101
|
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a mesenchymal malignancy associated with the skeletal muscle lineage and is also the most common pediatric soft tissue cancer. Between the two pediatric subtypes, embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, the alveolar subtype is generally more aggressive and high-risk. Despite intensive multimodal therapy, patients with high-risk rhabdomyosarcoma continue to have poor prognosis. In this chapter we address the mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of myogenesis in rhabdomyosarcoma. We specifically focus on recently identified signaling pathways that function to inhibit myogenesis and how similar functions have been shown to overlap in rhabdomyosarcoma, potentially contributing to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y Yu
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Dethlefsen C, Hansen LS, Lillelund C, Andersen C, Gehl J, Christensen JF, Pedersen BK, Hojman P. Exercise-Induced Catecholamines Activate the Hippo Tumor Suppressor Pathway to Reduce Risks of Breast Cancer Development. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4894-4904. [PMID: 28887324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strong epidemiologic evidence documents the protective effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk, recurrence, and mortality, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be identified. Using human exercise-conditioned serum for breast cancer cell incubation studies and murine exercise interventions, we aimed to identify exercise factors and signaling pathways involved in the exercise-dependent suppression of breast cancer. Exercise-conditioned serum from both women with breast cancer (n = 20) and healthy women (n = 7) decreased MCF-7 (hormone-sensitive) and MDA-MB-231 (hormone-insensitive) breast cancer cell viability in vitro by 11% to 19% and reduced tumorigenesis by 50% when preincubated MCF-7 breast cancer cells were inoculated into NMRI-Foxn1nu mice. This exercise-mediated suppression of cell viability and tumor formation was completely blunted by blockade of β-adrenergic signaling in MCF-7 cells, indicating that catecholamines were the responsible exercise factors. Both epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) could directly inhibit breast cancer cell viability, as well as tumor growth in vivo EPI and NE activate the tumor suppressor Hippo signaling pathway, and the suppressive effect of exercise-conditioned serum was found to be mediated through phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of YAP and reduced expression of downstream target genes, for example, ANKRD1 and CTGF. In parallel, tumor-bearing mice with access to running wheels showed reduced growth of MCF-7 (-36%, P < 0.05) and MDA-MB-231 (-66%, P < 0.01) tumors and, for the MCF-7 tumor, increased regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings offer a mechanistic explanation for exercise-dependent suppression of breast cancer cell growth. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4894-904. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dethlefsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise S Hansen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Lillelund
- The University Hospitals Centre for Health Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Andersen
- The University Hospitals Centre for Health Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Gehl
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jesper F Christensen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Hojman
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Bae JS, Kim SM, Lee H. The Hippo signaling pathway provides novel anti-cancer drug targets. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16084-16098. [PMID: 28035075 PMCID: PMC5362547 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and development. Major effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway include the transcriptional co-activators Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1 (TAZ). The transcriptional activities of YAP and TAZ are affected by interactions with proteins from many diverse signaling pathways as well as responses to the external environment. High YAP and TAZ activity has been observed in many cancer types, and functional dysregulation of Hippo signaling enhances the oncogenic properties of YAP and TAZ and promotes cancer development. Many biological elements, including mechanical strain on the cell, cell polarity/adhesion molecules, other signaling pathways (e.g., G-protein-coupled receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, Wnt, Notch, and transforming growth factor β/bone morphogenic protein), and cellular metabolic status, can promote oncogenesis through synergistic association with components of the Hippo signaling pathway. Here, we review the signaling networks that interact with the Hippo signaling pathway and discuss the potential of using drugs that inhibit YAP and TAZ activity for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June Sung Bae
- Biomolecular Function Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Biomolecular Function Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Lin SC, Lee HC, Hou PC, Fu JL, Wu MH, Tsai SJ. Targeting hypoxia-mediated YAP1 nuclear translocation ameliorates pathogenesis of endometriosis without compromising maternal fertility. J Pathol 2017; 242:476-487. [PMID: 28608501 DOI: 10.1002/path.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a highly prevalent gynaecological disease that severely reduces women's health and quality of life. Ectopic endometriotic lesions have evolved mechanisms to survive in the hypoxic peritoneal microenvironment by regulating the expression of a significant subset of genes. However, the master regulator controlling these genes remains to be characterized. Herein, by using bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification, we identified yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) as a master regulator of endometriosis. Nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of YAP1 were up-regulated by hypoxia via down-regulation of LATS1, a kinase that inactivates YAP1. Disruption of hypoxia-induced YAP1 signalling by siRNA knockdown or inhibitor treatment abolished critical biological processes involved in endometriosis development such as steroidogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammation, migration, innervation, and cell proliferation. Treatment with a YAP1 inhibitor caused the regression of endometriotic lesions without affecting maternal fertility or the growth rate of offspring in the mouse model of endometriosis. Taken together, we identify hypoxia/LATS1/YAP1 as a novel pathway for the pathogenesis of endometriosis and demonstrate that targeting YAP1 might be an alternative approach to treat endometriosis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chi Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Hou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhao-Lin Fu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Slemmons KK, Crose LES, Riedel S, Sushnitha M, Belyea B, Linardic CM. A Novel Notch-YAP Circuit Drives Stemness and Tumorigenesis in Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1777-1791. [PMID: 28923841 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a cancer characterized by skeletal muscle features, is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood. While low- and intermediate-risk groups have seen improved outcomes, high-risk patients still face a 5-year survival rate of <30%, a statistic that has not changed in over 40 years. Understanding the biologic underpinnings of RMS is critical. The developmental pathways of Notch and YAP have been identified as potent but independent oncogenic signals that support the embryonal variant of RMS (eRMS). Here, the cross-talk between these pathways and the impact on eRMS tumorigenesis is reported. Using human eRMS cells grown as three-dimensional (3D) rhabdospheres, which enriches in stem cells, it was found that Notch signaling transcriptionally upregulates YAP1 gene expression and YAP activity. Reciprocally, YAP transcriptionally upregulates the Notch ligand genes JAG1 and DLL1 and the core Notch transcription factor RBPJ This bidirectional circuit boosts expression of key stem cell genes, including SOX2, which is functionally required for eRMS spheres. Silencing this circuit for therapeutic purposes may be challenging, because the inhibition of one node (e.g., pharmacologic Notch blockade) can be rescued by upregulation of another (constitutive YAP expression). Instead, dual inhibition of Notch and YAP is necessary. Finally, supporting the existence of this circuit beyond a model system, nuclear Notch and YAP protein expression are correlated in human eRMS tumors, and YAP suppression in vivo decreases Notch signaling and SOX2 expression.Implications: This study identifies a novel oncogenic signaling circuit driving eRMS stemness and tumorigenesis, and provides evidence and rationale for combination therapies co-targeting Notch and YAP. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1777-91. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Slemmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lisa E S Crose
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stefan Riedel
- Duke Summer Research Opportunity Program, Duke University Graduate School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Manuela Sushnitha
- Summer Undergraduate Research in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Rotz SJ, Nagarajan R, Sorger JI, Pressey JG. Challenges in the Treatment of Sarcomas of Adolescents and Young Adults. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2017; 6:406-413. [DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seth J. Rotz
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rajaram Nagarajan
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joel I. Sorger
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph G. Pressey
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Abstract
Efficient cardiac regeneration is closely associated with the ability of cardiac myocytes to proliferate. Fetal or neonatal mouse hearts containing proliferating cardiac myocytes regenerate even extensive injuries, whereas adult hearts containing mostly post-mitotic cardiac myocytes have lost this ability. The same correlation is seen in some homoiotherm species such as teleost fish and urodelian amphibians leading to the hypothesis that cardiac myocyte proliferation is a major driver of heart regeneration. Although cardiomyocyte proliferation might not be the only prerequisite to restore full organ function after cardiac damage, induction of cardiac myocyte proliferation is an attractive therapeutic option to cure the injured heart and prevent heart failure. To (re)initiate cardiac myocyte proliferation in adult mammalian hearts, a thorough understanding of the molecular circuitry governing cardiac myocyte cell cycle regulation is required. Here, we review the current knowledge in the field focusing on the withdrawal of cardiac myocytes from the cell cycle during the transition from neonatal to adult stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Yuan
- From the Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (X.Y., T.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Braun
- From the Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (X.Y., T.B.); and Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.B.).
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Ou C, Sun Z, Li S, Li G, Li X, Ma J. Dual roles of yes-associated protein (YAP) in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75727-75741. [PMID: 29088905 PMCID: PMC5650460 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a downstream effector molecule of a newly emerging tumour suppressor pathway called the Hippo pathway. YAP is a transcriptional co-activator and mis-expressed in various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Accumulating studies show that the high expression of nuclear YAP is linked with tumour progression and decreased survival. Nuclear YAP can interact with other transcription factors to promote cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis and maintenance of stemness. Therefore, YAP has the potential to be a tumour biomarker or therapeutic target for CRC. However, recently, a number of studies have supported a contradictory role for YAP as a tumour suppressor, demonstrating inhibition of the tumorigenesis of CRC, involvement in promoting cell apoptosis, and inhibiting the maintenance of intestinal stem cells and inflammatory activity. In these studies, high expression of YAP was highly correlated with worse survival in CRC. In this review, we will comprehensively summarize and analyse these paradoxical reports, and discuss both the oncogenic and tumour suppressor functions of YAP in the differential status of CRC progression. Further investigation into the mechanisms responsible for the dual function of YAP will be of great value in the prevention, early diagnosis, and therapy of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Ou
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhenqiang Sun
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Shen Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Zhao K, Wang Q, Wang Y, Huang K, Yang C, Li Y, Yi K, Kang C. EGFR/c-myc axis regulates TGFβ/Hippo/Notch pathway via epigenetic silencing miR-524 in gliomas. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:12-21. [PMID: 28778566 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) frequently undergoes high-level genomic amplification and variant III (vIII) deletion in adult glioblastoma. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized to participate in gene expression regulation. We found that miR-524-3p and miR-524-5p were suppressed in the classical molecular subtype of glioblastoma (GBM) from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) data, and the suppression was associated with EGFR overexpression and EGFRvIII mutation. These two miRNAs improved overall survival time of patients with glioma, and their overexpression could restrain glioma cell migration, proliferation, and cell cycle, and control tumor formation in vivo. Interestingly, both of the miRNAs had a synergistic inhibitory effect on glioma cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that EGFR amplification/EGFRvIII mutation can repress the expression of Pri-miR-524 by histone modification. MiR-524-3p and miR-524-5p inhibited TGF/β, Notch and the Hippo pathway by targeting Smad2, Hes1 and Tead1, respectively; these pathways repressed their common downstream transcription factor, C-myc. More interestingly, C-myc bound to the promoter region of EGFR/EGFRvIII and activated its expression. These findings indicate that miR-524 mediates the EGFR/EGFRvIII stimulating effect. It may serve as a potential therapeutic agent and classical-specific biomarker for the development of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yansheng Li
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaikai Yi
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Sun C, De Mello V, Mohamed A, Ortuste Quiroga HP, Garcia-Munoz A, Al Bloshi A, Tremblay AM, von Kriegsheim A, Collie-Duguid E, Vargesson N, Matallanas D, Wackerhage H, Zammit PS. Common and Distinctive Functions of the Hippo Effectors Taz and Yap in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell Function. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1958-1972. [PMID: 28589555 PMCID: PMC5575518 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hippo pathway downstream effectors Yap and Taz play key roles in cell proliferation and regeneration, regulating gene expression especially via Tead transcription factors. To investigate their role in skeletal muscle stem cells, we analyzed Taz in vivo and ex vivo in comparison with Yap. Small interfering RNA knockdown or retroviral‐mediated expression of wild‐type human or constitutively active TAZ mutants in satellite cells showed that TAZ promoted proliferation, a function shared with YAP. However, at later stages of myogenesis, TAZ also enhanced myogenic differentiation of myoblasts, whereas YAP inhibits such differentiation. Functionally, while muscle growth was mildly affected in Taz (gene Wwtr1–/–) knockout mice, there were no overt effects on regeneration. Conversely, conditional knockout of Yap in satellite cells of Pax7Cre‐ERT2/+: Yapfl°x/fl°x:Rosa26Lacz mice produced a regeneration deficit. To identify potential mechanisms, microarray analysis showed many common TAZ/YAP target genes, but TAZ also regulates some genes independently of YAP, including myogenic genes such as Pax7, Myf5, and Myod1 (ArrayExpress–E‐MTAB‐5395). Proteomic analysis revealed many novel binding partners of TAZ/YAP in myogenic cells, but TAZ also interacts with proteins distinct from YAP that are often involved in myogenesis and aspects of cytoskeleton organization (ProteomeXchange–PXD005751). Neither TAZ nor YAP bind members of the Wnt destruction complex but both regulated expression of Wnt and Wnt‐cross talking genes with known roles in myogenesis. Finally, TAZ operates through Tead4 to enhance myogenic differentiation. In summary, Taz and Yap have overlapping functions in promoting myoblast proliferation but Taz then switches to enhance myogenic differentiation. Stem Cells2017;35:1958–1972
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congshan Sun
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa De Mello
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Abdalla Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Abdullah Al Bloshi
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Annie M Tremblay
- Stem Cell Program, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Elaina Collie-Duguid
- Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Henning Wackerhage
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Preclinical testing of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor tideglusib for rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62976-62983. [PMID: 28968964 PMCID: PMC5609896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common childhood soft tissue sarcoma. RMS often arise from myogenic precursors and displays a poorly differentiated skeletal muscle phenotype most closely resembling regenerating muscle. GSK3β is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase capable of repressing the terminal myogenic differentiation program in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Recent unbiased chemical screening efforts have prioritized GSK3β inhibitors as inducers of myodifferentiation in RMS, suggesting efficacy as single agents in suppressing growth and promoting self-renewal in zebrafish transgenic embryonal RMS (eRMS) models in vivo. In this study, we tested the irreversible GSK3β-inhibitor, tideglusib for in vivo efficacy in patient-derived xenograft models of both alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS) and eRMS. Tideglusib had effective on-target pharmacodynamic efficacy, but as a single agent had no effect on tumor progression or myodifferentiation. These results suggest that as monotherapy, GSK3β inhibitors may not be a viable treatment for aRMS or eRMS.
Collapse
|
112
|
Mohamed A, Sun C, De Mello V, Selfe J, Missiaglia E, Shipley J, Murray GI, Zammit PS, Wackerhage H. The Hippo effector TAZ (WWTR1) transforms myoblasts and TAZ abundance is associated with reduced survival in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pathol 2017; 240:3-14. [PMID: 27184927 PMCID: PMC4995731 DOI: 10.1002/path.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo effector YAP has recently been identified as a potent driver of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS). Most reports suggest that the YAP paralogue TAZ (gene symbol WWTR1) functions as YAP but, in skeletal muscle, TAZ has been reported to promote myogenic differentiation, whereas YAP inhibits it. Here, we investigated whether TAZ is also a rhabdomyosarcoma oncogene or whether TAZ acts as a YAP antagonist. Immunostaining of rhabdomyosarcoma tissue microarrays revealed that TAZ is significantly associated with poor survival in ERMS. In 12% of fusion gene‐negative rhabdomyosarcomas, the TAZ locus is gained, which is correlated with increased expression. Constitutively active TAZ S89A significantly increased proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts and, importantly, colony formation on soft agar, suggesting transformation. However, TAZ then switches to enhance myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts, unlike YAP. Conversely, lentiviral shRNA‐mediated TAZ knockdown in human ERMS cells reduced proliferation and anchorage‐independent growth. While TAZ S89A or YAP1 S127A similarly activated the 8XGTIIC–Luc Hippo reporter, only YAP1 S127A activated the Brachyury (T‐box) reporter. Consistent with its oncogene function, TAZ S89A induced expression of the ERMS cancer stem cell gene Myf5 and the serine biosynthesis pathway (Phgdh, Psat1, Psph) in C2C12 myoblasts. Thus, TAZ is associated with poor survival in ERMS and could act as an oncogene in rhabdomyosarcoma. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Congshan Sun
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Vanessa De Mello
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Pete S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
El Demellawy D, McGowan-Jordan J, de Nanassy J, Chernetsova E, Nasr A. Update on molecular findings in rhabdomyosarcoma. Pathology 2017; 49:238-246. [PMID: 28256213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.12.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common malignant soft tissue tumour in children and adolescents. Histologically RMS resembles developing fetal striated skeletal muscle. RMS is stratified into different histological subtypes which appear to influence management plans and patient outcome. Importantly, molecular classification of RMS seems to more accurately capture the true biology and clinical course and prognosis of RMS to guide therapeutic decisions. The identification of PAX-FOXO1 fusion status in RMS is one of the most important updates in the risk stratification of RMS. There are several genes close to PAX that are frequently altered including the RAS family, FGFR4, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, FBXW7, and BCOR. As with most paediatric blue round cell tumours and sarcomas, chemotherapy is the key regimen for RMS therapy. Currently there are no direct inhibitors against PAX-FOXO1 fusion oncoproteins and targeting epigenetic cofactors is limited to clinical trials. Failure of therapy in RMS is usually related to drug resistance and metastatic disease. Through this review we have highlighted most of the molecular aspects in RMS and have attempted to correlate with RMS classification, treatment and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina El Demellawy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Pediatric Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jean McGowan-Jordan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph de Nanassy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Pediatric Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ahmed Nasr
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Ahmed AA, Mohamed AD, Gener M, Li W, Taboada E. YAP and the Hippo pathway in pediatric cancer. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1295127. [PMID: 28616573 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2017.1295127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an important signaling pathway that controls cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is evolutionarily conserved in mammals and is stimulated by cell-cell contact, inhibiting cell proliferation in response to increased cell density. During early embryonic development, the Hippo signaling pathway regulates organ development and size, and its functions result in the coordinated balance between proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Its principal effectors, YAP and TAZ, regulate signaling by the embryonic stem cells and determine cell fate and histogenesis. Dysfunction of this pathway contributes to cancer development in adults and children. Emerging studies have shed light on the upregulation of Hippo pathway members in several pediatric cancers and may offer prognostic information on rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, and other brain gliomas. We review the results of such published studies and highlight the potential clinical application of this pathway in pediatric oncologic and pathologic studies. These studies support targeting this pathway as a novel treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atif A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Melissa Gener
- Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Weijie Li
- Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Eugenio Taboada
- Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Nishio M, Maehama T, Goto H, Nakatani K, Kato W, Omori H, Miyachi Y, Togashi H, Shimono Y, Suzuki A. Hippo vs. Crab: tissue-specific functions of the mammalian Hippo pathway. Genes Cells 2017; 22:6-31. [PMID: 28078823 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a vital suppressor of tumorigenesis that is often inactivated in human cancers. In normal cells, the Hippo pathway is triggered by external forces such as cell crowding, or changes to the extracellular matrix or cell polarity. Once activated, Hippo signaling down-regulates transcription supported by the paralogous cofactors YAP1 and TAZ. The Hippo pathway's functions in normal and cancer biology have been dissected by studies of mutant mice with null or conditional tissue-specific mutations of Hippo signaling elements. In this review, we attempt to systematically summarize results that have been gleaned from detailed in vivo characterizations of these mutants. Our goal is to describe the physiological roles of Hippo signaling in several normal organ systems, as well as to emphasize how disruption of the Hippo pathway, and particularly hyperactivation of YAP1/TAZ, can be oncogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nishio
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Goto
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakatani
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wakako Kato
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Omori
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyachi
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideru Togashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimono
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Yuan T, Rafizadeh S, Azizi Z, Lupse B, Gorrepati KDD, Awal S, Oberholzer J, Maedler K, Ardestani A. Proproliferative and antiapoptotic action of exogenously introduced YAP in pancreatic β cells. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86326. [PMID: 27812538 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional pancreatic β cells is a hallmark of both type 1 and 2 diabetes. Identifying the pathways that promote β cell proliferation and/or block β cell apoptosis is a potential strategy for diabetes therapy. The transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP), a major downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, is a key regulator of organ size and tissue homeostasis by modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. YAP is not expressed in mature primary human and mouse β cells. We aimed to identify whether reexpression of a constitutively active form of YAP promotes β cell proliferation/survival. Overexpression of YAP remarkably induced β cell proliferation in isolated human islets, while β cell function and functional identity genes were fully preserved. The transcription factor forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) was upregulated upon YAP overexpression and necessary for YAP-dependent β cell proliferation. YAP overexpression protected β cells from apoptosis triggered by multiple diabetic conditions. The small redox proteins thioredoxin-1 and thioredoxin-2 (Trx1/2) were upregulated by YAP; disruption of the Trx system revealed that Trx1/2 was required for the antiapoptotic action of YAP in insulin-producing β cells. Our data show the robust proproliferative and antiapoptotic function of YAP in pancreatic β cells. YAP reconstitution may represent a disease-modifying approach to restore a functional β cell mass in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sahar Rafizadeh
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Blaz Lupse
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Sushil Awal
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Division of Transplantation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) project partner, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Amin Ardestani
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
TEAD1 enhances proliferation via activating SP1 in colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:496-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
118
|
LaQuaglia MJ, Grijalva JL, Mueller KA, Perez-Atayde AR, Kim HB, Sadri-Vakili G, Vakili K. YAP Subcellular Localization and Hippo Pathway Transcriptome Analysis in Pediatric Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30238. [PMID: 27605415 PMCID: PMC5015017 DOI: 10.1038/srep30238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare tumor which is associated with an extremely high mortality rate due to lack of effective chemotherapy. Recently, the Hippo pathway and its transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein (YAP) have been shown to play a role in hepatocyte proliferation and development of HCC in animal models. Therefore, we sought to examine the activity of YAP and the expression of Hippo pathway components in tumor and non-neoplastic liver tissue from 7 pediatric patients with moderately differentiated HCC. None of the patients had underlying cirrhosis or viral hepatitis, which is commonly seen in adults with HCC. This highlights a major difference in the pathogenesis of HCC between children and adults. We found a statistically significant increase in YAP nuclear localization in 100% of tumors. YAP target gene (CCNE1, CTGF, Cyr61) mRNA expression was also increased in the tumors that had the most significant increase in YAP nuclear localization. Based on Ki67 co-localization studies YAP nuclear localization was not simply a marker of proliferation. Our results demonstrate a clear increase in YAP activity in moderately differentiated pediatric HCC, providing evidence that it may play an important role in tumor survival and propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J LaQuaglia
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - James L Grijalva
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kaly A Mueller
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129-4404 USA
| | - Antonio R Perez-Atayde
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Heung Bae Kim
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ghazaleh Sadri-Vakili
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129-4404 USA
| | - Khashayar Vakili
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Ardestani A, Maedler K. MST1: a promising therapeutic target to restore functional beta cell mass in diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1843-9. [PMID: 27053234 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The loss of insulin-producing beta cells by apoptosis is a hallmark of all forms of diabetes mellitus. Strategies to prevent beta cell apoptosis and dysfunction are urgently needed to restore the insulin-producing cells and to prevent severe diabetes progression. We recently identified the serine/threonine kinase known as mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (MST1) as a critical regulator of apoptotic beta cell death and dysfunction. MST1 activates several apoptotic signalling pathways, which further stimulate its own cleavage, leading to a vicious cycle of cell death. This led us to hypothesise that MST1 signalling is central to the initiation of beta cell death in diabetes. We found that MST1 is strongly activated in a diabetic beta cell and induces not only its death but also directly impairs insulin secretion through promoting proteasomal degradation of key beta cell transcription factor, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), which is critical for insulin production.Pre-clinical studies in various animal models of diabetes have reported that MST1 deficiency remarkably restores normoglycaemia and beta cell function and prevents the development of diabetes. Importantly, MST1 deficiency can revert fully diabetic beta cells to a non-diabetic state. MST1 may serve as a target for the development of novel therapies for diabetes that trigger the cause of the disease, namely, the destruction of the beta cells. The major current focus of our investigation is to identify and test the efficacy of potent inhibitors of this death signalling pathway to protect beta cells against the effects of autoimmune attack in type 1 diabetes and to preserve beta cell mass and function in type 2 diabetes. This review summarises a presentation given at the 'Can we make a better beta cell?' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Heiko Lickert and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3949-9 , and by Harry Heimberg and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3879-6 ) and a commentary by the Session Chair, Shanta Persaud (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3870-2 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ardestani
- Islet Biology Laboratory, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, Room B2080, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Islet Biology Laboratory, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, Room B2080, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Bai H, Zhu Q, Surcel A, Luo T, Ren Y, Guan B, Liu Y, Wu N, Joseph NE, Wang TL, Zhang N, Pan D, Alpini G, Robinson DN, Anders RA. Yes-associated protein impacts adherens junction assembly through regulating actin cytoskeleton organization. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G396-411. [PMID: 27229120 PMCID: PMC5076009 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00027.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway effector Yes-associated protein (YAP) regulates liver size by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. However, recent in vivo studies suggest that YAP has important cellular functions other than controlling proliferation and apoptosis. Transgenic YAP expression in mouse hepatocytes results in severe jaundice. A possible explanation for the jaundice could be defects in adherens junctions that prevent bile from leaking into the blood stream. Indeed, immunostaining of E-cadherin and electron microscopic examination of bile canaliculi of Yap transgenic livers revealed abnormal adherens junction structures. Using primary hepatocytes from Yap transgenic livers and Yap knockout livers, we found that YAP antagonizes E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junction assembly by regulating the cellular actin architecture, including its mechanical properties (elasticity and cortical tension). Mechanistically, we found that YAP promoted contractile actin structure formation by upregulating nonmuscle myosin light chain expression and cellular ATP generation. Thus, by modulating actomyosin organization, YAP may influence many actomyosin-dependent cellular characteristics, including adhesion, membrane protrusion, spreading, morphology, and cortical tension and elasticity, which in turn determine cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Bai
- 1Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- 2Institute of Biomedical Sciences (IBS), Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Alexandra Surcel
- 3Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- 3Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Yixin Ren
- 3Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Bin Guan
- 1Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Ying Liu
- 1Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Nan Wu
- 6Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Nora Eve Joseph
- 5Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Tian -Li Wang
- 1Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Nailing Zhang
- 4Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Duojia Pan
- 4Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 6Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Douglas N. Robinson
- 3Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Robert A. Anders
- 1Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Esteves de Lima J, Bonnin MA, Birchmeier C, Duprez D. Muscle contraction is required to maintain the pool of muscle progenitors via YAP and NOTCH during fetal myogenesis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27554485 PMCID: PMC5030091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of mechanical activity in the regulation of muscle progenitors during chick development has not been investigated. We show that immobilization decreases NOTCH activity and mimics a NOTCH loss-of-function phenotype, a reduction in the number of muscle progenitors and increased differentiation. Ligand-induced NOTCH activation prevents the reduction of muscle progenitors and the increase of differentiation upon immobilization. Inhibition of NOTCH ligand activity in muscle fibers suffices to reduce the progenitor pool. Furthermore, immobilization reduces the activity of the transcriptional co-activator YAP and the expression of the NOTCH ligand JAG2 in muscle fibers. YAP forced-activity in muscle fibers prevents the decrease of JAG2 expression and the number of PAX7+ cells in immobilization conditions. Our results identify a novel mechanism acting downstream of muscle contraction, where YAP activates JAG2 expression in muscle fibers, which in turn regulates the pool of fetal muscle progenitors via NOTCH in a non-cell-autonomous manner. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15593.001 Skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton and allows the body to move. Making a new muscle, or repairing an existing one, relies on stem cells that are present inside muscles. A major goal of skeletal muscle research is to understand the signals that regulate the abilities of muscle stem cells to divide and give rise to more stem cells or to become muscle cells. Molecular signals are known to regulate the numbers of stem cells in the muscle. Skeletal muscles become larger if they are exercised, but it is not clear if mechanical forces generated by muscle contractions directly affect the number of muscle stem cells. The NOTCH signaling pathway contributes to maintaining the population of stem cells in muscles by forcing the stem cells to divide and preventing them from becoming muscle cells. Here, Esteves de Lima et al. investigated whether muscle contraction regulates NOTCH signaling during muscle formation in chick fetuses. The experiments show that muscle contraction stimulates the activity of a protein called YAP in muscle cells, which in turn, activates a gene in the NOTCH signaling pathway known as JAG2. This increases NOTCH signaling activity in the neighboring stem cells and maintains the number of stem cells in the muscle. The next step following this work will be to establish if this mechanism also operates during muscle formation and regeneration in other animals such as mice and zebrafish. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15593.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Esteves de Lima
- CNRS UMR 7622, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- CNRS UMR 7622, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Delphine Duprez
- CNRS UMR 7622, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France.,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Zanconato F, Cordenonsi M, Piccolo S. YAP/TAZ at the Roots of Cancer. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:783-803. [PMID: 27300434 PMCID: PMC6186419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1269] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
YAP and TAZ are highly related transcriptional regulators pervasively activated in human malignancies. Recent work indicates that, remarkably, YAP/TAZ are essential for cancer initiation or growth of most solid tumors. Their activation induces cancer stem cell attributes, proliferation, chemoresistance, and metastasis. YAP/TAZ are sensors of the structural and mechanical features of the cell microenvironment. A number of cancer-associated extrinsic and intrinsic cues conspire to overrule the YAP-inhibiting microenvironment of normal tissues, including changes in mechanotransduction, inflammation, oncogenic signaling, and regulation of the Hippo pathway. Addiction to YAP/TAZ thus potentially represents a central cancer vulnerability that may be exploited therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zanconato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Cordenonsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy.
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Morena D, Maestro N, Bersani F, Forni PE, Lingua MF, Foglizzo V, Šćepanović P, Miretti S, Morotti A, Shern JF, Khan J, Ala U, Provero P, Sala V, Crepaldi T, Gasparini P, Casanova M, Ferrari A, Sozzi G, Chiarle R, Ponzetto C, Taulli R. Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated satellite cells niche perturbation promotes development of distinct sarcoma subtypes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26987019 PMCID: PMC4811764 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) and Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (UPS) are distinct sarcoma subtypes. Here we investigate the relevance of the satellite cell (SC) niche in sarcoma development by using Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) to perturb the niche microenvironment. In a Pax7 wild type background, HGF stimulation mainly causes ERMS that originate from satellite cells following a process of multistep progression. Conversely, in a Pax7 null genotype ERMS incidence drops, while UPS becomes the most frequent subtype. Murine EfRMS display genetic heterogeneity similar to their human counterpart. Altogether, our data demonstrate that selective perturbation of the SC niche results in distinct sarcoma subtypes in a Pax7 lineage-dependent manner, and define a critical role for the Met axis in sarcoma initiation. Finally, our results provide a rationale for the use of combination therapy, tailored on specific amplifications and activated signaling pathways, to minimize resistance emerging from sarcomas heterogeneity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12116.001 Soft tissue sarcomas are rare cancers that originate in tissues such as muscles, tendons, cartilage and fat. These cancers are further classified into subtypes based on their appearance. For example, rhabdomyosarcoma cells resemble the cells that normally develop into muscle, while other soft tissue tumors that do not look like a distinct cell type are called undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. Recent experiments have suggested that although these subtypes appear different, they may both arise from the cells that build muscles. However, this had not been confirmed. Morena et al. investigated whether changing the environment – also known as the “niche” – of muscle stem cells could influence what type of sarcoma developed in mice that were prone to cancer. Normally muscle stem cells in an adult only regenerate injured muscles, and need to receive the correct cues before they divide. Among these cues is a protein called Hepatocyte Growth Factor (or HGF for short), which is produced by cells in the muscle stem cells’ niche. Morena et al. engineered mice so that the production of HGF in the muscles could be switched on or off at will. Mice that were already prone to cancer and produced a lot of HGF tended to develop rhabdomyosarcomas. However, when HGF was turned on in similar mice that also lacked normal muscle stem cells, the resulting sarcomas were predominantly undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. These data indicate that rhabdomyosarcomas probably originate from muscle stem cells, whereas undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas develop from other cells in the niche. Lastly, Morena et al. studied the sarcomas in their mice in more detail and observed that, similar to what has been found in human rhabdomyosarcomas, individual tumors had different genetic mutations. These differences make it difficult to treat sarcomas with a single anti-cancer drug. However, the new results suggest that a combination of targeted drugs may prove effective in blocking tumor growth and in preventing resistance. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12116.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Morena
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Maestro
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bersani
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Emanuele Forni
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Francesco Lingua
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Foglizzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Petar Šćepanović
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, United States
| | - Javed Khan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, United States
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Sala
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Gasparini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Casanova
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Carola Ponzetto
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Taulli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Fischer M, Rikeit P, Knaus P, Coirault C. YAP-Mediated Mechanotransduction in Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2016; 7:41. [PMID: 26909043 PMCID: PMC4754448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is not only translating chemical energy into mechanical work, it is also a highly adaptive and regenerative tissue whose architecture and functionality is determined by its mechanical and physical environment. Processing intra- and extracellular mechanical signaling cues contributes to the regulation of cell growth, survival, migration and differentiation. Yes-associated Protein (YAP), a transcriptional coactivator downstream of the Hippo pathway and its paralog, the transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), were recently found to play a key role in mechanotransduction in various tissues including skeletal muscle. Furthermore, YAP/TAZ modulate myogenesis and muscle regeneration and abnormal YAP activity has been reported in muscular dystrophy and rhabdomyosarcoma. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of mechanosensing and -signaling in striated muscle. We highlight the role of YAP signaling and discuss the different routes and hypotheses of its regulation in the context of mechanotransduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fischer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universités Université Pierre et Marie Curie University Paris 06Paris, France; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Paul Rikeit
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Coirault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universités Université Pierre et Marie Curie University Paris 06 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Hettmer S, Lin MM, Tchessalova D, Tortorici SJ, Castiglioni A, Desai T, Mao J, McMahon AP, Wagers AJ. Hedgehog-driven myogenic tumors recapitulate skeletal muscle cellular heterogeneity. Exp Cell Res 2016; 340:43-52. [PMID: 26460176 PMCID: PMC4718790 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation in R26-SmoM2;CAGGS-CreER mice, which carry a tamoxifen-inducible activated Smoothened allele (SmoM2), results in numerous microscopic tumor foci in mouse skeletal muscle. These tumors exhibit a highly differentiated myogenic phenotype and resemble human fetal rhabdomyomas. This study sought to apply previously established strategies to isolate lineally distinct populations of normal mouse myofiber-associated cells in order to examine cellular heterogeneity in SmoM2 tumors. We demonstrate that established SmoM2 tumors are composed of cells expressing myogenic, adipocytic and hematopoietic lineage markers and differentiation capacity. SmoM2 tumors thus recapitulate the phenotypic and functional hetereogeneity observed in normal mouse skeletal muscle. SmoM2 tumors also contain an expanded population of PAX7+ and MyoD+ satellite-like cells with extremely low clonogenic activity. Selective activation of Hh signaling in freshly isolated muscle satellite cells enhanced terminal myogenic differentiation without stimulating proliferation. Our findings support the conclusion that SmoM2 tumors represent an aberrant skeletal muscle state and demonstrate that, similar to normal muscle, myogenic tumors contain functionally distinct cell subsets, including cells lacking myogenic differentiation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hettmer
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michael M Lin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daria Tchessalova
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sara J Tortorici
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alessandra Castiglioni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tushar Desai
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junhao Mao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Slemmons KK, Crose LES, Rudzinski E, Bentley RC, Linardic CM. Role of the YAP Oncoprotein in Priming Ras-Driven Rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140781. [PMID: 26496700 PMCID: PMC4619859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a cancer characterized by features of skeletal muscle histogenesis, is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence. Survival for high-risk groups is less than 30% at 5 years. RMS also occurs during adulthood, with a lower incidence but higher mortality. Recently, mutational profiling has revealed a correlation between activating Ras mutations in the embryonal (eRMS) and pleomorphic (pRMS) histologic variants of RMS, and a poorer outcome for those patients. Independently, the YAP transcriptional coactivator, an oncoprotein kept in check by the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, is upregulated in eRMS. Here we show that YAP promotes cell proliferation and antagonizes apoptosis and myogenic differentiation of human RMS cells bearing oncogenic Ras mutations in cell culture studies in vitro and in murine xenografts in vivo. Pharmacologic inhibition of YAP by the benzoporphyrin derivative verteporfin decreased cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo. To interrogate the temporal contribution of YAP in eRMS tumorigenesis, we used a primary human cell-based genetic model of Ras-driven RMS. Constitutively active YAP functioned as an early genetic lesion, permitting bypass of senescence and priming myoblasts to tolerate subsequent expression of hTERT and oncogenic Ras, which were necessary and sufficient to generate murine xenograft tumors mimicking RMS in vivo. This work provides evidence for cooperation between YAP and oncogenic Ras in RMS tumorigenesis, laying the foundation for preclinical co-targeting of these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K. Slemmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. S. Crose
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erin Rudzinski
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rex C. Bentley
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Corinne M. Linardic
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Deel MD, Li JJ, Crose LES, Linardic CM. A Review: Molecular Aberrations within Hippo Signaling in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Front Oncol 2015; 5:190. [PMID: 26389076 PMCID: PMC4557106 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved developmental network vital for the regulation of organ size, tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration, and cell fate. The Hippo pathway has also been shown to have tumor suppressor properties. Hippo transduction involves a series of kinases and scaffolding proteins that are intricately connected to proteins in developmental cascades and in the tissue microenvironment. This network governs the downstream Hippo transcriptional co-activators, YAP and TAZ, which bind to and activate the output of TEADs, as well as other transcription factors responsible for cellular proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. Surprisingly, there are few oncogenic mutations within the core components of the Hippo pathway. Instead, dysregulated Hippo signaling is a versatile accomplice to commonly mutated cancer pathways. For example, YAP and TAZ can be activated by oncogenic signaling from other pathways, or serve as co-activators for classical oncogenes. Emerging evidence suggests that Hippo signaling couples cell density and cytoskeletal structural changes to morphogenic signals and conveys a mesenchymal phenotype. While much of Hippo biology has been described in epithelial cell systems, it is clear that dysregulated Hippo signaling also contributes to malignancies of mesenchymal origin. This review will summarize the known molecular alterations within the Hippo pathway in sarcomas and highlight how several pharmacologic compounds have shown activity in modulating Hippo components, providing proof-of-principle that Hippo signaling may be harnessed for therapeutic application in sarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Deel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Jenny J Li
- Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Lisa E S Crose
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Rhabdomyosarcoma: Advances in Molecular and Cellular Biology. Sarcoma 2015; 2015:232010. [PMID: 26420980 PMCID: PMC4569767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/232010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy in childhood and adolescence. The two major histological subtypes of RMS are alveolar RMS, driven by the fusion protein PAX3-FKHR or PAX7-FKHR, and embryonic RMS, which is usually genetically heterogeneous. The prognosis of RMS has improved in the past several decades due to multidisciplinary care. However, in recent years, the treatment of patients with metastatic or refractory RMS has reached a plateau. Thus, to improve the survival rate of RMS patients and their overall well-being, further understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of RMS and identification of novel therapeutic targets are imperative. In this review, we describe the most recent discoveries in the molecular and cellular biology of RMS, including alterations in oncogenic pathways, miRNA (miR), in vivo models, stem cells, and important signal transduction cascades implicated in the development and progression of RMS. Furthermore, we discuss novel potential targeted therapies that may improve the current treatment of RMS.
Collapse
|
129
|
Stein C, Bardet AF, Roma G, Bergling S, Clay I, Ruchti A, Agarinis C, Schmelzle T, Bouwmeester T, Schübeler D, Bauer A. YAP1 Exerts Its Transcriptional Control via TEAD-Mediated Activation of Enhancers. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005465. [PMID: 26295846 PMCID: PMC4546604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
YAP1 is a major effector of the Hippo pathway and a well-established oncogene. Elevated YAP1 activity due to mutations in Hippo pathway components or YAP1 amplification is observed in several types of human cancers. Here we investigated its genomic binding landscape in YAP1-activated cancer cells, as well as in non-transformed cells. We demonstrate that TEAD transcription factors mediate YAP1 chromatin-binding genome-wide, further explaining their dominant role as primary mediators of YAP1-transcriptional activity. Moreover, we show that YAP1 largely exerts its transcriptional control via distal enhancers that are marked by H3K27 acetylation and that YAP1 is necessary for this chromatin mark at bound enhancers and the activity of the associated genes. This work establishes YAP1-mediated transcriptional regulation at distal enhancers and provides an expanded set of target genes resulting in a fundamental source to study YAP1 function in a normal and cancer setting. The YAP1/Hippo signaling pathway is a key regulator of organ size and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation is linked to cancer development. Elevated activity of YAP1, a transcriptional coactivator and well-established oncogene has been reported to occur in human cancers. Comprehensive identification of YAP1 regulated genes and its mode of action will be of high importance to uncover YAP1 biology that could be exploited for a therapeutic intervention. To this end, we performed genome-wide analyses to identify YAP1 occupied sites in cancer cell lines representing different YAP1/Hippo pathway tumor etiologies and in non-transformed fibroblasts. Our data demonstrate that YAP1 activity is mediated predominantly via TEAD transcription factors supporting the importance of TEADs as main mediators of YAP1-coactivator activity. We further show that YAP1 and TEAD1 exert their transcriptional control via binding to enhancers, leading to characteristic chromatin changes and distal activation of genes. By linking enhancers to genes, we provide a list of novel YAP1 target genes in an oncogenic setting that we show can readily be exploited in tumor classification and provides a foundation for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stein
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Flore Bardet
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Bergling
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ieuan Clay
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Ruchti
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Agarinis
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Schübeler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Faculty of Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (DS); (AB)
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (DS); (AB)
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Kashi VP, Hatley ME, Galindo RL. Probing for a deeper understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma: insights from complementary model systems. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:426-39. [PMID: 26105539 PMCID: PMC4599785 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a mesenchymal malignancy composed of neoplastic primitive precursor cells that exhibit histological features of myogenic differentiation. Despite intensive conventional multimodal therapy, patients with high-risk RMS typically suffer from aggressive disease. The lack of directed therapies against RMS emphasizes the need to further uncover the molecular underpinnings of the disease. In this Review, we discuss the notable advances in the model systems now available to probe for new RMS-targetable pathogenetic mechanisms, and the possibilities for enhanced RMS therapeutics and improved clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh P Kashi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9072, USA
| | - Mark E Hatley
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Rene L Galindo
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9072, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA. [3] Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Eisinger-Mathason TSK, Mucaj V, Biju KM, Nakazawa MS, Gohil M, Cash TP, Yoon SS, Skuli N, Park KM, Gerecht S, Simon MC. Deregulation of the Hippo pathway in soft-tissue sarcoma promotes FOXM1 expression and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3402-11. [PMID: 26080399 PMCID: PMC4491775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420005112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic aberrations responsible for soft-tissue sarcoma formation in adults are largely unknown, with targeted therapies sorely needed for this complex and heterogeneous family of diseases. Here we report that that the Hippo pathway is deregulated in many soft-tissue sarcomas, resulting in elevated expression of the effector molecule Yes-Associated Protein (YAP). Based on data gathered from human sarcoma patients, a novel autochthonous mouse model, and mechanistic analyses, we determined that YAP-dependent expression of the transcription factor forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is necessary for cell proliferation/tumorigenesis in a subset of soft-tissue sarcomas. Notably, FOXM1 directly interacts with the YAP transcriptional complex via TEAD1, resulting in coregulation of numerous critical pro-proliferation targets that enhance sarcoma progression. Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of FOXM1 decreases tumor size in vivo, making FOXM1 an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of some sarcoma subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Karin Eisinger-Mathason
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vera Mucaj
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kevin M Biju
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael S Nakazawa
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mercy Gohil
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Timothy P Cash
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- INSERM U1037, Institut Claudius Regaud, 31052 Toulouse, France
| | - Kyung Min Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Mohamed AD, Tremblay AM, Murray GI, Wackerhage H. The Hippo signal transduction pathway in soft tissue sarcomas. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:121-9. [PMID: 26050962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare cancers (≈1% of all solid tumours) usually of mesenchymal origin. Here, we review evidence implicating the Hippo pathway in soft tissue sarcomas. Several transgenic mouse models of Hippo pathway members (Nf2, Mob1, LATS1 and YAP1 mutants) develop various types of sarcoma. Despite that, Hippo member genes are rarely point mutated in human sarcomas. Instead, WWTR1-CAMTA1 and YAP1-TFE3 fusion genes are found in almost all cases of epithelioid haemangioendothelioma. Also copy number gains of YAP1 and other Hippo members occur at low frequencies but the most likely cause of perturbed Hippo signalling in sarcoma is the cross-talk with commonly mutated cancer genes such as KRAS, PIK3CA, CTNNB1 or FBXW7. Current Hippo pathway-targeting drugs include compounds that target the interaction between YAP and TEAD G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and the mevalonate pathway (e.g. statins). Given that many Hippo pathway-modulating drugs are already used in patients, this could lead to early clinical trials testing their efficacy in different types of sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla D Mohamed
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - Annie M Tremblay
- Stem Cell Program, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Graeme I Murray
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Hansen CG, Moroishi T, Guan KL. YAP and TAZ: a nexus for Hippo signaling and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:499-513. [PMID: 26045258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a potent regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Here we review the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway and discuss the function of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), the prime mediators of the Hippo pathway, in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. We highlight their activities in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and discuss their role as a signaling nexus and integrator of several other prominent signaling pathways such as the Wnt, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and Notch pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gram Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Tanas MR, Ma S, Jadaan FO, Ng CKY, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS, Rubin BP. Mechanism of action of a WWTR1(TAZ)-CAMTA1 fusion oncoprotein. Oncogene 2015; 35:929-38. [PMID: 25961935 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The WWTR1 (protein is known as TAZ)-CAMTA1 (WC) fusion gene defines epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, a malignant vascular cancer. TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif) is a transcriptional coactivator and end effector of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. It is inhibited by phosphorylation by the Hippo kinases LATS1 and LATS2. Such phosphorylation causes cytoplasmic localization, 14-3-3 protein binding and the phorphorylation of a terminal phosphodegron promotes ubiquitin-dependent degradation (the phosphorylation of the different motifs has several effects). CAMTA1 is a putative tumor suppressive transcription factor. Here we demonstrate that TAZ-CAMTA1 (TC) fusion results in its nuclear localization and constitutive activation. Consequently, cells expressing TC display a TAZ-like transcriptional program that causes resistance to anoikis and oncogenic transformation. Our findings elucidate the mechanistic basis of TC oncogenic properties, highlight that TC is an important model to understand how the Hippo pathway can be inhibited in cancer, and provide approaches for targeting this chimeric protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Tanas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Robert J. Tomsich Pathology Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Ma
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - F O Jadaan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B P Rubin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Robert J. Tomsich Pathology Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Pajtler KW, Witt H, Sill M, Jones DTW, Hovestadt V, Kratochwil F, Wani K, Tatevossian R, Punchihewa C, Johann P, Reimand J, Warnatz HJ, Ryzhova M, Mack S, Ramaswamy V, Capper D, Schweizer L, Sieber L, Wittmann A, Huang Z, van Sluis P, Volckmann R, Koster J, Versteeg R, Fults D, Toledano H, Avigad S, Hoffman LM, Donson AM, Foreman N, Hewer E, Zitterbart K, Gilbert M, Armstrong TS, Gupta N, Allen JC, Karajannis MA, Zagzag D, Hasselblatt M, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Collins VP, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T, Bader G, Yaspo ML, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Taylor MD, Gilbertson R, Ellison DW, Aldape K, Korshunov A, Kool M, Pfister SM. Molecular Classification of Ependymal Tumors across All CNS Compartments, Histopathological Grades, and Age Groups. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:728-43. [PMID: 25965575 PMCID: PMC4712639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 770] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ependymal tumors across age groups are currently classified and graded solely by histopathology. It is, however, commonly accepted that this classification scheme has limited clinical utility based on its lack of reproducibility in predicting patients' outcome. We aimed at establishing a uniform molecular classification using DNA methylation profiling. Nine molecular subgroups were identified in a large cohort of 500 tumors, 3 in each anatomical compartment of the CNS, spine, posterior fossa, supratentorial. Two supratentorial subgroups are characterized by prototypic fusion genes involving RELA and YAP1, respectively. Regarding clinical associations, the molecular classification proposed herein outperforms the current histopathological classification and thus might serve as a basis for the next World Health Organization classification of CNS tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian W Pajtler
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Witt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sill
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Hovestadt
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kratochwil
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Khalida Wani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruth Tatevossian
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Pascal Johann
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jüri Reimand
- The Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hans-Jörg Warnatz
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Ryzhova
- Department of Neuropathology, NN Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Steve Mack
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur & Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur & Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonille Schweizer
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Sieber
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wittmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhiqin Huang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter van Sluis
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Volckmann
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Fults
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Helen Toledano
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 49202 Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Smadar Avigad
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Tel Aviv University, 49202 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lindsey M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew M Donson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicholas Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ekkehard Hewer
- Department of Pathology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Gilbert
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Terri S Armstrong
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center-SON, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Allen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics and Otolaryngology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Zagzag
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Peter Collins
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Katja von Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gary Bader
- The Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Marie-Laure Yaspo
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur & Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Richard Gilbertson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Brancaccio A, Palacios D. Chromatin signaling in muscle stem cells: interpreting the regenerative microenvironment. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:36. [PMID: 25904863 PMCID: PMC4387924 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration in the adult occurs in response to damage at expenses of a population of adult stem cells, the satellite cells. Upon injury, either physical or genetic, signals released within the satellite cell niche lead to the commitment, expansion and differentiation of the pool of muscle progenitors to repair damaged muscle. To achieve this goal satellite cells undergo a dramatic transcriptional reprogramming to coordinately activate and repress specific subset of genes. Although the epigenetics of muscle regeneration has been extensively discussed, less emphasis has been put on how extra-cellular cues are translated into the specific chromatin reorganization necessary for progression through the myogenic program. In this review we will focus on how satellite cells sense the regenerative microenvironment in physiological and pathological circumstances, paying particular attention to the mechanism through which the external stimuli are transduced to the nucleus to modulate chromatin structure and gene expression. We will discuss the pathways involved and how alterations in this chromatin signaling may contribute to satellite cells dysfunction during aging and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brancaccio
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Signaling, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Palacios
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Signaling, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Cheung WKC, Nguyen DX. Lineage factors and differentiation states in lung cancer progression. Oncogene 2015; 34:5771-80. [PMID: 25823023 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer encompasses a heterogeneous group of malignancies. Here we discuss how the remarkable diversity of major lung cancer subtypes is manifested in their transforming cell of origin, oncogenic dependencies, phenotypic plasticity, metastatic competence and response to therapy. More specifically, we review the increasing evidence that links this biological heterogeneity to the deregulation of cell lineage-specific pathways and the transcription factors that ultimately control them. As determinants of pulmonary epithelial differentiation, these poorly characterized transcriptional networks may underlie the etiology and biological progression of distinct lung cancers, while providing insight into innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W K C Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Pathology and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Pathology and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Chen L, Shern JF, Wei JS, Yohe ME, Song YK, Hurd L, Liao H, Catchpoole D, Skapek SX, Barr FG, Hawkins DS, Khan J. Clonality and evolutionary history of rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005075. [PMID: 25768946 PMCID: PMC4358975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To infer the subclonality of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and predict the temporal order of genetic events for the tumorigenic process, and to identify novel drivers, we applied a systematic method that takes into account germline and somatic alterations in 44 tumor-normal RMS pairs using deep whole-genome sequencing. Intriguingly, we find that loss of heterozygosity of 11p15.5 and mutations in RAS pathway genes occur early in the evolutionary history of the PAX-fusion-negative-RMS (PFN-RMS) subtype. We discover several early mutations in non-RAS mutated samples and predict them to be drivers in PFN-RMS including recurrent mutation of PKN1. In contrast, we find that PAX-fusion-positive (PFP) subtype tumors have undergone whole-genome duplication in the late stage of cancer evolutionary history and have acquired fewer mutations and subclones than PFN-RMS. Moreover we predict that the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion event occurs earlier than the whole genome duplication. Our findings provide information critical to the understanding of tumorigenesis of RMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack F. Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jun S. Wei
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Young K. Song
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Hurd
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongling Liao
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- Biospecimens Research and Tumour Bank, The Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frederic G. Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
YAP Inhibition Restores Hepatocyte Differentiation in Advanced HCC, Leading to Tumor Regression. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1692-1707. [PMID: 25772357 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective Hippo/YAP signaling in the liver results in tissue overgrowth and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we uncover mechanisms of YAP-mediated hepatocyte reprogramming and HCC pathogenesis. YAP functions as a rheostat in maintaining metabolic specialization, differentiation, and quiescence within the hepatocyte compartment. Increased or decreased YAP activity reprograms subsets of hepatocytes to different fates associated with deregulation of the HNF4A, CTNNB1, and E2F transcriptional programs that control hepatocyte quiescence and differentiation. Importantly, treatment with small interfering RNA-lipid nanoparticles (siRNA-LNPs) targeting YAP restores hepatocyte differentiation and causes pronounced tumor regression in a genetically engineered mouse HCC model. Furthermore, YAP targets are enriched in an aggressive human HCC subtype characterized by a proliferative signature and absence of CTNNB1 mutations. Thus, our work reveals Hippo signaling as a key regulator of the positional identity of hepatocytes, supports targeting of YAP using siRNA-LNPs as a paradigm of differentiation-based therapy, and identifies an HCC subtype that is potentially responsive to this approach.
Collapse
|
140
|
The Hippo transducer TAZ promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell maintenance in oral cancer. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1091-105. [PMID: 25704916 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a fundamental regulator in tissue growth, organ size and stem cell functions, and tumorigenesis when deregulated. However, its roles and associated molecular mechanisms underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) initiation and progression remain largely unknown. Here, we identified TAZ, the downstream effector of Hippo signaling, as a novel bona fide oncogene by promoting cell proliferation, migration/invasion and chemoresistance in OSCC. TAZ promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and also was involved in TGF-β1-induced EMT in oral cancer cells. Furthermore, enriched TAZ sustained self-renewal, maintenance, tumor-seeding potential of oral cancer stem cells (CSCs). Remarkably, enforced TAZ overexpression conferred CSCs-like properties on differentiated non-CSCs and fueled phenotypic transition from non-CSCs to CSCs-like cells. Mechanistically, TAZ-TEADs binding and subsequent transcriptional activation of EMT mediators and pluripotency factors are presumably responsible for TAZ-mediated EMT and non-CSCs-to-CSCs conversion. Importantly, aberrant TAZ overexpression was found to be associated with tumor size, pathological grade and cervical lymph node metastasis, as well as unfavorable prognosis. Pharmacological repression of TAZ by simvastatin resulted in potent anti-cancer effects against OSCC. Taken together, our findings have revealed critical links between TAZ, EMT and CSCs in OSCC initiation and progression, and also established TAZ as a novel cancer biomarker and viable druggable target for OSCC therapeutics.
Collapse
|
141
|
The hippo pathway effector YAP regulates motility, invasion, and castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1350-62. [PMID: 25645929 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00102-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is an effector of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. The functional significance of YAP in prostate cancer has remained elusive. In this study, we first show that enhanced expression of YAP is able to transform immortalized prostate epithelial cells and promote migration and invasion in both immortalized and cancerous prostate cells. We found that YAP mRNA was upregulated in androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells (LNCaP-C81 and LNCaP-C4-2 cells) compared to the level in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. Importantly, ectopic expression of YAP activated androgen receptor signaling and was sufficient to promote LNCaP cells from an androgen-sensitive state to an androgen-insensitive state in vitro, and YAP conferred castration resistance in vivo. Accordingly, YAP knockdown greatly reduced the rates of migration and invasion of LNCaP-C4-2 cells and under androgen deprivation conditions largely blocked cell division in LNCaP-C4-2 cells. Mechanistically, we found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase-ribosomal s6 kinase signaling was downstream of YAP for cell survival, migration, and invasion in androgen-insensitive cells. Finally, immunohistochemistry showed significant upregulation and hyperactivation of YAP in castration-resistant prostate tumors compared to their levels in hormone-responsive prostate tumors. Together, our results identify YAP to be a novel regulator in prostate cancer cell motility, invasion, and castration-resistant growth and as a potential therapeutic target for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
Collapse
|
142
|
The Hippo pathway effector YAP is a critical regulator of skeletal muscle fibre size. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6048. [PMID: 25581281 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a core effector of the Hippo pathway, which regulates proliferation and apoptosis in organ development. YAP function has been extensively characterized in epithelial cells and tissues, but its function in adult skeletal muscle remains poorly defined. Here we show that YAP positively regulates basal skeletal muscle mass and protein synthesis. Mechanistically, we show that YAP regulates muscle mass via interaction with TEAD transcription factors. Furthermore, YAP abundance and activity in muscles is increased following injury or degeneration of motor nerves, as a process to mitigate neurogenic muscle atrophy. Our findings highlight an essential role for YAP as a positive regulator of skeletal muscle size. Further investigation of interventions that promote YAP activity in skeletal muscle might aid the development of therapeutics to combat muscle wasting and neuromuscular disorders.
Collapse
|
143
|
Abstract
Overcoming a presumed differentiation block in the childhood muscle cancer embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is often thought to hold promise as an approach to replace cytotoxic chemotherapy with molecularly-targeted differentiation therapies. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Tremblay and colleagues implicate YAP1 and the Hippo signaling pathway in the maintenance of differentiation-arrested and proliferative phenotypes for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Svalina
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Charles Keller
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| |
Collapse
|