.,AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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114
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Farabi E, Sharp JA, Vahid A, Fabijanic DM, Barnett MR, Gallo SC. Development of high strength and ductile Zn-Al-Li alloys for potential use in bioresorbable medical devices. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111897. [PMID: 33641900 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of Zn-Al-Li alloys with potential application in bioresorbable implants were cast, thermomechanically processed and tested. The formation of secondary phases, such as LiZn4, LiZn3Al and Al3Li, contributed to both dynamic recrystallization and grain refinement of the matrix (η-phase) during the hot-extrusion process, leading to grain sizes as small as 1.75 μm for Zn-4Al-0.6Li alloy (wt%). This alloy exhibited an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 451 MPa, a total elongation of 46% and a corrosion rate of 60 μm/year in simulated body fluid. The grain refinement played a major role in increasing the strength, but it also weakened the basal texture and promoted non-basal slip and grain boundary sliding, thus contributing to the increased plastic deformation of the alloy. The corrosion rate was affected by a layer of zinc oxide and phosphate formed in the early stages of the immersion tests. The corrosion products protected the substrate and tended to reduce the corrosion rate over time. The developed Zn-4Al-0.6Li and Zn-6Al-0.4Li alloys which showed promising mechanical and corrosion properties appeared to be cytocompatible in the mouse fibroblast cell line and human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells making them promising candidates for bioresorbable stent and implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Farabi
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Julie A Sharp
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alireza Vahid
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Daniel M Fabijanic
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Matthew R Barnett
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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115
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Kabir H, Munir K, Wen C, Li Y. Recent research and progress of biodegradable zinc alloys and composites for biomedical applications: Biomechanical and biocorrosion perspectives. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:836-879. [PMID: 33024903 PMCID: PMC7530311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable metals (BMs) gradually degrade in vivo by releasing corrosion products once exposed to the physiological environment in the body. Complete dissolution of biodegradable implants assists tissue healing, with no implant residues in the surrounding tissues. In recent years, three classes of BMs have been extensively investigated, including magnesium (Mg)-based, iron (Fe)-based, and zinc (Zn)-based BMs. Among these three BMs, Mg-based materials have undergone the most clinical trials. However, Mg-based BMs generally exhibit faster degradation rates, which may not match the healing periods for bone tissue, whereas Fe-based BMs exhibit slower and less complete in vivo degradation. Zn-based BMs are now considered a new class of BMs due to their intermediate degradation rates, which fall between those of Mg-based BMs and Fe-based BMs, thus requiring extensive research to validate their suitability for biomedical applications. In the present study, recent research and development on Zn-based BMs are reviewed in conjunction with discussion of their advantages and limitations in relation to existing BMs. The underlying roles of alloy composition, microstructure, and processing technique on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Zn-based BMs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayun Kabir
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Khurram Munir
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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116
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He J, Fang J, Wei P, Li Y, Guo H, Mei Q, Ren F. Cancellous bone-like porous Fe@Zn scaffolds with core-shell-structured skeletons for biodegradable bone implants. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:665-681. [PMID: 33242640 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) porous zinc (Zn) with a moderate degradation rate is a promising candidate for biodegradable bone scaffolds. However, fabrication of such scaffolds with adequate mechanical properties remains a challenge. Moreover, the composition, crystallography and microstructure of the in vivo degradation products formed at or near the implant-bone interface are still not precisely known. Here, we have fabricated porous Fe@Zn scaffolds with skeletons consisting of an inner core layer of Fe and an outer shell layer of Zn using template-assisted electrodeposition technique, and systematically evaluated their porous structure, mechanical properties, degradation mechanism, antibacterial ability and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. In situ site-specific focused ion beam micromilling and transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the in vivo degradation products at the nanometer scale. The 3D porous Fe@Zn scaffolds show similar structure and comparable mechanical properties to human cancellous bone. The degradation rates can be adjusted by varying the layer thickness of Zn and Fe. The antibacterial rates reach over 95% against S. aureus and almost 100% against E. coli. A threshold of released Zn ion concentration (~ 0.3 mM) was found to determine the in vitro biocompatibility. Intense new bone formation and ingrowth were observed despite with a slight inflammatory response. The in vivo degradation products were identified to be equiaxed nanocrystalline zinc oxide with dispersed zinc carbonate. This study not only demonstrates the feasibility of porous Fe@Zn for biodegradable bone implants, but also provides significant insight into the degradation mechanism of porous Zn in physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ju Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Pengbo Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yulei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Centre of experimental animal, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qingsong Mei
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Fuzeng Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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117
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Čapek J, Kubásek J, Pinc J, Fojt J, Krajewski S, Rupp F, Li P. Microstructural, mechanical, in vitro corrosion and biological characterization of an extruded Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt%) as an absorbable material. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111924. [PMID: 33641917 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) alloys seem to be promising candidates for application in orthopaedic or cardiovascular medical implants. In this area, high standards are required regarding the biocompatibility as well as excellent mechanical and tailored degradation properties. In the presented study, a novel Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt%) alloy has been fabricated by the combination of casting, homogenization annealing and extrusion at 200 °C. As a consequence of its fine-grained homogenous microstructure, the prepared material is characterized by an excellent combination of tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation corresponding to 244 MPa, 324 MPa and 20% respectively. The in vitro corrosion rates of the Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr alloy in the physiological solution and the simulated body fluid were 244 μm/a and 69.8 μm/a, respectively. Furthermore, an extract test revealed that Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr extracts diluted to 25% had no adverse effects towards L929 fibroblasts, TAg periosteal cells and Saos-2 osteoblasts. Moreover, the Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr surface showed effective inhibition of initial Streptococcus gordonii adhesion and biofilm formation. These results indicated the Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr alloy, which has superior mechanical properties, might be a promising candidate for materials used for load-bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Čapek
- FZU - The Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Institute of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 6, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pinc
- FZU - The Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Fojt
- Institute of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 6, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Stefanie Krajewski
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Frank Rupp
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ping Li
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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118
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Hosseini E, Dervin S, Ganguly P, Dahiya R. Biodegradable Materials for Sustainable Health Monitoring Devices. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:163-194. [PMID: 33842859 PMCID: PMC8022537 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent advent of biodegradable materials has offered huge opportunity to transform healthcare technologies by enabling sensors that degrade naturally after use. The implantable electronic systems made from such materials eliminate the need for extraction or reoperation, minimize chronic inflammatory responses, and hence offer attractive propositions for future biomedical technology. The eco-friendly sensor systems developed from degradable materials could also help mitigate some of the major environmental issues by reducing the volume of electronic or medical waste produced and, in turn, the carbon footprint. With this background, herein we present a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional biodegradable materials that have been used for various biodegradable or bioresorbable electronic devices. The discussion focuses on the dissolution rates and degradation mechanisms of materials such as natural and synthetic polymers, organic or inorganic semiconductors, and hydrolyzable metals. The recent trend and examples of biodegradable or bioresorbable materials-based sensors for body monitoring, diagnostic, and medical therapeutic applications are also presented. Lastly, key technological challenges are discussed for clinical application of biodegradable sensors, particularly for implantable devices with wireless data and power transfer. Promising perspectives for the advancement of future generation of biodegradable sensor systems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh
S. Hosseini
- Bendable Electronics and
Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Saoirse Dervin
- Bendable Electronics and
Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Priyanka Ganguly
- Bendable Electronics and
Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and
Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K.
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119
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Development of a high-strength Zn-Mn-Mg alloy for ligament reconstruction fixation. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:485-498. [PMID: 33130305 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although various biodegradable materials have been investigated for ligament reconstruction fixation in the past decades, only few of them possess a combination of high mechanical properties, appropriate degradation rate, good biocompatibility, and osteogenic effect, thus limiting their clinical applications. A high-strength Zn-0.8Mn-0.4Mg alloy (i.e., Zn08Mn04Mg) with yield strength of 317 MPa was developed to address this issue. The alloy showed good biocompatibility and promising osteogenic effect in vitro. The degradation effects of Zn08Mn04Mg interference screws on the interface between soft tissue and bone were investigated in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in rabbits. Compared to Ti6Al4V, the Zn alloy screws significantly accelerated the formation of new bone and further induced partial tendon mineralization, which promoted tendon-bone integration. The newly developed screws are believed to facilitate early joint function recovery and rehabilitation training and also avoid screw breakage during insertion, thereby contributing to an extensive clinical prospect.
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120
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Li Y, Pavanram P, Zhou J, Lietaert K, Bobbert FSL, Kubo Y, Leeflang MA, Jahr H, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous zinc. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:2404-2419. [PMID: 31993592 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Topological design provides additively manufactured (AM) biodegradable porous metallic biomaterials with a unique opportunity to adjust their biodegradation behavior and mechanical properties, thereby satisfying the requirements for ideal bone substitutes. However, no information is available yet concerning the effect of topological design on the performance of AM porous zinc (Zn) that outperforms Mg and Fe in biodegradation behavior. Here, we studied one functionally graded and two uniform AM porous Zn designs with diamond unit cell. Cylindrical specimens were fabricated from pure Zn powder by using a powder bed fusion technique, followed by a comprehensive study on their static and dynamic biodegradation behaviors, mechanical properties, permeability, and biocompatibility. Topological design, indeed, affected the biodegradation behavior of the specimens, as evidenced by 150% variations in biodegradation rate between the three different designs. After in vitro dynamic immersion for 28 days, the AM porous Zn had weight losses of 7-12%, relying on the topological design. The degradation rates satisfied the desired biodegradation time of 1-2 years for bone substitution. The mechanical properties of the biodegraded specimens of all the groups maintained within the range of those of cancellous bone. As opposed to the trends observed for other biodegradable porous metals, after 28 days of in vitro biodegradation, the yield strengths of the specimens of all the groups (σy = 7-14 MPa) increased consistently, as compared to those of the as-built specimens (σy = 4-11 MPa). Moreover, AM porous Zn showed excellent biocompatibility, given that the cellular activities in none of the groups differed from the Ti controls for up to 72 h. Using topological design of AM porous Zn for controlling its mechanical properties and degradation behavior is thus clearly promising, thereby rendering flexibility to the material to meet a variety of clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - P Pavanram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - K Lietaert
- 3D Systems - LayerWise NV, Grauwmeer 14, Leuven 3001, Belgium and Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - F S L Bobbert
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - Yusuke Kubo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - H Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
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121
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Dargusch MS, Venezuela J, Dehghan‐Manshadi A, Johnston S, Yang N, Mardon K, Lau C, Allavena R. In Vivo Evaluation of Bioabsorbable Fe-35Mn-1Ag: First Reports on In Vivo Hydrogen Gas Evolution in Fe-Based Implants. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2000667. [PMID: 33135365 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the influence of Ag (1 wt%) on the mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo corrosion, and biocompatibility of Fe-35Mn. The microstructure of Fe-35Mn-1Ag possesses a uniform dispersion of discrete silver particles. Slight improvements in compressive properties are attributed to enhanced density and low porosity volume. Fe-35Mn-1Ag exhibits good in vitro and in vivo corrosion rate of Fe-35Mn due to an increase in microgalvanic corrosion. Gas pockets, which originate from an inflammatory response to the implants, are observed in the rats after 4 weeks implantation but are undetectable after 12 weeks. No chronic toxicity is observed with the Fe-35Mn-1Ag, suggesting acceptable in vivo biocompatibility. The high corrosion rate of the alloy triggers an increased level of nonadverse tissue inflammatory responses 4 weeks after implantation, which subsequently subsides at 12 weeks. The Fe-35Mn-1Ag displays properties that are suitable for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Simon Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ali Dehghan‐Manshadi
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Sean Johnston
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- National Imaging Facility, Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Cora Lau
- The University of Queensland Biological Resources Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science Building 8114 The University of Queensland Gatton QLD 4343 Australia
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122
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Li GN, Zhu SM, Nie JF, Zheng Y, Sun Z. Investigating the stress corrosion cracking of a biodegradable Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy in simulated body fluid. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1468-1478. [PMID: 33251383 PMCID: PMC7674163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) may lead to brittle, unexpected failure of medical devices. However, available researches are limited to Mg-based biodegradable metals (BM) and pure Zn. The stress corrosion behaviors of newly-developed Zn alloys remain unclear. In the present work, we conducted slow strain rate testing (SSRT) and constant-load immersion test on a promising Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy in order to investigate its SCC susceptibility and examine its feasibility as BM with pure Zn as control group. We observed that Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy exhibited low SCC susceptibility. This was attributed to variations in microstructure and deformation mechanism after alloying with Li. In addition, both pure Zn and Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy did not fracture over a period of 28 days during constant-load immersion test. The magnitude of applied stress was close to physiological condition and thus, we proved the feasibility of both materials as BM. The deformation mechanisms of pure Zn and Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy were different. For pure Zn, surface curvatures provided sites for SCC initiation. Only shallow cracks on corrosion layer were observed for Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy. Both materials did not fracture after constant-load immersion test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Nan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Su-Ming Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jian-Feng Nie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Zhili Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Peng S, Lv J, Liu G, Fan C, Pu S. A photochromic diarylethene-functionalized fluorescent probe for Cd2+ and Zn2+ detections. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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124
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Development of biodegradable Zn-1Mg-0.1RE (RE = Er, Dy, and Ho) alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:384-399. [PMID: 33007488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and its alloys are receiving great attention as promising biodegradable materials due to their suitable corrosion resistance, good biocompatibility, and highly desirable biofunctionality. Nevertheless, the low mechanical strength of pure Zn impedes its practical clinical application and there have been calls for further research into the Zn alloys and thermomechanical processes to enhance their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Here, we report on the alloying efficacy of rare earth elements (REEs) including erbium (Er), dysprosium (Dy), and holmium (Ho) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion and wear behavior, and in vitro biological properties of Zn-1Mg-0.1RE alloys. Microstructural characterization revealed that the addition of 0.1 wt.% REEs had a significant refining effect on the grain size of the α-Zn matrix and the second phases of the alloys. Alloying of the REEs and hot-rolling effectively improved the mechanical properties due to both precipitation strengthening of the second phases of ErZn5, DyZn5, and Ho2Zn17 and grain-refinement strengthening. The highest ultimate tensile strength of 259.4 MPa and yield strength of 234.8 MPa with elongation of 16.8% were achieved in the hot-rolled Zn-1Mg-0.1Ho. Alloying of REEs also improved the wear and corrosion resistance, and slowed down the degradation rate in Hanks' solution. Zn-1Mg-0.1Er showed the highest cytocompatibility of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured directly on the alloy surface and of MG-63 cells cultured in the alloy extract. Zn-1Mg-0.1Dy showed the best anticoagulant property among all the alloys. Overall, these Zn-1Mg-0.1RE (Er, Dy, and Ho) alloys can be considered promising biodegradable metallic materials for orthopedic applications.
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Zhang W, Li P, Shen G, Mo X, Zhou C, Alexander D, Rupp F, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Zhang H, Wan G. Appropriately adapted properties of hot-extruded Zn-0.5Cu-xFe alloys aimed for biodegradable guided bone regeneration membrane application. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:975-989. [PMID: 33102940 PMCID: PMC7560602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriately adapted comprehensive mechanical properties, degradation behavior and biocompatibility are prerequisites for the application of Zn-based biodegradable implants. In this study, hot-extruded Zn-0.5Cu-xFe (x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 wt%) alloys were fabricated as candidates for biodegradable materials for guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes. The hot-extrusion process and Cu alloying were expected mostly to enhance the mechanical properties, and the Fe alloying was added mainly for regulating the degradation. The microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro degradation behavior were systematically investigated. The ZnCuFe alloys were composed of a Zn matrix and FeZn13 phase. With increasing Fe content, a higher FeZn13 phase precipitation with larger particles was observed. Since elongation declined significantly until fracture with increasing Fe content up to 0.4 wt%, the ZnCuFe (0.2 wt%) alloy achieved a good balance between mechanical strength and ductility, with an ultimate tensile strength of 202.3 MPa and elongation at fracture of 41.2%. Moreover, the addition of Fe successfully accelerated the degradation of ZnCuFe alloys. The ZnCuFe (0.2 wt%) alloy showed relatively uniform corrosion in the long-term degradation test. Furthermore, extracts of the ZnCuFe (0.2 wt%) alloy showed no apparent cytotoxic effects against L929 fibroblasts, Saos-2 osteoblasts or TAg periosteal cells. The ZnCuFe (0.2 wt%) alloy exhibited the potential to inhibit bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus gordonii and mixed oral bacteria. Our study provides evidence that the ZnCuFe (0.2 wt%) alloy can represent a promising material for the application as a suitable GBR membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Ping Li
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Gang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xiaoshan Mo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dorothea Alexander
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Frank Rupp
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.,Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou, Shandong, 251100, China
| | - Guojiang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
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126
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Zhang W, Li P, Neumann B, Haag H, Li M, Xu Z, Zhou C, Scheideler L, Wendel HP, Zhang H, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Wan G. Chandler-Loop surveyed blood compatibility and dynamic blood triggered degradation behavior of Zn-4Cu alloy and Zn. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111594. [PMID: 33321638 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and its alloys have been considered promising absorbable metals for medical implants. However, the dynamic interaction between Zn-based materials and human blood after implantation remains unclear. In this study, a modified Chandler-Loop system was applied to assess the blood compatibility and initial degradation behavior of a Zn-4.0Cu (wt%) alloy (Zn-4Cu) and Zn with human peripheral blood under circulation conditions. In this dynamic in vitro model, the Zn-4Cu and Zn showed sufficient blood compatibility. The numbers of erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes were not significantly altered, and appropriate activations of the coagulation and complement system were observed. Concerning initial degradation behavior, the product layers formed on the surfaces comprise a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds while the inorganic constituents decrease toward the outer surface. Considering the corrosion morphology and electrochemical behaviors, Zn-4Cu exhibited milder and more uniform degradation than Zn. Additionally, long-term degradation tests of 28 days in human peripheral blood, human serum, and Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) demonstrated that the Zn-4Cu showed relatively uniform degradation in blood and serum. On the contrary, in DPBS, severe localized corrosion appeared along the grain boundary of the secondary phase, which was likely attributed to the acceleration of galvanic corrosion. The Zn was found with localized corrosion impeded in the blood albeit with apparently developed deep pitting holes in the serum and DPBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Ping Li
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumann
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstr. 7/1, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Hanna Haag
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstr. 7/1, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zeqian Xu
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Chao Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lutz Scheideler
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Wendel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstr. 7/1, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China; National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou, Shandong 251100, China.
| | - Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Guojiang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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127
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Li Y, Jahr H, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous metals. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:29-50. [PMID: 32853809 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Partially due to the unavailability of ideal bone substitutes, the treatment of large bony defects remains one of the most important challenges of orthopedic surgery. Additively manufactured (AM) biodegradable porous metals that have emerged since 2018 provide unprecedented opportunities for fulfilling the requirements of an ideal bone implant. First, the multi-scale geometry of these implants can be customized to mimic the human bone in terms of both micro-architecture and mechanical properties. Second, a porous structure with interconnected pores possesses a large surface area, which is favorable for the adhesion and proliferation of cells and, thus, bony ingrowth. Finally, the freeform geometrical design of such biomaterials could be exploited to adjust their biodegradation behavior so as to maintain the structural integrity of the implant during the healing process while ensuring that the implant disappears afterwards, paving the way for full bone regeneration. While the AM biodegradable porous metals that have been studied so far have shown many unique properties as compared to their solid counterparts, the unprecedented degree of flexibility in their geometrical design has not yet been fully exploited to optimize their properties and performance. In order to develop the ideal bone implants, it is important to take advantage of the full potential of AM biodegradable porous metals through detailed and systematic study on their biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and bone regeneration performance. This review paper presents the state of the art in AM biodegradable porous metals and is focused on the effects of material type, processing, geometrical design, and post-AM treatments on the mechanical properties, biodegradation behavior, in vitro biocompatibility, and in vivo bone regeneration performance of AM porous Mg, Fe, and Zn as well as their alloys. We also identify a number of knowledge gaps and the challenges encountered in adopting AM biodegradable porous metals for orthopedic applications and suggest some promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yageng Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands.
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands
| | - Amir Abbas Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, Netherlands
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128
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Lin J, Tong X, Sun Q, Luan Y, Zhang D, Shi Z, Wang K, Lin J, Li Y, Dargusch M, Wen C. Biodegradable ternary Zn-3Ge-0.5X (X=Cu, Mg, and Fe) alloys for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:432-446. [PMID: 32853807 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable zinc (Zn) and its alloys have great potential to be used for orthopedic applications due to their suitable degradation rate and good biocompatibility. However, pure Zn has insufficient mechanical properties, such as low strength and hardness, and poor plasticity, which limits its clinical applications. Here, we report on a new series of ternary Zn-3Ge-0.5X (X=Cu, Mg, and Fe) alloys aiming to achieve good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, and enhanced mechanical properties via micro-alloying with copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe). Hot-rolling has also been applied to the new ternary alloys to further enhance their mechanical properties. Mechanical testing results indicate that both the strength and hardness of hot-rolled Zn-3Ge are significantly improved with micro-alloying of Cu, Mg, and Fe; of which the hot-rolled Zn-3Ge-0.5Mg exhibits the highest ultimate tensile strength of 253.4 MPa and yield strength of 208.5 MPa among all the alloys, 25.9% and 44.7% higher than those of the hot-rolled Zn-3Ge. The degradation rate of the as-cast alloys is lower than that of the hot-rolled alloys in Hanks' solution for 1 month and the hot-rolled Zn-3Ge-0.5Mg alloy exhibits the highest degradation rate of 0.075 mm/y. CCK-8 assay using MG-63 cells indicates that the diluted extracts of Zn-3Ge-0.5X (X=Cu, Mg, and Fe) alloys with concentrations of 12.5% and 25% exhibit no or slight cytotoxicity, and the diluted extracts of Zn-3Ge-0.5Cu alloys show high cell viability of over 100%, showing the best cytocompatibility.
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129
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Insight into role and mechanism of Li on the key aspects of biodegradable Zn Li alloys: Microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 114:111049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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130
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Chen C, Yue R, Zhang J, Huang H, Niu J, Yuan G. Biodegradable Zn-1.5Cu-1.5Ag alloy with anti-aging ability and strain hardening behavior for cardiovascular stents. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111172. [PMID: 32806269 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Zn and its alloys are considered as a new class of biodegradable metals due to their moderate degradation rates and acceptable biocompatibility. However, inadequate mechanical properties limit their further applications, especially for cardiovascular stents. In this study, a novel biodegradable Zn-1.5Cu-1.5Ag (wt%) alloy with excellent mechanical properties was developed, and then its in vitro degradation and cytotoxicity were characterized. Microstructural characterization showed that hot extrusion produced a bimodal distribution of grain size and much finer secondary phase precipitates. The as-extruded alloy exhibited a satisfactory combination of strength and plasticity (yield strength: 162.0 ± 2.94 MPa, ultimate tensile strength: 220.3 ± 1.70 MPa and elongation: 44.13 ± 1.09%). After being aged at room temperature for 8 months, its mechanical properties increased about 10%, implying its good anti-aging ability. The strain hardening exponent (n) calculated from true stress-strain curve showed that this alloy has evident strain hardening. Immersion tests in c-SBF solution revealed that this alloy has a moderate corrosion rate (48.6 ± 4.14 μm/year) and slightly localized corrosion behavior. Electrochemical tests showed that a weak passive film formed on surface during degradation, which has a limited protective effect. The cytotoxicity tests exhibited that this alloy possesses acceptable in vitro biocompatibility, which is comparable to pure Zn. According to the results of mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity, the Zn-1.5Cu-1.5Ag alloy can be regarded as a potential candidate for cardiovascular stent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Key State Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rui Yue
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Key State Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hua Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Key State Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Innovation Institute for Materials, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Jialin Niu
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Key State Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Innovation Institute for Materials, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Guangyin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Key State Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Innovation Institute for Materials, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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131
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Pachla W, Przybysz S, Jarzębska A, Bieda M, Sztwiertnia K, Kulczyk M, Skiba J. Structural and mechanical aspects of hypoeutectic Zn-Mg binary alloys for biodegradable vascular stent applications. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:26-44. [PMID: 32817911 PMCID: PMC7417910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The study is concerned with the mechanical properties of Zn and three Zn–Mg double alloys with Mg concentrations: 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% in the form of rods with a diameter of 5 mm as potential materials for use in biodegradable medical implants, such as vascular stents. The materials were cast, next conventionally hot extruded at 250 °C and finally, hydrostatically extruded (HE) at ambient temperature. Occasionally HE process was carried at liquid nitrogen temperature or in combination with the ECAP process. After HE, the microstructure of the alloys was made up of fine-grained αZn of mean grain size ~1 μm in a 2-phase coat of 50–200 nm nano-grains of the fine αZn + Mg2Zn11 eutectic. The 3 to 4-fold reduction of grain size as a result of HE allowed an increase in yield strength from 100% to over 200%, elongation to fracture from 100% to thirty fold and hardness over 50% compared to the best literature results for similar alloys. Exceptions accounted for elongation to fracture in case of Zn-0.5 Mg alloy and hardness in case of Zn-1.5 Mg alloy, both of which fell by 20%. For the Zn-0.5 Mg and Zn–1Mg alloys, after immersion tests, no corrosive degradation of plasticity was observed. Achieving these properties was the result of generating large plastic deformations at ambient temperature due to the application of high pressure forming with the cumulative HE method. The results showed that Zn–Mg binary alloys after HE have mechanical and corrosive characteristics, qualifying them for applications in biodegradable implants, including vascular stents. Forming under high pressure allows to generate severe deformation in Zn–Mg alloys. HE reduces grain size of Zn alloys by 3–4 times in comparison to hot extrusion. HE increases YS by 200%, εf by 300% and HV by 50% in comparison to literature data. In Zn with 0.5 and 1% Mg no ductility reduction after the corrosion test was observed. Mechanical and corrosion properties qualify Zn alloys after HE for vascular stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pachla
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences UNIPRESS, Warszawa, Poland
| | - S Przybysz
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences UNIPRESS, Warszawa, Poland
| | - A Jarzębska
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Bieda
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Sztwiertnia
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Kulczyk
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences UNIPRESS, Warszawa, Poland
| | - J Skiba
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences UNIPRESS, Warszawa, Poland
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He J, Li DW, He FL, Liu YY, Liu YL, Zhang CY, Ren F, Ye YJ, Deng XD, Yin DC. A study of degradation behaviour and biocompatibility of Zn-Fe alloy prepared by electrodeposition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111295. [PMID: 32919656 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a biodegradable metal, which exhibits more moderate biodegradability than magnesium and iron, so that it has great application potential in the field of biomedical materials. Alloying of zinc and iron may lead to producing a new type of implant material Zn-Fe alloy, which might be able to meet the requirements for a moderate degradation rate. However, due to the huge difference in the melting point between zinc and iron, the preparation of Zn-Fe alloy is quite challenging and hence rarely reported. In this study, we show that Zn-Fe alloys can be successfully prepared by electrodeposition technology. The microstructures, composition, degradation properties and biocompatibility of the Zn-Fe alloys were systematically studied. The results showed that the content of iron in the alloys ranged from 0 to 8 wt%, depending on the concentration of Fe ions and the current density. In the alloys, the major's phases were η, δ and Г1, and they were mainly affected by the ion concentration in the electrolyte. In the in vitro immersion tests, the Zn-Fe alloy ZF2-1 showed the highest immersion corrosion rate, while ZF3-1 showed the highest electrochemical corrosion rate. Moreover, we found that the corrosion rates of the alloys were significantly higher than that of the pure Fe. In the in vivo experiments, we confirmed that the Zn-Fe alloy possessed good biocompatibility. These results demonstrate that the electrodeposition technology is a good method to prepare Zn-Fe alloys, and the Zn-Fe alloys prepared by this method are potentially promising materials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Feng-Li He
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; School of Material Engineering, Xi'an Aeronautical University, Xi'an 710077, PR China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Fuzeng Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ya-Jing Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
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Lietaert K, Zadpoor AA, Sonnaert M, Schrooten J, Weber L, Mortensen A, Vleugels J. Mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of dense and porous Zn produced by laser powder bed fusion for biodegradable implant applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 110:289-302. [PMID: 32348917 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the macrotexture of dense Zn produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was studied and the mechanical properties for different tensile bar orientations were measured. The compressive strength of LPBF Zn scaffolds with five different unit cells was measured for a relative density of 20-51%. In addition, the response of mesenchymal stem cells to the LPBF Zn scaffolds was studied. The elastic modulus and yield strength of dense LPBF Zn were 110.0 ± 0.2 GPa and 78.0 ± 0.4 MPa, respectively in the vertical and 81.0 ± 0.4 GPa and 55.0 ± 0.7 MPa in the horizontal direction. This could be explained by the preferential orientation of the 〈0001〉 direction in the building plane. For LPBF Zn scaffolds, the plateau stress for the different unit cells varied between 8 and 33 MPa for a 30% relative density. Calcein staining, lactate production and DNA measurements over a 13-day period showed that mesenchymal stem cell viability was low for Zn scaffolds. This work forms a basis for further research into the LPBF texture formation of metals with hexagonal crystal structure, guides implant designers in scaffold unit cell and relative density selection and motivates further research into the cytocompatibility of LPBF Zn. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a manufacturing technology which allows the seamless combination of porous and non-porous volumes in a metallic implant and is used in the orthopedic manufacturing industry today. The production of highly dense Zn with LPBF has been described earlier, but the mechanical properties of the resulting material have not been studied in detail yet. This study is the first to report on (i) the influence of different scanning strategies on the macrotexture of dense LPBF Zn and the resulting anisotropy of its mechanical properties, (ii) the relationship between the relative density and strength for LPBF Zn scaffolds with five different unit cells and (iii) the in vitro response of mesenchymal stem cells to these scaffolds.
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134
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Chandra G, Pandey A. Preparation Strategies for Mg-alloys for Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implants and Other Biomedical Applications: A Review. Ing Rech Biomed 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alves MM, Mil-Homens D, Pinto S, Santos CF, Montemor MF. Antagonist biocompatibilities of Zn-based materials functionalized with physiological active metal oxides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 191:110990. [PMID: 32240920 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zinc coated with nanostructured ZnO flowers has received increasing attention as a versatile biomaterial for medical applications. Whatsoever, the potential of these materials to meet specific medical requirements must be explored. Despite in its infancy, surface functionalization is the key strategy to achieve this goal. The functionalization, successfully achieved with cooper (Cu), iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn) oxides (Ox), was highly dependent on the presence of the flowered structures, with the deep physicochemical characterization of these new surfaces revealing specific metal oxide distributions. The functionalization with these metal oxides resulted in distinct biological and in vitro behaviours. The biological response, assessed by fibroblast viability, hemocompatibility, and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), further supported by the in vitro degradation studies, evaluated by immersion and electrochemical techniques, revealed that the deleterious role of CuOx functionalization brought potential for anti-cancer applications; with an antagonist behaviour, the functionalization with MnOx, and in a less extent with FeOx, can be used to favour wound healing in traumatic processes. Despite the possible correlation between biocompatibility and hydroxyapatite precipitation, no correlation could be drawn with the corrosion activity of these surfaces. Overall, the minor addition of relevant physiological as Cu, Fe or Mn oxides resulted in antagonist in vitro responses that can be used as expedite strategies to modulate the behaviour of Zn-based materials, contributing in this way for the design of anti-cancer or wound healing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Dalila Mil-Homens
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Pinto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular e IN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina F Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal; EST Setúbal, CDP2T, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Campus IPS, 2910 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - M F Montemor
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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136
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A biodegradable Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy with antibacterial properties for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:410-427. [PMID: 32068137 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) alloys are receiving increasing attention in the field of biodegradable implant materials due to their unique combination of suitable biodegradability and good biological functionalities. However, the currently existing industrial Zn alloys are not necessarily biocompatible, nor sufficiently mechanically strong and wear-resistant. In this study, a Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy is developed with enhanced mechanical strength, corrosion wear property, biocompatibility, and antibacterial ability for biodegradable implant material applications. HR and HR + CR were performed on the as-cast alloy and its microstructure, mechanical properties, frictional and wear behaviors, corrosion resistance, in vitro cytocompatibility, and antibacterial ability were systematically assessed. The microstructures of the Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy after different deformation conditions included a η-Zn phase, a ε-CuZn5 phase, and an intermetallic phase of TiZn16. The HR+CR sample of Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti exhibited a yield strength of 204.2 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 249.9 MPa, and an elongation of 75.2%; significantly higher than those of the HR alloy and the AC alloy. The degradation rate in Hanks' solution was 0.029 mm/y for the AC alloy, 0.032 mm/y for the HR+CR alloy, and 0.034 mm/y for the HR alloy. The HR Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy showed the best wear resistance, followed by the AC alloy and the alloy after HR + CR. The extract of the AC Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy showed over 80% cell viability with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells at a concentration of ≤ 25%. The as-cast Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy showed good blood compatibility and antibacterial ability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work repots a Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy with enhanced mechanical strength, corrosion wear property, biocompatibility, and antibacterial ability for biodegradable implant applications. Our findings showed that Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti after hot-rolling plus cold-rolling exhibited a yield strength of 204.2 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 249.9 MPa, an elongation of 75.2%, and a degradation rate of 0.032 mm/y in Hanks' Solution. The hot-rolled Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti showed the best wear resistance. The extract of the as-cast alloy at a concentration of ≤ 25% showed over 80% cell viability with MC3T3-E1 and MG-63 cells. The Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy showed good hemocompatibility and antibacterial ability.
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137
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Yuan W, Xia D, Zheng Y, Liu X, Wu S, Li B, Han Y, Jia Z, Zhu D, Ruan L, Takashima K, Liu Y, Zhou Y. Controllable biodegradation and enhanced osseointegration of ZrO 2-nanofilm coated Zn-Li alloy: In vitro and in vivo studies. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:290-303. [PMID: 31972366 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc and its alloys have emerged as a new research direction of biodegradable metals (BMs) due to the significant physiological functions of Zn2+ ions in human body. However, low inhibitory concentration threshold value to cause cytotoxicity by Zn2+ ions during in vitro study and delayed osseointegration in vivo are two key flaws for the bulk Zn-based BMs. To combat these issues, we constructed a barrier layer of ZrO2 nanofilm on the surface of Zn-0.1(wt.%) Li alloy via atomic layer deposition (ALD). A decreased release of Zn2+ ions accompanied with accelerated release of Li+ ions was observed on account of galvanic coupling between the coating compositions and Zn-0.1Li alloy substrate. Cytocompatibility assay reflected that ZrO2 nanofilm coated Zn-0.1Li alloy exhibited improved cell adhesion and viability. Histological analysis also demonstrated better in vivo osseointegration for the ZrO2 nanofilm coated Zn-0.1Li alloy. Hence, the present study elucidated that the ALD of ZrO2 nanofilm on Zn-based BMs can effectively promote osseointegration and control their biodegradation behavior. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Zn-Li binary alloy was reported recently to be the promising biodegradable metals with ultimate tensile strength over 500 MPa, yet the low inhibitory concentration threshold value to cause cytotoxicity by Zn2+ ions is the obstacle needed to be overcome. As a pilot study, a systematic investigation on the ZrO2 nanofilm coated Zn-Li alloy, prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique, was conducted in the present study, which involved in the formation process, in vitro and in vivo degradation behavior as well as biocompatibility evaluation. We found a controllable corrosion rate and better in vivo osseointegration can be achieved by ZrO2 nanofilm coating on Zn-Li alloy, which provides new insight into the surface modification on biodegradable Zn alloys for usage within bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhaojun Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Engineering-Driven Medicine, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Liqun Ruan
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto-shi 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takashima
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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138
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Redlich C, Quadbeck P, Thieme M, Kieback B. Molybdenum - A biodegradable implant material for structural applications? Acta Biomater 2020; 104:241-251. [PMID: 31926333 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum as a potentially new biodegradable material was investigated. Degradation behavior of commercially high purity molybdenum was observed in simulated physiological salt solutions (Kokubo's SBF with/without TRIS-HCl, Cu2+ addition and 0.9% NaCl solution). Potentiodynamic polarization, immersion mass loss and ion concentration measurements paired with REM/EDX analysis reveal gradual dissolution of molybdenum in the proper order of magnitude for stent application, associated with formation of thin, non-passivating corrosion products. The underlying corrosion mechanism is discussed as well as a comparison to literature data. However, formation of calcium phosphates (CaP) in SBF significantly decreases corrosion rates. In-situ polarization was found to be a potential way for overcoming this problem and simultaneously enhancing corrosion above the benchmark for a degradable stent material. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biodegradable metals have the potential to overcome severe complications common to orthopedic and cardio-vascular implants. However, the need for a material with moderate and predictable degradation, high strength and toughness as well as MRI suitability must be satisfied. Molybdenum as potential new biodegradable material may just fulfill these requirements. An overall positive picture of molybdenum as an interesting alternative to recently discussed metallic biodegradable materials can be concluded from the herein presented results and from literature data, showing directions for future research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Redlich
- Dresden Branch Lab, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Peter Quadbeck
- Dresden Branch Lab, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Michael Thieme
- Institute of Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, Helmholtzstr. 7, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kieback
- Institute of Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, Helmholtzstr. 7, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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139
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Carluccio D, Xu C, Venezuela J, Cao Y, Kent D, Bermingham M, Demir AG, Previtali B, Ye Q, Dargusch M. Additively manufactured iron-manganese for biodegradable porous load-bearing bone scaffold applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 103:346-360. [PMID: 31862424 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) can produce complex hierarchical architectures paving the way for highly customisable biodegradable load-bearing bone scaffolds. For the first time, an in-depth analysis on the performance of SLM-manufactured iron-manganese bone scaffolds suitable for load-bearing applications is presented. Microstructural, mechanical, corrosion and biological characterisations were performed on SLM-manufactured iron-manganese scaffolds. The microstructure of the scaffold consisted primarily of γ-austenite, leading to high ductility. The mechanical properties of the scaffold were sufficient for load-bearing applications even after 28 days immersion in simulated body fluids. Corrosion tests showed that the corrosion rate was much higher than bulk pure iron, attributed to a combination of the manufacturing method, the addition of Mn to the alloy and the design of the scaffold. In vitro cell testing showed that the scaffold had good biocompatibility and viability towards mammalian cells. Furthermore, the presence of filopodia showed good osteoblast adhesion. In vivo analysis showed successful bone integration with the scaffold, with new bone formation observed after 4 weeks of implantation. Overall the SLM manufactured porous Fe-35Mn implants showed promise for biodegradable load-bearing bone scaffold applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biodegradable iron scaffolds are emerging as a promising treatment for critical bone defects. Within this field, selective laser melting (SLM) has become a popular method of manufacturing bespoke scaffolds. There is limited knowledge on SLM-manufactured iron bone scaffolds, and no knowledge on their application for load-bearing situations. The current manuscript is the first study to characterise SLM manufactured iron-manganese bone scaffolds for load-bearing applications and also the first study to perform In vivo testing on SLM produced biodegradable iron scaffolds. In this study, for the first time, the mechanical, corrosion and biological properties of an iron-manganese scaffold manufactured using SLM were investigated. In summary the SLM-manufactured porous iron-manganese implants displayed great potential for biodegradable load-bearing bone scaffolds.
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140
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Fu J, Su Y, Qin YX, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Zhu D. Evolution of metallic cardiovascular stent materials: A comparative study among stainless steel, magnesium and zinc. Biomaterials 2020; 230:119641. [PMID: 31806406 PMCID: PMC6934082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A cardiovascular stent is a small mesh tube that expands a narrowed or blocked coronary artery. Unfortunately, current stents, regardless metallic or polymeric, still largely fall short to the ideal clinical needs due to late restenosis, thrombosis and other clinical complications. Nonetheless, metallic stents are preferred clinically thanks to their superior mechanical property and radiopacity to their polymeric counterparts. The emergence of bioresorbable metals opens a window for better stent materials as they may have the potential to reduce or eliminate late restenosis and thrombosis. In fact, some bioresorbable magnesium (Mg)-based stents have obtained regulatory approval or under trials with mixed clinical outcomes. Some major issues with Mg include the too rapid degradation rate and late restenosis. To mitigate these problems, bioresorbable zinc (Zn)-based stent materials are being developed lately with the more suitable degradation rate and better biocompatibility. The past decades have witnessed the unprecedented evolution of metallic stent materials from first generation represented by stainless steel (SS), to second generation represented by Mg, and to third generation represented by Zn. To further elucidate their pros and cons as metallic stent materials, we systematically evaluated their performances in vitro and in vivo through direct side-by-side comparisons. Our results demonstrated that tailored Zn-based material with proper configurations could be a promising candidate for a better stent material in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Fu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yingchao Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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141
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Yang H, Jia B, Zhang Z, Qu X, Li G, Lin W, Zhu D, Dai K, Zheng Y. Alloying design of biodegradable zinc as promising bone implants for load-bearing applications. Nat Commun 2020; 11:401. [PMID: 31964879 PMCID: PMC6972918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium-based biodegradable metals (BMs) as bone implants have better mechanical properties than biodegradable polymers, yet their strength is roughly less than 350 MPa. In this work, binary Zn alloys with alloying elements Mg, Ca, Sr, Li, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Ag respectively, are screened systemically by in vitro and in vivo studies. Li exhibits the most effective strengthening role in Zn, followed by Mg. Alloying leads to accelerated degradation, but adequate mechanical integrity can be expected for Zn alloys when considering bone fracture healing. Adding elements Mg, Ca, Sr and Li into Zn can improve the cytocompatibility, osteogenesis, and osseointegration. Further optimization of the ternary Zn-Li alloy system results in Zn-0.8Li-0.4Mg alloy with the ultimate tensile strength 646.69 ± 12.79 MPa and Zn-0.8Li-0.8Mn alloy with elongation 103.27 ± 20%. In summary, biocompatible Zn-based BMs with strength close to pure Ti are promising candidates in orthopedics for load-bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zechuan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guannan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenjiao Lin
- R&D Center, Lifetech Scientific (Shenzhen) Co Ltd, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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142
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Li Y, Pavanram P, Zhou J, Lietaert K, Taheri P, Li W, San H, Leeflang M, Mol J, Jahr H, Zadpoor A. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous zinc. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:609-623. [PMID: 31672587 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Additively manufacturing (AM) opens up the possibility for biodegradable metals to possess uniquely combined characteristics that are desired for bone substitution, including bone-mimicking mechanical properties, topologically ordered porous structure, pore interconnectivity and biodegradability. Zinc is considered to be one of the promising biomaterials with respect to biodegradation rate and biocompatibility. However, no information regarding the biodegradability and biocompatibility of topologically ordered AM porous zinc is yet available. Here, we applied powder bed fusion to fabricate porous zinc with a topologically ordered diamond structure. An integrative study was conducted on the static and dynamic biodegradation behavior (in vitro, up to 4 weeks), evolution of mechanical properties with increasing immersion time, electrochemical performance, and biocompatibility of the AM porous zinc. The specimens lost 7.8% of their weight after 4 weeks of dynamic immersion in a revised simulated body fluid. The mechanisms of biodegradation were site-dependent and differed from the top of the specimens to the bottom. During the whole in vitro immersion time of 4 weeks, the elastic modulus values of the AM porous zinc (E = 700-1000 MPa) even increased and remained within the scope of those of cancellous bone. Indirect cytotoxicity revealed good cellular activity up to 72 h according to ISO 10,993-5 and -12. Live-dead staining confirmed good viability of MG-63 cells cultured on the surface of the AM porous zinc. These important findings could open up unprecedented opportunities for the development of multifunctional bone substituting materials that will enable reconstruction and regeneration of critical-size load-bearing bone defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: No information regarding the biodegradability and biocompatibility of topologically ordered AM porous zinc is available. We applied selective laser melting to fabricate topologically ordered porous zinc and conducted a comprehensive study on the biodegradation behavior, electrochemical performance, time-dependent mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The specimens lost 7.8% of their weight after4 weeks dynamic biodegradation while their mechanical properties surprisingly increased after 4 weeks. Indirect cytotoxicity revealed good cellular activity up to 72 h. Intimate contact between MG-63 cells and the scaffolds was also observed. These important findings could open up unprecedented opportunities for the development of multifunctional bone substituting materials that mimic bone properties and enable full regeneration of critical-size load-bearing bony defects.
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143
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Evaluation of a Zn-2Ag-1.8Au-0.2V Alloy for Absorbable Biocompatible Materials. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010056. [PMID: 31861956 PMCID: PMC6981962 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and Zn-based alloys have been proposed as a new generation of absorbable metals mainly owing to the moderate degradation behavior of zinc between magnesium and iron. Nonetheless, mechanical strength of pure Zn is relatively poor, making it insufficient for the majority of clinical applications. In this study, a novel Zn–2Ag–1.8Au–0.2V (wt.%) alloy (Zn–Ag–Au–V) was fabricated and investigated for use as a potential absorbable biocompatible material. Microstructural characterization indicated an effective grain-refining effect on the Zn alloy after a thermomechanical treatment. Compared to pure Zn, the Zn–Ag–Au–V alloy showed significantly enhanced mechanical properties, with a yield strength of 168 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 233 MPa, and an elongation of 17%. Immersion test indicated that the degradation rate of the Zn–Ag–Au–V alloy in Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline was approximately 7.34 ± 0.64 μm/year, thus being slightly lower than that of pure Zn. Biocompatibility tests with L929 and Saos-2 cells showed a moderate cytotoxicity, alloy extracts at 16.7%, and 10% concentration did not affect metabolic activity and cell proliferation. Plaque formation in vitro was reduced, the Zn–Ag–Au–V surface inhibited adhesion and biofilm formation by the early oral colonizer Streptococcus gordonii, indicating antibacterial properties of the alloy.
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144
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Kubásek J, Dvorský D, Čapek J, Pinc J, Vojtěch D. Zn-Mg Biodegradable Composite: Novel Material with Tailored Mechanical and Corrosion Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3930. [PMID: 31783622 PMCID: PMC6926700 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-based alloys represent one of the most highly developed areas regarding biodegradable materials. Despite this, some general deficiencies such as cytotoxicity and poor mechanical properties (especially elongation), are not properly solved. In this work, a Zn-5Mg (5 wt.% Mg) composite material with tailored mechanical and superior corrosion properties is prepared by powder metallurgy techniques. Pure Zn and Mg are mixed and subsequently compacted by extrusion at 200 °C and an extrusion ratio of 10. The final product possesses appropriate mechanical properties (tensile yield strength = 148 MPa, ultimate tensile strength = 183 MPa, and elongation = 16%) and decreased by four times the release of Zn in the initial stage of degradation compared to pure Zn, which can highly decrease cytotoxicity effects and therefore positively affect the initial stage of the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5, Dejvice, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (D.D.); (D.V.)
| | - Drahomír Dvorský
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5, Dejvice, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (D.D.); (D.V.)
| | - Jaroslav Čapek
- Department of Functional Materials, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (J.Č.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Pinc
- Department of Functional Materials, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (J.Č.); (J.P.)
| | - Dalibor Vojtěch
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5, Dejvice, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (D.D.); (D.V.)
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145
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Kubásek J, Dvorský D, Šedý J, Msallamová Š, Levorová J, Foltán R, Vojtěch D. The Fundamental Comparison of Zn-2Mg and Mg-4Y-3RE Alloys as a Perspective Biodegradable Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3745. [PMID: 31766288 PMCID: PMC6888298 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable materials are of interest for temporary medical implants like stents for restoring damaged blood vessels, plates, screws, nails for fixing fractured bones. In the present paper new biodegradable Zn-2Mg alloy prepared by conventional casting and hot extrusion was tested in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Structure characterization and mechanical properties in tension and compression have been evaluated. For in vivo tests, hemispherical implants were placed into a rat cranium. Visual observation of the living animals, an inspection of implant location and computed tomography CT imaging 12 weeks after implantation were performed. Extracted implants were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on perpendicular cuts through corrosion products. The behaviour of zinc alloy both in in vitro and in vivo conditions was compared with commercially used Mg-based alloy (Mg-4Y-3RE) prepared by conventional casting and hot extrusion. Both compressive and tensile yield strengths of Zn and Mg-based alloys were similar; however, the brittleness of Mg-4Y-3RE was lower. Zn and Mg-based implants have no adverse effects on the behaviour or physical condition of rats. Moreover, gas bubbles and the inflammatory reaction of the living tissue were not detected after the 12-week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (D.D.); (Š.M.)
| | - Drahomír Dvorský
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (D.D.); (Š.M.)
| | - Jiří Šedý
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Šárka Msallamová
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (D.D.); (Š.M.)
| | - Jitka Levorová
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (R.F.)
| | - René Foltán
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (R.F.)
| | - Dalibor Vojtěch
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (D.D.); (Š.M.)
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146
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Response of human periosteal cells to degradation products of zinc and its alloy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 108:110208. [PMID: 31924034 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and its alloys are proposed as promising resorbable materials for osteosynthesis implants. Detailed studies should be undertaken to clarify their properties in terms of degradability, biocompatibility and osteoinductivity. Degradation products of Zn alloys might affect directly adjacent cellular and tissue responses. Periosteal stem cells are responsible for participating in intramembranous ossification during fracture healing. The present study aims at examining possible effects emanating from Zn or Zn-4Ag (wt%) alloy degradation products on cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of a human immortalized cranial periosteal cell line (TAg cells). Therefore, a modified extraction method was used to investigate the degradation behavior of Zn and Zn-4Ag alloys under cell culture conditions. Compared with pure Zn, Zn-4Ag alloy showed almost fourfold higher degradation rates under cell culture conditions, while the associated degradation products had no adverse effects on cell viability. Osteogenic induction of TAg cells revealed that high concentration extracts significantly reduced calcium deposition of TAg cells, while low concentration extracts enhanced calcium deposition, indicating a dose-dependent effect of Zn ions. Our results give evidence that the observed cytotoxicity effects were determined by the released degradation products of Zn and Zn-4Ag alloys, rather than by degradation rates calculated by weight loss. Extracellular Zn ion concentration was found to modulate osteogenic differentiation of TAg cells. These findings provide significant implications and guidance for the development of Zn-based alloys with an optimized degradation behavior for Zn-based osteosynthesis implants.
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147
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Qin Y, Wen P, Guo H, Xia D, Zheng Y, Jauer L, Poprawe R, Voshage M, Schleifenbaum JH. Additive manufacturing of biodegradable metals: Current research status and future perspectives. Acta Biomater 2019; 98:3-22. [PMID: 31029830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The combination of biodegradable metals and additive manufacturing (AM) leads to a revolutionary change of metal implants in many aspects including materials, design, manufacturing, and clinical applications. The AM of nondegradable metals such as titanium and CoCr alloys has proven to be a tremendous success in clinical applications. The AM of biodegradable metals including magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) is still in its infancy, although much progress has been made in the research field. Element loss and porosity are common processing problems for AM of biodegradable metals like Zn and Mg, which are mainly caused by evaporation during melting under a high-energy beam. The resulting formation quality and properties are closely related to material, design, and processing, making AM of biodegradable metals a typical interdisciplinary subject involving biomaterials, mechanical engineering, and medicine. This work reviews the state of research and future perspective on AM of biodegradable metals from extensive viewpoints such as material, processing, formation quality, design, microstructure, and properties. Effects of powder properties and processing parameters on formation quality are characterized in detail. The microstructure and metallurgical defects encountered in the AM parts are described. Mechanical and biodegradable properties of AM samples are introduced. Design principles and potential applications of biodegradable metal implants produced by AM are discussed. Finally, current research status is summarized together with some proposed future perspectives for advancing knowledge about AM of biodegradable metals. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Rapid development of research and applications on biodegradable metals and additive manufacturing (AM) has been made in recent years. Customized geometric shapes of medical metals with porous structure can be realized accurately and efficiently by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), which is beneficial to achieve reliable stress conduction and balanced properties. This review introduces the development history and current status of AM of biodegradable metals and then critically surveys L-PBF of Mg-, Fe-, and Zn-based metals from multiple viewpoints including materials, processing, formation quality, structural design, microstructure, and mechanical and biological properties. The present findings are summarized together with some proposed future challenges for advancing AM of biodegradable metals into real clinical applications.
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148
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Li P, Schille C, Schweizer E, Kimmerle-Müller E, Rupp F, Heiss A, Legner C, Klotz UE, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Scheideler L. Selection of extraction medium influences cytotoxicity of zinc and its alloys. Acta Biomater 2019; 98:235-245. [PMID: 30862550 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) alloys have been considered as promising absorbable metals, mainly due to their moderate degradation rates ranging between magnesium alloys and iron alloys. The degradation behavior depends on the specific physiological environment. Released metallic ions and corrosion products directly influence biocompatibility. The initial contact of orthopedic implants or vascular stents after implantation will be with blood. In this study, fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used as a model system of blood components. We investigated the influence of FBS on in vitro degradation behavior and cytotoxicity of pure Zn, and Zn-4Ag and Zn-2Ag-1.8Au-0.2 V (wt%) alloys. The initial degradation rates in FBS were assessed and compared with the degradation and toxicity in four other common physiological model systems: DMEM cell culture medium ± FBS and McCoy's 5A medium ± FBS. Test samples in pure FBS showed the highest initial degradation rates, and accordingly, FBS supplemented media accelerated the degradation process as well. Moreover, an extract test according to ISO 10993-5 and -12 with L929 and Saos-2 cells was performed to investigate the role of FBS in the extraction medium. The cytotoxic effects observed in the tests were correlated with FBS-mediated Zn2+ release. These findings have significant implications regarding the selection of appropriate media for in vitro degradation and cytotoxicity evaluation of Zn and its alloys. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Metallic zinc and its alloys have been considered as promising biodegradable metals, mainly due to their moderate degradation rates. However, in vitro cytotoxicity tests according to the current ISO 10993 standard series are not suitable to predict biocompatibility of Zn alloys due to the inconsistent correlation between in vitro and in vitro biocompatibility. In this study, we show that the outcomes of standardized in vitro cytotoxicity tests of Zn and Zn alloys are influenced by fetal bovine serum in the extraction vehicle because FBS promotes Zn2+ release during the extraction process. The results of the study provide significant information for selection of appropriate model systems to evaluate in vitro degradation behavior and cytotoxicity.
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149
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Zhou C, Li HF, Yin YX, Shi ZZ, Li T, Feng XY, Zhang JW, Song CX, Cui XS, Xu KL, Zhao YW, Hou WB, Lu ST, Liu G, Li MQ, Ma JY, Toft E, Volinsky AA, Wan M, Yao XJ, Wang CB, Yao K, Xu SK, Lu H, Chang SF, Ge JB, Wang LN, Zhang HJ. Long-term in vivo study of biodegradable Zn-Cu stent: A 2-year implantation evaluation in porcine coronary artery. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:657-670. [PMID: 31401346 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel biodegradable Zn-0.8Cu coronary artery stent was fabricated and implanted into porcine coronary arteries for up to 24 months. Micro-CT analysis showed that the implanted stent was able to maintain structural integrity after 6 months, while its disintegration occurred after 9 months of implantation. After 24 months of implantation, approximately 28 ± 13 vol% of the stent remained. Optical coherence tomography and histological analysis showed that the endothelialization process could be completed within the first month after implantation, and no inflammation responses or thrombosis formation was observed within 24 months. Cross-section analysis indicated that the subsequent degradation products had been removed in the abluminal direction, guaranteeing that the strut could be replaced by normal tissue without the risk of contaminating the circulatory system, causing neither thrombosis nor inflammation response. The present work demonstrates that the Zn-0.8Cu stent has provided sufficient structural supporting and exhibited an appropriate degradation rate during 24 months of implantation without degradation product accumulation, thrombosis, or inflammation response. The results indicate that the Zn-0.8Cu coronary artery stent is promising for further clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although Zn and its alloys have been considered to be potential candidates of biodegradable metals for vascular stent use, by far, no Zn-based stent with appropriate medical device performance has been reported because of the low mechanical properties of zinc. The present work presents promising results of a Zn-Cu biodegradable vascular stent in porcine coronary arteries. The Zn-Cu stent fabricated in this work demonstrated adequate medical device performance both in vitro and in vivo and degraded at a proper rate without safety problems induced. Furthermore, large animal models have more cardiovascular similarities as humans. Results of this study may provide further information of the Zn-based stents for translational medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China; National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Hua-Fang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yu-Xia Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Zhang-Zhi Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yi Feng
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Jun-Wei Zhang
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Cai-Xia Song
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Xiao-Shan Cui
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Kai-Li Xu
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Yan-Wei Zhao
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Wen-Bo Hou
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Shou-Tao Lu
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Guang Liu
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China
| | - Mao-Quan Li
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Jian-Ying Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 PR China
| | - Egon Toft
- Biomedical Research Center, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Shareh Jamiaa, Post Box 2716, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alex A Volinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Min Wan
- Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Shandong 250101, PR China
| | - Xiu-Jun Yao
- Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Shandong 250101, PR China
| | - Chang-Bin Wang
- Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Shandong 250101, PR China
| | - Kang Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 PR China
| | - Shi-Kun Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 PR China
| | - Hao Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 PR China
| | - Shu-Fu Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 PR China
| | - Jun-Bo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 PR China.
| | - Lu-Ning Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China; National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Qihe Economic & Development Zone, Dezhou City, Shandong 251100, PR China; Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, Aalborg Ø 9220, Denmark.
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150
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Li G, Yang H, Zheng Y, Chen XH, Yang JA, Zhu D, Ruan L, Takashima K. Challenges in the use of zinc and its alloys as biodegradable metals: Perspective from biomechanical compatibility. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:23-45. [PMID: 31349057 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, more than fifty articles have been published on the feasibility studies of zinc and its alloys as biodegradable metals. These preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies showed acceptable biodegradability and reasonable biocompatibility in bone and blood microenvironments for the experimental Zn-based biodegradable metals and, for some alloy systems, superior mechanical performance over Mg-based biodegradable metals. For instance, the Zn-Li alloys exhibited higher UTS (UTS), and the Zn-Mn alloys exhibited higher elongation (more than 100%). On the one hand, similar to Mg-based biodegradable metals, insufficient strength and ductility, as well as relatively low fatigue strength, may lead to premature failure of medical devices. On the other hand, owing to the low melting point of the element Zn, several new uncertainties with regard to the mechanical properties of biomedical zinc alloys, including low creep resistance, high susceptibility to natural aging, and static recrystallization (SRX), may lead to device failure during storage at room temperature and usage at body temperature. This paper comprehensively reviews studies on these mechanical aspects of industrial Zn and Zn alloys in the last century and biomedical Zn and Zn alloys in this century. The challenges for the future design of biomedical zinc alloys as biodegradable metals to guarantee 100% mechanical compatibility are pointed out, and this will guide the mechanical property design of Zn-based biodegradable metals. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Previous studies on mechanical properties of industrial Zn and Zn alloys in the last century and biomedical Zn and Zn alloys in this century are comprehensively reviewed herein. The challenges for the future design of zinc-based biodegradable materials considering mechanical compatibility are pointed out. Common considerations such as strength, ductility, and fatigue behaviors are covered together with special attention on several new uncertainties including low creep resistance, high susceptibility to natural aging, and static recrystallization (SRX). These new uncertainties, which are not significantly observed in Mg-based and Fe-based materials, are largely due to the low melting point of the element Zn and may lead to device failure during storage at room temperature and clinical usage at body temperature. Future studies are urgently needed on these topics.
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