101
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Tarke A, Zhang Y, Methot N, Narowski TM, Phillips E, Mallal S, Frazier A, Filaci G, Weiskopf D, Dan JM, Premkumar L, Scheuermann RH, Sette A, Grifoni A. Targets and cross-reactivity of human T cell recognition of common cold coronaviruses. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101088. [PMID: 37295422 PMCID: PMC10242702 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus (CoV) family includes several viruses infecting humans, highlighting the importance of exploring pan-CoV vaccine strategies to provide broad adaptive immune protection. We analyze T cell reactivity against representative Alpha (NL63) and Beta (OC43) common cold CoVs (CCCs) in pre-pandemic samples. S, N, M, and nsp3 antigens are immunodominant, as shown for severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS2), while nsp2 and nsp12 are Alpha or Beta specific. We further identify 78 OC43- and 87 NL63-specific epitopes, and, for a subset of those, we assess the T cell capability to cross-recognize sequences from representative viruses belonging to AlphaCoV, sarbecoCoV, and Beta-non-sarbecoCoV groups. We find T cell cross-reactivity within the Alpha and Beta groups, in 89% of the instances associated with sequence conservation >67%. However, despite conservation, limited cross-reactivity is observed for sarbecoCoV, indicating that previous CoV exposure is a contributing factor in determining cross-reactivity. Overall, these results provide critical insights in developing future pan-CoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Yun Zhang
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nils Methot
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tara M Narowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Simon Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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102
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Tiezzi C, Vecchi A, Rossi M, Cavazzini D, Bolchi A, Laccabue D, Doselli S, Penna A, Sacchelli L, Brillo F, Meschi T, Ticinesi A, Nouvenne A, Donofrio G, Zanelli P, Benecchi M, Giuliodori S, Fisicaro P, Montali I, Ceccatelli Berti C, Reverberi V, Montali A, Urbani S, Pedrazzi G, Missale G, Telenti A, Corti D, Ottonello S, Ferrari C, Boni C. Natural heteroclitic-like peptides are generated by SARS-CoV-2 mutations. iScience 2023; 26:106940. [PMID: 37275517 PMCID: PMC10200277 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is sensitive to evasion by SARS-CoV-2 mutants, but CD8 T cells seem to be more resistant to mutational inactivation. By a systematic analysis of 30 spike variant peptides containing the most relevant VOC and VOI mutations that have accumulated overtime, we show that in vaccinated and convalescent subjects, mutated epitopes can have not only a neutral or inhibitory effect on CD8 T cell recognition but can also enhance or generate de novo CD8 T cell responses. The emergence of these mutated T cell function enhancing epitopes likely reflects an epiphenomenon of SARS-CoV-2 evolution driven by antibody evasion and increased virus transmissibility. In a subset of individuals with weak and narrowly focused CD8 T cell responses selection of these heteroclitic-like epitopes may bear clinical relevance by improving antiviral protection. The functional enhancing effect of these peptides is also worth of consideration for the future development of new generation, more potent COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tiezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzia Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Angelo Bolchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Diletta Laccabue
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Doselli
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Amalia Penna
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Sacchelli
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Brillo
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tiziana Meschi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Nouvenne
- Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Zanelli
- Unità di Immunogenetica dei Trapianti, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Magda Benecchi
- Unità di Immunogenetica dei Trapianti, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Giuliodori
- Unità di Immunogenetica dei Trapianti, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Montali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Reverberi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Montali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Urbani
- UO Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Dipartimento Diagnostico, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pedrazzi
- Department of Neuroscience - Biophysics and Medical Physics Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Missale
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carolina Boni
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
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103
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Tan CW, Valkenburg SA, Poon LLM, Wang LF. Broad-spectrum pan-genus and pan-family virus vaccines. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:902-916. [PMID: 37321173 PMCID: PMC10265776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the development and clinical application of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated unprecedented vaccine success in a short time frame, it also revealed a limitation of current vaccines in their inability to provide broad-spectrum or universal protection against emerging variants. Broad-spectrum vaccines, therefore, remain a dream and challenge for vaccinology. This review will focus on current and future efforts in developing universal vaccines targeting different viruses at the genus and/or family levels, with a special focus on henipaviruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. It is evident that strategies for developing broad-spectrum vaccines will be virus-genus or family specific, and it is almost impossible to adopt a universal approach for different viruses. On the other hand, efforts in developing broad-spectrum neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have been more successful and it is worth considering broad-spectrum antibody-mediated immunization, or "universal antibody vaccine," as an alternative approach for early intervention for future disease X outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
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104
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Nowill AE, Caruso M, de Campos-Lima PO. T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2: what if the known best is not the optimal course for the long run? Adapting to evolving targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133225. [PMID: 37388738 PMCID: PMC10303130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanity did surprisingly well so far, considering how unprepared it was to respond to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threat. By blending old and ingenious new technology in the context of the accumulated knowledge on other human coronaviruses, several vaccine candidates were produced and tested in clinical trials in record time. Today, five vaccines account for the bulk of the more than 13 billion doses administered worldwide. The ability to elicit biding and neutralizing antibodies most often against the spike protein is a major component of the protection conferred by immunization but alone it is not enough to limit virus transmission. Thus, the surge in numbers of infected individuals by newer variants of concern (VOCs) was not accompanied by a proportional increase in severe disease and death rate. This is likely due to antiviral T-cell responses, whose evasion is more difficult to achieve. The present review helps navigating the very large literature on T cell immunity induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination. We examine the successes and shortcomings of the vaccinal protection in the light of the emergence of VOCs with breakthrough potential. SARS-CoV-2 and human beings will likely coexist for a long while: it will be necessary to update existing vaccines to improve T-cell responses and attain better protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre E. Nowill
- Integrated Center for Pediatric OncoHaematological Research, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Caruso
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pedro O. de Campos-Lima
- Boldrini Children’s Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Molecular and Morphofunctional Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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105
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Santopaolo M, Gregorova M, Hamilton F, Arnold D, Long A, Lacey A, Oliver E, Halliday A, Baum H, Hamilton K, Milligan R, Pearce O, Knezevic L, Morales Aza B, Milne A, Milodowski E, Jones E, Lazarus R, Goenka A, Finn A, Maskell N, Davidson AD, Gillespie K, Wooldridge L, Rivino L. Prolonged T-cell activation and long COVID symptoms independently associate with severe COVID-19 at 3 months. eLife 2023; 12:e85009. [PMID: 37310006 PMCID: PMC10319436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) causes immune perturbations which may persist long term, and patients frequently report ongoing symptoms for months after recovery. We assessed immune activation at 3-12 months post hospital admission in 187 samples from 63 patients with mild, moderate, or severe disease and investigated whether it associates with long COVID. At 3 months, patients with severe disease displayed persistent activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, based on expression of HLA-DR, CD38, Ki67, and granzyme B, and elevated plasma levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-7, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) compared to mild and/or moderate patients. Plasma from severe patients at 3 months caused T-cells from healthy donors to upregulate IL-15Rα, suggesting that plasma factors in severe patients may increase T-cell responsiveness to IL-15-driven bystander activation. Patients with severe disease reported a higher number of long COVID symptoms which did not however correlate with cellular immune activation/pro-inflammatory cytokines after adjusting for age, sex, and disease severity. Our data suggests that long COVID and persistent immune activation may correlate independently with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Santopaolo
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Michaela Gregorova
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Fergus Hamilton
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS TrustBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - David Arnold
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS TrustBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Long
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Aurora Lacey
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Alice Halliday
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Holly Baum
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristy Hamilton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel Milligan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Olivia Pearce
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Lea Knezevic
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Begonia Morales Aza
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Alice Milne
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS TrustBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Emily Milodowski
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Eben Jones
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Rajeka Lazarus
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Anu Goenka
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bristol Royal Hospital for ChildrenBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Adam Finn
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bristol Royal Hospital for ChildrenBristolUnited Kingdom
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Maskell
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS TrustBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Gillespie
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Rivino
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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106
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Taus E, Shino MY, Ibarrondo FJ, Hausner MA, Hofmann C, Yang OO. Predominantly defective CD8 + T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in lung transplant recipients. J Transl Med 2023; 21:374. [PMID: 37291575 PMCID: PMC10248978 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mRNA vaccines have overall efficacy preventing morbidity/mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection, immunocompromised persons remain at risk. Antibodies mostly prevent early symptomatic infection, but cellular immunity, particularly the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response, is protective against disease. Defects in T cell responses to vaccination have not been well characterized in immunocompromised hosts; persons with lung transplantation are particularly vulnerable to vaccine failure with severe illness. METHODS Comparison groups included persons with lung transplantation and no history of COVID-19 (21 and 19 persons after initial mRNA vaccination and a third booster vaccination respectively), 8 lung transplantation participants recovered from COVID-19, and 22 non-immunocompromised healthy control individuals after initial mRNA vaccination (without history of COVID-19). Anti-spike T cell responses were assayed by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with pooled small overlapping peptides spanning the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, followed by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and flow cytometry for release of cytokines in response to stimulation, including negative controls (no peptide stimulation) and positive controls (phorbol myristate acetate [PMA] and ionomycin stimulation). To evaluate for low frequency memory responses, PBMCs were cultured in the presence of the mRNA-1273 vaccine for 14 days before this evaluation. RESULTS Ionophore stimulation of PBMCs revealed a less inflammatory milieu in terms of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10 profiling in lung transplantation individuals, reflecting the effect of immunosuppressive treatments. Similar to what we previously reported in healthy vaccinees, spike-specific responses in lung transplantation recipients were undetectable (< 0.01%) when tested 2 weeks after vaccination or later, but were detectable after in vitro culture of PBMCs with mRNA-1273 vaccine to enrich memory T cell responses. This was also seen in COVID-19-recovered lung transplantation recipients. Comparison of their enriched memory responses to controls revealed relatively similar CD4+ T cell memory, but markedly reduced CD8+ T cell memory both after primary vaccination or a booster dose. These responses were not correlated to age or time after transplantation. The vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ responses correlated well in the healthy control group, but poorly in the transplantation groups. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a specific defect in CD8+ T cells, which have key roles both in transplanted organ rejection but also antiviral effector responses. Overcoming this defect will require strategies to enhance vaccine immunogenicity in immunocompromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Y Shino
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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107
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Kim WJ, Roberts CC, Song JY, Yoon JG, Seong H, Hyun HJ, Lee H, Gil A, Oh Y, Park JE, Lee JE, Jeon B, Kane D, Spruill S, Kudchodkar SB, Muthumani K, Park YK, Kwon I, Maslow JN. Immune response enhancement with GLS-5310 DNA primary vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 followed by administration of an mRNA vaccine heterologous boost. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00683-7. [PMID: 37296017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous boost regimens are being increasingly considered against SARS-CoV-2. We report results for the 32 of 45 participants in the Phase 1 CoV2-001 clinical trial (Kim et al., Int J Iinfect Dis 2023, 128:112-120) who elected to receive an EUA-approved SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine 6 to 8 months following a two-dose primary vaccination with the GLS-5310 bi-cistronic DNA vaccine given intradermally and followed by application of suction using the GeneDerm device. Receipt of EUA-approved mRNA vaccines after GLS-5310 vaccination was well-tolerated, with no reported adverse events. Immune responses were enhanced such that binding antibody titers, neutralizing antibody titers, and T-cell responses increased 1,187-fold, 110-fold, and 2.9-fold, respectively. This paper is the first description of the immune responses following heterologous vaccination with a DNA primary series and mRNA boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gu Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jun Hyun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Lee
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Gil
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Oh
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Jeon
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deborah Kane
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan Spruill
- Applied Statistics and Consulting, Spruce Pine, NC, USA
| | | | - Kar Muthumani
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young K Park
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ijoo Kwon
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joel N Maslow
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA.
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108
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Seo YB, Ko A, Shin D, Kim J, Suh YS, Na J, Ryu JI, Lee S, Oh MJ, Sung YC. Potentiating the Cross-Reactive IFN-γ T Cell and Polyfunctional T Cell Responses by Heterologous GX-19N DNA Booster in Mice Primed with Either a COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine or Inactivated Vaccine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119753. [PMID: 37298704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Waning vaccine-induced immunity, coupled with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, has inspired the widespread implementation of COVID-19 booster vaccinations. Here, we evaluated the potential of the GX-19N DNA vaccine as a heterologous booster to enhance the protective immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in mice primed with either an inactivated virus particle (VP) or an mRNA vaccine. We found that in the VP-primed condition, GX-19N enhanced the response of both vaccine-specific antibodies and cross-reactive T Cells to the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC), compared to the homologous VP vaccine prime-boost. Under the mRNA-primed condition, GX-19N induced higher vaccine-induced T Cell responses but lower antibody responses than the homologous mRNA vaccine prime-boost. Furthermore, the heterologous GX-19N boost induced higher S-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses than the homologous VP or mRNA prime-boost vaccinations. Our results provide new insights into booster vaccination strategies for the management of novel COVID-19 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Bok Seo
- Research Institute, SL VaxiGen Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Ko
- Research Institute, SL VaxiGen Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Duckhyang Shin
- Research Institute, Genexine Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Research Institute, SL VaxiGen Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - You Suk Suh
- Research Institute, Genexine Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Na
- Research Institute, Genexine Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji In Ryu
- Research Institute, SL VaxiGen Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Lee
- Research Institute, SL VaxiGen Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Oh
- Research Institute, SL VaxiGen Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Sung
- Research Institute, Genexine Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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109
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Johnson SA, Phillips E, Adele S, Longet S, Malone T, Mason C, Stafford L, Jamsen A, Gardiner S, Deeks A, Neo J, Blurton EJ, White J, Ali M, Kronsteiner B, Wilson JD, Skelly DT, Jeffery K, Conlon CP, Goulder P, Consortium PITCH, Carroll M, Barnes E, Klenerman P, Dunachie SJ. Evaluation of QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 interferon-γ release assay following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:249-261. [PMID: 36807499 PMCID: PMC10243914 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are important in preventing severe disease from SARS-CoV-2, but scalable and field-adaptable alternatives to expert T-cell assays are needed. The interferon-gamma release assay QuantiFERON platform was developed to detect T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 from whole blood with relatively basic equipment and flexibility of processing timelines. Forty-eight participants with different infection and vaccination backgrounds were recruited. Whole blood samples were analysed using the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay in parallel with the well-established 'Protective Immunity from T Cells in Healthcare workers' (PITCH) ELISpot, which can evaluate spike-specific T-cell responses. The primary aims of this cross-sectional observational cohort study were to establish if the QuantiFERON SARS-Co-V-2 assay could discern differences between specified groups and to assess the sensitivity of the assay compared with the PITCH ELISpot. The QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 distinguished acutely infected individuals (12-21 days post positive PCR) from naïve individuals (P < 0.0001) with 100% sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 T cells, whilst the PITCH ELISpot had reduced sensitivity (62.5%) for the acute infection group. Sensitivity with QuantiFERON for previous infection was 12.5% (172-444 days post positive test) and was inferior to the PITCH ELISpot (75%). Although the QuantiFERON assay could discern differences between unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals (55-166 days since second vaccination), the latter also had reduced sensitivity (44.4%) compared to the PITCH ELISpot (66.6%). The QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay showed potential as a T- cell evaluation tool soon after SARS-CoV-2 infection but has lower sensitivity for use in reliable evaluation of vaccination or more distant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Síle A Johnson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University of Oxford Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Eloise Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Adele
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Malone
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Mason
- University of Oxford Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lizzie Stafford
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anni Jamsen
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Siobhan Gardiner
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra Deeks
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janice Neo
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Emily J Blurton
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Jemima White
- University of Oxford Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Muhammed Ali
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph D Wilson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dónal T Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher P Conlon
- Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - PITCH Consortium
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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110
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Duette G, Lee E, Martins Costa Gomes G, Tungatt K, Doyle C, Stylianou VV, Lee A, Maddocks S, Taylor J, Khanna R, Bull RA, Martinello M, Sandgren KJ, Cunningham AL, Palmer S. Highly Networked SARS-CoV-2 Peptides Elicit T Cell Responses with Enhanced Specificity. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:508-527. [PMID: 37358499 PMCID: PMC10580120 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell epitope-derived peptides is critical for the development of effective vaccines and measuring the duration of specific SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity. In this regard, we previously identified T cell epitope-derived peptides within topologically and structurally essential regions of SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins by applying an immunoinformatics pipeline. In this study, we selected 30 spike- and nucleocapsid-derived peptides and assessed whether these peptides induce T cell responses and avoid major mutations found in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Our peptide pool was highly specific, with only a single peptide driving cross-reactivity in people unexposed to SARS-COV-2, and immunogenic, inducing a polyfunctional response in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from COVID-19 recovered individuals. All peptides were immunogenic and individuals recognized broad and diverse peptide repertoires. Moreover, our peptides avoided most mutations/deletions associated with all four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern while retaining their physicochemical properties even when genetic changes are introduced. This study contributes to an evolving definition of individual CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes that can be used for specific diagnostic tools for SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses and is relevant to the development of variant-resistant and durable T cell-stimulating vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Duette
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eunok Lee
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Katie Tungatt
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chloe Doyle
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vicki V. Stylianou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashley Lee
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Maddocks
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janette Taylor
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rowena A. Bull
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marianne Martinello
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Blacktown & Mount Druitt Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrie J. Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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111
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Postovskaya A, Vujkovic A, de Block T, van Petersen L, van Frankenhuijsen M, Brosius I, Bottieau E, Van Dijck C, Theunissen C, van Ierssel SH, Vlieghe E, Bartholomeus E, Mullan K, Adriaensen W, Vanham G, Ogunjimi B, Laukens K, Vercauteren K, Meysman P. Leveraging T-cell receptor - epitope recognition models to disentangle unique and cross-reactive T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 during COVID-19 progression/resolution. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130876. [PMID: 37325653 PMCID: PMC10264683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the general agreement on the significance of T cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection, the clinical impact of specific and cross-reactive T-cell responses remains uncertain. Understanding this aspect could provide insights for adjusting vaccines and maintaining robust long-term protection against continuously emerging variants. To characterize CD8+ T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes unique to the virus (SC2-unique) or shared with other coronaviruses (CoV-common), we trained a large number of T-cell receptor (TCR) - epitope recognition models for MHC-I-presented SARS-CoV-2 epitopes from publicly available data. These models were then applied to longitudinal CD8+ TCR repertoires from critical and non-critical COVID-19 patients. In spite of comparable initial CoV-common TCR repertoire depth and CD8+ T-cell depletion, the temporal dynamics of SC2-unique TCRs differed depending on the disease severity. Specifically, while non-critical patients demonstrated a large and diverse SC2-unique TCR repertoire by the second week of the disease, critical patients did not. Furthermore, only non-critical patients exhibited redundancy in the CD8+ T-cell response to both groups of epitopes, SC2-unique and CoV-common. These findings indicate a valuable contribution of the SC2-unique CD8+ TCR repertoires. Therefore, a combination of specific and cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses may offer a stronger clinical advantage. Besides tracking the specific and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cells in any TCR repertoire, our analytical framework can be expanded to more epitopes and assist in the assessment and monitoring of CD8+ T-cell response to other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Postovskaya
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Vujkovic
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tessa de Block
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lida van Petersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel Brosius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline Theunissen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sabrina H. van Ierssel
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erika Vlieghe
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kerry Mullan
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Adriaensen
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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112
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Mohandas S, Jagannathan P, Henrich TJ, Sherif ZA, Bime C, Quinlan E, Portman MA, Gennaro M, Rehman J. Immune mechanisms underlying COVID-19 pathology and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). eLife 2023; 12:e86014. [PMID: 37233729 PMCID: PMC10219649 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With a global tally of more than 500 million cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections to date, there are growing concerns about the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID. Recent studies suggest that exaggerated immune responses are key determinants of the severity and outcomes of the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as subsequent PASC. The complexity of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the acute and post-acute period requires in-depth mechanistic analyses to identify specific molecular signals as well as specific immune cell populations which promote PASC pathogenesis. In this review, we examine the current literature on mechanisms of immune dysregulation in severe COVID-19 and the limited emerging data on the immunopathology of PASC. While the acute and post-acute phases may share some parallel mechanisms of immunopathology, it is likely that PASC immunopathology is quite distinct and heterogeneous, thus requiring large-scale longitudinal analyses in patients with and without PASC after an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. By outlining the knowledge gaps in the immunopathology of PASC, we hope to provide avenues for novel research directions that will ultimately lead to precision therapies which restore healthy immune function in PASC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Mohandas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Zaki A Sherif
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Howard University College of MedicineWashingtonUnited States
| | - Christian Bime
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonUnited States
| | - Erin Quinlan
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Michael A Portman
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Marila Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkUnited States
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, College of MedicineChicagoUnited States
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113
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Arieta CM, Xie YJ, Rothenberg DA, Diao H, Harjanto D, Meda S, Marquart K, Koenitzer B, Sciuto TE, Lobo A, Zuiani A, Krumm SA, Cadima Couto CI, Hein S, Heinen AP, Ziegenhals T, Liu-Lupo Y, Vogel AB, Srouji JR, Fesser S, Thanki K, Walzer K, Addona TA, Türeci Ö, Şahin U, Gaynor RB, Poran A. The T-cell-directed vaccine BNT162b4 encoding conserved non-spike antigens protects animals from severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell 2023; 186:2392-2409.e21. [PMID: 37164012 PMCID: PMC10099181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses play an important role in protection against beta-coronavirus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, where they associate with decreased COVID-19 disease severity and duration. To enhance T cell immunity across epitopes infrequently altered in SARS-CoV-2 variants, we designed BNT162b4, an mRNA vaccine component that is intended to be combined with BNT162b2, the spike-protein-encoding vaccine. BNT162b4 encodes variant-conserved, immunogenic segments of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid, membrane, and ORF1ab proteins, targeting diverse HLA alleles. BNT162b4 elicits polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to diverse epitopes in animal models, alone or when co-administered with BNT162b2 while preserving spike-specific immunity. Importantly, we demonstrate that BNT162b4 protects hamsters from severe disease and reduces viral titers following challenge with viral variants. These data suggest that a combination of BNT162b2 and BNT162b4 could reduce COVID-19 disease severity and duration caused by circulating or future variants. BNT162b4 is currently being clinically evaluated in combination with the BA.4/BA.5 Omicron-updated bivalent BNT162b2 (NCT05541861).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yushu Joy Xie
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Huitian Diao
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dewi Harjanto
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shirisha Meda
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Zuiani
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John R Srouji
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Özlem Türeci
- BioNTech SE, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany; HI-TRON - Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz by DKFZ, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Uğur Şahin
- BioNTech SE, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany; TRON gGmbH - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Asaf Poran
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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114
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Grifoni A, Alonzi T, Alter G, Noonan DM, Landay AL, Albini A, Goletti D. Impact of aging on immunity in the context of COVID-19, HIV, and tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146704. [PMID: 37292210 PMCID: PMC10246744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of aging biology needs to be expanded due to the continuously growing number of elderly people worldwide. Aging induces changes that affect all systems of the body. The risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer increases with age. In particular, the age-induced adaptation of the immune system causes a greater susceptibility to infections and contributes to the inability to control pathogen growth and immune-mediated tissue damage. Since the impact of aging on immune function, is still to be fully elucidated, this review addresses some of the recent understanding of age-related changes affecting key components of immunity. The emphasis is on immunosenescence and inflammaging that are impacted by common infectious diseases that are characterized by a high mortality, and includes COVID-19, HIV and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tonino Alonzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Douglas McClain Noonan
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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115
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Cortese P, Amato F, Davino A, De Franchis R, Esposito S, Zollo I, Di Domenico M, Solito E, Zarrilli F, Gentile L, Cernera G, Castaldo G. The Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in a Cohort of Family Pediatricians from Southern Italy. Cells 2023; 12:1447. [PMID: 37296568 PMCID: PMC10252549 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In Italy, from January 2021, the Ministry of Health indicated a vaccination plan against COVID for frail patients and physicians based on a three-dose scheme. However, conflicting results have been reported on which biomarkers permit immunization assessment. We used several laboratory approaches (i.e., antibodies serum levels, flow cytometry analysis, and cytokines release by stimulated cells) to investigate the immune response in a cohort of 53 family pediatricians (FPs) at different times after the vaccine. We observed that the BNT162b2-mRNA vaccine induced a significant increase of specific antibodies after the third (booster) dose; however, the antibody titer was not predictive of the risk of developing the infection in the six months following the booster dose. The antigen stimulation of PBMC cells from subjects vaccinated with the third booster jab induced the increase of the activated T cells (i.e., CD4+ CD154+); the frequency of CD4+ CD154+ TNF-α+ cells, as well as the TNF-α secretion, was not modified, while we observed a trend of increase of IFN-γ secretion. Interestingly, the level of CD8+ IFN-γ+ (independently from antibody titer) was significantly increased after the third dose and predicts the risk of developing the infection in the six months following the booster jab. Such results may impact also other virus vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cortese
- Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri (FIMP), 80142 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (A.D.); (R.D.F.)
| | - Felice Amato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.A.); (I.Z.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Scarl, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.E.); (L.G.)
| | - Antonio Davino
- Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri (FIMP), 80142 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (A.D.); (R.D.F.)
| | - Raffaella De Franchis
- Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri (FIMP), 80142 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (A.D.); (R.D.F.)
| | - Speranza Esposito
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Scarl, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.E.); (L.G.)
| | - Immacolata Zollo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.A.); (I.Z.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Scarl, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.E.); (L.G.)
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Egle Solito
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary Univesity, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Federica Zarrilli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.A.); (I.Z.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Scarl, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.E.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Gentile
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Scarl, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.E.); (L.G.)
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.A.); (I.Z.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Scarl, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.E.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.A.); (I.Z.); (F.Z.); (G.C.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Scarl, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.E.); (L.G.)
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Alicandro G, Orena BS, Rosazza C, Cariani L, Russo M, Zatelli M, Badolato R, Gramegna A, Blasi F, Daccò V. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in people with cystic fibrosis. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00590-X. [PMID: 37263872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) were considered to be clinically vulnerable to COVID-19 and were therefore given priority in the vaccination campaign. Vaccines induced a humoral response in these patients that was comparable to the response observed among the general population. However, the role of the cell-mediated immune response in providing long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 in pwCF has not yet been defined. In this study, humoral (antibody titre) and cell-mediated immune responses (interferon-γ release) to the BNT162b2 vaccine were measured at different time points, from around 6-8 months after the 2nd dose and up to 8 months after the 3rd dose, in 118 CF patients and 26 non-CF subjects. Subjects were sampled between November 2021 and September 2022 and followed-up for breakthrough infection through October 2022. pwCF mounted a cell-mediated response that was similar to that observed in non-CF subjects. Low antibody titres (<1st quartile) were associated with a higher risk of breakthrough infection (HR: 2.39, 95 % CI: 1.17-4.88), while there was no significant association with low INF-γ levels (<0.3 IU/mL) (HR: 1.38, 95 % CI: 0.64-2.99). Further studies are needed in subgroup of pwCF receiving immunosuppressive therapy, such as organ transplant recipients. This data is important for tailoring vaccination strategies for this clinically vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alicandro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - B S Orena
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Microbiology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - C Rosazza
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - L Cariani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Microbiology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - M Russo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - M Zatelli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Microbiology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - R Badolato
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Gramegna
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy
| | - F Blasi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy
| | - V Daccò
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Milan, Italy.
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117
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Catherine C, Veitinger J, Chou SHY. COVID-19 and Cerebrovascular Disease. Semin Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37216977 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has been associated with numerous neurological complications, with acute cerebrovascular disease being one of the most devastating complications. Ischemic stroke is the most common cerebrovascular complication of COVID-19, affecting between 1 and 6% of all patients. Underlying mechanisms for COVID-related ischemic strokes are thought to be due to vasculopathy, endotheliopathy, direct invasion of the arterial wall, and platelet activation. Other COVID-19-associated cerebrovascular complications include hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral microbleeds, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. This article discusses the incidence of these cerebrovascular complications, risk factors, management strategies, prognosis and future research directions, as well as considerations in pregnancy-related cerebrovascular events in the setting of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Catherine
- Department of Neurology, UPMC Altoona Regional Hospital, Altoona, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia Veitinger
- Division of Neurocritical Care, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sherry H-Y Chou
- Division of Neurocritical Care, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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118
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Gray-Gaillard SL, Solis S, Chen HM, Monteiro C, Ciabattoni G, Samanovic MI, Cornelius AR, Williams T, Geesey E, Rodriguez M, Ortigoza MB, Ivanova EN, Koralov SB, Mulligan MJ, Herati RS. Inflammation durably imprints memory CD4+ T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.11.15.516351. [PMID: 36415470 PMCID: PMC9681040 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.15.516351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are induced by vaccination and infection, yet little is known about how CD4+ T cell memory differs when primed in these two contexts. Notably, viral infection is generally associated with higher levels of systemic inflammation than is vaccination. To assess whether the inflammatory milieu at the time of CD4+ T cell priming has long-term effects on memory, we compared Spike-specific memory CD4+ T cells in 22 individuals around the time of the participants' third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, with stratification by whether the participants' first exposure to Spike was via virus or mRNA vaccine. Multimodal single-cell profiling of Spike-specific CD4+ T cells revealed 755 differentially expressed genes that distinguished infection- and vaccine-primed memory CD4+ T cells. Spike-specific CD4+ T cells from infection-primed individuals had strong enrichment for cytotoxicity and interferon signaling genes, whereas Spike-specific CD4+ T cells from vaccine-primed individuals were enriched for proliferative pathways by gene set enrichment analysis. Moreover, Spike-specific memory CD4+ T cells established by infection had distinct epigenetic landscapes driven by enrichment of IRF-family transcription factors, relative to T cells established by mRNA vaccination. This transcriptional imprint was minimally altered following subsequent mRNA vaccination or breakthrough infection, reflecting the strong bias induced by the inflammatory environment during initial memory differentiation. Together, these data suggest that the inflammatory context during CD4+ T cell priming is durably imprinted in the memory state at transcriptional and epigenetic levels, which has implications for personalization of vaccination based on prior infection history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Solis
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Han M. Chen
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Clarice Monteiro
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace Ciabattoni
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie I. Samanovic
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Amber R. Cornelius
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Tijaana Williams
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Emilie Geesey
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Mila Brum Ortigoza
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellie N. Ivanova
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramin Sedaghat Herati
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
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119
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Afkhami S, Kang A, Jeyanathan V, Xing Z, Jeyanathan M. Adenoviral-vectored next-generation respiratory mucosal vaccines against COVID-19. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101334. [PMID: 37276833 PMCID: PMC10172971 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The world is in need of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. Although first-generation injectable COVID-19 vaccines continue to be critical tools in controlling the current global health crisis, continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern has eroded the efficacy of these vaccines, leading to staggering breakthrough infections and posing threats to poor vaccine responders. This is partly because the humoral and T-cell responses generated following intramuscular injection of spike-centric monovalent vaccines are mostly confined to the periphery, failing to either access or be maintained at the portal of infection, the respiratory mucosa (RM). In contrast, respiratory mucosal-delivered vaccine can induce immunity encompassing humoral, cellular, and trained innate immunity positioned at the respiratory mucosa that may act quickly to prevent the establishment of an infection. Viral vectors, especially adenoviruses, represent the most promising platform for RM delivery that can be designed to express both structural and nonstructural antigens of SARS-CoV-2. Boosting RM immunity via the respiratory route using multivalent adenoviral-vectored vaccines would be a viable next-generation vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alisha Kang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Vidthiya Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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120
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Guo L, Lin S, Chen Z, Cao Y, He B, Lu G. Targetable elements in SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunit for the design of pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitors and vaccines. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:197. [PMID: 37164987 PMCID: PMC10170451 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused devastating impacts on the public health and the global economy. Rapid viral antigenic evolution has led to the continual generation of new variants. Of special note is the recently expanding Omicron subvariants that are capable of immune evasion from most of the existing neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). This has posed new challenges for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, exploring broad-spectrum antiviral agents to combat the emerging variants is imperative. In sharp contrast to the massive accumulation of mutations within the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), the S2 fusion subunit has remained highly conserved among variants. Hence, S2-based therapeutics may provide effective cross-protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we summarize the most recently developed broad-spectrum fusion inhibitors (e.g., nAbs, peptides, proteins, and small-molecule compounds) and candidate vaccines targeting the conserved elements in SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunit. The main focus includes all the targetable S2 elements, namely, the fusion peptide, stem helix, and heptad repeats 1 and 2 (HR1-HR2) bundle. Moreover, we provide a detailed summary of the characteristics and action-mechanisms for each class of cross-reactive fusion inhibitors, which should guide and promote future design of S2-based inhibitors and vaccines against new coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zimin Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Disaster Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Guangwen Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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121
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Yamamoto S, Matsuda K, Maeda K, Oshiro Y, Inamura N, Mizoue T, Konishi M, Takeuchi JS, Horii K, Ozeki M, Sugiyama H, Mitsuya H, Sugiura W, Ohmagari N. Omicron BA.1 neutralizing antibody response following Delta breakthrough infection compared with booster vaccination of BNT162b2. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:282. [PMID: 37142992 PMCID: PMC10157119 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal data are lacking to compare booster effects of Delta breakthrough infection versus third vaccine dose on neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against Omicron. METHODS Participants were the staff of a national research and medical institution in Tokyo who attended serological surveys on June 2021 (baseline) and December 2021 (follow-up); in between, the Delta-dominant epidemic occurred. Of 844 participants who were infection-naïve and had received two doses of BNT162b2 at baseline, we identified 11 breakthrough infections during follow-up. One control matched to each case was selected from boosted and unboosted individuals. We compared live-virus NAb against Wild-type, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 across groups. RESULTS Breakthrough infection cases showed marked increases in NAb titers against Wild-type (4.1-fold) and Delta (5.5-fold), and 64% had detectable NAb against Omicron BA.1 at follow-up, although the NAb against Omicron after breakthrough infection was 6.7- and 5.2-fold lower than Wild-type and Delta, respectively. The increase was apparent only in symptomatic cases and as high as in the third vaccine recipients. CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic Delta breakthrough infection increased NAb against Wild-type, Delta, and Omicron BA.1, similar to the third vaccine. Given the much lower NAb against Omicron BA.1, infection prevention measures must be continued irrespective of vaccine and infection history while the immune evasive variants are circulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamamoto
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oshiro
- Department of Laboratory Testing, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Inamura
- Department of Laboratory Testing, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Maki Konishi
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Junko S Takeuchi
- Department of Academic-Industrial Partnerships Promotion, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Horii
- Infection Control Office, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ozeki
- Department of Laboratory Testing, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhito Sugiyama
- Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Sugiura
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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122
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Reder AT, Stuve O, Tankou SK, Leist TP. T cell responses to COVID-19 infection and vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis receiving disease-modifying therapy. Mult Scler 2023; 29:648-656. [PMID: 36440826 PMCID: PMC9708532 DOI: 10.1177/13524585221134216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder marked by accumulating immune-mediated damage to the central nervous system. The dysregulated immune system in MS combined with immune effects of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used in MS treatment could alter responses to infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most of the literature on immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination, in both the general population and patients with MS on DMTs, has focused on humoral immunity. However, immune response to COVID-19 involves multiple lines of defense, including T cells. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We review innate and adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and expand on the role of T cells in mediating protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection and in responses to COVID-19 vaccination in MS. RESULTS Innate, humoral, and T cell immune responses combat COVID-19 and generate protective immunity. Assays detecting cytokine expression by T cells show an association between SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses and milder/asymptomatic COVID-19 and protective immune memory. CONCLUSION Studies of COVID-19 immunity in people with MS on DMTs should ideally include comprehensive assessment of innate, humoral, and T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Reder
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medicine,
Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern
Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas VA Medical
Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Thomas P Leist
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
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123
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Wing PAC, Schmidt NM, Peters R, Erdmann M, Brown R, Wang H, Swadling L, Newman J, Thakur N, Shionoya K, Morgan SB, Hinks TSC, Watashi K, Bailey D, Hansen SB, Davidson AD, Maini MK, McKeating JA. An ACAT inhibitor suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and boosts antiviral T cell activity. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011323. [PMID: 37134108 PMCID: PMC10202285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of disease following infection with SARS-CoV-2 is determined by viral replication kinetics and host immunity, with early T cell responses and/or suppression of viraemia driving a favourable outcome. Recent studies uncovered a role for cholesterol metabolism in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and in T cell function. Here we show that blockade of the enzyme Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with Avasimibe inhibits SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticle infection and disrupts the association of ACE2 and GM1 lipid rafts on the cell membrane, perturbing viral attachment. Imaging SARS-CoV-2 RNAs at the single cell level using a viral replicon model identifies the capacity of Avasimibe to limit the establishment of replication complexes required for RNA replication. Genetic studies to transiently silence or overexpress ACAT isoforms confirmed a role for ACAT in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, Avasimibe boosts the expansion of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells from the blood of patients sampled during the acute phase of infection. Thus, re-purposing of ACAT inhibitors provides a compelling therapeutic strategy for the treatment of COVID-19 to achieve both antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Trial registration: NCT04318314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. C. Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie M. Schmidt
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Peters
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Erdmann
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Brown
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kaho Shionoya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Centre for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sophie B. Morgan
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy SC Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Centre for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Scott B. Hansen
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Murray SM, Ansari AM, Frater J, Klenerman P, Dunachie S, Barnes E, Ogbe A. The impact of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity on SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:304-316. [PMID: 36539527 PMCID: PMC9765363 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pre-existing cross-reactive immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins in infection-naive subjects have been described by several studies. In particular, regions of high homology between SARS-CoV-2 and common cold coronaviruses have been highlighted as a likely source of this cross-reactivity. However, the role of such cross-reactive responses in the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination is currently unclear. Here, we review evidence regarding the impact of pre-existing humoral and T cell immune responses to outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of conserved coronavirus epitopes for the rational design of pan-coronavirus vaccines and consider cross-reactivity of immune responses to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as their impact on COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Azim M Ansari
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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125
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Moriyama M, Lucas C, Monteiro V, Iwasaki A. Enhanced inhibition of MHC-I expression by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221652120. [PMID: 37036977 PMCID: PMC10120007 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221652120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) possess mutations that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies within the Spike protein and are associated with breakthrough infection and reinfection. By contrast, less is known about the escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity by VOC. Here, we demonstrated that all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs possess the ability to suppress major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression. We identified several viral genes that contribute to the suppression of MHC I expression. Notably, MHC-I upregulation was strongly inhibited after SARS-CoV-2 but not influenza virus infection in vivo. While earlier VOCs possess similar capacity as the ancestral strain to suppress MHC-I, the Omicron subvariants exhibited a greater ability to suppress surface MHC-I expression. We identified a common mutation in the E protein of Omicron that further suppressed MHC-I expression. Collectively, our data suggest that in addition to escaping from neutralizing antibodies, the success of Omicron subvariants to cause breakthrough infection and reinfection may in part be due to its optimized evasion from T cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Moriyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | | | | | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New HavenCT06520
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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126
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Sunagar R, Singh A, Kumar S. SARS-CoV-2: Immunity, Challenges with Current Vaccines, and a Novel Perspective on Mucosal Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040849. [PMID: 37112761 PMCID: PMC10143972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has played a critical role in reducing pandemic spread, disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, the first-generation vaccines failed to block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission, partially due to the limited induction of mucosal immunity, leading to the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC) and breakthrough infections. To meet the challenges from VOC, limited durability, and lack of mucosal immune response of first-generation vaccines, novel approaches are being investigated. Herein, we have discussed the current knowledge pertaining to natural and vaccine-induced immunity, and the role of the mucosal immune response in controlling SARS-CoV2 infection. We have also presented the current status of the novel approaches aimed at eliciting both mucosal and systemic immunity. Finally, we have presented a novel adjuvant-free approach to elicit effective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which lacks the safety concerns associated with live-attenuated vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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127
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Cortés-Sarabia K, Palomares-Monterrubio KH, Velázquez-Moreno JO, Luna-Pineda VM, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Vences-Velázquez A, Dircio-Maldonado R, Del Moral-Hernández O, Illades-Aguiar B. Seroprevalence of IgG and Subclasses against the Nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2 in Health Workers. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040955. [PMID: 37112935 PMCID: PMC10141201 DOI: 10.3390/v15040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 participates in viral replication, transcription, and assembly. Antibodies against this protein have been proposed for the epidemiological analysis of the seroprevalence of COVID-19 associated with natural infection by SARS-CoV-2. Health workers were one of the most exposed populations, and some had an asymptomatic form of the disease, so detecting IgG antibodies and subclasses against the N protein can help to reclassify their epidemiological status and obtain information about the effector mechanisms associated with viral elimination. METHODS In this study, we analyzed 253 serum samples collected in 2021 and derived from health workers, and evaluated the presence of total IgG and subclasses against the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 by indirect ELISA. RESULTS From the analyzed samples, 42.69% were positive to anti-N IgG antibodies. A correlation between COVID-19 asymptomatic infection and IgG antibodies was observed (p = 0.006). The detected subclasses were: IgG1 (82.4%), IgG2 (75.9%), IgG3 (42.6%), and IgG4 (72.6%). CONCLUSIONS This work provides evidence about the high seroprevalence of total IgG and subclasses of anti-N and their relations with the asymptomatic infection of SARS-CoV-2 and related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico
| | - Kenet Hisraim Palomares-Monterrubio
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico
| | - Jesús Omar Velázquez-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Luna-Pineda
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico
| | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico
| | - Roberto Dircio-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico
| | - Oscar Del Moral-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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128
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Trzaskowski M, Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek A, Trzciński JW, Drozd M, Podgórski R, Zabost A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E. Portable Surface Plasmon Resonance Detector for COVID-19 Infection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3946. [PMID: 37112287 PMCID: PMC10144119 DOI: 10.3390/s23083946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Methods based on nucleic acid detection are currently the most commonly used technique in COVID-19 diagnostics. Although generally considered adequate, these methods are characterised by quite a long time-to-result and the necessity to prepare the material taken from the examined person-RNA isolation. For this reason, new detection methods are being sought, especially those characterised by the high speed of the analysis process from the moment of sampling to the result. Currently, serological methods of detecting antibodies against the virus in the patient's blood plasma have attracted much attention. Although they are less precise in determining the current infection, such methods shorten the analysis time to several minutes, making it possible to consider them a promising method for screening tests in people with suspected infection. The described study investigated the feasibility of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based detection system for on-site COVID-19 diagnostics. A simple-to-use portable device was proposed for the fast detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human plasma. SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative patient blood plasma samples were investigated and compared with the ELISA test. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 was selected as a binding molecule for the study. Then, the process of antibody detection using this peptide was examined under laboratory conditions on a commercially available SPR device. The portable device was prepared and tested on plasma samples from humans. The results were compared with those obtained in the same patients using the reference diagnostic method. The detection system is effective in the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 with the detection limit of 40 ng/mL. It was shown that it is a portable device that can correctly examine human plasma samples within a 10 min timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Trzaskowski
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Waldemar Trzciński
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zabost
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Płocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Płocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
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129
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Estephan L, Lin YC, Lin YT, Chen YH, Pan SC, Hsieh SM, Torkehagen PF, Weng YJ, Cheng HY, Estrada JA, Waits A, Chen C, En Lien C. Safety and immunogenicity of homologous versus heterologous booster dose with AZD1222, mRNA-1273, or MVC-COV1901 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in adults: An observer-blinded, multi-center, phase 2 randomized trial. Vaccine 2023; 41:3497-3505. [PMID: 37080829 PMCID: PMC10090360 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the safety and immunogenicity profile of a protein subunit vaccine (MVC-COV1901) compared to AZD1222 and mRNA-1273 when given as a third (booster) dose to individuals who have completed different primary vaccine regimens. METHODS Individuals were classified according to their primary vaccine regimens, including two-dose MVC-COV1901, AZD1222, or mRNA-1273. A third dose of either half-dose MVC-COV1901, full-dose MVC-COV1901, standard-dose AZD1222, half-dose mRNA-1273 was administered in a 1:1:1:1 treatment ratio to individuals with an interval range of 84-365 days after the second dose. Endpoints included safety, humoral immunogenicity, and cell-mediated immune response on trial days 15 and 29. Exploratory endpoint included testing against variants of concern (Omicron). RESULTS Overall, 803 participants were randomized and boosted - 201 received half-dose MVC-COV1901, 196 received full-dose MVC-COV1901, 203 received AZD1222, and 203 received half-dose mRNA-1273. Reactogenicity was mild to moderate, and less in the MVC-COV1901 booster group. Heterologous boosting provided the best immunogenic response. Boosting with mRNA-1273 in MVC-COV1901 primed individuals induced the highest antibody titers, even against Omicron, and cell-mediated immune response. CONCLUSIONS Overall, MVC-COV1901 as a booster showed the best safety profiles. MVC-COV1901 as a primary series, with either homologous or heterologous booster, elicited the highest immunogenic response. CLINICALTRIALS gov registration NCT05197153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Estephan
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Tsung Lin
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ching Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Min Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Jen Weng
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Alexander Waits
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles Chen
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan; Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Chia En Lien
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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130
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Tada T, Peng JY, Dcosta BM, Landau NR. Single-epitope T cell-based vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a preclinical animal model. JCI Insight 2023; 8:167306. [PMID: 37036004 PMCID: PMC10132166 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines induce humoral and cellular responses to epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, though the relative roles of antibodies and T cells in protection are not well understood. To understand the role of vaccine-elicited T cell responses in protection, we established a T cell-only vaccine using a DC-targeted lentiviral vector expressing single CD8+ T cell epitopes of the viral nucleocapsid, spike, and ORF1. Immunization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice with ex vivo lentiviral vector-transduced DCs or by direct injection of the vector induced the proliferation of functional antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, resulting in a 3-log decrease in virus load upon live virus challenge that was effective against the ancestral virus and Omicron variants. The Pfizer/BNT162b2 vaccine was also protective in mice, but the antibodies elicited did not cross-react on the Omicron variants, suggesting that the protection was mediated by T cells. The studies suggest that the T cell response plays an important role in vaccine protection. The findings suggest that the incorporation of additional T cell epitopes into current vaccines would increase their effectiveness and broaden protection.
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131
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Solforosi L, Costes LMM, Tolboom JTBM, McMahan K, Anioke T, Hope D, Murdza T, Sciacca M, Bouffard E, Barrett J, Wu C, Hachmann N, Miller J, Yu J, He X, Jacob-Dolan C, Huber SKR, Dekking L, Chamanza R, Choi Y, Boer KFD, Barouch DH, Schuitemaker H, Zahn RC, Wegmann F. Booster with Ad26.COV2.S or Omicron-adapted vaccine enhanced immunity and efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in macaques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1944. [PMID: 37029141 PMCID: PMC10080532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron spike (S) encoding vaccines as boosters, are a potential strategy to improve COVID-19 vaccine efficacy against Omicron. Here, macaques (mostly females) previously immunized with Ad26.COV2.S, are boosted with Ad26.COV2.S, Ad26.COV2.S.529 (encoding Omicron BA.1 S) or a 1:1 combination of both vaccines. All booster vaccinations elicit a rapid antibody titers increase against WA1/2020 and Omicron S. Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 antibody responses are most effectively boosted by vaccines including Ad26.COV2.S.529. Independent of vaccine used, mostly WA1/2020-reactive or WA1/2020-Omicron BA.1 cross-reactive B cells are detected. Ad26.COV2.S.529 containing boosters provide only slightly higher protection of the lower respiratory tract against Omicron BA.1 challenge compared with Ad26.COV2.S-only booster. Antibodies and cellular immune responses are identified as complementary correlates of protection. Overall, a booster with an Omicron-spike based vaccine provide only moderately improved immune responses and protection compared with the original Wuhan-Hu-1-spike based vaccine, which still provide robust immune responses and protection against Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea M M Costes
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tochi Anioke
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hope
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela Sciacca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Bouffard
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Barrett
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Wu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Hachmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuan He
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ronnie Chamanza
- Non-Clinical Safety Toxicology/Pathology, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ying Choi
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Roland C Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands.
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The impact of immunomodulating treatment on the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases compared to healthy controls. A Swedish nationwide study (COVID19-REUMA). Vaccine 2023; 41:3247-3257. [PMID: 37076360 PMCID: PMC10070777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To elucidate antibody responses after the second and third dose of COVID-19 vaccine in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) treated with biologic/targeted disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (b/ts DMARDs). Methods Antibody levels to antigens representing spike full length protein and spike S1 were measured before vaccination, 2-12 weeks after the second dose, before and after the third dose using multiplex bead-based serology assay. Positive antibody response was defined as antibody levels over cut off (seropositivity) in seronegative individuals or ≥4-fold increase in antibodies in individuals seropositive for both spike proteins. Results Patients (n=414) receiving b/ts DMARDs (283 had arthritis, 75 systemic vasculitis and 56 other autoimmune diseases) and controls (n=61) from five Swedish regions participated. Treatments groups were: rituximab (n=145); abatacept (n=22); Interleukin 6 receptor inhibitors [IL6i (n=79)]; JAnus Kinase Inhibitors [JAKi (n=58)], Tumour Necrosis Factor inhibitor [TNFi (n=68)] and Interleukin12/23/17 inhibitors [IL12/23/17i (n=42)]. Percentage of patients with positive antibody response after two doses was significantly lower in rituximab (33,8%) and abatacept (40,9%) (p<0,001) but not in IL12/23/17i, TNFi or JAKi groups compared to controls (80,3%). Higher age, rituximab treatment and shorter time between last rituximab course and vaccination predicted impaired antibody response. Antibody levels collected 21-40 weeks after second dose decreased significantly (IL6i: p=0,02; other groups: p<0,001) compared to levels at 2-12 week but most participants remained seropositive. Proportion of patients with positive antibody response increased after third dose but was still significantly lower in rituximab (p<0,001). Conclusions Older individuals and patients on maintenance rituximab have an impaired response after two doses of COVID-19 vaccine which improves if the time between last rituximab course and vaccination extends and also after an additional vaccine dose. Rituximab patients should be prioritized for booster vaccine doses. TNFi, JAKi and IL12/23/17i does not diminished humoral response to primary and an additional vaccination.
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133
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Körber N, Holzmann-Littig C, Wilkens G, Liao BH, Werz ML, Platen L, Cheng CC, Tellenbach M, Kappler V, Lehner V, Mijočević H, Christa C, Assfalg V, Heemann U, Schmaderer C, Protzer U, Braunisch MC, Bauer T, Renders L. Comparable cellular and humoral immunity upon homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens in kidney transplant recipients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172477. [PMID: 37063863 PMCID: PMC10102365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundKidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at high risk for a severe course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); thus, effective vaccination is critical. However, the achievement of protective immunogenicity is hampered by immunosuppressive therapies. We assessed cellular and humoral immunity and breakthrough infection rates in KTRs vaccinated with homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens.MethodWe performed a comparative in-depth analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–specific T-cell responses using multiplex Fluorospot assays and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) between three-times homologously (n = 18) and heterologously (n = 8) vaccinated KTRs.ResultsWe detected SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in 100% of KTRs upon third vaccination, with comparable frequencies, T-cell expression profiles, and relative interferon γ and interleukin 2 production per single cell between homologously and heterologously vaccinated KTRs. SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb positivity rates were significantly higher in heterologously (87.5%) compared to homologously vaccinated (50.0%) KTRs (P < 0.0001), whereas the magnitudes of NAb titers were comparable between both subcohorts after third vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections occurred in equal numbers in homologously (38.9%) and heterologously (37.5%) vaccinated KTRs with mild-to-moderate courses of COVID-19.ConclusionOur data support a more comprehensive assessment of not only humoral but also cellular SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in KTRs to provide an in-depth understanding about the COVID-19 vaccine–induced immune response in a transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Körber
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nina Körber,
| | - Christopher Holzmann-Littig
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich (TUM) Medical Education Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gesa Wilkens
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bo-Hung Liao
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Maia L. Werz
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Louise Platen
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Cho-Chin Cheng
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Tellenbach
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Kappler
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor Lehner
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Assfalg
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Heemann
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias C. Braunisch
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Renders
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
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Evaluation of T cell responses with the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay in individuals with 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 infection, or hybrid immunity. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 106:115948. [PMID: 37094435 PMCID: PMC10060202 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunization may be important for long-lasting protection against severe COVID-19 disease. We investigated cellular immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination with an interferon-γ release assay (QuantiFERON, QFN), in parallel, with humoral immunity assessment. We recruited 41 participants: unvaccinated convalescent children and adults and vaccinated uninfected or vaccinated convalescent adults. All vaccinated adults had received three doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine at 6.2-10.9 months prior to their inclusion to the study. All the unvaccinated participants were tested negative with QFN. Regarding the vaccinated population, 50%(8/16) of the vaccinated uninfected adults and 57.1%(8/14) of the vaccinated convalescent adults were tested positive. QFN did not detect T cellular responses in unvaccinated individuals and in a significant number of vaccinated individuals. Further comparative studies with different immunoassays are required to elucidate whether this is the result of waning immunity or low sensitivity of the assay.
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135
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Harne R, Williams B, Abdelaal HFM, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:245-276. [PMID: 37091818 PMCID: PMC10113164 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to be an enormous global challenge faced by the healthcare sector. Availability of new vaccines and drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 and sequelae of COVID-19 has given the world hope in ending the pandemic. However, the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome every couple of months in different parts of world is a persistent danger to public health. Currently there is no single treatment to eradicate the risk of COVID-19. The widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 due to the Omicron variant necessitates continued work on the development and implementation of effective vaccines. Moreover, there is evidence that mutations in the receptor domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein led to the decrease in current vaccine efficacy by escaping antibody recognition. Therefore, it is essential to actively identify the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 evades the host immune system, study the long-lasting effects of COVID-19 and develop therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and preclinical models. In this review, we describe the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the innate and adaptive host immune responses to infection. We address the ongoing need to develop effective vaccines that provide protection against different variants of SARS-CoV-2, as well as validated endpoint assays to evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines in the pipeline, medications, anti-viral drug therapies and public health measures, that will be required to successfully end the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Harne
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brittany Williams
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hazem F. M. Abdelaal
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Scaramuzzo G, Nucera F, Asmundo A, Messina R, Mari M, Montanaro F, Johansen MD, Monaco F, Fadda G, Tuccari G, Hansbro NG, Hansbro PM, Hansel TT, Adcock IM, David A, Kirkham P, Caramori G, Volta CA, Spadaro S. Cellular and molecular features of COVID-19 associated ARDS: therapeutic relevance. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:11. [PMID: 36941580 PMCID: PMC10027286 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can be asymptomatic or cause a disease (COVID-19) characterized by different levels of severity. The main cause of severe COVID-19 and death is represented by acute (or acute on chronic) respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), often requiring hospital admission and ventilator support.The molecular pathogenesis of COVID-19-related ARDS (by now termed c-ARDS) is still poorly understood. In this review we will discuss the genetic susceptibility to COVID-19, the pathogenesis and the local and systemic biomarkers correlated with c-ARDS and the therapeutic options that target the cell signalling pathways of c-ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Scaramuzzo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Asmundo
- Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Messina
- Intensive Care Unit, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana e dell'Età Evolutiva Gaetano Barresi, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Matilde Mari
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Montanaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Chirurgia Toracica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- Medical Research Council and Asthma, UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio David
- Intensive Care Unit, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana e dell'Età Evolutiva Gaetano Barresi, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paul Kirkham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, West Midlands, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alberto Volta
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Savino Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
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Torres P, Sancho-Saldaña A, Gil Sánchez A, Peralta S, Solana MJ, Bakkioui S, González-Mingot C, Quibus L, Ruiz-Fernández E, San Pedro-Murillo E, Brieva L. A prospective study of cellular immune response to booster COVID-19 vaccination in multiple sclerosis patients treated with a broad spectrum of disease-modifying therapies. J Neurol 2023; 270:2380-2391. [PMID: 36933032 PMCID: PMC10024306 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) are subjected to immunomodulatory disease-modifying treatments (DMTs). As a result, immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations could be compromised. There are few data on cellular immune responses to the use of COVID-19 vaccine boosters in pwMS under a broad spectrum of DMTs. METHODS In this prospective study, we analysed cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccinations in 159 pwMS with DMT, including: ocrelizumab, rituximab, fingolimod, alemtuzumab, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide, natalizumab and cladribine. RESULTS DMTs, and particularly fingolimod, interact with cellular responses to COVID-19 vaccination. One booster dose does not increase cellular immunity any more than two doses, except in the cases of natalizumab and cladribine. SARS-CoV-2 infection combined with two doses of vaccine resulted in a greater cellular immune response, but this was not observed after supplementary booster jabs. Ocrelizumab-treated pwMS who had previously received fingolimod did not develop cellular immunity, even after receiving a booster. The time after MS diagnosis and disability status negatively correlated with cellular immunity in ocrelizumab-treated pwMS in a booster dose cohort. CONCLUSIONS After two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, a high response yield was achieved, except in patients who had received fingolimod. The effects of fingolimod on cellular immunity persisted for more than 2 years after a change to ocrelizumab (which, in contrast, conserved cellular immunity). Our results confirmed the need to find alternative protective measures for fingolimod-treated people and to consider the possible failure to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 when switching from fingolimod to ocrelizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascual Torres
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Agustín Sancho-Saldaña
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Gil Sánchez
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Silvia Peralta
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria José Solana
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sofian Bakkioui
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Cristina González-Mingot
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Laura Quibus
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Emilio Ruiz-Fernández
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Luis Brieva
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL)-IRBLleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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Song Y, Hu H, Xiao K, Huang X, Guo H, Shi Y, Zhao J, Zhu S, Ji T, Xia B, Jiang J, Cao L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu W. A Synthetic SARS-CoV-2-Derived T-Cell and B-Cell Peptide Cocktail Elicits Full Protection against Lethal Omicron BA.1 Infection in H11-K18-hACE2 Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0419422. [PMID: 36912685 PMCID: PMC10100915 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04194-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developing the capacity for immune evasion and resistance to existing vaccines and drugs. To address this, development of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has focused on universality, strong T cell immunity, and rapid production. Synthetic peptide vaccines, which are inexpensive and quick to produce, show low toxicity, and can be selected from the conserved SARS-CoV-2 proteome, are promising candidates. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a synthetic peptide cocktail containing three murine CD4+ T-cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 nonspike proteome and one B-cell epitope from the Omicron BA.1 receptor-binding domain (RBD), along with aluminum phosphate (Al) adjuvant and 5' cytosine-phosphate-guanine 3' oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) adjuvant in mice. The peptide cocktail induced good Th1-biased T-cell responses and effective neutralizing-antibody titers against the Omicron BA.1 variant. Additionally, H11-K18-hACE2 transgenic mice were fully protected against lethal challenge with the BA.1 strain, with a 100% survival rate and reduced pulmonary viral load and pathological lesions. Subcutaneous administration was found to be the superior route for synthetic peptide vaccine delivery. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the peptide cocktail in mice, suggesting the feasibility of synthetic peptide vaccines for humans. IMPORTANCE Current vaccines based on production of neutralizing antibodies fail to prevent the infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and its subvariants. Understanding the critical factors and avoiding the disadvantages of vaccine strategies are essential for developing a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, which would include a more effective and durable cellular response, minimal effects of viral mutations, rapid production against emerging variants, and good safety. Peptide-based vaccines are an excellent alternative because they are inexpensive, quick to produce, and very safe. In addition, human leukocyte antigen T-cell epitopes could be targeted at robust T-cell immunity and selected in the conserved region of the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our study showed that a synthetic SARS-CoV-2-derived peptide cocktail induced full protection against lethal infection with Omicron BA.1 in H11-K18-hACE2 mice for the first time. This could have implications for the development of effective COVID-19 peptide vaccines for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqiao Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghu Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baicheng Xia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Islam Z, Yamamoto S, Mizoue T, Oshiro Y, Inamura N, Konishi M, Ozeki M, Sugiura W, Ohmagari N. Dyslipidemia and SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titres after the second and third doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine among healthcare workers in Japan. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3606. [PMID: 36562447 PMCID: PMC9880627 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the sex-associated differences in the relationship between dyslipidemia and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies among BNT162b2 vaccine recipients. METHODS Participants were staff members (aged 21-75 years) of a medical and research institution who underwent an anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibody test after the second (n = 1872) and third doses (n = 1075) of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Dyslipidemia was defined as triglyceride level ≥150 mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level <40 mg/dl, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level ≥140 mg/dl, or lipid-lowering medication use. Multivariable linear regression was used to calculate the ratio of means for SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titre according to dyslipidemia status. RESULTS The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 38.0% in men and 19.6% in women. The relationship between dyslipidemia and SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titres after the second dose differed markedly by sex (P for interaction <0.001). In men, dyslipidemia was associated with significantly lower IgG titres: the ratio of means (95% confidence interval) was 0.82 (0.72-0.93). However, this association disappeared after the third dose (0.96 [0.78-1.18]). Of the dyslipidemia components, hypertriglyceridemia was inversely associated with SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibody titre after both the second and third doses (ratio of means: 0.82 [0.70-0.95] and 0.73 [0.56-0.95], respectively). In women, IgG titres did not differ according to dyslipidemia or hypertriglyceridemia status after either dose. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a detrimental role of hypertriglyceridemia in the humoral immune response to the BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 in men but not in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobida Islam
- Department of Epidemiology and PreventionCenter for Clinical SciencesNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Shohei Yamamoto
- Department of Epidemiology and PreventionCenter for Clinical SciencesNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and PreventionCenter for Clinical SciencesNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yusuke Oshiro
- Department of Laboratory TestingCenter Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Natsumi Inamura
- Department of Laboratory TestingCenter Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Maki Konishi
- Department of Epidemiology and PreventionCenter for Clinical SciencesNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuru Ozeki
- Department of Laboratory TestingCenter Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Wataru Sugiura
- Center for Clinical SciencesNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
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Kohmer N, Stein S, Schenk B, Grikscheit K, Metzler M, Rabenau HF, Widera M, Herrmann E, Wicker S, Ciesek S. Heterologous prime-boost immunization with ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2: reactogenicity and immunogenicity in a prospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 128:166-175. [PMID: 36587839 PMCID: PMC9800011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regarding reactogenicity and immunogenicity, heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens are considered as an alternative to conventional immunization schemes. METHODS Individuals receiving either heterologous (ChAdOx1-S [AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK]/BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech, Mainz, Germany]; n = 306) or homologous (messenger RNA [mRNA]-1273 [Moderna, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA]; n = 139) vaccination were asked to participate when receiving their second dose. Reactogenicity was assessed after 1 month, immunogenicity after 1, 3, and/or 6 months, including a third dose, through SARS-CoV-2 antispike immunoglobulin G, surrogate virus neutralization test, and a plaque reduction neutralization test against the Delta (B.1.167.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529; BA.1) variants of concern. RESULTS The overall reactogenicity was lower after heterologous vaccination. In both cohorts, SARS-CoV-2 antispike immunoglobulin G concentrations waned over time with the heterologous vaccination demonstrating higher neutralizing activity than homologous mRNA vaccination after 3 months to low neutralizing levels in the Delta plaque reduction neutralization test after 6 months. At this point, 3.2% of the heterologous and 11.4% of the homologous cohort yielded low neutralizing activity against Omicron. After a third dose of an mRNA vaccine, ≥99% of vaccinees demonstrated positive neutralizing activity against Delta. Depending on the vaccination scheme and against Omicron, 60% to 87.5% of vaccinees demonstrated positive neutralizing activity. CONCLUSION ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2 vaccination demonstrated an acceptable reactogenicity and immunogenicity profile. A third dose of an mRNA vaccine is necessary to maintain neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. However, variants of concern-adapted versions of the vaccines would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Kohmer
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Shivana Stein
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Barbara Schenk
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Grikscheit
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Melinda Metzler
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger F Rabenau
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Wicker
- Occupational Health Service, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Carabelli AM, Peacock TP, Thorne LG, Harvey WT, Hughes J, Peacock SJ, Barclay WS, de Silva TI, Towers GJ, Robertson DL. SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: immune escape, transmission and fitness. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:162-177. [PMID: 36653446 PMCID: PMC9847462 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In late 2020, after circulating for almost a year in the human population, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited a major step change in its adaptation to humans. These highly mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2 had enhanced rates of transmission relative to previous variants and were termed 'variants of concern' (VOCs). Designated Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron, the VOCs emerged independently from one another, and in turn each rapidly became dominant, regionally or globally, outcompeting previous variants. The success of each VOC relative to the previously dominant variant was enabled by altered intrinsic functional properties of the virus and, to various degrees, changes to virus antigenicity conferring the ability to evade a primed immune response. The increased virus fitness associated with VOCs is the result of a complex interplay of virus biology in the context of changing human immunity due to both vaccination and prior infection. In this Review, we summarize the literature on the relative transmissibility and antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants, the role of mutations at the furin spike cleavage site and of non-spike proteins, the potential importance of recombination to virus success, and SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the context of T cells, innate immunity and population immunity. SARS-CoV-2 shows a complicated relationship among virus antigenicity, transmission and virulence, which has unpredictable implications for the future trajectory and disease burden of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Medical School, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy G Thorne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Medical School, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - David L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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142
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Kimoto T, Sakai S, Kameda K, Morita R, Takahashi E, Shinohara Y, Kido H. Induction of systemic, mucosal, and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice vaccinated by trans-airway with a S1 protein combined with a pulmonary surfactant-derived adjuvant SF-10. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13119. [PMID: 36909295 PMCID: PMC9996429 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for vaccines that can induce effective systemic, respiratory mucosal, and cellular immunity to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We reported previously that a synthetic mucosal adjuvant SF-10 derived from human pulmonary surfactant works as an efficient antigen delivery vehicle to antigen presenting cells in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and promotes induction of influenza virus antigen-specific serum IgG, mucosal IgA, and cellular immunity. Methods The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of a new administration route of trans-airway (TA) vaccine comprising recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1 (S1) combined with SF-10 (S1-SF-10 vaccine) on systemic, local, and cellular immunity in mice, compared with intramuscular injection (IM) of S1 with a potent adjuvant AddaS03™ (S1-AddaS03™ vaccine). Results S1-SF-10-TA vaccine induced S1-specific IgG and IgA in serum and lung mucosae. These IgG and IgA induced by S1-SF-10-TA showed significant protective immunity in a receptor binding inhibition test of S1 and angiotensin converting enzyme 2, a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, which were more potent and faster achievement than S1-AddaS03™-IM. Enzyme-linked immunospot assay showed high numbers of S1-specific IgA and IgG secreting cells (ASCs) and S1-responsive IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A cytokine secreting cells (CSCs) in the spleen and lungs. S1-AddaS03™-IM induced IgG ASCs and IL-4 CSCs in spleen higher than S1-SF-10-TA, but the numbers of ASCs and CSCs in lungs were low and hardly detected. Conclusions Based on the need for effective systemic, respiratory, and cellular immunity, the S1-SF-10-TA vaccine seems promising mucosal vaccine against respiratory infection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kimoto
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Satoko Sakai
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research Tokushima University Tokushima Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan.,Institute for Genome Research Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Keiko Kameda
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Ryoko Morita
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan.,Institute for Genome Research Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
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143
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Kim WJ, Roberts CC, Song JY, Yoon JG, Seong H, Hyun HJ, Lee H, Gil A, Oh Y, Park JE, Jeon B, Lee JE, Choi SK, Yoon SK, Lee S, Kim B, Kane D, Spruill S, Kudchodkar SB, Muthumani K, Park YK, Kwon I, Jeong M, Maslow JN. Safety and immunogenicity of the bi-cistronic GLS-5310 COVID-19 DNA vaccine delivered with the GeneDerm suction device. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 128:112-120. [PMID: 36592685 PMCID: PMC9803371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The CoV2-001 phase I randomized trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the GLS-5310 bi-cistronic DNA vaccine through 48 weeks of follow-up. DESIGN A total of 45 vaccine-naïve participants were recruited between December 31, 2020, and March 30, 2021. GLS-5310, encoding for the SARS-CoV-2 spike and open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) proteins, was administered intradermally at 0.6 mg or 1.2 mg per dose, followed by application of the GeneDerm suction device as part of a two-dose regimen spaced either 8 or 12 weeks between vaccinations. RESULTS GLS-5310 was well tolerated with no serious adverse events reported. Antibody and T cell responses were dose-independent. Anti-spike antibodies were induced in 95.5% of participants with an average geometric mean titer of ∼480 four weeks after vaccination and declined minimally through 48 weeks. Neutralizing antibodies were induced in 55.5% of participants with post-vaccination geometric mean titer of 28.4. T cell responses were induced in 97.8% of participants, averaging 716 site forming units/106 cells four weeks after vaccination, increasing to 1248 at week 24, and remaining greater than 1000 through 48 weeks. CONCLUSION GLS-5310 administered with the GeneDerm suction device was well tolerated and induced high levels of binding antibodies and T-cell responses. Antibody responses were similar to other DNA vaccines, whereas T cell responses were many-fold greater than DNA and non-DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gu Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jun Hyun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Lee
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Gil
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Oh
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Jeon
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Choi
- Division of Vaccine clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Korea Disease Korean Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyung Yoon
- Division of Vaccine clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Korea Disease Korean Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Division of Vaccine clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Korea Disease Korean Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- Division of Vaccine clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Korea Disease Korean Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Deborah Kane
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kar Muthumani
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young K Park
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ijoo Kwon
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsup Jeong
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joel N Maslow
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, USA.
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Yamamoto S, Matsuda K, Maeda K, Horii K, Okudera K, Oshiro Y, Inamura N, Takeuchi JS, Konishi M, Ozeki M, Mizoue T, Sugiyama H, Aoyanagi N, Mitsuya H, Sugiura W, Ohmagari N. Neutralizing antibodies after three doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, breakthrough infection, and symptoms during the Omicron-predominant wave. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 128:347-354. [PMID: 36693493 PMCID: PMC9867771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of immunogenicity after the third vaccine dose against Omicron infection and COVID-19-compatible symptoms of infection. METHODS First, we examined vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the third dose against the second dose during the Omicron wave among the staff at a tertiary hospital in Tokyo. In a case-control study of third vaccine recipients, we compared the preinfection live-virus neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against Omicron between breakthrough cases and their controls who had close contact with patients with COVID-19. Among these cases, we examined the association between NAb levels and the number of COVID-19-compatible symptoms. RESULTS Among the 1456 participants for VE analysis, 60 breakthrough infections occurred during the Omicron wave. The third dose VE for infection was 54.6%. Among the third dose recipients, NAb levels against Omicron did not differ between the cases (n = 22) and controls (n = 21). Among the cases, those who experienced COVID-19-compatible symptoms had lower NAb levels against Omicron than those who did not. CONCLUSION The third vaccine dose was effective in decreasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection during Omicron wave compared with the second dose. Among third dose recipients, higher preinfection NAb levels may not be associated with a lower risk of Omicron infection. Contrarily, they may be associated with fewer symptoms of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamamoto
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kumi Horii
- Infection Control Office, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Okudera
- Infection Control Office, Kohnodai Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oshiro
- Department of Laboratory Testing, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Inamura
- Department of Laboratory Testing, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko S Takeuchi
- Department of Academic-Industrial Partnerships Promotion, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Konishi
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ozeki
- Department of Laboratory Testing, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Haruhito Sugiyama
- Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Aoyanagi
- Kohnodai Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Sugiura
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cao L, Guo J, Li H, Ren H, Xiao K, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Song Y, Zhao W, Wu D, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Xia B, Ji T, Yan D, Wang D, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Li X, Hou Z, Xu W. A Beta Strain-Based Spike Glycoprotein Vaccine Candidate Induces Broad Neutralization and Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0268722. [PMID: 36847495 PMCID: PMC10100794 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02687-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still ongoing. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) are circulating worldwide, making it resistant to existing vaccines and antiviral drugs. Therefore, the evaluation of variant-based expanded spectrum vaccines to optimize the immune response and provide broad protectiveness is very important. In this study, we expressed spike trimer protein (S-TM) based on the Beta variant in a GMP-grade workshop using CHO cells. Mice were immunized twice with S-TM protein combined with aluminum hydroxide (Al) and CpG Oligonucleotides (CpG) adjuvant to evaluate its safety and efficacy. BALB/c immunized with S-TM + Al + CpG induced high neutralizing antibody titers against the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain (wild-type, WT), the Beta and Delta variants, and even the Omicron variant. In addition, compared with the S-TM + Al group, the S-TM + Al + CpG group effectively induced a stronger Th1-biased cell immune response in mice. Furthermore, after the second immunization, H11-K18 hACE2 mice were well protected from challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta strain, with a 100% survival rate. The virus load and pathological lesions in the lungs were significantly reduced, and no virus was detected in mouse brain tissue. Our vaccine candidate is practical and effective for current SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, which will support its further clinical development for potential sequential immune and primary immunization. IMPORTANCE Continuous emergence of adaptive mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to challenge the use and development of existing vaccines and drugs. The value of variant-based vaccines that are capable of inducing a higher and broader protection immune response against SARS-CoV-2 variants is currently being evaluated. This article shows that a recombinant prefusion spike protein based on a Beta variant was highly immunogenic and could induced a stronger Th1-biased cell immune response in mice and was effectively protective against challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant. Importantly, this Beta-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine could also offer a robust humoral immune response with effectively broad neutralization ability against the wild type and different variants of concern (VOCs): the Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants. To date, the vaccine described here has been produced in a pilot scale (200L), and the development, filling process, and toxicological safety evaluation have also been completed, which provides a timely response to the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhao
- Hwellso Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Hwellso Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Hwellso Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baicheng Xia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yangzi Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Hwellso Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Gressens SB, Wiedemann A, Déchenaud M, Dupuis J, Gallien S, Melica G, Haioun C, Lemonnier F, Levy Y. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular response after 2 and 3 doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in lymphoma patients receiving anti-CD20 antibodies. Vaccine 2023; 41:1550-1553. [PMID: 36737320 PMCID: PMC9884622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patients receiving anti-CD20 antibodies showed limited efficacy of a booster dose of BNT162b2. Patients with lymphomas combine such immunotherapies with cytotoxic chemotherapies that could result in an even greater alteration of the immune response to vaccination. We report here the impact of a third vaccine dose on T cell specific responses in a small cohort of patients treated in our center by anti-CD20 therapies and cytotoxic chemotherapies for lymphoid malignancies. Our results showed that a third dose in these severely immune suppressed patients could improve the expansion on CD4+Th1+T cell responses while the effect CD8 + T cell responses was marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Gressens
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - Université Paris Est Créteil, France.
| | - Aurélie Wiedemann
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Marie Déchenaud
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Jehan Dupuis
- IAP-HP, Groupe hospitalo-universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service Unité Hémopathies Lymphoides, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sébastien Gallien
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - Université Paris Est Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Giovanna Melica
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - Université Paris Est Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Corinne Haioun
- IAP-HP, Groupe hospitalo-universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service Unité Hémopathies Lymphoides, F-94010 Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - François Lemonnier
- IAP-HP, Groupe hospitalo-universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service Unité Hémopathies Lymphoides, F-94010 Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - Université Paris Est Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France.
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Kumar K, Tan WS, Arshad SS, Ho KL. Virus-like Particles of Nodavirus Displaying the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A Potential VLP-Based COVID-19 Vaccine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054398. [PMID: 36901827 PMCID: PMC10001971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), various vaccines have been developed for emergency use. The efficacy of the initial vaccines based on the ancestral strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a point of contention due to the emergence of new variants of concern (VOCs). Therefore, continuous innovation of new vaccines is required to target upcoming VOCs. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the virus spike (S) glycoprotein has been extensively used in vaccine development due to its role in host cell attachment and penetration. In this study, the RBDs of the Beta (β) and Delta (δ) variants were fused to the truncated Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus capsid protein without the protruding domain (CΔ116-MrNV-CP). Immunization of BALB/c mice with the virus-like particles (VLPs) self-assembled from the recombinant CP showed that, with AddaVax as an adjuvant, a significantly high level of humoral response was elicited. Specifically, mice injected with equimolar of adjuvanted CΔ116-MrNV-CP fused with the RBD of the β- and δ-variants increased T helper (Th) cell production with a CD8+/CD4+ ratio of 0.42. This formulation also induced proliferation of macrophages and lymphocytes. Overall, this study demonstrated that the nodavirus truncated CP fused with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD has potential to be developed as a VLP-based COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiven Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9769-2729
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148
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Woodworth JS, Contreras V, Christensen D, Naninck T, Kahlaoui N, Gallouët AS, Langlois S, Burban E, Joly C, Gros W, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Morin J, Olsen ML, Rosenkrands I, Stein AK, Wood GK, Follmann F, Lindenstrøm T, LeGrand R, Pedersen GK, Mortensen R. A novel adjuvant formulation induces robust Th1/Th17 memory and mucosal recall responses in Non-Human Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529651. [PMID: 36865310 PMCID: PMC9980079 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
After clean drinking water, vaccination is the most impactful global health intervention. However, development of new vaccines against difficult-to-target diseases is hampered by the lack of diverse adjuvants for human use. Of particular interest, none of the currently available adjuvants induce Th17 cells. Here, we develop and test an improved liposomal adjuvant, termed CAF®10b, that incorporates a TLR-9 agonist. In a head-to-head study in non-human primates (NHPs), immunization with antigen adjuvanted with CAF®10b induced significantly increased antibody and cellular immune responses compared to previous CAF® adjuvants, already in clinical trials. This was not seen in the mouse model, demonstrating that adjuvant effects can be highly species specific. Importantly, intramuscular immunization of NHPs with CAF®10b induced robust Th17 responses that were observed in circulation half a year after vaccination. Furthermore, subsequent instillation of unadjuvanted antigen into the skin and lungs of these memory animals led to significant recall responses including transient local lung inflammation observed by Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT), elevated antibody titers, and expanded systemic and local Th1 and Th17 responses, including >20% antigen-specific T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Overall, CAF®10b demonstrated an adjuvant able to drive true memory antibody, Th1 and Th17 vaccine-responses across rodent and primate species, supporting its translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Sébastien Langlois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Emma Burban
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Wesley Gros
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Julie Morin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ming Liu Olsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stein
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grith Krøyer Wood
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger LeGrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184); 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Gabriel Kristian Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut; Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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149
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Lin F, Lin X, Fu B, Xiong Y, Zaky MY, Wu H. Functional studies of HLA and its role in SARS-CoV-2: Stimulating T cell response and vaccine development. Life Sci 2023; 315:121374. [PMID: 36621539 PMCID: PMC9815883 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the biological immune process, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays an indispensable role in the expression of HLA molecules in the human body when viral infection activates the T-cell response to remove the virus. Since the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in 2019, how to address and prevent SARS-CoV-2 has become a common problem facing all mankind. The T-cell immune response activated by MHC peptides is a way to construct a defense line and reduce the transmission and harm of the virus. Presentation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen is associated with different types of HLA phenotypes, and different HLA phenotypes induce different immune responses. The prediction of SARS-CoV-2 mutation information and the design of vaccines based on HLAs can effectively activate autoimmunity and cope with virus mutations, which can provide some references for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China.
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Mohamed Y Zaky
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China.
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150
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, Seo HS, O’Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Song K, Xu AZ, Barman S, Menon M, Dong D, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Yu J, Chang A, Hilgers L, Platenburg PP, Dhe-Paganon S, Barouch DH, Ozonoff A, Zanoni I, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate: oil-in-water adjuvant enhances SARS-CoV-2 RBD nanoparticle-induced immunogenicity and protection in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:18. [PMID: 36788219 PMCID: PMC9927065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that protect vulnerable populations is a public health priority. Here, we took a systematic and iterative approach by testing several adjuvants and SARS-CoV-2 antigens to identify a combination that elicits antibodies and protection in young and aged mice. While demonstrating superior immunogenicity to soluble receptor-binding domain (RBD), RBD displayed as a protein nanoparticle (RBD-NP) generated limited antibody responses. Comparison of multiple adjuvants including AddaVax, AddaS03, and AS01B in young and aged mice demonstrated that an oil-in-water emulsion containing carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate derivative (CMS:O/W) most effectively enhanced RBD-NP-induced cross-neutralizing antibodies and protection across age groups. CMS:O/W enhanced antigen retention in the draining lymph node, induced injection site, and lymph node cytokines, with CMS inducing MyD88-dependent Th1 cytokine polarization. Furthermore, CMS and O/W synergistically induced chemokine production from human PBMCs. Overall, CMS:O/W adjuvant may enhance immunogenicity and protection of vulnerable populations against SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,Present Address: Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy R. O’Meara
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Research Computing Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kijun Song
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrew Z. Xu
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Soumik Barman
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Manisha Menon
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Danica Dong
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David J. Dowling
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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