101
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Kellermayer Z, Hayasaka H, Kajtár B, Simon D, Robles EF, Martinez-Climent JA, Balogh P. Divergence of Vascular Specification in Visceral Lymphoid Organs-Genetic Determinants and Differentiation Checkpoints. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:489-502. [PMID: 26186200 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1059427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite their functional similarities, peripheral lymphoid tissues are remarkably different according to their developmental properties and structural characteristics, including their specified vasculature. Access of leukocytes to these organs critically depends on their interactions with the local endothelium, where endothelial cells are patterned to display a restricted set of adhesion molecules and other regulatory compounds necessary for extravasation. Recent advances in high throughput analyses of highly purified endothelial subsets in various lymphoid tissues as well as the expansion of various transgenic animal models have shed new light on the transcriptional complexities of lymphoid tissue vascular endothelium. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive analysis linking the functional competence of spleen and intestinal lymphoid tissues with the developmental programming and functional divergence of their vascular specification, with particular emphasis on the transcriptional control of endothelial cells exerted by Nkx2.3 homeodomain transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kellermayer
- a Department of Immunology and Biotechnology.,b Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
| | - Haruko Hayasaka
- c Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Béla Kajtár
- d Department of Pathology , University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
| | - Diána Simon
- a Department of Immunology and Biotechnology
| | - Eloy F Robles
- e Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada of the University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | | | - Péter Balogh
- a Department of Immunology and Biotechnology.,b Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
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102
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Abstract
The mechanisms whereby the gut mucosa tolerates trillions of commensal bacteria without developing inflammation remain poorly understood. A recent Science article reveals that gut innate lymphoid cells constrain inflammatory T cell responses to commensal bacteria by adopting a strategy usually deployed by thymic epithelial cells to negatively select self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Magri
- Institut Hospital del Mar 'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Institut Hospital del Mar 'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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103
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Interleukin-7 produced by intestinal epithelial cells in response to Citrobacter rodentium infection plays a major role in innate immunity against this pathogen. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3213-23. [PMID: 26034215 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00320-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) engages multiple mechanisms to overcome chronic viral infections, but the role of IL-7 in bacterial infections, especially enteric bacterial infections, remains unclear. Here we characterized the previously unexplored role of IL-7 in the innate immune response to the attaching and effacing bacterium Citrobacter rodentium. C. rodentium infection induced IL-7 production from intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). IL-7 production from IECs in response to C. rodentium was dependent on gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing NK1.1(+) cells and IL-12. Treatment with anti-IL-7Rα antibody during C. rodentium infection resulted in a higher bacterial burden, enhanced intestinal damage, and greater weight loss and mortality than observed with the control IgG treatment. IEC-produced IL-7 was only essential for protective immunity against C. rodentium during the first 6 days after infection. An impaired bacterial clearance upon IL-7Rα blockade was associated with a significant decrease in macrophage accumulation and activation in the colon. Moreover, C. rodentium-induced expansion and activation of intestinal CD4(+) lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells was completely abrogated by IL-7Rα blockade. Collectively, these data demonstrate that IL-7 is produced by IECs in response to C. rodentium infection and plays a critical role in the protective immunity against this intestinal attaching and effacing bacterium.
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104
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Eberl G, Colonna M, Di Santo JP, McKenzie ANJ. Innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology. Science 2015; 348:aaa6566. [PMID: 25999512 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa6566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a growing family of immune cells that mirror the phenotypes and functions of T cells. However, in contrast to T cells, ILCs do not express acquired antigen receptors or undergo clonal selection and expansion when stimulated. Instead, ILCs react promptly to signals from infected or injured tissues and produce an array of secreted proteins termed cytokines that direct the developing immune response into one that is adapted to the original insult. The complex cross-talk between microenvironment, ILCs, and adaptive immunity remains to be fully deciphered. Only by understanding these complex regulatory networks can the power of ILCs be controlled or unleashed in order to regulate or enhance immune responses in disease prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James P Di Santo
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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105
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Banoth B, Chatterjee B, Vijayaragavan B, Prasad MVR, Roy P, Basak S. Stimulus-selective crosstalk via the NF-κB signaling system reinforces innate immune response to alleviate gut infection. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25905673 PMCID: PMC4432492 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue microenvironment functions as an important determinant of the inflammatory response elicited by the resident cells. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Our systems-level analyses identified a duration code that instructs stimulus specific crosstalk between TLR4-activated canonical NF-κB pathway and lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) induced non-canonical NF-κB signaling. Indeed, LTβR costimulation synergistically enhanced the late RelA/NF-κB response to TLR4 prolonging NF-κB target gene-expressions. Concomitant LTβR signal targeted TLR4-induced newly synthesized p100, encoded by Nfkb2, for processing into p52 that not only neutralized p100 mediated inhibitions, but potently generated RelA:p52/NF-κB activity in a positive feedback loop. Finally, Nfkb2 connected lymphotoxin signal within the intestinal niche in reinforcing epithelial innate inflammatory RelA/NF-κB response to Citrobacter rodentium infection, while Nfkb2−/− mice succumbed to gut infections owing to stromal defects. In sum, our results suggest that signal integration via the pleiotropic NF-κB system enables tissue microenvironment derived cues in calibrating physiological responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05648.001 The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against infection and disease. Innate immune cells are found in every tissue type, poised to respond immediately to damaged, stressed, or infected host cells. When innate immune cells recognize any injury or infection, one of the first things they do is trigger the inflammatory response. Fluid and other immune cells then move from the blood into the injured tissues. This movement can cause redness and swelling. But the response helps to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection, promotes the elimination of both invading microbes and damaged host cells, and encourages the repair of the tissue. Inflammation is tightly controlled. If the response is too weak, it could leave an individual prone to serious infection. On the other hand, excessive inflammation can severely damage healthy cells and tissues. Inflammation is regulated differently in different tissue types, and the environment within the tissue itself influences the activity of local innate immune cells and the inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for receiving and interpreting the signals derived from the host tissue remain unknown. Now, Banoth et al., have revealed that the integration of inflammation-provoking signals, such as injury or infection and cues from the tissue environment occurs via the so-called ‘NF-κB signaling system’. NF-κB is a protein found in almost all cell types, and when activated it is able to switch on the expression of many different genes. Banoth et al. explain that signal integration via the NF-κB system enables cues from the tissue environment to tune a cell's responses. Further experiments confirmed the importance of this signal integration by showing how a signal coming from intestinal tissue can influence the activity of innate immune cells and inflammation in the gut. These findings suggest that a breakdown in the NF-κB signaling system's ability to integrate multiple signals, including those derived from the tissue environment, may be responsible for many inflammatory disorders, and in particular those that involve the gut. Future work is now needed to explore this possibility. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05648.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Banoth
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - M V R Prasad
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Payel Roy
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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106
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Guo X, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Lasorella A, Kee BL, Fu YX. Innate Lymphoid Cells Control Early Colonization Resistance against Intestinal Pathogens through ID2-Dependent Regulation of the Microbiota. Immunity 2015; 42:731-43. [PMID: 25902484 PMCID: PMC4725053 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota-mediated effects on the host immune response facilitate colonization resistance against pathogens. However, it is unclear whether and how the host immune response can regulate the microbiota to mediate colonization resistance. ID2, an essential transcriptional regulator for the development of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) progenitors, remains highly expressed in differentiated ILCs with unknown function. Using conditionally deficient mice in which ID2 is deleted from differentiated ILC3s, we observed that these mutant mice exhibited greatly impaired gut colonization resistance against Citrobacter rodentium. Utilizing gnotobiotic hosts, we showed that the ID2-dependent early colonization resistance was mediated by interleukin-22 (IL-22) regulation of the microbiota. In addition to regulating development, ID2 maintained homeostasis of ILC3s and controlled IL-22 production through an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and IL-23 receptor pathway. Thus, ILC3s can mediate immune surveillance, which constantly maintains a proper microbiota, to facilitate early colonization resistance through an ID2-dependent regulation of IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute of Biophysics and The University of Chicago joint Group for Immunotherapy, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute of Biophysics and The University of Chicago joint Group for Immunotherapy, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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107
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Macho-Fernandez E, Koroleva EP, Spencer CM, Tighe M, Torrado E, Cooper AM, Fu YX, Tumanov AV. Lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling limits mucosal damage through driving IL-23 production by epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:403-13. [PMID: 25183367 PMCID: PMC4364000 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms regulating epithelial cell repair after injury remain poorly defined. We demonstrate here that lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) signaling in intestinal epithelial cells promotes self-repair after mucosal damage. Using a conditional gene-targeted approach, we demonstrate that LTβR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells is essential for epithelial interleukin-23 (IL-23) production and protection against epithelial injury. We further show that epithelial-derived IL-23 promotes mucosal wound healing by inducing the IL-22-mediated proliferation and survival of epithelial cells and mucus production. Additionally, we identified CD4(-)CCR6(+)T-bet(-) RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt)(+) lymphoid tissue inducer cells as the main producers of protective IL-22 after epithelial damage. Thus, our results reveal a novel role for LTβR signaling in epithelial cells in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis to limit mucosal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C M Spencer
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - M Tighe
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - E Torrado
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - A M Cooper
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - Y-X Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A V Tumanov
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
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108
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Allan DSJ, Kirkham CL, Aguilar OA, Qu LC, Chen P, Fine JH, Serra P, Awong G, Gommerman JL, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Carlyle JR. An in vitro model of innate lymphoid cell function and differentiation. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:340-51. [PMID: 25138665 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are RAG-independent lymphocytes with important roles in innate immunity, and include group-1 (natural killer (NK) cell, ILC1), group-2 (ILC2), and group-3 (lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi), NCR(+) ILC3) subsets. Group-3 ILC express Rorγt, produce interleukin (IL)-22, and are critically important in the normal function of mucosal tissues. Here, we describe a novel model cell line for the study of ILC function and differentiation. The parental MNK cell line, derived from NKR-P1B(+) fetal thymocytes, shows a capacity to differentiate in γc cytokines. One IL-7-responsive subline, designated MNK-3, expresses Rorγt and produces high levels of IL-22 in response to IL-23 and IL-1β stimulation. MNK-3 cells display surface markers and transcript expression characteristic of group-3 ILC, including IL-7Rα (CD127), c-kit (CD117), CCR6, Thy1 (CD90), RANK, RANKL, and lymphotoxin (LTα1β2). Using an in vitro assay of LTi cell activity, MNK-3 cells induce ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on stromal cells in a manner dependent upon LTα1β2 expression. A second IL-2-responsive subline, MNK-1, expresses several NK cell receptors, perforin and granzymes, and shows some cytotoxic activity. Thus, MNK-1 cells serve as a model of ILC1/NK development and differentiation, whereas MNK-3 cells provide an attractive in vitro system to study the function of ILC3/LTi cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S J Allan
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C L Kirkham
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O A Aguilar
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L C Qu
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Chen
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J H Fine
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Serra
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Awong
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J C Zúñiga-Pflücker
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J R Carlyle
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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109
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Koroleva EP, Halperin S, Gubernatorova EO, Macho-Fernandez E, Spencer CM, Tumanov AV. Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis: A robust model to study mucosal immune responses in the gut. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:61-72. [PMID: 25702536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural mouse pathogen which reproducibly infects mice and causes intestinal disease. The C. rodentium model of infection is very useful for investigating host-pathogen immune interactions in the gut, and can also be used to understand the pathogenesis of several important human intestinal disorders, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, dysbiosis and colon tumorigenesis. Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a critical role in protection against C. rodentium. Here, we summarize the role of immune components in protection against C. rodentium and describe techniques for the analysis of innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses, including setting up the infection, analysis of colonic hyperplasia and bacterial dissemination, evaluation of antibody responses, and purification and analysis of intestinal epithelial and lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia.
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110
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Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently described IL-10 family cytokine that is produced by T helper (Th) 17 cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells, and newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Knowledge of IL-22 biology has evolved rapidly since its discovery in 2000, and a role for IL-22 has been identified in numerous tissues, including the intestines, lung, liver, kidney, thymus, pancreas, and skin. IL-22 primarily targets nonhematopoietic epithelial and stromal cells, where it can promote proliferation and play a role in tissue regeneration. In addition, IL-22 regulates host defense at barrier surfaces. However, IL-22 has also been linked to several conditions involving inflammatory tissue pathology. In this review, we assess the current understanding of this cytokine, including its physiologic and pathologic effects on epithelial cell function.
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111
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Role of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in antibody production. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:36-42. [PMID: 25621842 PMCID: PMC4488900 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) constitute a heterogeneous family of effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system that mediate lymphoid organogenesis, tissue repair, immunity and inflammation. The initial view that ILCs exert their protective functions solely during the innate phase of an immune response has been recently challenged by evidence indicating that ILCs shape adaptive immunity by establishing both contact-dependent and contact-independent interactions with multiple hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, including B cells. Some of these interactions enhance antibody responses both systemically and at mucosal sites of entry.
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112
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Bekiaris V, Šedý JR, Ware CF. Mixing Signals: Molecular Turn Ons and Turn Offs for Innate γδ T-Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:654. [PMID: 25566265 PMCID: PMC4270187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes of the gamma delta (γδ) T-cell lineage are evolutionary conserved and although they express rearranged antigen-specific receptors, a large proportion respond as innate effectors. γδ T-cells are poised to combat infection by responding rapidly to cytokine stimuli similar to innate lymphoid cells. This potential to initiate strong inflammatory responses necessitates that inhibitory signals are balanced with activation signals. Here, we discuss some of the key mechanisms that regulate the development, activation, and inhibition of innate γδ T-cells in light of recent evidence that the inhibitory immunoglobulin-superfamily member B and T lymphocyte attenuator restricts their differentiation and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Bekiaris
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - John R Šedý
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
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113
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Rutz S, Wang X, Ouyang W. The IL-20 subfamily of cytokines--from host defence to tissue homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:783-95. [PMID: 25421700 DOI: 10.1038/nri3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-20 (IL-20) subfamily of cytokines comprises IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. These cytokines are all members of the larger IL-10 family, but have been grouped together to form the IL-20 subfamily based on their usage of common receptor subunits and similarities in their target-cell profiles and biological functions. Members of the IL-20 subfamily facilitate the communication between leukocytes and epithelial cells, thereby enhancing innate defence mechanisms and tissue repair processes at epithelial surfaces. In this Review, we describe the cellular sources and targets of the IL-20 subfamily cytokines, and we detail how their expression is regulated. Much of our understanding of the unique biology of this group of cytokines is still based on IL-22, which is the most studied member of the IL-20 subfamily. Nevertheless, we attempt a broader discussion of the emerging functions of IL-20 subfamily cytokines in host defence, inflammatory diseases, cancer and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rutz
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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114
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Satoh-Takayama N, Serafini N, Verrier T, Rekiki A, Renauld JC, Frankel G, Di Santo JP. The chemokine receptor CXCR6 controls the functional topography of interleukin-22 producing intestinal innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 2014; 41:776-88. [PMID: 25456160 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) plays a critical role in mucosal defense, although the molecular mechanisms that ensure IL-22 tissue distribution remain poorly understood. We show that the CXCL16-CXCR6 chemokine-chemokine receptor axis regulated group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3) diversity and function. CXCL16 was constitutively expressed by CX3CR1(+) intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and coexpressed with IL-23 after Citrobacter rodentium infection. Intestinal ILC3s expressed CXCR6 and its ablation generated a selective loss of the NKp46(+) ILC3 subset, a depletion of intestinal IL-22, and the inability to control C. rodentium infection. CD4(+) ILC3s were unaffected by CXCR6 deficiency and remained clustered within lymphoid follicles. In contrast, the lamina propria of Cxcr6(-/-) mice was devoid of ILC3s. The loss of ILC3-dependent IL-22 epithelial stimulation reduced antimicrobial peptide expression that explained the sensitivity of Cxcr6(-/-) mice to C. rodentium. Our results delineate a critical CXCL16-CXCR6 crosstalk that coordinates the intestinal topography of IL-22 secretion required for mucosal defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Satoh-Takayama
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; Inserm U668, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Serafini
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; Inserm U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Verrier
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; Inserm U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Abdessalem Rekiki
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; Inserm U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200 Belgium
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; Inserm U668, 75724 Paris, France.
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115
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McKenzie ANJ, Spits H, Eberl G. Innate lymphoid cells in inflammation and immunity. Immunity 2014; 41:366-374. [PMID: 25238094 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were first described as playing important roles in the development of lymphoid tissues and more recently in the initiation of inflammation at barrier surfaces in response to infection or tissue damage. It has now become apparent that ILCs play more complex roles throughout the duration of immune responses, participating in the transition from innate to adaptive immunity and contributing to chronic inflammation. The proximity of ILCs to epithelial surfaces and their constitutive strategic positioning in other tissues throughout the body ensures that, in spite of their rarity, ILCs are able to regulate immune homeostasis effectively. Dysregulation of ILC function might result in chronic pathologies such as allergies, autoimmunity, and inflammation. A new role for ILCs in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis has started to emerge, underlining their importance in fundamental physiological processes beyond infection and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N J McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Hergen Spits
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology & Histology, 1105BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, Paris 75724, France
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Asquith M, Elewaut D, Lin P, Rosenbaum JT. The role of the gut and microbes in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2014; 28:687-702. [PMID: 25488778 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is firmly implicated not only in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but increasingly also in the development of inflammation at extraintestinal tissue sites. Significant clinical, genetic, immunological, and microbiological overlap exists between IBD and spondyloarthritis (SpA), which indicates that pathophysiological mechanisms are shared between these diseases and may center on the intestinal microbiota. Recently, culture-independent techniques have enabled the microbiota in health and disease to be described in increasing detail. Moreover, functional studies have identified myriad host effector and regulatory pathways that shape or are shaped by this microbial community. We consider the complex relationship between SpA pathogenesis and gut microbes, with a discussion of how manipulation of the gut microbiota itself may be a promising future target for SpA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Asquith
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, and Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., L647Ad, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Phoebe Lin
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, and Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., L647Ad, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - James T Rosenbaum
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, and Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., L647Ad, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Legacy Devers Eye Institute, 1040 NW 22nd Ave, Portland, OR 97210, USA.
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117
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Kellermayer Z, Mihalj M, Lábadi Á, Czömpöly T, Lee M, O'Hara E, Butcher EC, Berta G, Balogh A, Arnold HH, Balogh P. Absence of Nkx2-3 homeodomain transcription factor reprograms the endothelial addressin preference for lymphocyte homing in Peyer's patches. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5284-93. [PMID: 25320278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the homing of lymphocytes to GALT has been extensively studied, little is known about how high endothelial venules (HEVs) within Peyer's patches (PPs) are patterned to display dominantly mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). In this study, we report that Nkx2-3-deficient mice show gradual loss of MAdCAM-1 in PPs postnatally and increased levels of mRNA for peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) backbone proteins as well as enhanced expression of MECA79 sulfated glycoepitope at the luminal aspect of HEVs, thus replacing MAdCAM-1 with PNAd. Induction of PNAd in mutant PPs requires lymphotoxin β receptor activity, and its upregulation needs the presence of mature T and B cells. Furthermore, treatment with MECA-79 anti-PNAd mAb in vivo effectively blocks lymphocyte homing to mutant PPs. Despite the replacement of MAdCAM-1 by PNAd in HEV endothelia, lymphocytes could efficiently home to PPs in mutant mice. We conclude that although Nkx2-3 activity controls the addressin balance of HEVs in GALT, the general HEV functionality is preserved independently from Nkx2-3, indicating a substantial plasticity in the specification of GALT HEV endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kellermayer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Árpád Lábadi
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Czömpöly
- Cancer Research and Product Development Laboratory, Immunal Ltd., H-7630 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mike Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Edward O'Hara
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304; Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - András Balogh
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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118
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Heller JJ, Schjerven H, Li S, Lee A, Qiu J, Chen ZME, Smale ST, Zhou L. Restriction of IL-22-producing T cell responses and differential regulation of regulatory T cell compartments by zinc finger transcription factor Ikaros. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3934-46. [PMID: 25194055 PMCID: PMC4185244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proper immune responses are needed to control pathogen infection at mucosal surfaces. IL-22-producing CD4(+) T cells play an important role in controlling bacterial infection in the gut; however, transcriptional regulation of these cells remains elusive. In this study, we show that mice with targeted deletion of the fourth DNA-binding zinc finger of the transcription factor Ikaros had increased IL-22-producing, but not IL-17-producing, CD4(+) T cells in the gut. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from these Ikaros-mutant mice conferred enhanced mucosal immunity against Citrobacter rodentium infection. Despite an intact in vivo thymic-derived regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment in these Ikaros-mutant mice, TGF-β, a cytokine well known for induction of Tregs, failed to induce Foxp3 expression in Ikaros-mutant CD4(+) T cells in vitro and, instead, promoted IL-22. Aberrant upregulation of IL-21 in CD4(+) T cells expressing mutant Ikaros was responsible, at least in part, for the enhanced IL-22 expression in a Stat3-dependent manner. Genetic analysis using compound mutations further demonstrated that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, but not RORγt, was required for aberrant IL-22 expression by Ikaros-mutant CD4(+) T cells, whereas forced expression of Foxp3 was sufficient to inhibit this aberrant cytokine production. Together, our data identified new functions for Ikaros in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis by restricting IL-22 production by CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Heller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Hilde Schjerven
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Shiyang Li
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Aileen Lee
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Zong-Ming E Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;
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119
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Abstract
The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal microbiota, and it is the port of entry for many clinically important pathogens. Intestinal immune processes are also increasingly implicated in controlling disease development elsewhere in the body. In this Review, we detail the anatomical and physiological distinctions that are observed in the small and large intestines, and we suggest how these may account for the diversity in the immune apparatus that is seen throughout the intestine. We describe how the distribution of innate, adaptive and innate-like immune cells varies in different segments of the intestine and discuss the environmental factors that may influence this. Finally, we consider the implications of regional immune specialization for inflammatory disease in the intestine.
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120
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Goto Y, Obata T, Kunisawa J, Sato S, Ivanov II, Lamichhane A, Takeyama N, Kamioka M, Sakamoto M, Matsuki T, Setoyama H, Imaoka A, Uematsu S, Akira S, Domino SE, Kulig P, Becher B, Renauld JC, Sasakawa C, Umesaki Y, Benno Y, Kiyono H. Innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal epithelial cell glycosylation. Science 2014; 345:1254009. [PMID: 25214634 PMCID: PMC4774895 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylation of intestinal epithelial cells, catalyzed by fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2), is a major glycosylation mechanism of host-microbiota symbiosis. Commensal bacteria induce epithelial fucosylation, and epithelial fucose is used as a dietary carbohydrate by many of these bacteria. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the induction of epithelial fucosylation are unknown. Here, we show that type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) induced intestinal epithelial Fut2 expression and fucosylation in mice. This induction required the cytokines interleukin-22 and lymphotoxin in a commensal bacteria-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. Disruption of intestinal fucosylation led to increased susceptibility to infection by Salmonella typhimurium. Our data reveal a role for ILC3 in shaping the gut microenvironment through the regulation of epithelial glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Goto
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Takashi Obata
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan. Division of Mucosal Immunology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aayam Lamichhane
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Natsumi Takeyama
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Mariko Kamioka
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sakamoto
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Steven E Domino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5617, USA
| | - Paulina Kulig
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan. Division of Bacterial Infection, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | | | - Yoshimi Benno
- Benno Laboratory, Innovation Center, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. Division of Mucosal Immunology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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121
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Woo Y, Jeong D, Chung DH, Kim HY. The roles of innate lymphoid cells in the development of asthma. Immune Netw 2014; 14:171-81. [PMID: 25177249 PMCID: PMC4148487 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.4.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common pulmonary disease with several different forms. The most studied form of asthma is the allergic form, which is mainly related to the function of Th2 cells and their production of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in association with allergen sensitization and adaptive immunity. Recently, there have been many advances in understanding non-allergic asthma, which seems to be related to environmental factors such as air pollution, infection, or even obesity. Cells of the innate immune system, including macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer T cells as well as the newly described innate lymphoid cells, are effective producers of a variety of cytokines and seem to play important roles in the development of non-allergic asthma. In this review, we focus on recent findings regarding innate lymphoid cells and their roles in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonduk Woo
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Dongjin Jeong
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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122
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Singh AK, Eken A, Fry M, Bettelli E, Oukka M. DOCK8 regulates protective immunity by controlling the function and survival of RORγt+ ILCs. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4603. [PMID: 25091235 PMCID: PMC4135384 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt-positive (RORγt(+)) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) produce interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17, which are critical for protective immunity against enteric pathogens. The molecular mechanism underlying the development and survival of RORγt(+) ILCs is not thoroughly understood. Here, we show that Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8), a scaffolding protein involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell migration, is essential for the protective immunity against Citrobacter rodentium. A comparative RNA sequencing-based analysis reveals an impaired induction of antimicrobial peptides in the colon of DOCK8-deficient mice, which correlates with high susceptibility to infection and a very low number of IL-22-producing RORγt(+) ILCs in their GI tract. Furthermore, DOCK8-deficient RORγt(+) ILCs are less responsive to IL-7 mediated signalling, more prone to apoptosis and produce less IL-22 due to a defect in IL-23-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation. Our studies reveal an unsuspected role of DOCK8 for the function, generation and survival of RORγt(+) ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh K. Singh
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ahmet Eken
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mallory Fry
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Estelle Bettelli
- Benaroya Research Institute, Immunology Program, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Immunology, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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123
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Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a mucosal pathogen of mice that shares several pathogenic mechanisms with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), which are two clinically important human gastrointestinal pathogens. Thus, C. rodentium has long been used as a model to understand the molecular basis of EPEC and EHEC infection in vivo. In this Review, we discuss recent studies in which C. rodentium has been used to study mucosal immunology, including the deregulation of intestinal inflammatory responses during bacteria-induced colitis and the role of the intestinal microbiota in mediating resistance to colonization by enteric pathogens. These insights should help to elucidate the roles of mucosal inflammatory responses and the microbiota in the virulence of enteric pathogens.
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124
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Song-Zhao GX, Srinivasan N, Pott J, Baban D, Frankel G, Maloy KJ. Nlrp3 activation in the intestinal epithelium protects against a mucosal pathogen. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:763-774. [PMID: 24280937 PMCID: PMC4048180 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the intracellular pattern recognition receptor gene NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) have been associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease. Following tissue damage or infection, NLRP3 triggers the formation of inflammasomes, containing NLRP3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD domain), and caspase-1, that mediate secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. However, the precise role of NLRP3 inflammasomes in mucosal inflammation and barrier protection remains unclear. Here we show that upon infection with the attaching/effacing intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, Nlrp3(-/-) and Asc(-/-) mice displayed increased bacterial colonization and dispersion, more severe weight loss, and exacerbated intestinal inflammation. Analyses of irradiation bone marrow chimeras revealed that protection from disease was mediated through Nlrp3 activation in nonhematopoietic cells and was initiated very early after infection. Thus, early activation of Nlrp3 in intestinal epithelial cells limits pathogen colonization and prevents subsequent pathology, potentially providing a functional link between NLRP3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George X. Song-Zhao
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Naren Srinivasan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Johanna Pott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Dilair Baban
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Kevin J. Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
,Corresponding author: T: +44-(0)1865-275589 F: +44-(0)1865-275591
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125
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Kim TJ, Upadhyay V, Kumar V, Lee KM, Fu YX. Innate lymphoid cells facilitate NK cell development through a lymphotoxin-mediated stromal microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1421-31. [PMID: 24913234 PMCID: PMC4076579 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin expressed by RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells is critical for natural killer cell development. Natural killer (NK) cell development relies on signals provided from the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. It is thought that lymphotoxin (LT) α1β2 expressed by the NK cell lineage interacts with BM stromal cells to promote NK cell development. However, we now report that a small number of RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and not CD3−NK1.1+ cells, express LT to drive NK development. Similar to LT−/− or RORγt−/− mice, the mice conditionally lacking LTα1β2 on RORγt+ ILCs experience a developmental arrest at the immature NK stages, between stages of NK development to the mature NK cell stage. This developmental block results in a functional deficiency in the clearance of NK-sensitive tumor cells. Reconstitution of Thy1+ ILCs from BM or purified RORγt+ ILCs from lamina propria lymphocytes into LT-deficient RORγt+ BM cultures rescues NK cell development. These data highlight a previously undiscovered role of RORγt+ ILCs for NK cell development and define LT from ILCs as an essential molecule for the stromal microenvironment supporting NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Global Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Global Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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126
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Meng Y, Wang X. Role of IL-22 in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2258-2264. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i16.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a novel IL-10 associated factor, was originally discovered in 2000. It has been found that IL-22 is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although IL-22 and its receptor have not been linked with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) genetically, expression of IL-22 is augmented in patients with IBD. Despite the fact that IL-22 is correlated with disease activities in IBD patients, data from several preclinical models suggest that IL-22 exerts protective functions. IBD susceptibility genes such as IL-23R, IL-17 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are functionally associated with IL-22 directly or indirectly. These findings suggest that further studies on IL-22 would have the potential not only to analyze the fundamental mechanism of IBD but also to provide important rationale to develop novel therapeutic measures for this disorder.
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127
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Upadhyay V, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin organizes contributions to host defense and metabolic illness from innate lymphoid cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:227-33. [PMID: 24411493 PMCID: PMC3999173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The lymphotoxin (LT)-pathway is a unique constituent branch of the Tumor Necrosis Superfamily (TNFSF). Use of LT is a critical mechanism by which fetal innate lymphoid cells regulate lymphoid organogenesis. Within recent years, adult innate lymphoid cells have been discovered to utilize this same pathway to regulate IL-22 and IL-23 production for host defense. Notably, genetic studies have linked polymorphisms in the genes encoding LTα to several phenotypes contributing to metabolic syndrome. The role of the LT-pathway may lay the foundation for a bridge between host immune response, microbiota, and metabolic syndrome. The contribution of the LT-pathway to innate lymphoid cell function and metabolic syndrome will be visited in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, United States
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, United States.
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128
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Giogha C, Lung TWF, Pearson JS, Hartland EL. Inhibition of death receptor signaling by bacterial gut pathogens. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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129
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Development and regulation of RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4176-81. [PMID: 24681095 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), or ILC3, play a fundamental role in the development of lymphoid tissues, as well as in homeostasis and defence of mucosal tissues. These cells produce IL-22, IL-17A and LTα1β2, key cytokines for the activation of epithelial defences and the recruitment of polymorphonuclear phagocytes. In the absence of ILC3, the early defence to infection and resistance to injury are compromised. Given the importance of ILC3 in mucosal immunity, significant efforts are made to discover their multiple functions and decipher their mode of action and regulation.
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130
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Gommerman JL, Browning JL, Ware CF. The Lymphotoxin Network: orchestrating a type I interferon response to optimize adaptive immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:139-45. [PMID: 24698108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Lymphotoxin (LT) pathway is best known for its role in orchestrating the development and homeostasis of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches through the regulation of homeostatic chemokines. More recently an appreciation of the LTβR pathway in the production of Type I interferons (IFN-I) during homeostasis and infection has emerged. LTβR signaling is essential in differentiating stromal cells and macrophages in lymphoid organs to rapidly produce IFN-I in response to virus infections independently of the conventional TLR signaling systems. In addition, LTβR signaling is required to produce homeostatic levels of IFN-I from dendritic cells in order to effectively cross-prime a CD8+ T cell response to protein antigen. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of LTβR signaling in mice has a profound positive impact on a number of autoimmune disease models, although it remains unclear if this efficacy is linked to IFN-I production during chronic inflammation. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of how the "Lymphotoxin Network" is linked to the IFN-I response and its impact on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey L Browning
- Department of Microbiology and Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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131
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Bishop JL, Roberts ME, Beer JL, Huang M, Chehal MK, Fan X, Fouser LA, Ma HL, Bacani JT, Harder KW. Lyn activity protects mice from DSS colitis and regulates the production of IL-22 from innate lymphoid cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:405-16. [PMID: 24045577 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis requires a complex balance of interactions between diverse resident microbial communities, the intestinal epithelium, and the underlying immune system. We show that the Lyn tyrosine kinase, a critical regulator of immune cell function and pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) responses, has a key role in controlling gastrointestinal inflammation. Lyn⁻/⁻ mice were highly susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, whereas Lyn gain-of-function (Lyn(up)) mice exhibited attenuated colitis during acute and chronic models of disease. Lyn(up) mice were hypersensitive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), driving enhanced production of cytokines and factors associated with intestinal barrier function, including interleukin (IL)-22. Oral administration of LPS was sufficient to protect antibiotic-treated Lyn(up) but not wild-type mice from DSS, highlighting how Lyn-dependent changes in the nature/magnitude of PRR responses can impact intestinal health. Furthermore, protection from DSS-induced colitis and increased IL-22 production in response to LPS did not depend on the adaptive immune system, with increased innate lymphoid cell-derived IL-22 correlating with Lyn activity in dendritic cells. These data reveal a key role for Lyn in the regulation of innate immune responses and control of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, I Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M E Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, I Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J L Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, I Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, I Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M K Chehal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, I Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - X Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, I Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L A Fouser
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide R and D, Cambridge, Masschusetts, USA
| | - H L Ma
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide R and D, Cambridge, Masschusetts, USA
| | - J T Bacani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Anatomical Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - K W Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, I Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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132
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Guo X, Qiu J, Tu T, Yang X, Deng L, Anders RA, Zhou L, Fu YX. Induction of innate lymphoid cell-derived interleukin-22 by the transcription factor STAT3 mediates protection against intestinal infection. Immunity 2014; 40:25-39. [PMID: 24412612 PMCID: PMC3919552 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the transcription factor STAT3 target STAT3-dependent tumorigenesis but patients often develop diarrhea from unknown mechanisms. Here we showed that STAT3 deficiency increased morbidity and mortality after Citrobacter rodentium infection with decreased secretion of cytokines including IL-17 and IL-22 associated with the transcription factor RORγt. Administration of the cytokine IL-22 was sufficient to rescue STAT3-deficient mice from lethal infection. Although STAT3 was required for IL-22 production in both innate and adaptive arms, by using conditional gene-deficient mice, we observed that STAT3 expression in RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), but not T cells, was essential for the protection. However, STAT3 was required for RORγt expression in T helper cells, but not in ILC3s. Activated STAT3 could directly bind to the Il22 locus. Thus, cancer therapies that utilize STAT3 inhibitors increase the risk for pathogen-mediated diarrhea through direct suppression of IL-22 from gut ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tony Tu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xuanming Yang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Liufu Deng
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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133
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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134
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Abstract
Inflammation is a very complex immunopathological process occurring due to exaggerated activation of immune system in response to various inflammatory stimuli (i.e. bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic antigens, xenobiotics, autoantigens and sterile inflammation of unknown cause (i.e. tumor associated inflammation), traumatic inflammation or allergic inflammation etc.). Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are particular newly discovered immune cells, which have characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells. These cells have shown very significant roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders at mucosal surfaces (i.e. respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and mucosal skin surfaces or barriers). The present review, explores their role in pathogenesis of inflammation at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sunnybrook Health Science Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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135
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Kumar V. Innate lymphoid cells: New paradigm in immunology of inflammation. Immunol Lett 2014; 157:23-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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136
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Karmaus PWF, Chi H. Genetic dissection of dendritic cell homeostasis and function: lessons from cell type-specific gene ablation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1893-906. [PMID: 24366237 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous cell population of great importance in the immune system. The emergence of new genetic technology utilizing the CD11c promoter and Cre recombinase has facilitated the dissection of functional significance and molecular regulation of DCs in immune responses and homeostasis in vivo. For the first time, this strategy allows observation of the effects of DC-specific gene deletion on immune system function in an intact organism. In this review, we present the latest findings from studies using the Cre recombinase system for cell type-specific deletion of key molecules that mediate DC homeostasis and function. Our focus is on the molecular pathways that orchestrate DC life span, migration, antigen presentation, pattern recognition, and cytokine production and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer W F Karmaus
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA
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137
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Kruglov AA, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV, Winsauer C, Prepens S, Seleznik GM, Eberl G, Littman DR, Heikenwalder M, Tumanov AV, Nedospasov SA. Nonredundant function of soluble LTα3 produced by innate lymphoid cells in intestinal homeostasis. Science 2013; 342:1243-6. [PMID: 24311691 DOI: 10.1126/science.1243364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) production at mucosal surfaces contributes to protection against pathogens and controls intestinal microbiota composition. However, mechanisms regulating IgA induction are not completely defined. We show that soluble lymphotoxin α (sLTα3) produced by RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) controls T cell-dependent IgA induction in the lamina propria via regulation of T cell homing to the gut. By contrast, membrane-bound lymphotoxin β (LTα1β2) produced by RORγt(+) ILCs is critical for T cell-independent IgA induction in the lamina propria via control of dendritic cell functions. Ablation of LTα in RORγt(+) cells abrogated IgA production in the gut and altered microbiota composition. Thus, soluble and membrane-bound lymphotoxins produced by ILCs distinctly organize adaptive immune responses in the gut and control commensal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kruglov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany
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138
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Bekiaris V, Šedý JR, Macauley MG, Rhode-Kurnow A, Ware CF. The inhibitory receptor BTLA controls γδ T cell homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Immunity 2013; 39:1082-1094. [PMID: 24315996 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells rapidly secrete inflammatory cytokines at barrier sites that aid in protection from pathogens, but mechanisms limiting inflammatory damage remain unclear. We found that retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma-t (RORγt) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) influence γδ T cell homeostasis and function by regulating expression of the inhibitory receptor, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). The transcription factor RORγt, via its activating function-2 domain, repressed Btla transcription, whereas IL-7 increased BTLA levels on the cell surface. BTLA expression limited γδ T cell numbers and sustained normal γδ T cell subset frequencies by restricting IL-7 responsiveness and expansion of the CD27(-)RORγt(+) population. BTLA also negatively regulated IL-17 and TNF production in CD27(-) γδ T cells. Consequently, BTLA-deficient mice exhibit enhanced disease in a γδ T cell-dependent model of dermatitis, whereas BTLA agonism reduced inflammation. Therefore, by coordinating expression of BTLA, RORγt and IL-7 balance suppressive and activation stimuli to regulate γδ T cell homeostasis and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Bekiaris
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Šedý
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew G Macauley
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antje Rhode-Kurnow
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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139
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Bekiaris V, Šedy JR, Rossetti M, Spreafico R, Sharma S, Rhode-Kurnow A, Ware BC, Huang N, Macauley MG, Norris PS, Albani S, Ware CF. Human CD4+CD3- innate-like T cells provide a source of TNF and lymphotoxin-αβ and are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4611-8. [PMID: 24078690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells encompass a diverse array of lymphocyte subsets with unique phenotype that initiate inflammation and provide host defenses in specific microenvironments. In this study, we identify a rare human CD4(+)CD3(-) innate-like lymphoid population with high TNF expression that is enriched in blood from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These CD4(+)CD3(-) cells belong to the T cell lineage, but the lack of AgR at the cell surface renders them nonresponsive to TCR-directed stimuli. By developing a culture system that sustains survival, we show that CD4(+)CD3(-) innate-like T cells display IL-7-dependent induction of surface lymphotoxin-αβ, demonstrating their potential to modify tissue microenvironments. Furthermore, expression of CCR6 on the CD4(+)CD3(-) population defines a CD127(high) subset that is highly responsive to IL-7. This CD4(+)CD3(-) population is enriched in the peripheral blood from rheumatoid arthritis patients, suggesting a link to their involvement in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Bekiaris
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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140
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Schreiber HA, Loschko J, Karssemeijer RA, Escolano A, Meredith MM, Mucida D, Guermonprez P, Nussenzweig MC. Intestinal monocytes and macrophages are required for T cell polarization in response to Citrobacter rodentium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2025-39. [PMID: 24043764 PMCID: PMC3782042 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using a new mouse model, the specific deletion of monocytes and macrophages reveals that, although not required to initiate immunity to Citrobacter rodentium, they contribute to the adaptive response via IL-12 secretion to induced IFN-γ+ Th1 polarization. Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are closely related phagocytes that share many phenotypic features and, in some cases, a common developmental origin. Although the requirement for DCs in initiating adaptive immune responses is well appreciated, the role of monocytes and macrophages remains largely undefined, in part because of the lack of genetic tools enabling their specific depletion. Here, we describe a two-gene approach that requires overlapping expression of LysM and Csf1r to define and deplete monocytes and macrophages. The role of monocytes and macrophages in immunity to pathogens was tested by their selective depletion during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Although neither cell type was required to initiate immunity, monocytes and macrophages contributed to the adaptive immune response by secreting IL-12, which induced Th1 polarization and IFN-γ secretion. Thus, whereas DCs are indispensable for priming naive CD4+ T cells, monocytes and macrophages participate in intestinal immunity by producing mediators that direct T cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Schreiber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, 2 Mucosal Immunology and 3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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141
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Crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the innate immune system in intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2227-37. [PMID: 23669404 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e31828dcac7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
: Inflammatory bowel diseases are a set of complex and chronic disorders that arise in genetically predisposed individuals due to a lack of tolerance to the gut microflora. Although the intestinal microbiota is required for the proper development of the host and the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, its dysbiosis is associated with inflammatory bowel diseases pathogenesis. In this review, we focus the discussion on the crosstalk between the innate immune system and the microbiota. We examine new findings from genetic and functional studies investigating the critical role of the intestinal epithelial cell layer and the processes that maintain its integrity in health and disease. We further explore the mechanisms of the mucosal innate immune system including dendritic cells, macrophages, and innate-like lymphocytes in mediating immunological tolerance at the steady state or pathogenic inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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142
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Qiu J, Zhou L. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs and controls intestinal immunity and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:657-70. [PMID: 23975386 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unlike adaptive immune cells that require antigen recognition and functional maturation during infection, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) usually respond to pathogens promptly and serve as the first line of defense in infectious diseases. RAR-related orphan receptor (RORγt)⁺ group 3 ILCs are one of the innate cell populations that have recently been intensively studied. During the fetal stage of development, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs (e.g., lymphoid tissue inducer cells) are required for lymphoid organogenesis. In adult mice, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs are abundantly present in the gut to exert immune defensive functions. Under certain circumstances, however, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs can be pathogenic and contribute to intestinal inflammation. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor, is widely expressed by various immune and non-immune cells. In the gut, the ligand for Ahr can be derived/generated from diet, microflora, and/or host cells. Ahr has been shown to regulate different cell populations in the immune system including RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs, T helper (Th)17/22 cells, γδT cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Tr1 cells, and antigen presenting cells. In this review, we will focus on the development and function of RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs, and discuss the role of Ahr in intestinal immunity and inflammation in mice and in humans. A better understanding of the function of Ahr in the gut is important for developing new therapeutic means to target Ahr in future treatment of infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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143
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Qiu J, Guo X, Chen ZME, He L, Sonnenberg GF, Artis D, Fu YX, Zhou L. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells inhibit T-cell-mediated intestinal inflammation through aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and regulation of microflora. Immunity 2013; 39:386-99. [PMID: 23954130 PMCID: PMC3884586 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is crucial for the maintenance and function of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which are important in gut immunity. Because Ahr promotes T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation in vitro, it is reasonable to expect that Ahr would enhance Th17 cells in vivo. Instead, we show that Ahr deficiency caused increased intestinal Th17 cells, raising the possibility that group 3 ILCs could negatively regulate Th17 cells. Reduced innate interleukin-22 (IL-22) in Ahr-deficient mice allowed expansion of commensal segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), known to promote Th17 cells. Compared to Rorc(+/+)Ahr(-/-) mice, Rorc(gfp/+)Ahr(-/-) mice had further reduced group 3 ILCs and were prone to spontaneous colitis with increased SFB and Th17 cells. Innate expression of Ahr played a protective role in T-cell-mediated experimental colitis by suppressing pathogenic Th17 cells. Our data reveal an intricate balance between ILCs and Th17 cells regulated by Ahr and commensal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zong-ming E. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lei He
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gregory F. Sonnenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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144
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Satpathy AT, Briseño CG, Lee JS, Ng D, Manieri NA, Kc W, Wu X, Thomas SR, Lee WL, Turkoz M, McDonald KG, Meredith MM, Song C, Guidos CJ, Newberry RD, Ouyang W, Murphy TL, Stappenbeck TS, Gommerman JL, Nussenzweig MC, Colonna M, Kopan R, Murphy KM. Notch2-dependent classical dendritic cells orchestrate intestinal immunity to attaching-and-effacing bacterial pathogens. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:937-48. [PMID: 23913046 PMCID: PMC3788683 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defense against attaching-and-effacing bacteria requires the sequential generation of interleukin 23 (IL-23) and IL-22 to induce protective mucosal responses. Although CD4(+) and NKp46(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the critical source of IL-22 during infection, the precise source of IL-23 is unclear. We used genetic techniques to deplete mice of specific subsets of classical dendritic cells (cDCs) and analyzed immunity to the attaching-and-effacing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. We found that the signaling receptor Notch2 controlled the terminal stage of cDC differentiation. Notch2-dependent intestinal CD11b(+) cDCs were an obligate source of IL-23 required for survival after infection with C. rodentium, but CD103(+) cDCs dependent on the transcription factor Batf3 were not. Our results demonstrate a nonredundant function for CD11b(+) cDCs in the response to pathogens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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145
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Mühl H, Scheiermann P, Bachmann M, Härdle L, Heinrichs A, Pfeilschifter J. IL-22 in tissue-protective therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 169:761-71. [PMID: 23530726 PMCID: PMC3687657 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-22, a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, has recently gained significant attention as a protective agent in murine models of diseases driven by epithelial injury. Like its biochemical and functional sibling IL-10, IL-22 elicits cellular activation primarily by engaging the STAT3 signalling pathway. Exclusively produced by leukocytes, but targeting mostly cells of epithelial origin, IL-22 has been proposed as a specialized cytokine messenger acting between leukocytic and non-leukocytic cell compartments. A lack of response in leukocytes to IL-22 mirrors tightly controlled IL-22 receptor expression and probably explains the apparent lack of instant adverse effects after systemic IL-22 administration to mice. Anti-apoptotic, pro-proliferative and pro-regenerative characteristics the major biological properties of this cytokine. Specifically, application of IL-22 is associated with tissue protection and/or regeneration in murine models of infection/microbe-driven inflammation at host/environment interfaces, ventilator-induced lung injury, pancreatitis and liver damage. Overall, preclinical studies would support therapeutic administration of seemingly well-tolerated recombinant IL-22 for treatment of an array of acute diseases manifested in epithelial tissues. However, the feasibility of prolonged administration of this cytokine is expected to be restricted by the tumourigenic potential of the IL-22/STAT3 axis. IL-22, moreover, apparently displays an inherent context-specific capacity to amplify distinct aspects of autoimmune inflammation. Here, the prospects, expectations and restrictions of IL-22 administration in tissue-protective therapy are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/metabolism
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/drug effects
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/immunology
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukins/adverse effects
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Interleukins/therapeutic use
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Protective Agents/adverse effects
- Protective Agents/metabolism
- Protective Agents/pharmacology
- Protective Agents/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Interleukin/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Regeneration/drug effects
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/agonists
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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146
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Abstract
The field of lymphotoxin biology has seen many advances in the past decade. Notably, a role for lymphotoxin as a key effector cytokine has emerged to add to its foundational contribution to lymphoid organogenesis. It is now clear that lymphotoxin contributes to host defense for a wide variety of pathogens, and the lymphotoxin receptor is a defining feature of and regulatory mechanism in both innate and adaptive immunities. Specifically, lymphotoxin contributes to Th education, licensing of IL-22 production from type 3 innate lymphoid cells, and even maintains innate myeloid populations within the fully developed lymph node. Most recently, lymphotoxin has been implicated in regulation of the microbiota and metabolic disease. Early studies revealed that lymphotoxin might influence composition of the commensal microbiota through its regulation of immunological compartmentalization in the gut. Additionally, several epidemiological studies have linked polymorphisms in lymphotoxin to metabolic disease. Studies exploring the role of lymphotoxin in metabolic disease have demonstrated that lymphotoxin may influence metabolism both directly in the liver and indirectly through regulation of gut immune responses. It now appears that lymphotoxin may bridge the gap between altered composition of the commensal microbiota and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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147
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Upadhyay V, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin signalling in immune homeostasis and the control of microorganisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:270-9. [PMID: 23524463 PMCID: PMC3900493 DOI: 10.1038/nri3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily that was originally thought to be functionally redundant to TNF, but these proteins were later found to have independent roles in driving lymphoid organogenesis. More recently, LT-mediated signalling has been shown to actively contribute to effector immune responses. LT regulates dendritic cell and CD4(+) T cell homeostasis in the steady state and determines the functions of these cells during pathogenic challenges. The LT receptor pathway is essential for controlling pathogens and even contributes to the regulation of the intestinal microbiota, with recent data suggesting that LT-induced changes in the microbiota promote metabolic disease. In this Review, we discuss these newly defined roles for LT, with a particular focus on how the LT receptor pathway regulates innate and adaptive immune responses to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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148
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Romera-Hernandez M, Aparicio-Domingo P, Cupedo T. Damage control: Rorγt+ innate lymphoid cells in tissue regeneration. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:156-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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149
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Ahn YO, Blazar BR, Miller JS, Verneris MR. Lineage relationships of human interleukin-22-producing CD56+ RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells and conventional natural killer cells. Blood 2013; 121:2234-43. [PMID: 23327921 PMCID: PMC3606063 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-440099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin (IL)-22-producing RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILC22) and conventional natural killer (cNK) cells are present in secondary lymphoid tissues. Both have an immunophenotype corresponding to stage III NK progenitors (CD56(+/-)CD117(high)CD94(-)). Using an in vitro differentiation and primary human tissues, we investigated their developmental relationships. cNK cells showed a CD56(+)CD117(+)CD7(+/-)LFA-1(high) phenotype and expressed surface receptors, cytokines, and transcription factors found on mature cNK cells. In contrast, ILC22 cells were contained within the CD56(+)CD117(high)CD94(-)CD7(-)LFA-1(-) fraction and produced IL-22, IL-8, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor. Although ILC22 cells expressed NKp44 and CD161, they lacked most other NK receptors and NK-associated transcription factors (T-bet and Eomes) and were incapable of interferon-γ production or cytotoxic responses. Most purified CD56(+)CD117(+)CD7(+/-)LFA-1(-) remained as ILC22 cells and never became cNK cells. In the absence of IL-15, CD34(+) cells showed a complete block in cNK differentiation and instead gave rise to a CD56(+) population of ILC22 cells. Conversely, in the absence of IL-7 and stem cell factor, cNK cells were generated but ILC22 cells showed minimal differentiation. Although human ILC22 cells and cNK progenitors have a phenotype that overlaps with stage III NK progenitors, they have unique cytokine requirements and can be distinguished by LFA-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Oon Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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150
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Manta C, Heupel E, Radulovic K, Rossini V, Garbi N, Riedel CU, Niess JH. CX(3)CR1(+) macrophages support IL-22 production by innate lymphoid cells during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:177-88. [PMID: 22854708 PMCID: PMC3534171 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, granulocytes, and innate lymphoid cells provide a first line of defence to enteric pathogens. To study the role of CX(3)CR1(+) DCs and macrophages in host defence, we infected CX(3)CR1-GFP animals with Citrobacter rodentium. When transgenic CX(3)CR1-GFP animals are infected with the natural mouse pathogen C. rodentium, CX(3)CR1(-/-) animals showed a delayed clearance of C. rodentium as compared with (age- and sex-matched) wild-type B6 animals. The delayed clearance of C. rodentium is associated with reduced interleukin (IL)-22 expression. In C. rodentium-infected CX(3)CR1-GFP animals, IL-22 producing lymphoid-tissue inducer cells (LTi cells) were selectively reduced in the absence of CX(3)CR1. The reduced IL-22 expression correlates with decreased expression of the antimicrobial peptides RegIIIβ and RegIIIγ. The depletion of CX(3)CR1(+) cells by diphtheria toxin injection in CX(3)CR1-GFP × CD11c.DOG animals confirmed the role of CX(3)CR1(+) phagocytes in establishing IL-22 production, supporting the clearance of a C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Manta
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - E Heupel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Radulovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - V Rossini
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - N Garbi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology IMMEI, Bonn, Germany
| | - C U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J H Niess
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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