101
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Jung W, Li J, Chaudhuri O, Kim T. Nonlinear Elastic and Inelastic Properties of Cells. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:100806. [PMID: 32253428 PMCID: PMC7477719 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play an important role in various physiological processes, such as morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and migration. Thus, in order to illuminate mechanisms underlying these physiological processes, it is crucial to understand how cells deform and respond to external mechanical stimuli. During recent decades, the mechanical properties of cells have been studied extensively using diverse measurement techniques. A number of experimental studies have shown that cells are far from linear elastic materials. Cells exhibit a wide variety of nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties. Such complicated properties of cells are known to emerge from unique mechanical characteristics of cellular components. In this review, we introduce major cellular components that largely govern cell mechanical properties and provide brief explanations of several experimental techniques used for rheological measurements of cell mechanics. Then, we discuss the representative nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties of cells. Finally, continuum and discrete computational models of cell mechanics, which model both nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties of cells, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyeong Jung
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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102
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Luo CY, Natividad RJ, Lalli ML, Asthagiri AR. Multivariate relationships among nucleus and Golgi properties during fibrillar migration are robust to and unchanged by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239188. [PMID: 32946467 PMCID: PMC7500656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and maturation of a fibrillar tumor microenvironment play important roles in breast cancer progression. A better understanding of how these events promote cancer cell migration and invasion could help identify new strategies to curb metastasis. The nucleus and Golgi affect migration in a microenvironment-dependent manner. Nucleus size and mechanics influence the ability of a cell to squeeze through confined tumor microenvironments. Golgi positioning determines front-rear polarity necessary for migration. While the roles of individual attributes of nucleus and Golgi in migration are being clarified, how their manifold features are inter-related and work together remains to be understood at a systems level. Here, to elucidate relationships among nucleus and Golgi properties, we quantified twelve morphological and positional properties of these organelles during fibrillar migration of human mammary epithelial cells. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the twelve-dimensional space of measured properties to three principal components that capture 75% of the variations in organelle features. Unexpectedly, nucleus and Golgi properties that co-varied in a PCA model built with data from untreated cells were largely similar to co-variations identified using data from TGFβ-treated cells. Thus, while TGFβ-mediated EMT significantly alters gene expression and motile phenotype, it did not significantly affect the relationships among nucleus size, aspect ratio and orientation with migration direction and among Golgi size and nucleus-Golgi separation distance. Indeed, in a combined PCA model incorporating data from untreated and TGFβ-treated cells, scores of individual cells occupy overlapping regions in principal component space, indicating that TGFβ-mediated EMT does not promote a unique “Golgi-nucleus phenotype” during fibrillar migration. These results suggest that migration along spatially-confined fiber-like tracks employs a conserved nucleus-Golgi arrangement that is independent of EMT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Y. Luo
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Natividad
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Lalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Anand R. Asthagiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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103
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Efremov YM, Kotova SL, Akovantseva AA, Timashev PS. Nanomechanical properties of enucleated cells: contribution of the nucleus to the passive cell mechanics. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:134. [PMID: 32943055 PMCID: PMC7500557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The nucleus, besides its functions in the gene maintenance and regulation, plays a significant role in the cell mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction. It is the largest cellular organelle that is often considered as the stiffest cell part as well. Interestingly, the previous studies have revealed that the nucleus might be dispensable for some of the cell properties, like polarization and 1D and 2D migration. Here, we studied how the nanomechanical properties of cells, as measured using nanomechanical mapping by atomic force microscopy (AFM), were affected by the removal of the nucleus. Methods The mass enucleation procedure was employed to obtain cytoplasts (enucleated cells) and nucleoplasts (nuclei surrounded by plasma membrane) of two cell lines, REF52 fibroblasts and HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. High-resolution viscoelastic mapping by AFM was performed to compare the mechanical properties of normal cells, cytoplasts, and nucleoplast. The absence or presence of the nucleus was confirmed with fluorescence microscopy, and the actin cytoskeleton structure was assessed with confocal microscopy. Results Surprisingly, we did not find the softening of cytoplasts relative to normal cells, and even some degree of stiffening was discovered. Nucleoplasts, as well as the nuclei isolated from cells using a detergent, were substantially softer than both the cytoplasts and normal cells. Conclusions The cell can maintain its mechanical properties without the nucleus. Together, the obtained data indicate the dominating role of the actomyosin cytoskeleton over the nucleus in the cell mechanics at small deformations inflicted by AFM. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Svetlana L Kotova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.,N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4 Kosygin St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Akovantseva
- Institute of Photon Technologies of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pionerskaya 2, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.,N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4 Kosygin St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Photon Technologies of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pionerskaya 2, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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104
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Mierke CT. Mechanical Cues Affect Migration and Invasion of Cells From Three Different Directions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583226. [PMID: 33043017 PMCID: PMC7527720 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion is a key driving factor for providing essential cellular functions under physiological conditions or the malignant progression of tumors following downward the metastatic cascade. Although there has been plentiful of molecules identified to support the migration and invasion of cells, the mechanical aspects have not yet been explored in a combined and systematic manner. In addition, the cellular environment has been classically and frequently assumed to be homogeneous for reasons of simplicity. However, motility assays have led to various models for migration covering only some aspects and supporting factors that in some cases also include mechanical factors. Instead of specific models, in this review, a more or less holistic model for cell motility in 3D is envisioned covering all these different aspects with a special emphasis on the mechanical cues from a biophysical perspective. After introducing the mechanical aspects of cell migration and invasion and presenting the heterogeneity of extracellular matrices, the three distinct directions of cell motility focusing on the mechanical aspects are presented. These three different directions are as follows: firstly, the commonly used invasion tests using structural and structure-based mechanical environmental signals; secondly, the mechano-invasion assay, in which cells are studied by mechanical forces to migrate and invade; and thirdly, cell mechanics, including cytoskeletal and nuclear mechanics, to influence cell migration and invasion. Since the interaction between the cell and the microenvironment is bi-directional in these assays, these should be accounted in migration and invasion approaches focusing on the mechanical aspects. Beyond this, there is also the interaction between the cytoskeleton of the cell and its other compartments, such as the cell nucleus. In specific, a three-element approach is presented for addressing the effect of mechanics on cell migration and invasion by including the effect of the mechano-phenotype of the cytoskeleton, nucleus and the cell's microenvironment into the analysis. In precise terms, the combination of these three research approaches including experimental techniques seems to be promising for revealing bi-directional impacts of mechanical alterations of the cellular microenvironment on cells and internal mechanical fluctuations or changes of cells on the surroundings. Finally, different approaches are discussed and thereby a model for the broad impact of mechanics on cell migration and invasion is evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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105
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Changes in Nuclear Shape and Gene Expression in Response to Simulated Microgravity Are LINC Complex-Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186762. [PMID: 32942630 PMCID: PMC7555797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity is known to affect the organization of the cytoskeleton, cell and nuclear morphology and to elicit differential expression of genes associated with the cytoskeleton, focal adhesions and the extracellular matrix. Although the nucleus is mechanically connected to the cytoskeleton through the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, the role of this group of proteins in these responses to microgravity has yet to be defined. In our study, we used a simulated microgravity device, a 3-D clinostat (Gravite), to investigate whether the LINC complex mediates cellular responses to the simulated microgravity environment. We show that nuclear shape and differential gene expression are both responsive to simulated microgravity in a LINC-dependent manner and that this response changes with the duration of exposure to simulated microgravity. These LINC-dependent genes likely represent elements normally regulated by the mechanical forces imposed by gravity on Earth.
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106
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Cui Y, Cole S, Pepper J, Otero JJ, Winter JO. Hyaluronic acid induces ROCK-dependent amoeboid migration in glioblastoma cells. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:4821-4831. [PMID: 32749402 PMCID: PMC7473492 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00505c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and deadly adult brain tumor, primarily because of its high infiltrative capacity and development of resistance to therapy. Although GBM cells are typically believed to migrate via mesenchymal (e.g., fibroblast-like) migration modes, amoeboid (e.g., leucocyte-like) migration modes have been identified and may constitute a salvage pathway. However, the mesenchymal to amoeboid transition (MAT) process in GB is not well characterized, most likely because most culture models induce MAT via pharmacological or genetic inhibition conditions that are far from physiological. In this study, we examined the ability of hyaluronic acid (HA) content in three-dimensional collagen (Col) hydrogels to induce MAT in U87 GBM cells. HA and Col are naturally-occurring components of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM). In pure Col gels, U87 cells displayed primarily mesenchymal behaviors, including elongated cell morphology, clustered actin and integrin expression, and crawling migration behaviors. Whereas an increasing population of cells displaying amoeboid behaviors, including rounded morphology, cortical actin expression, low/no integrin expression, and squeezing or gliding motility, were observed with increasing HA content (0.1-0.2 wt% in Col). Consistent with amoeboid migration, these behaviors were abrogated by ROCK inhibition with the non-specific small molecule inhibitor Y27632. Toward identification of histological MAT classification criteria, we also examined the correlation between cell and nuclear aspect ratio (AR) in Col and Col-HA gels, finding that nuclear AR has a small variance and is not correlated to cell AR in HA-rich gels. These results suggest that HA may regulate GBM cell motility in a ROCK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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107
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Rajeevan A, Keshri R, Kapoor S, Kotak S. NuMA interaction with chromatin is vital for proper chromosome decondensation at the mitotic exit. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2437-2451. [PMID: 32845810 PMCID: PMC7851854 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NuMA is an abundant long coiled-coil protein that plays a prominent role in spindle organization during mitosis. In interphase, NuMA is localized to the nucleus and hypothesized to control gene expression and chromatin organization. However, because of the prominent mitotic phenotype upon NuMA loss, its precise function in the interphase nucleus remains elusive. Here, we report that NuMA is associated with chromatin in interphase and prophase but released upon nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) by the action of Cdk1. We uncover that NuMA directly interacts with DNA via evolutionarily conserved sequences in its C-terminus. Notably, the expression of the DNA-binding-deficient mutant of NuMA affects chromatin decondensation at the mitotic exit, and nuclear shape in interphase. We show that the nuclear shape defects observed upon mutant NuMA expression are due to its potential to polymerize into higher-order fibrillar structures. Overall, this work establishes the spindle-independent function of NuMA in choreographing proper chromatin decompaction and nuclear shape by directly associating with the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwathi Rajeevan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Riya Keshri
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Sukriti Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
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108
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Structural and Mechanical Aberrations of the Nuclear Lamina in Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081884. [PMID: 32796718 PMCID: PMC7464082 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamins are the major components of the nuclear lamina in the nuclear envelope. Lamins are involved in numerous functions, including a role in providing structural support to the cell and the mechanosensing of the cell. Mutations in the genes encoding for lamins lead to the rare diseases termed laminopathies. However, not only laminopathies show alterations in the nuclear lamina. Deregulation of lamin expression is reported in multiple cancers and several viral infections lead to a disrupted nuclear lamina. The structural and mechanical effects of alterations in the nuclear lamina can partly explain the phenotypes seen in disease, such as muscular weakness in certain laminopathies and transmigration of cancer cells. However, a lot of answers to questions about the relation between changes in the nuclear lamina and disease development remain elusive. Here, we review the current understandings of the contribution of the nuclear lamina in the structural support and mechanosensing of healthy and diseased cells.
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109
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Thompson SB, Sandor AM, Lui V, Chung JW, Waldman MM, Long RA, Estin ML, Matsuda JL, Friedman RS, Jacobelli J. Formin-like 1 mediates effector T cell trafficking to inflammatory sites to enable T cell-mediated autoimmunity. eLife 2020; 9:58046. [PMID: 32510333 PMCID: PMC7308091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte migration is essential for the function of the adaptive immune system, and regulation of T cell entry into tissues is an effective therapy in autoimmune diseases. Little is known about the specific role of cytoskeletal effectors that mediate mechanical forces and morphological changes essential for migration in complex environments. We developed a new Formin-like-1 (FMNL1) knock-out mouse model and determined that the cytoskeletal effector FMNL1 is selectively required for effector T cell trafficking to inflamed tissues, without affecting naïve T cell entry into secondary lymphoid organs. Here, we identify a FMNL1-dependent mechanism of actin polymerization at the back of the cell that enables migration of the rigid lymphocyte nucleus through restrictive barriers. Furthermore, FMNL1-deficiency impairs the ability of self-reactive effector T cells to induce autoimmune disease. Overall, our data suggest that FMNL1 may be a potential therapeutic target to specifically modulate T cell trafficking to inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Adam M Sandor
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Victor Lui
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Chung
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States.,Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Monique M Waldman
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States.,Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Robert A Long
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Miriam L Estin
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Jennifer L Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States.,Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States.,Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
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110
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Heo SJ, Song KH, Thakur S, Miller LM, Cao X, Peredo AP, Seiber BN, Qu F, Driscoll TP, Shenoy VB, Lakadamyali M, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. Nuclear softening expedites interstitial cell migration in fibrous networks and dense connective tissues. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax5083. [PMID: 32596438 PMCID: PMC7304973 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dense matrices impede interstitial cell migration and subsequent repair. We hypothesized that nuclear stiffness is a limiting factor in migration and posited that repair could be expedited by transiently decreasing nuclear stiffness. To test this, we interrogated the interstitial migratory capacity of adult meniscal cells through dense fibrous networks and adult tissue before and after nuclear softening via the application of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A (TSA) or knockdown of the filamentous nuclear protein Lamin A/C. Our results show that transient softening of the nucleus improves migration through microporous membranes, electrospun fibrous matrices, and tissue sections and that nuclear properties and cell function recover after treatment. We also showed that biomaterial delivery of TSA promoted in vivo cellularization of scaffolds by endogenous cells. By addressing the inherent limitations to repair imposed by nuclear stiffness, this work defines a new strategy to promote the repair of damaged dense connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Heo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kwang Hoon Song
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shreyasi Thakur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liane M. Miller
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xuan Cao
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana P. Peredo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Breanna N. Seiber
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Feini Qu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tristan P. Driscoll
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivek B. Shenoy
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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111
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Fischer T, Hayn A, Mierke CT. Effect of Nuclear Stiffness on Cell Mechanics and Migration of Human Breast Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:393. [PMID: 32548118 PMCID: PMC7272586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration and invasion of cancer cells through 3D confined extracellular matrices is coupled to cell mechanics and the mechanics of the extracellular matrix. Cell mechanics is mainly determined by both the mechanics of the largest organelle in the cell, the nucleus, and the cytoskeletal architecture of the cell. Hence, cytoskeletal and nuclear mechanics are the major contributors to cell mechanics. Among other factors, steric hindrances of the extracellular matrix confinement are supposed to affect nuclear mechanics and thus also influence cell mechanics. Therefore, we propose that the percentage of invasive cells and their invasion depths into loose and dense 3D extracellular matrices is regulated by both nuclear and cytoskeletal mechanics. In order to investigate the effect of both nuclear and cytoskeletal mechanics on the overall cell mechanics, we firstly altered nuclear mechanics by the chromatin de-condensing reagent Trichostatin A (TSA) and secondly altered cytoskeletal mechanics by addition of actin polymerization inhibitor Latrunculin A and the myosin inhibitor Blebbistatin. In fact, we found that TSA-treated MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells increased their invasion depth in dense 3D extracellular matrices, whereas the invasion depths in loose matrices were decreased. Similarly, the invasion depths of TSA-treated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in dense matrices were significantly increased compared to loose matrices, where the invasion depths were decreased. These results are also valid in the presence of a matrix-metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that the nuclear stiffnesses of both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were pronouncedly higher than their cytoskeletal stiffness, whereas the stiffness of the nucleus of human mammary epithelial cells was decreased compared to their cytoskeleton. TSA treatment reduced cytoskeletal and nuclear stiffness of MCF-7 cells, as expected. However, a softening of the nucleus by TSA treatment may induce a stiffening of the cytoskeleton of MDA-MB-231 cells and subsequently an apparent stiffening of the nucleus. Inhibiting actin polymerization using Latrunculin A revealed a softer nucleus of MDA-MB-231 cells under TSA treatment. This indicates that the actin-dependent cytoskeletal stiffness seems to be influenced by the TSA-induced nuclear stiffness changes. Finally, the combined treatment with TSA and Latrunculin A further justifies the hypothesis of apparent nuclear stiffening, indicating that cytoskeletal mechanics seem to be regulated by nuclear mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Fischer
- Biological Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Hayn
- Biological Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Biological Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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112
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Alcorta-Sevillano N, Macías I, Rodríguez CI, Infante A. Crucial Role of Lamin A/C in the Migration and Differentiation of MSCs in Bone. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061330. [PMID: 32466483 PMCID: PMC7348862 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin A/C, intermediate filament proteins from the nuclear lamina encoded by the LMNA gene, play a central role in mediating the mechanosignaling of cytoskeletal forces into nucleus. In fact, this mechanotransduction process is essential to ensure the proper functioning of other tasks also mediated by lamin A/C: the structural support of the nucleus and the regulation of gene expression. In this way, lamin A/C is fundamental for the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the progenitors of osteoblasts, thus affecting bone homeostasis. Bone formation is a complex process regulated by chemical and mechanical cues, coming from the surrounding extracellular matrix. MSCs respond to signals modulating the expression levels of lamin A/C, and therefore, adapting their nuclear shape and stiffness. To promote cell migration, MSCs need soft nuclei with low lamin A content. Conversely, during osteogenic differentiation, lamin A/C levels are known to be increased. Several LMNA mutations present a negative impact in the migration and osteogenesis of MSCs, affecting bone tissue homeostasis and leading to pathological conditions. This review aims to describe these concepts by discussing the latest state-of-the-art in this exciting area, focusing on the relationship between lamin A/C in MSCs' function and bone tissue from both, health and pathological points of view.
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113
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Loy N, Preziosi L. Modelling physical limits of migration by a kinetic model with non-local sensing. J Math Biol 2020; 80:1759-1801. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-020-01479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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114
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Werner M, Kurniawan NA, Bouten CVC. Cellular Geometry Sensing at Different Length Scales and its Implications for Scaffold Design. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E963. [PMID: 32098110 PMCID: PMC7078773 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Geometrical cues provided by the intrinsic architecture of tissues and implanted biomaterials have a high relevance in controlling cellular behavior. Knowledge of how cells sense and subsequently respond to complex geometrical cues of various sizes and origins is needed to understand the role of the architecture of the extracellular environment as a cell-instructive parameter. This is of particular interest in the field of tissue engineering, where the success of scaffold-guided tissue regeneration largely depends on the formation of new tissue in a native-like organization in order to ensure proper tissue function. A well-considered internal scaffold design (i.e., the inner architecture of the porous structure) can largely contribute to the desired cell and tissue organization. Advances in scaffold production techniques for tissue engineering purposes in the last years have provided the possibility to accurately create scaffolds with defined macroscale external and microscale internal architectures. Using the knowledge of how cells sense geometrical cues of different size ranges can drive the rational design of scaffolds that control cellular and tissue architecture. This concise review addresses the recently gained knowledge of the sensory mechanisms of cells towards geometrical cues of different sizes (from the nanometer to millimeter scale) and points out how this insight can contribute to informed architectural scaffold designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Werner
- Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (C.V.C.B.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A. Kurniawan
- Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (C.V.C.B.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (C.V.C.B.)
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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115
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Abstract
Connective tissues within the synovial joints are characterized by their dense extracellular matrix and sparse cellularity. With injury or disease, however, tissues commonly experience an influx of cells owing to proliferation and migration of endogenous mesenchymal cell populations, as well as invasion of the tissue by other cell types, including immune cells. Although this process is critical for successful wound healing, aberrant immune-mediated cell infiltration can lead to pathological inflammation of the joint. Importantly, cells of mesenchymal or haematopoietic origin use distinct modes of migration and thus might respond differently to similar biological cues and microenvironments. Furthermore, cell migration in the physiological microenvironment of musculoskeletal tissues differs considerably from migration in vitro. This Review addresses the complexities of cell migration in fibrous connective tissues from three separate but interdependent perspectives: physiology (including the cellular and extracellular factors affecting 3D cell migration), pathophysiology (cell migration in the context of synovial joint autoimmune disease and injury) and tissue engineering (cell migration in engineered biomaterials). Improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing interstitial cell migration might lead to interventions that stop invasion processes that culminate in deleterious outcomes and/or that expedite migration to direct endogenous cell-mediated repair and regeneration of joint tissues.
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116
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Ghosh D, Mejia Pena C, Quach N, Xuan B, Lee AH, Dawson MR. Senescent mesenchymal stem cells remodel extracellular matrix driving breast cancer cells to a more-invasive phenotype. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs232470. [PMID: 31932504 PMCID: PMC6983709 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are essential for the regenerative process; however, biological aging and environmental stress can induce senescence - an irreversible state of growth arrest - that not only affects the behavior of cells but also disrupts their ability to restore tissue integrity. While abnormal tissue properties, including increased extracellular matrix stiffness, are linked with the risk of developing breast cancer, the role and contribution of senescent MSCs to the disease progression to malignancy are not well understood. Here, we investigated senescence-associated biophysical changes in MSCs and how this influences cancer cell behavior in a 3D matrix interface model. Although senescent MSCs were far less motile than pre-senescent MSCs, they induced an invasive breast cancer phenotype, characterized by increased spheroid growth and cell invasion in collagen gels. Further analysis of collagen gels using second-harmonic generation showed increased collagen density when senescent MSCs were present, suggesting that senescent MSCs actively remodel the surrounding matrix. This study provides direct evidence of the pro-malignant effects of senescent MSCs in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepraj Ghosh
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Carolina Mejia Pena
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Nhat Quach
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Botai Xuan
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Amy H Lee
- Brown University, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Providence, PI 02912, USA
| | - Michelle R Dawson
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Brown University, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Providence, PI 02912, USA
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117
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Bersini S, Lytle NK, Schulte R, Huang L, Wahl GM, Hetzer MW. Nup93 regulates breast tumor growth by modulating cell proliferation and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/1/e201900623. [PMID: 31959624 PMCID: PMC6971368 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study highlights the role of Nup93-chromatin interactions in driving triple-negative breast cancer propagation through modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell migration and proliferation. Nucleoporin 93 (Nup93) expression inversely correlates with the survival of triple-negative breast cancer patients. However, our knowledge of Nup93 function in breast cancer besides its role as structural component of the nuclear pore complex is not understood. Combination of functional assays and genetic analyses suggested that chromatin interaction of Nup93 partially modulates the expression of genes associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, resulting in impaired invasion of triple-negative, claudin-low breast cancer cells. Nup93 depletion induced stress fiber formation associated with reduced cell migration/proliferation and impaired expression of mesenchymal-like genes. Silencing LIMCH1, a gene responsible for actin cytoskeleton remodeling and up-regulated upon Nup93 depletion, partially restored the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. Loss of Nup93 led to significant defects in tumor establishment/propagation in vivo, whereas patient samples revealed that high Nup93 and low LIMCH1 expression correlate with late tumor stage. Our approach identified Nup93 as contributor of triple-negative, claudin-low breast cancer cell invasion and paves the way to study the role of nuclear envelope proteins during breast cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bersini
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nikki K Lytle
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roberta Schulte
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ling Huang
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core (IGC), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Wahl
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin W Hetzer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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118
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Stein JV, Ruef N. Regulation of global CD8 + T-cell positioning by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:232-249. [PMID: 30977193 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have evolved as one of the most motile mammalian cell types, designed to continuously scan peptide-major histocompatibility complexes class I on the surfaces of other cells. Chemoattractants and adhesion molecules direct CD8+ T-cell homing to and migration within secondary lymphoid organs, where these cells colocalize with antigen-presenting dendritic cells in confined tissue volumes. CD8+ T-cell activation induces a switch to infiltration of non-lymphoid tissue (NLT), which differ in their topology and biophysical properties from lymphoid tissue. Here, we provide a short overview on regulation of organism-wide trafficking patterns during naive T-cell recirculation and their switch to non-lymphoid tissue homing during activation. The migratory lifestyle of CD8+ T cells is regulated by their actomyosin cytoskeleton, which translates chemical signals from surface receptors into mechanical work. We explore how properties of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and its regulators affect CD8+ T cell function in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue, combining recent findings in the field of cell migration and actin network regulation with tissue anatomy. Finally, we hypothesize that under certain conditions, intrinsic regulation of actomyosin dynamics may render NLT CD8+ T-cell populations less dependent on input from extrinsic signals during tissue scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nora Ruef
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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119
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Fructuoso M, Legrand M, Mousson A, Steffan T, Vauchelles R, De Mey J, Sick E, Rondé P, Dujardin D. FAK regulates dynein localisation and cell polarity in migrating mouse fibroblasts. Biol Cell 2020; 112:53-72. [PMID: 31859373 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblasts executing directional migration position their centrosome, and their Golgi apparatus, in front of the nucleus towards the cell leading edge. Centrosome positioning relative to the nucleus has been associated to mechanical forces exerted on the centrosome by the microtubule-dependent molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein 1, and to nuclear movements such as rearward displacement and rotation events. Dynein has been proposed to regulate the position of the centrosome by exerting pulling forces on microtubules from the cell leading edge, where the motor is enriched during migration. However, the mechanism explaining how dynein acts at the front of the cells has not been elucidated. RESULTS We present here results showing that the protein Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) interacts with dynein and regulates the enrichment of the dynein/dynactin complex at focal adhesions at the cell the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts. This suggests that focal adhesions provide anchoring sites for dynein during the polarisation process. In support of this, we present evidence indicating that the interaction between FAK and dynein, which is regulated by the phosphorylation of FAK on its Ser732 residue, is required for proper centrosome positioning. Our results further show that the polarisation of the centrosome can occur independently of nuclear movements. Although FAK regulates both nuclear and centrosome motilities, downregulating the interaction between FAK and dynein affects only the nuclear independent polarisation of the centrosome. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights the role of FAK as a key player in the regulation of several aspects of cell polarity. We thus propose a model in which the transient localisation of dynein with focal adhesions provides a tuneable mechanism to bias dynein traction forces on microtubules allowing proper centrosome positioning in front of the nucleus. SIGNIFICANCE We unravel here a new role for the cancer therapeutic target FAK in the regulation of cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fructuoso
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,ICM Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marlène Legrand
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Antoine Mousson
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Tania Steffan
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Romain Vauchelles
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jan De Mey
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Emilie Sick
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Philippe Rondé
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Denis Dujardin
- Migration, invasion and microenvironnement, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7021 CNRS, LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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120
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Moure A, Gomez H. Dual role of the nucleus in cell migration on planar substrates. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1491-1508. [PMID: 31907682 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential to sustain life. There have been significant advances in the understanding of the mechanisms that control cell crawling, but the role of the nucleus remains poorly understood. The nucleus exerts a tight control of cell migration in 3D environments, but its influence in 2D migration on planar substrates remains unclear. Here, we study the role of the cell nucleus in 2D cell migration using a computational model of fish keratocytes. Our results indicate that the apparently minor role played by the nucleus emerges from two antagonist effects: While the nucleus modifies the spatial distributions of actin and myosin in a way that reduces cell velocity (e.g., the nucleus displaces myosin to the sides and front of the cell), its mechanical connection with the cytoskeleton alters the intracellular stresses promoting cell migration. Overall, the favorable effect of the nucleus-cytoskeleton connection prevails, which may explain why regular cells usually move faster than enucleated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Moure
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Hector Gomez
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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121
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Beri P, Popravko A, Yeoman B, Kumar A, Chen K, Hodzic E, Chiang A, Banisadr A, Placone JK, Carter H, Fraley SI, Katira P, Engler AJ. Cell Adhesiveness Serves as a Biophysical Marker for Metastatic Potential. Cancer Res 2019; 80:901-911. [PMID: 31857292 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are heterogeneous and composed of cells with different dissemination abilities. Despite significant effort, there is no universal biological marker that serves as a metric for metastatic potential of solid tumors. Common to disseminating cells from such tumors, however, is the need to modulate their adhesion as they detach from the tumor and migrate through stroma to intravasate. Adhesion strength is heterogeneous even among cancer cells within a given population, and using a parallel plate flow chamber, we separated and sorted these populations into weakly and strongly adherent groups; when cultured under stromal conditions, this adhesion phenotype was stable over multiple days, sorting cycles, and common across all epithelial tumor lines investigated. Weakly adherent cells displayed increased migration in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional migration assays; this was maintained for several days in culture. Subpopulations did not show differences in expression of proteins involved in the focal adhesion complex but did exhibit intrinsic focal adhesion assembly as well as contractile differences that resulted from differential expression of genes involved in microtubules, cytoskeleton linkages, and motor activity. In human breast tumors, expression of genes associated with the weakly adherent population resulted in worse progression-free and disease-free intervals. These data suggest that adhesion strength could potentially serve as a stable marker for migration and metastatic potential within a given tumor population and that the fraction of weakly adherent cells present within a tumor could act as a physical marker for metastatic potential. SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer cells exhibit heterogeneity in adhesivity, which can be used to predict metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Beri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anna Popravko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Benjamin Yeoman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Enio Hodzic
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alyssa Chiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Afsheen Banisadr
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jesse K Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hannah Carter
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Medicine/Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephanie I Fraley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Parag Katira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California
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122
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Wagner K, Girardo S, Goswami R, Rosso G, Ulbricht E, Müller P, Soteriou D, Träber N, Guck J. Colloidal crystals of compliant microgel beads to study cell migration and mechanosensitivity in 3D. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9776-9787. [PMID: 31742293 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are defined not only by their biochemical composition, but also by their distinct mechanical properties. It is now widely accepted that cells sense their mechanical environment and respond to it. However, studying the effects of mechanics in in vitro 3D environments is challenging since current 3D hydrogel assays convolve mechanics with gel porosity and adhesion. Here, we present novel colloidal crystals as modular 3D scaffolds where these parameters are principally decoupled by using monodisperse, protein-coated PAAm microgel beads as building blocks, so that variable stiffness regions can be achieved within one 3D colloidal crystal. Characterization of the colloidal crystal and oxygen diffusion simulations suggested the suitability of the scaffold to support cell survival and growth. This was confirmed by live-cell imaging and fibroblast culture over a period of four days. Moreover, we demonstrate unambiguous durotactic fibroblast migration and mechanosensitive neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons in 3D. This modular approach of assembling 3D scaffolds from mechanically and biochemically well-defined building blocks allows the spatial patterning of stiffness decoupled from porosity and adhesion sites in principle and provides a platform to investigate mechanosensitivity in 3D environments approximating tissues in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wagner
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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123
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Sneider A, Hah J, Wirtz D, Kim DH. Recapitulation of molecular regulators of nuclear motion during cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2019; 13:50-62. [PMID: 30261154 PMCID: PMC6527386 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1506654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly orchestrated cellular event that involves physical interactions of diverse subcellular components. The nucleus as the largest and stiffest organelle in the cell not only maintains genetic functionality, but also actively changes its morphology and translocates through dynamic formation of nucleus-bound contractile stress fibers. Nuclear motion is an active and essential process for successful cell migration and nucleus self-repairs in response to compression and extension forces in complex cell microenvironment. This review recapitulates molecular regulators that are crucial for nuclear motility during cell migration and highlights recent advances in nuclear deformation-mediated rupture and repair processes in a migrating cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jungwon Hah
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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124
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De la Fuente IM, Bringas C, Malaina I, Regner B, Pérez-Samartín A, Boyano MD, Fedetz M, López JI, Pérez-Yarza G, Cortes JM, Sejnowski T. The nucleus does not significantly affect the migratory trajectories of amoeba in two-dimensional environments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16369. [PMID: 31704992 PMCID: PMC6841717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For a wide range of cells, from bacteria to mammals, locomotion movements are a crucial systemic behavior for cellular life. Despite its importance in a plethora of fundamental physiological processes and human pathologies, how unicellular organisms efficiently regulate their locomotion system is an unresolved question. Here, to understand the dynamic characteristics of the locomotion movements and to quantitatively study the role of the nucleus in the migration of Amoeba proteus we have analyzed the movement trajectories of enucleated and non-enucleated amoebas on flat two-dimensional (2D) surfaces using advanced non-linear physical-mathematical tools and computational methods. Our analysis shows that both non-enucleated and enucleated amoebas display the same kind of dynamic migration structure characterized by highly organized data sequences, super-diffusion, non-trivial long-range positive correlations, persistent dynamics with trend-reinforcing behavior, and move-step fluctuations with scale invariant properties. Our results suggest that the presence of the nucleus does not significantly affect the locomotion of amoeba in 2D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso M De la Fuente
- Department of Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC Institute, Espinardo University Campus, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
| | - Carlos Bringas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Iker Malaina
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Operational Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - María Dolores Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - María Fedetz
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", CSIC, Granada, 18100, Spain
| | - José I López
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
| | - Gorka Pérez-Yarza
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Jesus M Cortes
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
- IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Terrence Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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125
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Thakar K, Carroll CW. Mkl1-dependent gene activation is sufficient to induce actin cap assembly. Small GTPases 2019; 10:433-440. [PMID: 28586283 PMCID: PMC6748361 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1328303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-dependent forces mechanically control both the position and shape of the nucleus. While the mechanisms that establish nuclear position are well defined, less understood is how actin filaments determine nuclear shape. We recently showed that nuclear envelope-spanning LINC complexes promote stress fiber assembly by activating the small GTPase RhoA and Mkl1-dependent gene activation. We now report that a subset of these stress fibers associate with the apical face of the nuclear envelope through LINC complexes that contain the inner nuclear membrane protein Sun2. Apical stress fibers have previously been shown to specifically couple cell and nuclear morphology, suggesting that LINC complexes influence nuclear shape in part by regulating the small GTPase RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Thakar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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126
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Chiral geometry regulates stem cell fate and activity. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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127
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Nuclear failure, DNA damage, and cell cycle disruption after migration through small pores: a brief review. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:569-577. [PMID: 31366473 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In many contexts of development, regeneration, or disease such as cancer, a cell squeezes through a dense tissue or a basement membrane, constricting its nucleus. Here, we describe how the severity of nuclear deformation depends on a nucleus' mechanical properties that are mostly determined by the density of chromatin and by the nuclear lamina. We explain how constriction-induced nuclear deformation affects nuclear contents by causing (i) local density changes in chromatin and (ii) rupture of the nuclear lamina and envelope. Both processes mislocalize diffusible nuclear factors including key DNA repair and regulatory proteins. Importantly, these effects of constricted migration are accompanied by excess DNA damage, marked by phosphorylated histone γH2AX in fixed cells. Rupture has a number of downstream consequences that include a delayed cell cycle-consistent with a damage checkpoint-and modulation of differentiation, both of which are expected to affect migration-dependent processes ranging from wound healing to tumorigenic invasion.
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128
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Characterization of 3D matrix conditions for cancer cell migration with elasticity/porosity-independent tunable microfiber gels. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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129
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Blazquez R, Sparrer D, Wendl C, Evert M, Riemenschneider MJ, Krahn MP, Erez N, Proescholdt M, Pukrop T. The macro-metastasis/organ parenchyma interface (MMPI) - A hitherto unnoticed area. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:324-333. [PMID: 31647982 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The macro-metastasis/organ parenchyma interface (MMPI) was previously considered an inert anatomical border which sharply separates the affected organ parenchyma from the macro-metastatic tissue. Recently, infiltrative growth of macro-metastases from various primary tumors was described in the brain, liver and lung, with significant impact on survival. Strikingly, the MMPI patterns differed between entities, so that at least nine different patterns were described. The MMPI patterns could be further classified into three major groups: displacing, epithelial and diffuse infiltrating. Additionally, macro-metastases are a source of further tumor cell dissemination in the affected organ; and these intra-organ metastatic dissemination tracks starting from the MMPI also vary depending on the anatomical structures of the colonized organ and influence disease outcome. In spite of their relevance, MMPIs and organ-specific dissemination tracks are still largely overlooked by many clinicians, pathologists and/or researchers. In this review, we aim to address this important issue and enhance our current understanding of the different MMPI patterns and dissemination tracks in the brain, liver and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blazquez
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - D Sparrer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Wendl
- Department of Radiology, Center of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M J Riemenschneider
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M P Krahn
- Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Proescholdt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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130
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Pfeifer CR, Irianto J, Discher DE. Nuclear Mechanics and Cancer Cell Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1146:117-130. [PMID: 31612457 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17593-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a cancer cell invades adjacent tissue, penetrates a basement membrane barrier, or squeezes into a blood capillary, its nucleus can be greatly constricted. Here, we examine: (1) the passive and active deformation of the nucleus during 3D migration; (2) the nuclear structures-namely, the lamina and chromatin-that govern nuclear deformability; (3) the effect of large nuclear deformation on DNA and nuclear factors; and (4) the downstream consequences of mechanically stressing the nucleus. We focus especially on recent studies showing that constricted migration causes nuclear envelope rupture and excess DNA damage, leading to cell cycle suppression, possibly cell death, and ultimately it seems to heritable genomic variation. We first review the latest understanding of nuclear dynamics during cell migration, and then explore the functional effects of nuclear deformation, especially in relation to genome integrity and potentially cancerous mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Pfeifer
- Biophysical Engineering Labs: Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Biophysical Engineering Labs: Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Biophysical Engineering Labs: Molecular & Cell Biophysics and NanoBio-Polymers, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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131
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Matrix promote mesenchymal stromal cell migration with improved deformation via nuclear stiffness decrease. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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132
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Seirin-Lee S, Osakada F, Takeda J, Tashiro S, Kobayashi R, Yamamoto T, Ochiai H. Role of dynamic nuclear deformation on genomic architecture reorganization. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007289. [PMID: 31509522 PMCID: PMC6738595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order genomic architecture varies according to cell type and changes dramatically during differentiation. One of the remarkable examples of spatial genomic reorganization is the rod photoreceptor cell differentiation in nocturnal mammals. The inverted nuclear architecture found in adult mouse rod cells is formed through the reorganization of the conventional architecture during terminal differentiation. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here, we found that the dynamic deformation of nuclei via actomyosin-mediated contractility contributes to chromocenter clustering and promotes genomic architecture reorganization during differentiation by conducting an in cellulo experiment coupled with phase-field modeling. Similar patterns of dynamic deformation of the nucleus and a concomitant migration of the nuclear content were also observed in rod cells derived from the developing mouse retina. These results indicate that the common phenomenon of dynamic nuclear deformation, which accompanies dynamic cell behavior, can be a universal mechanism for spatiotemporal genomic reorganization. The motion and spatial reorganization of sub-nuclear domains have been extensively studied using microscopy, but the underlying mechanisms that promote the reorganization are still poorly understood. We found that dynamic nuclear deformation provides a driving force for long-range migration and aggressive clustering of chromocenters, which ultimately induces nuclear architecture reorganization. This study significantly contributes to an improved understanding of the role of nuclear deformation and reorganization of nuclear architecture that seems complex but is based on simple physical properties of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungrim Seirin-Lee
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SSL); (HO)
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junichi Takeda
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (SSL); (HO)
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133
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Adjustable viscoelasticity allows for efficient collective cell migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 93:55-68. [PMID: 29859995 PMCID: PMC6854469 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for a wide range of biological processes such as embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, regeneration, and also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In such contexts, cells are required to migrate as individual entities or as highly coordinated collectives, both of which requiring cells to respond to molecular and mechanical cues from their environment. However, whilst the function of chemical cues in cell migration is comparatively well understood, the role of tissue mechanics on cell migration is just starting to be studied. Recent studies suggest that the dynamic tuning of the viscoelasticity within a migratory cluster of cells, and the adequate elastic properties of its surrounding tissues, are essential to allow efficient collective cell migration in vivo. In this review we focus on the role of viscoelasticity in the control of collective cell migration in various cellular systems, mentioning briefly some aspects of single cell migration. We aim to provide details on how viscoelasticity of collectively migrating groups of cells and their surroundings is adjusted to ensure correct morphogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis. Finally, we attempt to show that environmental viscoelasticity triggers molecular changes within migrating clusters and that these new molecular setups modify clusters' viscoelasticity, ultimately allowing them to migrate across the challenging geometries of their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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134
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Khoo BL, Bouquerel C, Durai P, Anil S, Goh B, Wu B, Raman L, Mahendran R, Thamboo T, Chiong E, Lim CT. Detection of Clinical Mesenchymal Cancer Cells from Bladder Wash Urine for Real-Time Detection and Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091274. [PMID: 31480265 PMCID: PMC6770607 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a disease that requires lifelong surveillance due to its high recurrence rate. An efficient method for the non-invasive rapid monitoring of patient prognosis and downstream phenotype characterization is warranted. Here, we develop an integrated procedure to detect aggressive mesenchymal exfoliated bladder cancer cells (EBCCs) from patients in a label-free manner. Using a combination of filtration and inertial focusing principles, the procedure allowed the focusing of EBCCs in a single stream-line for high-throughput separation from other urine components such as large squamous cells and blood cells using a microfluidic sorting device. Characterization of enriched cells can be completed within hours, suggesting a potential utility for real-time detection. We also demonstrate high efficiency of cancer cell recovery (93.3 ± 4.8%) and specific retrieval of various epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype cell fractions from respective outlets of the microfluidic device. EMT is closely associated with metastasis, drug resistance and tumor-initiating potential. This procedure is validated with clinical samples, and further demonstrate the efficacy of bladder wash procedure to reduce EBCCs counts over time. Overall, the uniqueness of a rapid and non-invasive method permitting the separation of different EMT phenotypes shows high potential for clinical utility. We expect this approach will better facilitate the routine screening procedure in BC and greatly enhance personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Che e Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Charlotte Bouquerel
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, 75005 Paris, France
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Pradeep Durai
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Sarannya Anil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Goh
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Bingcheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Lata Raman
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Thomas Thamboo
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
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135
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Krause M, Yang FW, te Lindert M, Isermann P, Schepens J, Maas RJA, Venkataraman C, Lammerding J, Madzvamuse A, Hendriks W, te Riet J, Wolf K. Cell migration through three-dimensional confining pores: speed accelerations by deformation and recoil of the nucleus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180225. [PMID: 31431171 PMCID: PMC6627020 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Directional cell migration in dense three-dimensional (3D) environments critically depends upon shape adaptation and is impeded depending on the size and rigidity of the nucleus. Accordingly, the nucleus is primarily understood as a physical obstacle; however, its pro-migratory functions by stepwise deformation and reshaping remain unclear. Using atomic force spectroscopy, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and shape change analysis tools, we determined the nuclear size, deformability, morphology and shape change of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells expressing the Fucci cell cycle indicator or being pre-treated with chromatin-decondensating agent TSA. We show oscillating peak accelerations during migration through 3D collagen matrices and microdevices that occur during shape reversion of deformed nuclei (recoil), and increase with confinement. During G1 cell-cycle phase, nucleus stiffness was increased and yielded further increased speed fluctuations together with sustained cell migration rates in confinement when compared to interphase populations or to periods of intrinsic nuclear softening in the S/G2 cell-cycle phase. Likewise, nuclear softening by pharmacological chromatin decondensation or after lamin A/C depletion reduced peak oscillations in confinement. In conclusion, deformation and recoil of the stiff nucleus contributes to saltatory locomotion in dense tissues. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Krause
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Wei Yang
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Mariska te Lindert
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Isermann
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jan Schepens
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph J. A. Maas
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chandrasekhar Venkataraman
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anotida Madzvamuse
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Wiljan Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost te Riet
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Wolf
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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136
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Vassaux M, Pieuchot L, Anselme K, Bigerelle M, Milan JL. A Biophysical Model for Curvature-Guided Cell Migration. Biophys J 2019; 117:1136-1144. [PMID: 31400917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The latest experiments have shown that adherent cells can migrate according to cell-scale curvature variations via a process called curvotaxis. Despite identification of key cellular factors, a clear understanding of the mechanism is lacking. We employ a mechanical model featuring a detailed description of the cytoskeleton filament networks, the viscous cytosol, the cell adhesion dynamics, and the nucleus. We simulate cell adhesion and migration on sinusoidal substrates. We show that cell adhesion on three-dimensional curvatures induces a gradient of pressure inside the cell that triggers the internal motion of the nucleus. We propose that the resulting out-of-equilibrium position of the nucleus alters cell migration directionality, leading to cell motility toward concave regions of the substrate, resulting in lower potential energy states. Altogether, we propose a simple mechanism explaining how intracellular mechanics enable the cells to react to substratum curvature, induce a deterministic cell polarization, and break down cells basic persistent random walk, which correlates with latest experimental evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Vassaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute for Locomotion, APHM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M, UMR 7361, Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Karine Anselme
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M, UMR 7361, Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxence Bigerelle
- Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrésis, Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielle et Humaine (LAMIH), UMR-CNRS 8201, Le Mont Houy, Valenciennes, France
| | - Jean-Louis Milan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute for Locomotion, APHM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France
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137
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Phuyal S, Farhan H. Multifaceted Rho GTPase Signaling at the Endomembranes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:127. [PMID: 31380367 PMCID: PMC6646525 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases orchestrates fundamental biological processes such as cell cycle progression, cell migration, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and their aberrant signaling is linked to numerous human diseases and disorders. Traditionally, active Rho GTPase proteins were proposed to reside and function predominantly at the plasma membrane. While this view still holds true, it is emerging that active pool of multiple Rho GTPases are in part localized to endomembranes such as endosomes and the Golgi. In this review, we will focus on the intracellular pools and discuss how their local activation contributes to the shaping of various cellular processes. Our main focus will be on Rho signaling from the endosomes, Golgi, mitochondria and nucleus and how they regulate multiple cellular events such as receptor trafficking, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration and polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Phuyal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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138
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Giorgio E, Lorenzati M, Rivetti di Val Cervo P, Brussino A, Cernigoj M, Della Sala E, Bartoletti Stella A, Ferrero M, Caiazzo M, Capellari S, Cortelli P, Conti L, Cattaneo E, Buffo A, Brusco A. Allele-specific silencing as treatment for gene duplication disorders: proof-of-principle in autosomal dominant leukodystrophy. Brain 2019; 142:1905-1920. [PMID: 31143934 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allele-specific silencing by RNA interference (ASP-siRNA) holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for downregulating a single mutant allele with minimal suppression of the corresponding wild-type allele. This approach has been effectively used to target autosomal dominant mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms linked with aberrantly expanded trinucleotide repeats. Here, we propose ASP-siRNA as a preferable choice to target duplicated disease genes, avoiding potentially harmful excessive downregulation. As a proof-of-concept, we studied autosomal dominant adult-onset demyelinating leukodystrophy (ADLD) due to lamin B1 (LMNB1) duplication, a hereditary, progressive and fatal disorder affecting myelin in the CNS. Using a reporter system, we screened the most efficient ASP-siRNAs preferentially targeting one of the alleles at rs1051644 (average minor allele frequency: 0.45) located in the 3' untranslated region of the gene. We identified four siRNAs with a high efficacy and allele-specificity, which were tested in ADLD patient-derived fibroblasts. Three of the small interfering RNAs were highly selective for the target allele and restored both LMNB1 mRNA and protein levels close to control levels. Furthermore, small interfering RNA treatment abrogates the ADLD-specific phenotypes in fibroblasts and in two disease-relevant cellular models: murine oligodendrocytes overexpressing human LMNB1, and neurons directly reprogrammed from patients' fibroblasts. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ASP-silencing by RNA interference is a suitable and promising therapeutic option for ADLD. Moreover, our results have a broad translational value extending to several pathological conditions linked to gene-gain in copy number variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giorgio
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Lorenzati
- University of Torino, Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Pia Rivetti di Val Cervo
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Cernigoj
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Marta Ferrero
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Conti
- University of Trento, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Laboratory of Computational Oncology, Trento, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Milan, Italy
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM) Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- University of Torino, Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino, Italy
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Medical Genetics Unit, Torino, Italy
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139
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Jia Y, Vong JSL, Asafova A, Garvalov BK, Caputo L, Cordero J, Singh A, Boettger T, Günther S, Fink L, Acker T, Barreto G, Seeger W, Braun T, Savai R, Dobreva G. Lamin B1 loss promotes lung cancer development and metastasis by epigenetic derepression of RET. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1377-1395. [PMID: 31015297 PMCID: PMC6547854 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although abnormal nuclear structure is an important criterion for cancer diagnostics, remarkably little is known about its relationship to tumor development. Here we report that loss of lamin B1, a determinant of nuclear architecture, plays a key role in lung cancer. We found that lamin B1 levels were reduced in lung cancer patients. Lamin B1 silencing in lung epithelial cells promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, tumor growth, and metastasis. Mechanistically, we show that lamin B1 recruits the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to alter the H3K27me3 landscape and repress genes involved in cell migration and signaling. In particular, epigenetic derepression of the RET proto-oncogene by loss of PRC2 recruitment, and activation of the RET/p38 signaling axis, play a crucial role in mediating the malignant phenotype upon lamin B1 disruption. Importantly, loss of a single lamin B1 allele induced spontaneous lung tumor formation and RET activation. Thus, lamin B1 acts as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer, linking aberrant nuclear structure and epigenetic patterning with malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhan Jia
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joaquim Si-Long Vong
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Alina Asafova
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Boyan K Garvalov
- Microvascular Biology and Pathobiology, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Luca Caputo
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Julio Cordero
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anshu Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Boettger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ludger Fink
- Institute of Pathology and Cytology, Überregionale Gemeinschaftspraxis für Pathologie (ÜGP), Wetzlar, Germany
| | - Till Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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140
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Alvarado-Kristensson M, Rosselló CA. The Biology of the Nuclear Envelope and Its Implications in Cancer Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2586. [PMID: 31137762 PMCID: PMC6566445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent compartmentalization of the genome is a defining feature of eukaryotes. Traditionally, the nuclear envelope was purely viewed as a physical barrier to preserve genetic material in eukaryotic cells. However, in the last few decades, it has been revealed to be a critical cellular component in controlling gene expression and has been implicated in several human diseases. In cancer, the relevance of the cell nucleus was first reported in the mid-1800s when an altered nuclear morphology was observed in tumor cells. This review aims to give a current and comprehensive view of the role of the nuclear envelope on cancer first by recapitulating the changes of the nuclear envelope during cell division, second, by reviewing the role of the nuclear envelope in cell cycle regulation, signaling, and the regulation of the genome, and finally, by addressing the nuclear envelope link to cell migration and metastasis and its use in cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Catalina Ana Rosselló
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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141
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Liu L, Viel A, Le Saux G, Plawinski L, Muggiolu G, Barberet P, Pereira M, Ayela C, Seznec H, Durrieu MC, Olive JM, Audoin B. Remote imaging of single cell 3D morphology with ultrafast coherent phonons and their resonance harmonics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6409. [PMID: 31015541 PMCID: PMC6478725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell morphological analysis has long been used in cell biology and physiology for abnormality identification, early cancer detection, and dynamic change analysis under specific environmental stresses. This work reports on the remote mapping of cell 3D morphology with an in-plane resolution limited by optics and an out-of-plane accuracy down to a tenth of the optical wavelength. For this, GHz coherent acoustic phonons and their resonance harmonics were tracked by means of an ultrafast opto-acoustic technique. After illustrating the measurement accuracy with cell-mimetic polymer films we map the 3D morphology of an entire osteosarcoma cell. The resulting image complies with the image obtained by standard atomic force microscopy, and both reveal very close roughness mean values. In addition, while scanning macrophages and monocytes, we demonstrate an enhanced contrast of thickness mapping by taking advantage of the detection of high-frequency resonance harmonics. Illustrations are given with the remote quantitative imaging of the nucleus thickness gradient of migrating monocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwang Liu
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5295, I2M, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Alexis Viel
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5295, I2M, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Guillaume Le Saux
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5248, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Laurent Plawinski
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5248, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Giovanna Muggiolu
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5797, CENBG, F-33170, Gradignan, France
| | - Philippe Barberet
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5797, CENBG, F-33170, Gradignan, France
| | - Marco Pereira
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5218, IMS, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Cédric Ayela
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5218, IMS, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Hervé Seznec
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5797, CENBG, F-33170, Gradignan, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Olive
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5295, I2M, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5295, I2M, F-33400, Talence, France.
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142
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Mondésert-Deveraux S, Aubry D, Allena R. In silico approach to quantify nucleus self-deformation on micropillared substrates. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1281-1295. [PMID: 30941524 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Considering the major role of confined cell migration in biological processes and diseases, such as embryogenesis or metastatic cancer, it has become increasingly important to design relevant experimental set-ups for in vitro studies. Microfluidic devices have recently presented great opportunities in their respect since they offer the possibility to study all the steps from a suspended to a spread, and eventually crawling cell or a cell with highly deformed nucleus. Here, we focus on the nucleus self-deformation over a micropillared substrate. Actin networks have been observed at two locations in this set-up: above the nucleus, forming the perinuclear actin cap (PAC), and below the nucleus, surrounding the pillars. We can then wonder which of these contractile networks is responsible for nuclear deformation. The cytoplasm and the nucleus are represented through the superposition of a viscous and a hyperelastic material and follow a series of processes. First, the suspended cell settles on the pillars due to gravity. Second, an adhesive spreading force comes into play, and then, active deformations contract one or both actin domains and consequently the nucleus. Our model is first tested on a flat substrate to validate its global behaviour before being confronted to a micropillared substrate. Overall, the nucleus appears to be mostly pulled towards the pillars, while the mechanical action of the PAC is weak. Eventually, we test the influence of gravity and prove that the gravitational force does not play a role in the final deformation of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Mondésert-Deveraux
- Laboratoire MSSMat UMR CNRS 8579, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot Curie, Gif-Sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Denis Aubry
- Laboratoire MSSMat UMR CNRS 8579, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot Curie, Gif-Sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Rachele Allena
- LBM/Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 151 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.
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143
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Cóndor M, Mark C, Gerum RC, Grummel NC, Bauer A, García-Aznar JM, Fabry B. Breast Cancer Cells Adapt Contractile Forces to Overcome Steric Hindrance. Biophys J 2019; 116:1305-1312. [PMID: 30902366 PMCID: PMC6451061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration through the extracellular matrix is governed by the interplay between cell-generated propulsion forces, adhesion forces, and resisting forces arising from the steric hindrance of the matrix. Steric hindrance in turn depends on matrix porosity, matrix deformability, cell size, and cell deformability. In this study, we investigate how cells respond to changes in steric hindrance that arise from altered cell mechanical properties. Specifically, we measure traction forces, cell morphology, and invasiveness of MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells in three-dimensional collagen gels. To modulate cell mechanical properties, we either decrease nuclear deformability by twofold overexpression of the nuclear protein lamin A or we introduce into the cells stiff polystyrene beads with a diameter larger than the average matrix pore size. Despite this increase of steric hindrance, we find that cell invasion is only marginally inhibited, as measured by the fraction of motile cells and the mean invasion depth. To compensate for increased steric hindrance, cells employ two alternative strategies. Cells with higher nuclear stiffness increase their force polarity, whereas cells with large beads increase their net contractility. Under both conditions, the collagen matrix surrounding the cells stiffens dramatically and carries increased strain energy, suggesting that increased force polarity and increased net contractility are functionally equivalent strategies for overcoming an increased steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Cóndor
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Christoph Mark
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard C Gerum
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine C Grummel
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - José M García-Aznar
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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144
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Modelling actin polymerization: the effect on confined cell migration. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1177-1187. [PMID: 30843134 PMCID: PMC6647863 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to model cell motility under conditions of mechanical confinement. This cell migration mode may occur in extravasation of tumour and neutrophil-like cells. Cell migration is the result of the complex action of different forces exerted by the interplay between myosin contractility forces and actin processes. Here, we propose and implement a finite element model of the confined migration of a single cell. In this model, we consider the effects of actin and myosin in cell motility. Both filament and globular actin are modelled. We model the cell considering cytoplasm and nucleus with different mechanical properties. The migration speed in the simulation is around 0.1 μm/min, which is in agreement with existing literature. From our simulation, we observe that the nucleus size has an important role in cell migration inside the channel. In the simulation the cell moves further when the nucleus is smaller. However, this speed is less sensitive to nucleus stiffness. The results show that the cell displacement is lower when the nucleus is stiffer. The degree of adhesion between the channel walls and the cell is also very important in confined migration. We observe an increment of cell velocity when the friction coefficient is higher.
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145
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Hui J, Pang SW. Cell migration on microposts with surface coating and confinement. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181596. [PMID: 30674640 PMCID: PMC6379512 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding cell migration in a 3D microenvironment is essential as most cells encounter complex 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) in vivo Although interactions between cells and ECM have been studied previously on 2D surfaces, cell migration studies in 3D environment are still limited. To investigate cell migration under various degrees of confinements and coating conditions, 3D platforms with micropost arrays and controlled fibronectin (FN) protein coating were developed. MC3T3-E1 cells spread and contacted the top surface of microposts if FN was coated on top. When FN was coated all over the microposts, cells were trapped between microposts with 3 μm spacing and barely moved. As the spacing between microposts increased from 3 to 5 μm, cells became elongated with limited cell movement of 0.18 μm/min, slower than the cell migration speed of 0.40 μm/min when cells moved on top. When cells were trapped in between the microposts, cell nuclei were distorted and actin filaments formed along the sidewalls of microposts. With the addition of a top cover to introduce cell confinement, the cell migration speed was 0.23 and 0.84 μm/min when the channel height was reduced from 20 to 10 μm, respectively. Cell traction force was monitored at on the top and bottom microposts with 10 μm channel height. These results show that the MC3T3-E1 cell morphology, migration speed, and movement position were affected by surface coating and physical confinement, which will provide significant insights for in vivo cell migration within a 3D ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Hui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stella W Pang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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146
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Atmaramani R, Black BJ, Lam KH, Sheth VM, Pancrazio JJ, Schmidtke DW, Alsmadi NZ. The Effect of Microfluidic Geometry on Myoblast Migration. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E143. [PMID: 30795574 PMCID: PMC6412509 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro systems comprised of wells interconnected by microchannels have emerged as a platform for the study of cell migration or multicellular models. In the present study, we systematically evaluated the effect of microchannel width on spontaneous myoblast migration across these microchannels-from the proximal to the distal chamber. Myoblast migration was examined in microfluidic devices with varying microchannel widths of 1.5⁻20 µm, and in chips with uniform microchannel widths over time spans that are relevant for myoblast-to-myofiber differentiation in vitro. We found that the likelihood of spontaneous myoblast migration was microchannel width dependent and that a width of 3 µm was necessary to limit spontaneous migration below 5% of cells in the seeded well after 48 h. These results inform the future design of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel-based co-culture platforms as well as future in vitro studies of myoblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Atmaramani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Bryan J Black
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Kevin H Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Vinit M Sheth
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - David W Schmidtke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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147
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Brasch ME, Passucci G, Gulvady AC, Turner CE, Manning ML, Henderson JH. Nuclear position relative to the Golgi body and nuclear orientation are differentially responsive indicators of cell polarized motility. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211408. [PMID: 30759123 PMCID: PMC6373915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is critical to biological processes from wound healing to cancer metastasis to embryonic development. The involvement of organelles in cell motility is well established, but the role of organelle positional reorganization in cell motility remains poorly understood. Here we present an automated image analysis technique for tracking the shape and motion of Golgi bodies and cell nuclei. We quantify the relationship between nuclear orientation and the orientation of the Golgi body relative to the nucleus before, during, and after exposure of mouse fibroblasts to a controlled change in cell substrate topography, from flat to wrinkles, designed to trigger polarized motility. We find that the cells alter their mean nuclei orientation, in terms of the nuclear major axis, to increasingly align with the wrinkle direction once the wrinkles form on the substrate surface. This change in alignment occurs within 8 hours of completion of the topographical transition. In contrast, the position of the Golgi body relative to the nucleus remains aligned with the pre-programmed wrinkle direction, regardless of whether it has been fully established. These findings indicate that intracellular positioning of the Golgi body precedes nuclear reorientation during mouse fibroblast directed migration on patterned substrates. We further show that both processes are Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) mediated as they are abolished by pharmacologic ROCK inhibition whereas mouse fibroblast motility is unaffected. The automated image analysis technique introduced could be broadly employed in the study of polarization and other cellular processes in diverse cell types and micro-environments. In addition, having found that the nuclei Golgi vector may be a more sensitive indicator of substrate features than the nuclei orientation, we anticipate the nuclei Golgi vector to be a useful metric for researchers studying the dynamics of cell polarity in response to different micro-environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Brasch
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Passucci
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Anushree C. Gulvady
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - M. Lisa Manning
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - James H. Henderson
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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148
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Garcia-Arcos JM, Chabrier R, Deygas M, Nader G, Barbier L, Sáez PJ, Mathur A, Vargas P, Piel M. Reconstitution of cell migration at a glance. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/4/jcs225565. [PMID: 30745333 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.225565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cells migrate in a myriad of physiological contexts, such as tissue patrolling by immune cells, and during neurogenesis and tissue remodeling, as well as in metastasis, the spread of cancer cells. To understand the basic principles of single-cell migration, a reductionist approach can be taken. This aims to control and deconstruct the complexity of different cellular microenvironments into simpler elementary constrains that can be recombined together. This approach is the cell microenvironment equivalent of in vitro reconstituted systems that combine elementary molecular players to understand cellular functions. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we present selected experimental setups that mimic different events that cells undergo during migration in vivo These include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices to deform whole cells or organelles, micro patterning, nano-fabricated structures like grooves, and compartmentalized collagen chambers with chemical gradients. We also outline the main contribution of each technique to the understanding of different aspects of single-cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Garcia-Arcos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Chabrier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mathieu Deygas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Guilherme Nader
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Barbier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pablo José Sáez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Aastha Mathur
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France .,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
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149
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Yang GH, Lee J, Kim G. The fabrication of uniaxially aligned micro-textured polycaprolactone struts and application for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration. Biofabrication 2019; 11:025005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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150
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Liu L, Luo Q, Sun J, Song G. Cytoskeletal control of nuclear morphology and stiffness are required for OPN-induced bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell migration. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:463-470. [PMID: 30608867 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell migration, the movement of the nucleus must be coordinated with the cytoskeletal dynamics that influence the efficiency of cell migration. Our previous study demonstrated that osteopontin (OPN) significantly promotes the migration of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). However, the mechanism that regulates nuclear mechanics of the cytoskeleton during OPN-promoted BMSC migration remains unclear. In this study, we investigated how the actin cytoskeleton influences nuclear mechanics in BMSCs. We assessed the morphology and mechanics of the nuclei in the OPN-treated BMSCs subjected to disruption or polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. We found that disruption of actin organization by cytochalasin D (Cyto D) resulted in a decrease in the nuclear projected area and nuclear stiffness. Stabilizing the actin assembly with jasplakinolide (JASP) resulted in an increase in the nuclear projected area and nuclear stiffness. SUN1 (Sad-1/UNC-84 1) is a component of the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex involved in the connections between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton. We found that SUN1 depletion by RNAi decreased the nuclear stiffness and OPN-promoted BMSC migration. Thus, the F-actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in determining the morphology and mechanical properties of the nucleus. We suggest that the cytoskeletal-nuclear interconnectivity through SUN1 proteins plays an important role in OPN-promoted BMSC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.,b School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- a Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- a Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.,b School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanbin Song
- a Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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