101
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Schittny JC. How high resolution 3-dimensional imaging changes our understanding of postnatal lung development. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:677-691. [PMID: 30390117 PMCID: PMC6267404 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During the last 10 + years biologically and clinically significant questions about postnatal lung development could be answered due to the application of modern cutting-edge microscopic and quantitative histological techniques. These are in particular synchrotron radiation based X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), but also 3Helium Magnetic Resonance Imaging, as well as the stereological estimation of the number of alveoli and the length of the free septal edge. First, the most important new finding may be the following: alveolarization of the lung does not cease after the maturation of the alveolar microvasculature but continues until young adulthood and, even more important, maybe reactivated lifelong if needed to rescue structural damages of the lungs. Second, the pulmonary acinus represents the functional unit of the lung. Because the borders of the acini could not be detected in classical histological sections, any investigation of the acini requires 3-dimensional (imaging) methods. Based on SRXTM it was shown that in rat lungs the number of acini stays constant, meaning that their volume increases by a factor of ~ 11 after birth. The latter is very important for acinar ventilation and particle deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C Schittny
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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102
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Koledova Z, Howard BA, Englund J, Bach K, Bentires-Alj M, Gonzalez-Suarez E. European Network of Breast Development and Cancer turned 10 years: a growing family of mammary gland researchers. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:102. [PMID: 30180882 PMCID: PMC6122475 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Network for Breast Development and Cancer (ENBDC), a worldwide network (http://www.enbdc.org/), celebrated its tenth anniversary with a fantastic meeting last March 15–17, 2018 in Weggis with 76 attendees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Beatrice A Howard
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Johanna Englund
- Institute of Biotechnology and HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karsten Bach
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mohammed Bentires-Alj
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Avinguda de la Gran Via, 199 - 203, L'Hospitalet deLlobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
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103
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Sznurkowska MK, Hannezo E, Azzarelli R, Rulands S, Nestorowa S, Hindley CJ, Nichols J, Göttgens B, Huch M, Philpott A, Simons BD. Defining Lineage Potential and Fate Behavior of Precursors during Pancreas Development. Dev Cell 2018; 46:360-375.e5. [PMID: 30057275 PMCID: PMC6085117 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Pancreas development involves a coordinated process in which an early phase of cell segregation is followed by a longer phase of lineage restriction, expansion, and tissue remodeling. By combining clonal tracing and whole-mount reconstruction with proliferation kinetics and single-cell transcriptional profiling, we define the functional basis of pancreas morphogenesis. We show that the large-scale organization of mouse pancreas can be traced to the activity of self-renewing precursors positioned at the termini of growing ducts, which act collectively to drive serial rounds of stochastic ductal bifurcation balanced by termination. During this phase of branching morphogenesis, multipotent precursors become progressively fate-restricted, giving rise to self-renewing acinar-committed precursors that are conveyed with growing ducts, as well as ductal progenitors that expand the trailing ducts and give rise to delaminating endocrine cells. These findings define quantitatively how the functional behavior and lineage progression of precursor pools determine the large-scale patterning of pancreatic sub-compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Sznurkowska
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK; Institute of Science and Technology IST Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Steffen Rulands
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sonia Nestorowa
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 139, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Christopher J Hindley
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 139, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Anna Philpott
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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104
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Short KM, Combes AN, Lisnyak V, Lefevre JG, Jones LK, Little MH, Hamilton NA, Smyth IM. Branching morphogenesis in the developing kidney is not impacted by nephron formation or integration. eLife 2018; 7:38992. [PMID: 30063208 PMCID: PMC6115188 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud is integral to kidney development; establishing the collecting ducts of the adult organ and driving organ expansion via peripheral interactions with nephron progenitor cells. A recent study suggested that termination of tip branching within the developing kidney involved stochastic exhaustion in response to nephron formation, with such a termination event representing a unifying developmental process evident in many organs. To examine this possibility, we have profiled the impact of nephron formation and maturation on elaboration of the ureteric bud during mouse kidney development. We find a distinct absence of random branch termination events within the kidney or evidence that nephrogenesis impacts the branching program or cell proliferation in either tip or progenitor cell niches. Instead, organogenesis proceeds in a manner indifferent to the development of these structures. Hence, stochastic cessation of branching is not a unifying developmental feature in all branching organs. During development and before birth, many organs develop from branched tubes. Whether forming the airways of the lungs, the collecting ducts of the kidneys or the milk ducts of the breast, there are many similarities between these structures. Given their shared tree-like structures, one possibility is that these tissues all form through the same general process. A key challenge is understanding why branched networks develop and pattern in such a way as to assume their functional roles in the adult organ. A unifying theory, which proposes that certain tips stop growing in a random manner, has been proposed to solve this problem. In this theory, the branched mammary gland structures stop growing when the tips of the structure impinge on neighbouring branches. In the kidney, this cessation has been proposed to occur when nephrons – the structures that filter urine from blood – form near the end of the collecting ducts. By growing kidneys in the laboratory and studying developing kidneys in mice, Short et al. investigated whether nephrons do affect collecting duct growth and branch development. The results of these experiments instead suggest that nephron formation has no effect on duct growth or branching. The nephrons also do not appear to affect how quickly the duct cells grow and divide. Moreover, there is no evidence that the cell proliferation in individual branch tips ceases randomly by any other mechanism. Overall, the experiments Short et al. performed suggest that a unifying theory of branching in developing organs may not hold true, at least not in the way that has been envisioned previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Short
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander N Combes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Valerie Lisnyak
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James G Lefevre
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lynelle K Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Hamilton
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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105
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Deconstructing the principles of ductal network formation in the pancreas. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002842. [PMID: 30048442 PMCID: PMC6080801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian pancreas is a branched organ that does not exhibit stereotypic branching patterns, similarly to most other glands. Inside branches, it contains a network of ducts that undergo a transition from unconnected microlumen to a mesh of interconnected ducts and finally to a treelike structure. This ductal remodeling is poorly understood, both on a microscopic and macroscopic level. In this article, we quantify the network properties at different developmental stages. We find that the pancreatic network exhibits stereotypic traits at each stage and that the network properties change with time toward the most economical and optimized delivery of exocrine products into the duodenum. Using in silico modeling, we show how steps of pancreatic network development can be deconstructed into two simple rules likely to be conserved for many other glands. The early stage of the network is explained by noisy, redundant duct connection as new microlumens form. The later transition is attributed to pruning of the network based on the flux of fluid running through the pancreatic network into the duodenum. In the pancreas of mammals, digestive enzymes are transported from their production site in acini (clusters of cells that secrete the enzymes) to the intestine via a network of ducts. During organ development in fetuses, the ducts initially form by the coordinated polarization of cells to form small holes, which will connect and fuse, to constitute a meshwork. This hyperconnected network further develops into a treelike structure by the time of birth. In this article, we use methods originally developed to analyze road, rail, web, or river networks to quantify the network properties at different developmental stages. We find that the pancreatic network properties are similar between individuals at specific time points but eventually change to achieve the most economical and optimized structure to deliver pancreatic juice into the duodenum. Using in silico modeling, we show how the stages of pancreatic network development follow two simple rules, which are likely to be conserved for the development of other glands. The early stage of the network is explained by noisy, redundant duct connection as new small ductal holes form. Later on, the secretion of fluid that runs through the pancreatic network into the duodenum leads to the widening of ducts with the greatest flow, while nonnecessary ducts are eliminated, akin to how river beds are formed.
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106
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Blanchard GB, Fletcher AG, Schumacher LJ. The devil is in the mesoscale: Mechanical and behavioural heterogeneity in collective cell movement. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:46-54. [PMID: 29940338 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity within cell populations can be an important aspect affecting their collective movement and tissue-mechanical properties, determining for example their effective viscoelasticity. Differences in cell-level properties and behaviour within a group of moving cells can give rise to unexpected and non-intuitive behaviours at the tissue level. Such emergent phenomena often manifest themselves through spatiotemporal patterns at an intermediate 'mesoscale' between cell and tissue scales, typically involving tens of cells. Focussing on the development of embryonic animal tissues, we review recent evidence for the importance of heterogeneity at the mesoscale for collective cell migration and convergence and extension movements. We further discuss approaches to incorporate heterogeneity into computational models to complement experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy B Blanchard
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK; Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Linus J Schumacher
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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107
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Fiore APZP, Ribeiro PDF, Bruni-Cardoso A. Sleeping Beauty and the Microenvironment Enchantment: Microenvironmental Regulation of the Proliferation-Quiescence Decision in Normal Tissues and in Cancer Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:59. [PMID: 29930939 PMCID: PMC6001001 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells from prokaryota to the more complex metazoans cease proliferating at some point in their lives and enter a reversible, proliferative-dormant state termed quiescence. The appearance of quiescence in the course of evolution was essential to the acquisition of multicellular specialization and compartmentalization and is also a central aspect of tissue function and homeostasis. But what makes a cell cease proliferating even in the presence of nutrients, growth factors, and mitogens? And what makes some cells "wake up" when they should not, as is the case in cancer? Here, we summarize and discuss evidence showing how microenvironmental cues such as those originating from metabolism, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and arrangement, neighboring cells and tissue architecture control the cellular proliferation-quiescence decision, and how this complex regulation is corrupted in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- e-Signal Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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108
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Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Tang et al. (2018) and Li et al. (2018) combine genetic manipulation, mechanical perturbation, and live imaging to show how mechanical forces and local growth factors intersect to influence epithelial behavior and cell fate specification within the developing lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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109
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Seong J, Kim NS, Kim JA, Lee W, Seo JY, Yum MK, Kim JH, Park I, Kang JS, Bae SH, Yun CH, Kong YY. Side branching and luminal lineage commitment by ID2 in developing mammary glands. Development 2018; 145:dev.165258. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.165258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammary glands develop through primary ductal elongation and side branching to maximize the spatial area. Although primary ducts are generated by bifurcation of terminal end buds, the mechanism through which side branching occurs is still largely unclear. Here, we show that inhibitor of DNA-binding 2 (ID2) drives side branch formation through differentiation of K6+ bipotent progenitor cells into CD61+ luminal progenitor cells. Id2-null mice had side branching defects, along with developmental blockage of K6+ bipotent progenitor cells into CD61+ luminal progenitor cells. Notably, CD61+ luminal progenitor cells were found in budding and side branches, but not in terminal end buds. Hormone reconstitution studies using ovariectomized MMTV-NLS-Id2 transgenic mice revealed that ID2 is a key mediator of progesterone, which drives luminal lineage differentiation and side branching. Our results suggest that CD61 is a marker for side branches and that ID2 regulates side branch formation by inducing luminal lineage commitment from K6+ bipotent progenitor cells to CD61+ luminal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Seong
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Shik Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Ah Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Seo
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Yum
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkuk Park
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seol Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Bae
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Yun Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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110
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Seldin L, Le Guelte A, Macara IG. Epithelial plasticity in the mammary gland. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 49:59-63. [PMID: 29232628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many epithelial tissues rely on multipotent stem cells for the proper development and maintenance of their diverse cell lineages. Nevertheless, the identification of multipotent stem cell populations within the mammary gland has been a point of contention over the past decade. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the various lineage-tracing studies performed to address this issue and conclude that although multipotent stem cells exist in the embryonic mammary placode, the postnatal mammary gland instead contains distinct unipotent progenitor populations that contribute to stage-specific development and homeostasis. This begs the question of why differentiated mammary epithelial cells can exhibit stem cell behavior in culture. We speculate that such reprogramming potential is repressed in situ under normal conditions but revealed in vitro and might drive breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Seldin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA
| | - Armelle Le Guelte
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37424, USA.
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