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Gu X, Zheng Q, Chu Q, Zhu H. HAND2-AS1: A functional cancer-related long non-coding RNA. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111317. [PMID: 33556872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression and carcinogenesis. The lncRNA heart and neural crest derivatives expressed transcript 2 antisense RNA 1 (HAND2‑AS1) suppresses tumor growth, and its expression level was lower in tumor tissues than in adjacent normal tissues of most types of human cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, and esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. However, one study reported that the HAND2‑AS1 expression was upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues comparing with non-tumor tissues and it promoted tumor development. The aberrant expression of HAND2-AS1 was strongly linked to tumor progression and prognosis. Moreover, HAND2-AS1 was involved in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cellular glucose metabolism. This review summarizes data on the expression profile, functions, underlying mechanism, and clinical value of HAND2-AS1 in cancer. The expression profile of HAND2-AS1 in 33 tumors was evaluated by bioinformatics analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Qiuxian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
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Abstract
Aging has largely been defined by analog measures of organ and organismal dysfunction. This has led to the characterization of aging processes at the molecular and cellular levels that underlie these gradual changes. However, current knowledge does not fully explain the growing body of data emerging from large epidemiological, systems biology, and single cell studies of entire organisms pointing to varied rates of aging between individuals (different functionality and lifespan), across lifespan (asynchronous aging), and within an organism at the tissue and organ levels (aging mosaicism). Here we consider these inhomogeneities in the broader context of the rate of aging and from the perspective of underlying cellular changes. These changes reflect genetic, environmental, and stochastic factors that cells integrate to adopt new homeostatic, albeit less functional, states, such as cellular senescence. In this sense, cellular aging can be viewed, at least in part, as a quantal process we refer to as "digital aging". Nevertheless, analog declines of tissue dysfunction and organ failure with age could be the sum of underlying digital events. Importantly, cellular aging, digital or otherwise, is not uniform across time or space within the organism or between organisms of the same species. Certain tissues may exhibit earliest signs of cellular aging, acting as drivers for organismal aging as signals from those driver cells within those tissues may accelerate the aging of other cells locally or even systemically. Advanced methodologies at the systems level and at the single cell level are likely to continue to refine our understanding to the processes of how cells and tissues age and how the integration of those processes leads to the complexities of individual, organismal aging.
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103
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El-Khoury F, Bignon J, Martin JR. jouvence, a new human snoRNA involved in the control of cell proliferation. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:817. [PMID: 33225905 PMCID: PMC7682050 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that are conserved from archaebacteria to mammals. They are associated in the nucleolus, with proteins to form small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNPs). They modify ribosomal RNAs, for example, the H/ACA box that converts uridine to pseudouridine. In humans, various pathologies have been associated with snoRNAs, and several snoRNAs have been reported to participate in many cancer processes. Recently, a new H/ACA box snoRNA named jouvence has been identified in Drosophila and has been shown to be involved in lifespan determination in relation to gut homeostasis. Because snoRNAs are conserved through evolution, both structurally and functionally, a jouvence orthologue has been identified in humans. RT-PCR has revealed that jouvence is expressed, suggesting that it might be functional. These results suggest the hypothesis that jouvence may display similar functions, including increasing the healthy lifespan in humans. Results Here, we report the characterization of the human snoRNA jouvence, which has not yet been annotated in the genome. We show that its overexpression significantly stimulates cell proliferation, both in various stable cancerous cell lines as well as in primary cells. By contrast, its knockdown by siRNA leads to the opposite phenotype, a rapid decrease in cell proliferation. Transcriptomic analysis (RNA-Seq) revealed that the overexpression of jouvence leads to a dedifferentiation signature of the cells. Conversely, the knockdown of jouvence led to a striking decrease in the expression levels of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and the spliceosome. Conclusion The overexpression of a single and short non-coding RNA of 159 nucleotides, the snoRNA-jouvence, seems to be sufficient to reorient cells toward stemness, while its depletion blocks cell proliferation. In this context, we speculate that the overexpression of jouvence, which appears to be a non-canonical H/ACA snoRNA, could represent a new tool to fight against the deleterious effects of aging, while inversely, its knockdown by siRNA could represent a new approach in cancer therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07197-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaria El-Khoury
- Equipe: Imagerie Cérébrale Fonctionnelle et Comportements (ICFC), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR-9197, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse (Bat. 32/33), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-René Martin
- Equipe: Imagerie Cérébrale Fonctionnelle et Comportements (ICFC), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR-9197, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse (Bat. 32/33), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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104
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Thiele D, La Gruta NL, Nguyen A, Hussain T. Hiding in Plain Sight: Virtually Unrecognizable Memory Phenotype CD8 + T cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228626. [PMID: 33207648 PMCID: PMC7698292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual memory T (TVM) cells are a recently described population of conventional CD8+ T cells that, in spite of their antigen inexperience, express markers of T cell activation. TVM cells exhibit rapid responsiveness to both antigen-specific and innate stimuli in youth but acquire intrinsic antigen-specific response defects in the elderly. In this article, we review how the identification of TVM cells necessitates a re-evaluation of accepted paradigms for conventional memory T (TMEM) cells, the potential for heterogeneity within the TVM population, and the defining characteristics of TVM cells. Further, we highlight recent literature documenting the development of TVM cells as a distinct CD8+ T cell lineage as well their biological significance in the context of disease.
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105
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Wu Z, Shi Y, Lu M, Song M, Yu Z, Wang J, Wang S, Ren J, Yang YG, Liu GH, Zhang W, Ci W, Qu J. METTL3 counteracts premature aging via m6A-dependent stabilization of MIS12 mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11083-11096. [PMID: 33035345 PMCID: PMC7641765 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) messenger RNA methylation is a well-known epitranscriptional regulatory mechanism affecting central biological processes, but its function in human cellular senescence remains uninvestigated. Here, we found that levels of both m6A RNA methylation and the methyltransferase METTL3 were reduced in prematurely senescent human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) models of progeroid syndromes. Transcriptional profiling of m6A modifications further identified MIS12, for which m6A modifications were reduced in both prematurely senescent hMSCs and METTL3-deficient hMSCs. Knockout of METTL3 accelerated hMSC senescence whereas overexpression of METTL3 rescued the senescent phenotypes. Mechanistically, loss of m6A modifications accelerated the turnover and decreased the expression of MIS12 mRNA while knockout of MIS12 accelerated cellular senescence. Furthermore, m6A reader IGF2BP2 was identified as a key player in recognizing and stabilizing m6A-modified MIS12 mRNA. Taken together, we discovered that METTL3 alleviates hMSC senescence through m6A modification-dependent stabilization of the MIS12 transcript, representing a novel epitranscriptional mechanism in premature stem cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingming Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Moshi Song
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zihui Yu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jilu Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Si Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weimin Ci
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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106
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Goodman JS, King GA, Ünal E. Cellular quality control during gametogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112247. [PMID: 32882217 PMCID: PMC7572901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of aging is the progressive accumulation of cellular damage. Age-induced damage arises due to a decrease in organelle function along with a decline in protein quality control. Although somatic tissues deteriorate with age, the germline must maintain cellular homeostasis in order to ensure the production of healthy progeny. While germline quality control has been primarily studied in multicellular organisms, recent evidence suggests the existence of gametogenesis-specific quality control mechanisms in unicellular eukaryotes, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of meiotic events beyond chromosome morphogenesis. Notably, budding yeast eliminates age-induced damage during meiotic differentiation, employing novel organelle and protein quality control mechanisms to produce young and healthy gametes. Similarly, organelle and protein quality control is present in metazoan gametogenesis; however, whether and how these mechanisms contribute to cellular rejuvenation requires further investigation. Here, we summarize recent findings that describe organelle and protein quality control in budding yeast gametogenesis, examine similar quality control mechanisms in metazoan development, and identify research directions that will improve our understanding of meiotic cellular rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Grant A King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 94720, USA.
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107
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Li Y. Plant rejuvenation: from phenotypes to mechanisms. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1249-1262. [PMID: 32780162 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant rejuvenation refers to the reversal of the adult phase in plants and the recovery of part or all of juvenile plant characteristics. The growth and reproductive vitality of plants can be increased after rejuvenation. In recent years, research has successfully reversed the development clock in plants by certain methods; created rejuvenated plants and revealed the basic rules of plant morphology, physiology and reproduction. Here, we reconstitute the changes at the morphological and macromolecular levels, including those in RNA, phytohormones and DNA, during plant rejuvenation. In addition, the characteristics of plant phase changes that can be used as references for plant rejuvenation are also summarized. We further propose possible mechanisms for plant rejuvenation, methods for reversing plant development and problems that should be avoided. Overall, this study highlights the physiological and molecular events involved in plant rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory For Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory For Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory For Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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108
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Biological and Functional Biomarkers of Aging: Definition, Characteristics, and How They Can Impact Everyday Cancer Treatment. Curr Oncol Rep 2020; 22:115. [PMID: 32827112 PMCID: PMC7442549 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-020-00977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Recognize which are the elements that predict why a person is aging faster or slower and which intervention we can arrange to slow down the process, which permits to prevent or delay the progression of multimorbidity and disability. Recent Findings Aging is a complex process that leads to changes in all the systems of the body and all the functions of the person; however, aging develops at different rates in different people, and chronological age is not always consistent with biological age. Summary Gerontologists are focused not only on finding the best theory able to explain aging but also on identifying one or more markers, which are able to describe aging processes. These biomarkers are necessary to better define the aging-related pathologies, manage multimorbidity, and improve the quality of life. The aim of this paper is to review the most recent evidence on aging biomarkers and the clusters related to them for personalization of treatments.
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109
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Pinto C, Ninfole E, Gaggiano L, Benedetti A, Marzioni M, Maroni L. Aging and the Biological Response to Liver Injury. Semin Liver Dis 2020; 40:225-232. [PMID: 31887774 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interest in understanding the aging process has recently risen in the scientific community. Aging, commonly defined as the functional decline in the function of organs and tissues, is indeed the major risk factor for the development of many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, pathologies of nervous system, or cancer. To date, the influence of aging in the pathophysiology of liver and biliary diseases is not fully understood. Although liver cells have a high regenerative capacity, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes undergo extensive molecular changes in response to aging. Following time-dependent damage induced by aging, liver cells initially activate compensatory mechanisms that, if hyperstimulated, may lead to the decline of regenerative capacity and the development of pathologies. A deeper understanding of molecular aging has undoubtedly the potential to improve the clinical management of patients, possibly unveiling new pathways for selective drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pinto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ninfole
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Gaggiano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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110
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Li W, Zhao L, Wang J. Searching for the Mechanisms of Mammalian Cellular Aging Through Underlying Gene Regulatory Networks. Front Genet 2020; 11:593. [PMID: 32714367 PMCID: PMC7340167 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging attracts the attention throughout the history of humankind. However, it is still challenging to understand how the internal driving forces, for example, the fundamental building blocks of life, such as genes and proteins, as well as the environments work together to determine longevity in mammals. In this study, we built a gene regulatory network for mammalian cellular aging based on the experimental literature and quantify its underlying driving force for the dynamics as potential and flux landscape. We found three steady-state attractors: a fast-aging state attractor, slow-aging state attractor, and intermediate state attractor. The system can switch from one state attractor to another driven by the intrinsic or external forces through the genetics and the environment. We identified the dominant path from the slow-aging state directly to the fast-aging state. We also identified the dominant path from slow-aging to fast-aging through an intermediate state. We quantified the evolving landscape for revealing the dynamic characteristics of aging through certain regulation changes in time. We also predicted the key genes and regulations for fast-aging and slow-aging through the analysis of the stability for landscape basins. We also found the oscillation dynamics between fast-aging and slow-aging and showed that more energy is required to sustain such oscillations. We found that the flux is the dynamic cause and the entropy production rate the thermodynamic origin of the phase transitions or the bifurcations between the three-state phase and oscillation phase. The landscape quantification provides a global and physical approach to explore the underlying mechanisms of cellular aging in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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111
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Ganoderic Acid D Protects Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells against Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence through the PERK/NRF2 Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8291413. [PMID: 32774686 PMCID: PMC7407022 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8291413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an important risk factor in the occurrence of many chronic diseases. Senescence and exhaustion of adult stem cells are considered as a hallmark of aging in organisms. In this study, a senescent human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell (hAMSC) model subjected to oxidative stress was established in vitro using hydrogen peroxide. We investigated the effects of ganoderic acid D (GA-D), a natural triterpenoid compound produced from Ganoderma lucidum, on hAMSC senescence. GA-D significantly inhibited β-galactosidase (a senescence-associated marker) formation, in a dose-dependent manner, with doses ranging from 0.1 μM to 10 μM, without inducing cytotoxic side-effects. Furthermore, GA-D markedly inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of p21 and p16 proteins, relieved the cell cycle arrest, and enhanced telomerase activity in senescent hAMSCs. Furthermore, GA-D upregulated the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase R- (PKR-) like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), peroxidase III (PRDX3), and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) and promoted intranuclear transfer of NRF2 in senescent cells. The PERK inhibitor GSK2656157 and/or the NRF2 inhibitor ML385 suppressed the PERK/NRF2 signaling, which was activated by GA-D. They induced a rebound for the generation of ROS and β-galactosidase-positive cells and attenuated the differentiation capacity. These findings suggest that GA-D retards hAMSC senescence through activation of the PERK/NRF2 signaling pathway and may be a promising candidate for the discovery of antiaging agents.
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112
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Le Gall L, Ouandaogo ZG, Anakor E, Connolly O, Butler Browne G, Laine J, Duddy W, Duguez S. Optimized method for extraction of exosomes from human primary muscle cells. Skelet Muscle 2020; 10:20. [PMID: 32641118 PMCID: PMC7341622 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is increasingly considered an endocrine organ secreting myokines and extracellular vesicles (exosomes and microvesicles), which can affect physiological changes with an impact on different pathological conditions, including regenerative processes, aging, and myopathies. Primary human myoblasts are an essential tool to study the muscle vesicle secretome. Since their differentiation in conditioned media does not induce any signs of cell death or cell stress, artefactual effects from those processes are unlikely. However, adult human primary myoblasts senesce in long-term tissue culture, so a major technical challenge is posed by the need to avoid artefactual effects resulting from pre-senescent changes. Since these cells should be studied within a strictly controlled pre-senescent division count (<21 divisions), and yields of myoblasts per muscle biopsy are low, it is difficult or impossible to amplify sufficiently large cell numbers (some 250 × 106 myoblasts) to obtain sufficient conditioned medium for the standard ultracentrifugation approach to exosome isolation. Thus, an optimized strategy to extract and study secretory muscle vesicles is needed. In this study, conditions are optimized for the in vitro cultivation of human myoblasts, and the quality and yield of exosomes extracted using an ultracentrifugation protocol are compared with a modified polymer-based precipitation strategy combined with extra washing steps. Both vesicle extraction methods successfully enriched exosomes, as vesicles were positive for CD63, CD82, CD81, floated at identical density (1.15-1.27 g.ml−1), and exhibited similar size and cup-shape using electron microscopy and NanoSight tracking. However, the modified polymer-based precipitation was a more efficient strategy to extract exosomes, allowing their extraction in sufficient quantities to explore their content or to isolate a specific subpopulation, while requiring >30 times fewer differentiated myoblasts than what is required for the ultracentrifugation method. In addition, exosomes could still be integrated into recipient cells such as human myotubes or iPSC-derived motor neurons. Modified polymer-based precipitation combined with extra washing steps optimizes exosome yield from a lower number of differentiated myoblasts and less conditioned medium, avoiding senescence and allowing the execution of multiple experiments without exhausting the proliferative capacity of the myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Le Gall
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry~Londonderry, UK
| | | | - Ekene Anakor
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry~Londonderry, UK
| | - Owen Connolly
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry~Londonderry, UK
| | | | - Jeanne Laine
- Centre for Research in Myology, INSERM UMRS_974, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - William Duddy
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry~Londonderry, UK
| | - Stephanie Duguez
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry~Londonderry, UK.
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113
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Topart C, Werner E, Arimondo PB. Wandering along the epigenetic timeline. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:97. [PMID: 32616071 PMCID: PMC7330981 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing life expectancy but also healthspan seems inaccessible as of yet but it may become a reality in the foreseeable future. To extend lifespan, it is essential to unveil molecular mechanisms involved in ageing. As for healthspan, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in age-related pathologies is crucial. MAIN BODY We focus on the epigenetic side of ageing as ageing is traced by specific epigenetic patterns and can be measured by epigenetic clocks. We discuss to what extent exposure to environmental factor, such as alcohol use, unhealthy diet, tobacco and stress, promotes age-related conditions. We focused on inflammation, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we discuss strategies to reverse time based on epigenetic reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS Reversibility of the epigenetic marks makes them promising targets for rejuvenation. For this purpose, a better understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying ageing is essential. Epigenetic clocks were successfully designed to monitor these mechanisms and the influence of environmental factors. Further studies on age-related diseases should be conducted to determine their epigenetic signature, but also to pinpoint the defect in the epigenetic machinery and thereby identify potential therapeutic targets. As for rejuvenation, epigenetic reprogramming is still at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Topart
- Department of Chemistry, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, 60 Rue Mazarine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Werner
- Department of Chemistry, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, 60 Rue Mazarine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- EpiCBio, Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Department Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR n°3523, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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114
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weiqi Zhang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China.
- Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- China National Center for Bioinformation, 100101, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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115
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Chiche A, Chen C, Li H. The crosstalk between cellular reprogramming and senescence in aging and regeneration. Exp Gerontol 2020; 138:111005. [PMID: 32561400 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with diminished regenerative capacity and increased risk of chronic diseases. There is now compelling evidence suggests that aging process is reversible. Besides metabolic modification and systematic factors, both senescence elimination and cellular reprogramming showed beneficial effects on tissue regeneration and rejuvenation. Here we review recent studies on the interplay between cellular senescence and reprogramming. We discuss how both strategies could impact aging process and the possibility of combine them for more efficient regeneration and rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Chiche
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Cheng Chen
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Han Li
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
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116
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Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Ohhara Y, Kawashima T, Ohishi Y, Kayashima Y. Loss of CNDP causes a shorter lifespan and higher sensitivity to oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Biomed Res 2020; 41:131-138. [PMID: 32522930 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing oxidative stress seems to be the result of an imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defenses. During the course of aging, oxidative stress causes tissue/cellular damage, which is implicated in numerous age-related diseases. Carnosinase (CN or CNDP) is dipeptidase, which is associated with carnosine and/or glutathione (GSH) metabolism, those are the most abundant naturally occurring endogenous dipeptide and tripeptides with antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties. In the present study, we generated Drosophila cndp (dcndp) mutant flies using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to study the roles of dcndp in vivo. We demonstrate that dcndp mutant flies exhibit shorter lifespan and increased sensitivity to paraquat or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative stress. These results suggest that dcndp maintains homeostatic conditions, protecting cells and tissues against the harmful effects of oxidative stress in the course of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamakawa-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuya Ohhara
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Takumi Kawashima
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yoshitatsu Ohishi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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117
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Long-term every-other-day administration of DMAMCL has little effect on aging and age-associated physiological decline in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2583-2609. [PMID: 31048563 PMCID: PMC6535057 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The activation of transcription factor NF-κB is currently identified as one of the driving forces to the aging process. Genetic impairment of NF-κB signaling pathway or pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB activity has been shown to extend healthspan and lifespan in animal models, and delay or reduce many age-related symptoms. However, the aging intervention strategies based on NF-κB inhibition by the suitable small molecular compound is currently still lacking. The water-soluble dimethylaminomicheliolide (DMAMCL), can inhibit NF-κB activity and is currently undergoing clinical trials. In this study, we showed that 15 months of DMAMCL administration started in 1-year old male mice was well-tolerated and safe, and improved or had little effect on some age-associated symptoms, such as neurobehavioral phenotypes, physical performance, cardiac function, hematological parameters, immune aging phenotypes, clinical chemistry parameters, and glucose homeostasis. At the molecular level, DMAMCL administration mitigated serum levels of several age-associated inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CXCL2, and inhibited NF-κB activity in several aged tissues. Collectively, our results indicate that current strategy of DMAMCL administration may has little effect on aging process in mice, and provide basic clues to further exploit the possibility of DMAMCL-based aging intervention to promote healthy aging.
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118
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Ren X, Hu B, Song M, Ding Z, Dang Y, Liu Z, Zhang W, Ji Q, Ren R, Ding J, Chan P, Jiang C, Ye K, Qu J, Tang F, Liu GH. Maintenance of Nucleolar Homeostasis by CBX4 Alleviates Senescence and Osteoarthritis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3643-3656.e7. [PMID: 30917318 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CBX4, a component of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), plays important roles in the maintenance of cell identity and organ development through gene silencing. However, whether CBX4 regulates human stem cell homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CBX4 counteracts human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) aging via the maintenance of nucleolar homeostasis. CBX4 protein is downregulated in aged hMSCs, whereas CBX4 knockout in hMSCs results in destabilized nucleolar heterochromatin, enhanced ribosome biogenesis, increased protein translation, and accelerated cellular senescence. CBX4 maintains nucleolar homeostasis by recruiting nucleolar protein fibrillarin (FBL) and heterochromatin protein KRAB-associated protein 1 (KAP1) at nucleolar rDNA, limiting the excessive expression of rRNAs. Overexpression of CBX4 alleviates physiological hMSC aging and attenuates the development of osteoarthritis in mice. Altogether, our findings reveal a critical role of CBX4 in counteracting cellular senescence by maintaining nucleolar homeostasis, providing a potential therapeutic target for aging-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ren
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Boqiang Hu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Moshi Song
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhichao Ding
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujiao Dang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qianzhao Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruotong Ren
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianjian Ding
- Army Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Oral Disease, 306th Hospital of the PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Keqiong Ye
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China; Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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119
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Abstract
The mechanical reprogramming of fibroblasts, followed by their redifferentiation into rejuvenated fibroblasts in an optimized 3D collagen matrix, made these cells more contractile and more efficient at synthesizing matrix components including laminin, fibronectin, and collagen-IV. Moreover, the rejuvenated fibroblasts obtained through this approach exhibited a decrease in DNA damage. The rejuvenated fibroblasts derived from this method precisely align into tissue architectures, suggesting its potential application as clinical implants in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Over the course of the aging process, fibroblasts lose contractility, leading to reduced connective-tissue stiffness. A promising therapeutic avenue for functional rejuvenation of connective tissue is reprogrammed fibroblast replacement, although major hurdles still remain. Toward this, we recently demonstrated that the laterally confined growth of fibroblasts on micropatterned substrates induces stem-cell-like spheroids. In this study, we embedded these partially reprogrammed spheroids in collagen-I matrices of varying densities, mimicking different three-dimensional (3D) tissue constraints. In response to such matrix constraints, these spheroids regained their fibroblastic properties and sprouted to form 3D connective-tissue networks. Interestingly, we found that these differentiated fibroblasts exhibit reduced DNA damage, enhanced cytoskeletal gene expression, and actomyosin contractility. In addition, the rejuvenated fibroblasts show increased matrix protein (fibronectin and laminin) deposition and collagen remodeling compared to the parental fibroblast tissue network. Furthermore, we show that the partially reprogrammed cells have comparatively open chromatin compaction states and may be more poised to redifferentiate into contractile fibroblasts in 3D-collagen matrix. Collectively, our results highlight efficient fibroblast rejuvenation through laterally confined reprogramming, which has important implications in regenerative medicine.
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120
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Genetic predispositions of Parkinson's disease revealed in patient-derived brain cells. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 6:8. [PMID: 32352027 PMCID: PMC7181694 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological disorder and has been the focus of intense investigations to understand its etiology and progression, but it still lacks a cure. Modeling diseases of the central nervous system in vitro with human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is still in its infancy but has the potential to expedite the discovery and validation of new treatments. Here, we discuss the interplay between genetic predispositions and midbrain neuronal impairments in people living with PD. We first summarize the prevalence of causal Parkinson's genes and risk factors reported in 74 epidemiological and genomic studies. We then present a meta-analysis of 385 hiPSC-derived neuronal lines from 67 recent independent original research articles, which point towards specific impairments in neurons from Parkinson's patients, within the context of genetic predispositions. Despite the heterogeneous nature of the disease, current iPSC models reveal converging molecular pathways underlying neurodegeneration in a range of familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Altogether, consolidating our understanding of robust cellular phenotypes across genetic cohorts of Parkinson's patients may guide future personalized drug screens in preclinical research.
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121
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Mao CC, Cai X. Nanomaterials and Aging. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 16:57-65. [PMID: 32321409 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200422103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the proportion of the elderly population increases, more and more people suffer from aging-related diseases. Even if aging is inevitable, prolonging the time of healthy aging, delaying the progression of aging-related diseases, and the incidence of morbidity can greatly alleviate the pressure on individuals and society. Current research and exploration in the field of materials related to aging are expanding tremendously. Here, we present a summary of recent research in the field of nanomaterials relevant to aging. Some nanomaterials, such as silica nanomaterials (NMs) and carbon nanotubes, cause damage to the cells similar to aging processes. Other nanomaterials such as fullerenes and metalbased nanomaterials can protect the body from endogenous and exogenous harmful substances such as ROS by virtue of their excellent reducing properties. Another new type of nucleic acid nanomaterial, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids, works effectively against cell damage. This material selectively clears existing senescent cells in the tissue and thus prevents the development of the chronic inflammatory environment caused by senescent cells secreting senescence-associated secretory phenotype to the surroundings. We believe that nanomaterials have tremendous potential to advance the understanding and treatment of aging-related disorders, and today's research only represents the beginning stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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122
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Sarkar TJ, Quarta M, Mukherjee S, Colville A, Paine P, Doan L, Tran CM, Chu CR, Horvath S, Qi LS, Bhutani N, Rando TA, Sebastiano V. Transient non-integrative expression of nuclear reprogramming factors promotes multifaceted amelioration of aging in human cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1545. [PMID: 32210226 PMCID: PMC7093390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a gradual loss of function occurring at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organismal levels. At the chromatin level, aging associates with progressive accumulation of epigenetic errors that eventually lead to aberrant gene regulation, stem cell exhaustion, senescence, and deregulated cell/tissue homeostasis. Nuclear reprogramming to pluripotency can revert both the age and the identity of any cell to that of an embryonic cell. Recent evidence shows that transient reprogramming can ameliorate age-associated hallmarks and extend lifespan in progeroid mice. However, it is unknown how this form of rejuvenation would apply to naturally aged human cells. Here we show that transient expression of nuclear reprogramming factors, mediated by expression of mRNAs, promotes a rapid and broad amelioration of cellular aging, including resetting of epigenetic clock, reduction of the inflammatory profile in chondrocytes, and restoration of youthful regenerative response to aged, human muscle stem cells, in each case without abolishing cellular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapash Jay Sarkar
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Applied Physics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Marco Quarta
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.ePaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000 0004 0419 2556grid.280747.eCenter for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA ,0000 0004 0635 6745grid.486808.aMolecular Medicine Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA
| | - Shravani Mukherjee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Alex Colville
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.ePaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000 0004 0419 2556grid.280747.eCenter for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Patrick Paine
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.ePaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000 0004 0419 2556grid.280747.eCenter for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA ,0000 0004 0635 6745grid.486808.aMolecular Medicine Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA
| | - Linda Doan
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.ePaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000 0004 0419 2556grid.280747.eCenter for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA ,0000 0004 0635 6745grid.486808.aMolecular Medicine Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA
| | - Christopher M. Tran
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.ePaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000 0004 0419 2556grid.280747.eCenter for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Constance R. Chu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000 0004 0419 2556grid.280747.eVA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Lei S. Qi
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Nidhi Bhutani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Thomas A. Rando
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.ePaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000 0004 0419 2556grid.280747.eCenter for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Vittorio Sebastiano
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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123
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Feng L, Nian S, Tong Z, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zhang C, Bai X, Luo X, Wu M, Yan Z. Age-related trends in lipid levels: a large-scale cross-sectional study of the general Chinese population. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034226. [PMID: 32193266 PMCID: PMC7202729 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the dynamic trends in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with ageing. DESIGN A Chinese population-based cross-sectional study. SETTING A physical examination centre of a general hospital. PARTICIPANTS Adult subjects (178 167: 103 461 men and 74 706 women) without a known medical history or treatments that affect lipid metabolism. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dynamic trends in the above-mentioned lipid parameters with ageing were explored; turning points of age were established using age stratification and validated by fitted multivariate linear regression modelling. RESULTS Age was found to be an independent factor extensively associated with lipid levels in both sexes when adjusted for serum glucose, body mass index, lifestyle, drinking and smoking. Age was positively associated with TC, logarithm-transformed TG (LnTG) and LDL-C levels in men ≤40, ≤40 and ≤60 years old (yo) and in women ≤60, ≤70 and ≤60 yo, respectively. Conversely, age correlated negatively with TC, LnTG and LDL-C levels in men ≥61, ≥41 and ≥61 yo and in women ≥61, ≥71 and ≥61 yo, respectively. TC, TG and LDL-C levels in women were initially lower than those in men but surpassed those in men in 51-55, 61-65 and 51-55 yo age groups. The trends in HDL-C levels with age were relatively irregular, although HDL-C levels in women were higher than in men for all age groups. CONCLUSIONS The definition of dyslipidaemia, the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment and the initiation/goals of statin therapy should fully consider age-related trends in lipid levels and sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department of Laboratory, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, Yunnan Province 653100, China
| | - Shiyan Nian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, China
| | - Zongwu Tong
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Laboratory, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Laboratory, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, China
| | - Chunting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, China
| | - Xuejing Bai
- Department of Laboratory, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Laboratory, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Mengna Wu
- Department of Laboratory, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Zefeng Yan
- Department of Laboratory, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
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124
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Abstract
Sleep duration and lifespan vary greatly across Animalia. Human studies have demonstrated that ageing reduces the ability to obtain deep restorative sleep, and this may play a causative role in the development of age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Animal models are widely used in sleep and ageing studies. Importantly, in contrast to human studies, evidence from laboratory rodents suggests that sleep duration is increased with ageing, while evidence for reduced sleep intensity and consolidation is inconsistent. Here we discuss two possible explanations for these species differences. First, methodological differences between studies in humans and laboratory rodents may prevent straightforward comparison. Second, the role of ecological factors, which have a profound influence on both ageing and sleep, must be taken into account. We propose that the dynamics of sleep across the lifespan reflect both age-dependent changes in the neurobiological substrates of sleep as well as the capacity to adapt to the environment.
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125
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Harris CJ, Davis BA, Zweig JA, Nevonen KA, Quinn JF, Carbone L, Gray NE. Age-Associated DNA Methylation Patterns Are Shared Between the Hippocampus and Peripheral Blood Cells. Front Genet 2020; 11:111. [PMID: 32211019 PMCID: PMC7067920 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, interest in identifying biomarkers of healthy aging and developing antiaging interventions has increased. DNA methylation has emerged as a potentially powerful molecular marker of aging. Methylation changes at specific sites in the human genome that have been identified in peripheral blood have been used as robust estimators of chronological age. Similar age-related DNA methylation signatures are also seen in various tissue types in rodents. However, whether these peripheral alterations in methylation status reflect changes that also occur in the central nervous system remains unknown. This study begins to address this issue by identifying age-related methylation patterns in the hippocampus and blood of young and old mice. Reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing (RBSS) was used to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the blood and hippocampus of 2- and 20-month-old C57/Bl6 mice. Of the thousands of DMRs identified genome-wide only five were both found in gene promoters and significantly changed in the same direction with age in both tissues. We analyzed the hippocampal expression of these five hypermethylated genes and found that three were expressed at significantly lower levels in aged mice [suppressor of fused homolog (Sufu), nitric oxide synthase 1 (Nos1) and tripartite motif containing 2 (Trim2)]. We also identified several transcription factor binding motifs common to both hippocampus and blood that were enriched in the DMRs. Overall, our findings suggest that some age-related methylation changes that occur in the brain are also evident in the blood and could have significant translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Harris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brett A Davis
- Department of Medicine, KCVI, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jonathan A Zweig
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kimberly A Nevonen
- Department of Medicine, KCVI, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Portland Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lucia Carbone
- Department of Medicine, KCVI, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Nora E Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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126
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Schlachetzki JCM, Toda T, Mertens J. When function follows form: Nuclear compartment structure and the epigenetic landscape of the aging neuron. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110876. [PMID: 32068088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human brain is affected by cellular aging. Neurons are primarily generated during embryogenesis and early life with a limited capacity for renewal and replacement, making them some of the oldest cells in the human body. Our present understanding of neurodegenerative diseases points towards advanced neuronal age as a prerequisite for the development of these disorders. While significant progress has been made in understanding the relationship between aging and neurological disease, it will be essential to delve further into the molecular mechanisms of neuronal aging in order to develop therapeutic interventions targeting age-related brain dysfunction. In this mini review, we highlight recent findings on the relationship between the aging of nuclear structures and changes in the epigenetic landscape during neuronal aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tomohisa Toda
- Nuclear Architecture in Neural Plasticity and Aging, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Austria; Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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127
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Zhang W, Qu J, Liu GH, Belmonte JCI. The ageing epigenome and its rejuvenation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:137-150. [PMID: 32020082 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by the functional decline of tissues and organs and the increased risk of ageing-associated disorders. Several 'rejuvenating' interventions have been proposed to delay ageing and the onset of age-associated decline and disease to extend healthspan and lifespan. These interventions include metabolic manipulation, partial reprogramming, heterochronic parabiosis, pharmaceutical administration and senescent cell ablation. As the ageing process is associated with altered epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation, such as DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodelling, and non-coding RNAs, the manipulation of these mechanisms is central to the effectiveness of age-delaying interventions. This Review discusses the epigenetic changes that occur during ageing and the rapidly increasing knowledge of how these epigenetic mechanisms have an effect on healthspan and lifespan extension, and outlines questions to guide future research on interventions to rejuvenate the epigenome and delay ageing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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128
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Ishibashi JR, Taslim TH, Ruohola-Baker H. Germline stem cell aging in the Drosophila ovary. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 37:57-62. [PMID: 32120010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The age-related decline of adult stem cells leads to loss of tissue homeostasis and contributes to organismal aging. Though the phenotypic hallmarks of aging are well-characterized at the organ or tissue level, the molecular processes that govern stem cell aging remain unclear. This review seeks to highlight recent research in stem cell aging in the Drosophila ovary and connect the discoveries in the fly to ongoing questions in stem cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Roy Ishibashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Tommy Henry Taslim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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129
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Hoekstra LA, Schwartz TS, Sparkman AM, Miller DAW, Bronikowski AM. The untapped potential of reptile biodiversity for understanding how and why animals age. Funct Ecol 2020; 34:38-54. [PMID: 32921868 PMCID: PMC7480806 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The field of comparative aging biology has greatly expanded in the past 20 years. Longitudinal studies of populations of reptiles with a range of maximum lifespans have accumulated and been analyzed for evidence of mortality senescence and reproductive decline. While not as well represented in studies of amniote senescence, reptiles have been the subjects of many recent demographic and mechanistic studies of the biology of aging. 2. We review recent literature on reptile demographic senescence, mechanisms of senescence, and identify unanswered questions. Given the ecophysiological and demographic diversity of reptiles, what is the expected range of reptile senescence rates? Are known mechanisms of aging in reptiles consistent with canonical hallmarks of aging in model systems? What are the knowledge gaps in our understanding of reptile aging? 3. We find ample evidence of increasing mortality with advancing age in many reptiles. Testudines stand out as slower aging than other orders, but data on crocodilians and tuatara are sparse. Sex-specific analyses are generally not available. Studies of female reproduction suggest that reptiles are less likely to have reproductive decline with advancing age than mammals. 4. Reptiles share many physiological and molecular pathways of aging with mammals, birds, and laboratory model organisms. Adaptations related to stress physiology coupled with reptilian ectothermy suggest novel comparisons and contrasts that can be made with canonical aging phenotypes in mammals. These include stem cell and regeneration biology, homeostatic mechanisms, IIS/TOR signaling, and DNA repair. 5. To overcome challenges to the study of reptile aging, we recommend extending and expanding long-term monitoring of reptile populations, developing reptile cell lines to aid cellular biology, conducting more comparative studies of reptile morphology and physiology sampled along relevant life-history axes, and sequencing more reptile genomes for comparative genomics. Given the diversity of reptile life histories and adaptations, achieving these directives will likely greatly benefit all aging biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Hoekstra
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Tonia S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Amanda M Sparkman
- Department of Biology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California, 93108, USA
| | - David A W Miller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anne M Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
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130
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The Psilocybin-Telomere Hypothesis: An empirically falsifiable prediction concerning the beneficial neuropsychopharmacological effects of psilocybin on genetic aging. Med Hypotheses 2020; 134:109406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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131
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Dontsov VI, Krut’ko VN. Modeling the Entire Human Mortality Curve: A Regulatory Model of Aging. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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132
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Khorraminejad-Shirazi M, Dorvash M, Estedlal A, Hoveidaei AH, Mazloomrezaei M, Mosaddeghi P. Aging: A cell source limiting factor in tissue engineering. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:787-802. [PMID: 31692986 PMCID: PMC6828594 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i10.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has yet to reach its ideal goal, i.e. creating profitable off-the-shelf tissues and organs, designing scaffolds and three-dimensional tissue architectures that can maintain the blood supply, proper biomaterial selection, and identifying the most efficient cell source for use in cell therapy and tissue engineering. These are still the major challenges in this field. Regarding the identification of the most appropriate cell source, aging as a factor that affects both somatic and stem cells and limits their function and applications is a preventable and, at least to some extents, a reversible phenomenon. Here, we reviewed different stem cell types, namely embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and genetically modified stem cells, as well as their sources, i.e. autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic sources. Afterward, we approached aging by discussing the functional decline of aged stem cells and different intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are involved in stem cell aging including replicative senescence and Hayflick limit, autophagy, epigenetic changes, miRNAs, mTOR and AMPK pathways, and the role of mitochondria in stem cell senescence. Finally, various interventions for rejuvenation and geroprotection of stem cells are discussed. These interventions can be applied in cell therapy and tissue engineering methods to conquer aging as a limiting factor, both in original cell source and in the in vitro proliferated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhossein Khorraminejad-Shirazi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Dorvash
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran
| | - Alireza Estedlal
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Amir Human Hoveidaei
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mazloomrezaei
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Pouria Mosaddeghi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran
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133
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Wang H, Zhu X, Shen J, Zhao EF, He D, Shen H, Liu H, Zhou Y. Quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in aging in human and monkey. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:725. [PMID: 31601169 PMCID: PMC6788010 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying physiological mechanisms associated with aging are still complex and unclear. As a very important tissue of human body, the circulatory system also plays a very important role in the process of aging. In this study, we use the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) method to identify differentially expressed proteins in plasma for humans and monkeys between young and aged. Western blotting and behavioral experiment in mice were performed to validate the expression of the candidate protein. RESULTS Between the young / the old humans and the young / the old monkeys 74 and 69 proteins were found to be differently expressed, respectively. For the human samples, these included 38 up-regulated proteins and 36 down-regulated proteins (a fold change ≥1.3 or ≤ 0.667, p value ≤0.05).For the monkey samples, 51 up-regulated proteins and 18 down-regulated proteins (a fold change ≥1.3 or ≤ 0.667, p value ≤0.05). KEGG pathway analysis revealed that phagosome, focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were the most common pathways involved in aging. We found only IGFBP4 protein that existed in up-regulated proteins in aged both for human and monkey. In addition, the differential expression of IGFBP4 was validated by western blot analysis and IGFBP4 treatment mimicked aging-related cognitive dysfunction in mice. CONCLUSIONS This first, the integrated proteomics for the plasma protein of human and monkey reveal one protein-IGFBP4, which was validated by western blotting and behavioral analysis can promote the process of aging. And, iTRAQ analysis showed that proteolytic systems, and inflammatory responses plays an important role in the process of aging. These findings provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Thoracic-Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Junyan Shen
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - En-Feng Zhao
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Dajun He
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratary of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
| | - Haitao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratary of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratary of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
| | - Yongxin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic-Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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134
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Sokolenko VL, Sokolenko SV. Manifestations of allostatic load in residents of radiation contaminated areas aged 18–24 years. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the features of allostatic load (AL) in 100 students aged 18–24 years old who, from birth to adulthood, lived in the territories assigned to the IV radiation zone after the Chornobyl accident (density of soil contamination by isotopes 137Cs 3.7–18.5∙104 Bq/m2) and underwent prolonged exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation. The examined students did not have any clinical signs of the immune-neuroendocrine system dysfunction. 50 people had signs of vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome (VVD), 48 had signs of moderate hyperthyroidism and 21 had signs of moderate hypothyroidism. During the examination session, as a factor of additional psycho-emotional load, in 66 of the examined the immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+ went below the lower limit of the homeostatic norm, in 62 of the examined low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) exceeded the upper level. The relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) of the participation of potential secondary factors of allostatic load formation in CD4+/CD8+ immunoregulatory index going below the lower limit were calculated. The presence of statistically significant relative risk of participation in the formation of suppression of the index CD4+/CD8+: the state of hyperthyroidism, state of hypothyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome, higher than normal LDL-C. When the examined students combined the signs of hyperthyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome and higher level of LDL-C; with combination of signs of hypothyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome and higher level of LDL-C. The attributable risk in all cases exceeded 0.10, which confirmed the importance of some of these factors and their complexes in the formation of the effect of reduced immunoregulatory index. The CD4+/CD8+ index can be considered an important biomarker of AL and premature age-related changes in the immune system in residents of radiation-contaminated areas. The risk of AL formation in the case of occurrence of a complex of mediated secondary biomarkers (vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hypercholesterolemia) is higher compared to their individual significance.
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135
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Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive decline in cardiovascular structure and function. Accumulating evidence links cardiovascular aging to epigenetic alterations encompassing a complex interplay of DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and dynamic nucleosome occupancy governed by numerous epigenetic factors. Advances in genomics technology have led to a profound understanding of chromatin reorganization in both cardiovascular aging and diseases. This review summarizes recent discoveries in epigenetic mechanisms involved in cardiovascular aging and diseases and discusses potential therapeutic strategies to retard cardiovascular aging and conquer related diseases through the rejuvenation of epigenetic signatures to a young state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- From the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.Z., G.-H.L.).,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics (W.Z., G.-H.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration (W.Z., M.S., J.Q., G.-H.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (W.Z., M.S., J.Q., G.-H.L.)
| | - Moshi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology (M.S.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration (W.Z., M.S., J.Q., G.-H.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (W.Z., M.S., J.Q., G.-H.L.)
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology (J.Q.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration (W.Z., M.S., J.Q., G.-H.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (W.Z., M.S., J.Q., G.-H.L.)
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- From the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.Z., G.-H.L.).,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics (W.Z., G.-H.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration (W.Z., M.S., J.Q., G.-H.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (W.Z., M.S., J.Q., G.-H.L.)
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136
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Liu S, Lim M, Zhao S, Cui K, Zhang K, Wang L, Ji Q, Han Z, Kong D, Li Z, Liu N. Embryonic stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles enhance the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:6976-6990. [PMID: 31660081 PMCID: PMC6815953 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Embryonic stem cells (ES) have a great potential for cell-based therapies in a regenerative medicine. However, the ethical and safety issues limit its clinical application. ES-derived extracellular vesicles (ES-EVs) have been reported suppress cellular senescence. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used for clinical cell therapy. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of ES-EVs on aging MSCs to further enhancing their therapeutic effects. Methods: In vitro, we explored the rejuvenating effects of ES-EVs on senescent MSCs by senescence-associated β-gal (SA-β-gal) staining, immunostaining, and DNA damage foci analysis. The therapeutic effect of senescent MSC pre-treated with ES-EVs was also evaluated by using mouse cutaneous wound model. Results: We found that ES-EVs significantly rejuvenated the senescent MSCs in vitro and improve the therapeutic effects of MSCs in a mouse cutaneous wound model. In addition, we also identified that the IGF1/PI3K/AKT pathway mediated the antisenescence effects of ES-EVs on MSCs. Conclusions: Our results suggested that ES cells derived-extracellular vesicles possess the antisenescence properties, which significantly rejuvenate the senescent MSCs and enhance the therapeutic effects of MSCs. This strategy might emerge as a novel therapeutic strategy for MSCs clinical application.
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137
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Yi Y, Xie H, Xiao X, Wang B, Du R, Liu Y, Li Z, Wang J, Sun L, Deng Z, Li J. Ultraviolet A irradiation induces senescence in human dermal fibroblasts by down-regulating DNMT1 via ZEB1. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:212-228. [PMID: 29466247 PMCID: PMC5842848 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the role of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced senescence in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). We show that DNMT1 expression was significantly reduced during UVA-induced senescence, and this senescence could be alleviated or aggravated by the up- or down-regulation of DNMT1, respectively. Expression of the transcription factor zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1(ZEB1) also decreased after UVA irradiation, following a UVA-induced increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We show that ZEB1 binds to the DMNT1 promoter and regulates its transcription, which, in turn, affects cellular senescence. These changes in DMNT1 and ZEB1 expression following UVA exposure were confirmed in matched skin specimens that had or had not been sun-exposed. On analyzing the promoter methylation of 24 senescence associated genes in these matched skin specimens, we discovered that p53 promoter methylation was significantly reduced in sun-exposed skin. In vitro experiments confirmed that UVA irradiation reduced p53 promoter methylation, and DNMT1 up-regulation could reverse this effect. Collectively, down-regulation of ZEB1 caused by UVA induced ROS could transcriptionally inhibit DNMT1, leading to low methylation level of senescence related proteins p53 and increase its expression, eventually result in cellar senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Du
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingzi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zibo Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhili Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
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138
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Benayoun BA, Lee C. MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Encoded Regulator of the Nucleus. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900046. [PMID: 31378979 PMCID: PMC8224472 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are increasingly being recognized as information hubs that sense cellular changes and transmit messages to other cellular components, such as the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Nonetheless, the interaction between mitochondria and the nucleus is of special interest because they both host part of the cellular genome. Thus, the communication between genome-bearing organelles would likely include gene expression regulation. Multiple nuclear-encoded proteins have been known to regulate mitochondrial gene expression. On the contrary, no mitochondrial-encoded factors are known to actively regulate nuclear gene expression. MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S ribosomal RNA type-c) is a recently identified peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene that has metabolic functions. Notably, MOTS-c can translocate to the nucleus upon metabolic stress (e.g., glucose restriction and oxidative stress) and directly regulate adaptive nuclear gene expression to promote cellular homeostasis. It is hypothesized that cellular fitness requires the coevolved mitonuclear genomes to coordinate adaptive responses using gene-encoded factors that cross-regulate the opposite genome. This suggests that cellular gene expression requires the bipartite split genomes to operate as a unified system, rather than the nucleus being the sole master regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice A Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Program, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Program, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
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139
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Franke K, Gaser C. Ten Years of BrainAGE as a Neuroimaging Biomarker of Brain Aging: What Insights Have We Gained? Front Neurol 2019; 10:789. [PMID: 31474922 PMCID: PMC6702897 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aging population, prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, thus placing a growing burden on individuals and the whole society. However, individual rates of aging are shaped by a great variety of and the interactions between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Establishing biomarkers of the neuroanatomical aging processes exemplifies a new trend in neuroscience in order to provide risk-assessments and predictions for age-associated neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases at a single-subject level. The "Brain Age Gap Estimation (BrainAGE)" method constitutes the first and actually most widely applied concept for predicting and evaluating individual brain age based on structural MRI. This review summarizes all studies published within the last 10 years that have established and utilized the BrainAGE method to evaluate the effects of interaction of genes, environment, life burden, diseases, or life time on individual neuroanatomical aging. In future, BrainAGE and other brain age prediction approaches based on structural or functional markers may improve the assessment of individual risks for neurological, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases as well as aid in developing personalized neuroprotective treatments and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Franke
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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140
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Martin-Herranz DE, Aref-Eshghi E, Bonder MJ, Stubbs TM, Choufani S, Weksberg R, Stegle O, Sadikovic B, Reik W, Thornton JM. Screening for genes that accelerate the epigenetic aging clock in humans reveals a role for the H3K36 methyltransferase NSD1. Genome Biol 2019; 20:146. [PMID: 31409373 PMCID: PMC6693144 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic clocks are mathematical models that predict the biological age of an individual using DNA methylation data and have emerged in the last few years as the most accurate biomarkers of the aging process. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control the rate of such clocks. Here, we have examined the human epigenetic clock in patients with a variety of developmental disorders, harboring mutations in proteins of the epigenetic machinery. RESULTS Using the Horvath epigenetic clock, we perform an unbiased screen for epigenetic age acceleration in the blood of these patients. We demonstrate that loss-of-function mutations in the H3K36 histone methyltransferase NSD1, which cause Sotos syndrome, substantially accelerate epigenetic aging. Furthermore, we show that the normal aging process and Sotos syndrome share methylation changes and the genomic context in which they occur. Finally, we found that the Horvath clock CpG sites are characterized by a higher Shannon methylation entropy when compared with the rest of the genome, which is dramatically decreased in Sotos syndrome patients. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the H3K36 methylation machinery is a key component of the epigenetic maintenance system in humans, which controls the rate of epigenetic aging, and this role seems to be conserved in model organisms. Our observations provide novel insights into the mechanisms behind the epigenetic aging clock and we expect will shed light on the different processes that erode the human epigenetic landscape during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Martin-Herranz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Chronomics Ltd., Cambridge, UK
| | - Erfan Aref-Eshghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Molecular Diagnostics Division, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Marc Jan Bonder
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sanaa Choufani
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Molecular Diagnostics Division, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet M. Thornton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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141
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Denisenko O, Mar D, Trawczynski M, Bomsztyk K. Chromatin changes trigger laminin genes dysregulation in aging kidneys. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1133-1145. [PMID: 29846172 PMCID: PMC5990391 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of gene expression is a hallmark of aging. We examined epigenetic mechanisms that mediate aberrant expression of laminin genes in aging rat kidneys. In old animals, no alterations were found in the levels of abundant laminin mRNAs, whereas Lama3, b3, and c2 transcripts were increased compared to young animals. Lamc2 showed the strongest changes at the mRNA and protein levels. Lamc2 upregulation was transcriptional, as indicated by the elevated RNA polymerase II density at the gene. Furthermore, aging is associated with the loss of H3K27m3 and 5mC silencing modifications at the Lamc2 gene. Western blot analysis revealed no changes in cellular levels of H3K27m3 and cognate enzyme Ezh2 in old kidneys. Thus, the decrease in H3K27m3 at Lamc2 resulted from the re-distribution of this mark among genomic sites. Studies in kidney cells in vitro showed that reducing H3K27m3 density with Ezh2 inhibitor had no effect on Lamc2 expression, suggesting that this modification plays little role in gene upregulation in aging kidney. In contrast, treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor 2'-deoxy-5-azacytidine was sufficient to upregulate Lamc2 gene. We suggest that the loss of 5mC at silenced laminin genes drives their de-repression during aging, contributing to the age-related decline in renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Denisenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Mar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Karol Bomsztyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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142
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Brenman-Suttner DB, Yost RT, Frame AK, Robinson JW, Moehring AJ, Simon AF. Social behavior and aging: A fly model. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 19:e12598. [PMID: 31286644 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of behavioral genetics has recently begun to explore the effect of age on social behaviors. Such studies are particularly important, as certain neuropsychiatric disorders with abnormal social interactions, like autism and schizophrenia, have been linked to older parents. Appropriate social interaction can also have a positive impact on longevity, and is associated with successful aging in humans. Currently, there are few genetic models for understanding the effect of aging on social behavior and its potential transgenerational inheritance. The fly is emerging as a powerful model for identifying the basic molecular mechanisms underlying neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss these recent advancements, with a focus on how studies in Drosophila melanogaster have provided insight into the effect of aging on aspects of social behavior, including across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dova B Brenman-Suttner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryley T Yost
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel K Frame
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Wesley Robinson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J Moehring
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne F Simon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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143
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Stenmark KR, Frid MG, Graham BB, Tuder RM. Dynamic and diverse changes in the functional properties of vascular smooth muscle cells in pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:551-564. [PMID: 29385432 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is the end result of interaction between pulmonary vascular tone and a complex series of cellular and molecular events termed 'vascular remodelling'. The remodelling process, which can involve the entirety of pulmonary arterial vasculature, almost universally involves medial thickening, driven by increased numbers and hypertrophy of its principal cellular constituent, smooth muscle cells (SMCs). It is noted, however that SMCs comprise heterogeneous populations of cells, which can exhibit markedly different proliferative, inflammatory, and extracellular matrix production changes during remodelling. We further consider that these functional changes in SMCs of different phenotype and their role in PH are dynamic and may undergo significant changes over time (which we will refer to as cellular plasticity); no single property can account for the complexity of the contribution of SMC to pulmonary vascular remodelling. Thus, the approaches used to pharmacologically manipulate PH by targeting the SMC phenotype(s) must take into account processes that underlie dominant phenotypes that drive the disease. We present evidence for time- and location-specific changes in SMC proliferation in various animal models of PH; we highlight the transient nature (rather than continuous) of SMC proliferation, emphasizing that the heterogenic SMC populations that reside in different locations along the pulmonary vascular tree exhibit distinct responses to the stresses associated with the development of PH. We also consider that cells that have often been termed 'SMCs' may arise from many origins, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts and resident or circulating progenitors, and thus may contribute via distinct signalling pathways to the remodelling process. Ultimately, PH is characterized by long-lived, apoptosis-resistant SMC. In line with this key pathogenic characteristic, we address the acquisition of a pro-inflammatory phenotype by SMC that is essential to the development of PH. We present evidence that metabolic alterations akin to those observed in cancer cells (cytoplasmic and mitochondrial) directly contribute to the phenotype of the SM and SM-like cells involved in PH. Finally, we raise the possibility that SMCs transition from a proliferative to a senescent, pro-inflammatory and metabolically active phenotype over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, B131, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maria G Frid
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, B131, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian B Graham
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, B131, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, B131, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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144
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Abstract
Identifying and validating molecular targets of interventions that extend the human health span and lifespan has been difficult, as most clinical biomarkers are not sufficiently representative of the fundamental mechanisms of ageing to serve as their indicators. In a recent breakthrough, biomarkers of ageing based on DNA methylation data have enabled accurate age estimates for any tissue across the entire life course. These 'epigenetic clocks' link developmental and maintenance processes to biological ageing, giving rise to a unified theory of life course. Epigenetic biomarkers may help to address long-standing questions in many fields, including the central question: why do we age?
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145
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Booth LN, Maures TJ, Yeo RW, Tantilert C, Brunet A. Self-sperm induce resistance to the detrimental effects of sexual encounters with males in hermaphroditic nematodes. eLife 2019; 8:46418. [PMID: 31282863 PMCID: PMC6697445 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual interactions have a potent influence on health in several species, including mammals. Previous work in C. elegans identified strategies used by males to accelerate the demise of the opposite sex (hermaphrodites). But whether hermaphrodites evolved counter-strategies against males remains unknown. Here we discover that young C. elegans hermaphrodites are remarkably resistant to brief sexual encounters with males, whereas older hermaphrodites succumb prematurely. Surprisingly, it is not their youthfulness that protects young hermaphrodites, but the fact that they have self-sperm. The beneficial effect of self-sperm is mediated by a sperm-sensing pathway acting on the soma rather than by fertilization. Activation of this pathway in females triggers protection from the negative impact of males. Interestingly, the role of self-sperm in protecting against the detrimental effects of males evolved independently in hermaphroditic nematodes. Endogenous strategies to delay the negative effect of mating may represent a key evolutionary innovation to maximize reproductive success. A nematode worm known as Caenorhabditis elegans is often used in the laboratory to study how animals grow and develop. There are two types of C. elegans worm: hermaphrodite individuals produce both female sex cells (eggs) and male sex cells (sperm), while male individuals only produce sperm. The hermaphrodite worms are able to reproduce without mating with another worm, allowing populations of C. elegans to grow rapidly when they are living in favorable conditions. However, when the hermaphrodites do mate with males they tend to produce more offspring. These offspring are also usually healthier because they receive a mixture of genetic material from two different parents. Although mating is beneficial for the survival of a species it can also harm an individual animal. Previous studies have shown that mating with male worms can accelerate aging of hermaphrodite worms and cause premature death. However, it remained unclear whether hermaphrodite worms have evolved any mechanisms to protect themselves after mating with a male. To address this question, Booth et al. used genetic techniques to study the lifespans of hermaphrodite worms. The experiments found that the hermaphrodites’ own sperm (known as self-sperm) regulated a sperm-sensing signaling pathway that protected them from the negative impact of mating with males. Hermaphrodites with self-sperm that mated with males lived for a similar length of time as hermaphrodites that did not mate. On the other hand, hermaphrodites that did not have self-sperm (because they were older or had a genetic mutation) had shorter lifespans after mating than worms that did not mate. Modulating the sperm-sensing signaling pathway in worms that lacked self-sperm was sufficient to protect them from the negative effects of mating with males. Further experiments found that the hermaphrodites of another nematode worm called C. briggsae – which evolved self-sperm independently of C. elegans – also protected themselves from the negative effects of mating with males in a similar way. This suggests that other animals may also have evolved similar mechanisms to protect themselves from harm when mating. A separate study by Shi et al. has found that the beneficial effects of self-sperm are mediated by a pathway linked to longevity that also exists in mammals. The results of both investigations combined suggest possible avenues for future research into the complex relationship between health, longevity, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Booth
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Travis J Maures
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Robin W Yeo
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Cindy Tantilert
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging at Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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146
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Denoth-Lippuner A, Jessberger S. Mechanisms of cellular rejuvenation. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3381-3392. [PMID: 31197818 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aging leads to changes on an organismal but also cellular level. However, the exact mechanisms of cellular aging in mammals remain poorly understood and the identity and functional role of aging factors, some of which have previously been defined in model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, remain elusive. Remarkably, during cellular reprogramming most if not all aging hallmarks are erased, offering a novel entry point to study aging and rejuvenation on a cellular level. On the other hand, direct reprogramming of old cells into cells of a different fate preserves many aging signs. Therefore, investigating the process of reprogramming and comparing it to direct reprogramming may yield novel insights about the clearing of aging factors, which is the basis of rejuvenation. Here, we discuss how reprogramming might lead to rejuvenation of a cell, an organ, or even the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Denoth-Lippuner
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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147
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Beyret E, Martinez Redondo P, Platero Luengo A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Elixir of Life: Thwarting Aging With Regenerative Reprogramming. Circ Res 2019; 122:128-141. [PMID: 29301845 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All living beings undergo systemic physiological decline after ontogeny, characterized as aging. Modern medicine has increased the life expectancy, yet this has created an aged society that has more predisposition to degenerative disorders. Therefore, novel interventions that aim to extend the healthspan in parallel to the life span are needed. Regeneration ability of living beings maintains their biological integrity and thus is the major leverage against aging. However, mammalian regeneration capacity is low and further declines during aging. Therefore, modalities that reinforce regeneration can antagonize aging. Recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine have shown that aging is not an irreversible process. Conversion of somatic cells to embryonic-like pluripotent cells demonstrated that the differentiated state and age of a cell is not fixed. Identification of the pluripotency-inducing factors subsequently ignited the idea that cellular features can be reprogrammed by defined factors that specify the desired outcome. The last decade consequently has witnessed a plethora of studies that modify cellular features including the hallmarks of aging in addition to cellular function and identity in a variety of cell types in vitro. Recently, some of these reprogramming strategies have been directly used in animal models in pursuit of rejuvenation and cell replacement. Here, we review these in vivo reprogramming efforts and discuss their potential use to extend the longevity by complementing or augmenting the regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergin Beyret
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Paloma Martinez Redondo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Aida Platero Luengo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.).
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148
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Young plasma ameliorates aging-related acute brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190537. [PMID: 31040201 PMCID: PMC6522807 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has been shown to contribute to both the declined biofunctions of aging brain and aggravation of acute brain damage, and the former could be reversed by young plasma. These results suggest that young plasma treatment may also reduce the acute brain damage induced by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In the present study, we first found that the administration of young plasma significantly reduced the mortality and neurological deficit score in aging ICH rodents, which might be due to the decreased brain water content, damaged neural cells, and increased survival neurons around the perihematomal brain tissues. Then, proteomics analysis was used to screen out the potential neuroprotective circulating factors and the results showed that many factors were changed in health human plasma among young, adult, and old population. Among these significantly changed factors, the plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level was significantly decreased with age, which was further confirmed both in human and rats detected by ELISA. Additionally, the brain IGF-1 protein level in aging ICH rats was markedly decreased when compared with young rats. Interestingly, the relative decreased brain IGF-1 level was reversed by the treatment of young plasma in aging ICH rats, while the mRNA level was non-significantly changed. Furthermore, the IGF-1 administration significantly ameliorated the acute brain injury in aging ICH rats. These results indicated that young circulating factors, like IGF-1, may enter brain tissues to exert neuroprotective effects, and young plasma may be considered as a novel therapeutic approach for the clinical treatment of aging-related acute brain injury.
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149
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Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a time-dependent progressive deterioration of multiple factors of the cellular system. The past several decades have witnessed major leaps in our understanding of the biological mechanisms of aging using dietary, genetic, pharmacological, and physical interventions. Metabolic processes, including nutrient sensing pathways and mitochondrial function, have emerged as prominent regulators of aging. Mitochondria have been considered to play a key role largely due to their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in DNA damage that accumulates over time and ultimately causes cellular failure. This theory, known as the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging (MFRTA), was favored by the aging field, but increasing inconsistent evidence has led to criticism and rejection of this idea. However, MFRTA should not be hastily rejected in its entirety because we now understand that ROS is not simply an undesired toxic metabolic byproduct, but also an important signaling molecule that is vital to cellular fitness. Notably, mitochondrial function, a term traditionally referred to bioenergetics and apoptosis, has since expanded considerably. It encompasses numerous other key biological processes, including the following: (i) complex metabolic processes, (ii) intracellular and endocrine signaling/communication, and (iii) immunity/inflammation. Here, we will discuss shortcomings of previous concepts regarding mitochondria in aging and their emerging roles based on recent advances. We will also discuss how the mitochondrial genome integrates with major theories on the evolution of aging. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(1): 13-23].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyung Mean Son
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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150
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Abstract
Evidence of the central value of physical exercise in human health is rampant, yet the fundamental underlying explanation of this universal benefit evades comprehension. The first principles of this underlying effect are found within the laws of thermodynamics and are explicitly outlined within the metabolic field (Schrodinger) as presented herein. To understand the basic mechanism responsible for the universal positive benefits of exercise mandates that the first principle of energy flow be enunciated. "On the dry bones of atoms and the distribution of energy in the universe are assembled the flesh and blood of life" (Prigogine, 1984). The engine of metabolism requires the ready provision of the primal energy first evidenced at the Big Bang as described in The Big Picture.
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