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Williams T, Borchelt DR, Chakrabarty P. Therapeutic approaches targeting Apolipoprotein E function in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:8. [PMID: 32005122 PMCID: PMC6995170 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the presence of the Ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE). APOE is a polymorphic lipoprotein that is a major cholesterol carrier in the brain. It is also involved in various cellular functions such as neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation and glucose metabolism. Humans predominantly possess three different allelic variants of APOE, termed E2, E3, and E4, with the E3 allele being the most common. The presence of the E4 allele is associated with increased risk of AD whereas E2 reduces the risk. To understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie APOE-related genetic risk, considerable effort has been devoted towards developing cellular and animal models. Data from these models indicate that APOE4 exacerbates amyloid β plaque burden in a dose-dependent manner. and may also enhance tau pathogenesis in an isoform-dependent manner. Other studies have suggested APOE4 increases the risk of AD by mechanisms that are distinct from modulation of Aβ or tau pathology. Further, whether plasma APOE, by influencing systemic metabolic pathways, can also possibly alter CNS function indirectly is not complete;y understood. Collectively, the available studies suggest that APOE may impact multiple signaling pathways and thus investigators have sought therapeutics that would disrupt pathological functions of APOE while preserving or enhancing beneficial functions. This review will highlight some of the therapeutic strategies that are currently being pursued to target APOE4 towards preventing or treating AD and we will discuss additional strategies that holds promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosha Williams
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Karel MFA, Hechler B, Kuijpers MJE, Cosemans JMEM. Atherosclerotic plaque injury-mediated murine thrombosis models: advantages and limitations. Platelets 2020; 31:439-446. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1708884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MFA Karel
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - B. Hechler
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS)-Grand Est, BPPS UMR_S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - MJE Kuijpers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - JMEM Cosemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Seo Y, Park J, Choi W, Ju Son D, Sung Kim Y, Kim MK, Yoon BE, Pyee J, Tae Hong J, Go YM, Park H. Antiatherogenic Effect of Resveratrol Attributed to Decreased Expression of ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:675-684. [PMID: 30786743 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Increasing evidence shows that resveratrol has antiatherogenic effects, but its underlying mechanisms are unknown. Thus, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiatherogenic effect of resveratrol. Approach and Results- Using the previously established mouse atherosclerosis model of partial ligation of the left carotid artery, we evaluated the role of resveratrol in antiatherosclerosis. We attempted to determine the mechanisms associated with focal adhesions using vascular endothelial cells. The results showed that resveratrol stimulated focal adhesion kinase cleavage via resveratrol-increased expression of lactoferrin in endothelial cells. Furthermore, we found that an N-terminal focal adhesion kinase fragment cleaved by resveratrol contained the FERM (band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, and moesin)-kinase domain. Furthermore, resveratrol inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated adhesion of THP-1 human monocytes by decreased expression of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1). A decreased ICAM-1 level was also observed in the left carotid artery of mice treated with resveratrol. To understand the relationship between resveratrol-induced antiinflammation and focal adhesion disruption, endothelial cells were transfected with FERM-kinase. Ectopically expressed FERM-kinase, the resveratrol-cleaved focal adhesion kinase fragment, was found in the nuclear fraction and inhibited the transcription level of icam-1 via the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)-antioxidant response element complex. Finally, ectopically expressed FERM-kinase blocked tumor necrosis factor-α- or IL- (interleukin) stimulated monocytic binding to endothelial cells. Conclusions- Our results show that resveratrol inhibits the expression of ICAM-1 via transcriptional regulation of the FERM-kinase and Nrf2 interaction, thereby blocking monocyte adhesion. These suppressive effects on the inflammatory mechanism suggest that resveratrol delayed the onset of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsik Seo
- From the Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, South Korea (Y.S., J. Park, W.C., Y.S.K., M.-K.K., B.-E.Y., J. Pyee, H.P.)
| | - Jinsun Park
- From the Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, South Korea (Y.S., J. Park, W.C., Y.S.K., M.-K.K., B.-E.Y., J. Pyee, H.P.)
| | - Woosoung Choi
- From the Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, South Korea (Y.S., J. Park, W.C., Y.S.K., M.-K.K., B.-E.Y., J. Pyee, H.P.)
| | - Dong Ju Son
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, South Korea (D.J.S., J.T.H.)
| | - Yoo Sung Kim
- From the Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, South Korea (Y.S., J. Park, W.C., Y.S.K., M.-K.K., B.-E.Y., J. Pyee, H.P.)
| | - Min-Kyun Kim
- From the Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, South Korea (Y.S., J. Park, W.C., Y.S.K., M.-K.K., B.-E.Y., J. Pyee, H.P.)
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- From the Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, South Korea (Y.S., J. Park, W.C., Y.S.K., M.-K.K., B.-E.Y., J. Pyee, H.P.)
| | - Jaeho Pyee
- From the Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, South Korea (Y.S., J. Park, W.C., Y.S.K., M.-K.K., B.-E.Y., J. Pyee, H.P.)
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, South Korea (D.J.S., J.T.H.)
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (Y.-M.G.)
| | - Heonyong Park
- From the Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, South Korea (Y.S., J. Park, W.C., Y.S.K., M.-K.K., B.-E.Y., J. Pyee, H.P.)
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Huang R, Cao Y, Li H, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang L, Su W, Xu Y, Liang L, Melgiri ND, Jiang L, Li X. miR-532-3p-CSF2RA Axis as a Key Regulator of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation. Can J Cardiol 2019; 36:1782-1794. [PMID: 32473103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most dangerous atherosclerotic plaques, referred to as "vulnerable," are most likely to trigger acute atherothrombotic events such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke. Our goal was to uncover the molecular drivers of vulnerable plaque formation. METHODS To elucidate the functional gene modules that drive vulnerable plaque formation, we performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis integrated with a protein-protein interaction network analysis in human atherosclerotic carotid samples, which identified the candidate gene granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 2 (GM-CSF) receptor alpha subunit (CSF2RA). Follow-up in vitro experiments were performed to elucidate the regulatory relationship between CSF2RA and the microRNA miR-532-3p as well as modifiers of macrophagic miR-532-3p-CSF2RA axis expression. Microarray and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) studies elucidated the effect of statins on carotid miR-532-3p-CSF2RA axis expression in patients with carotid atherosclerotic disease. Apoe-/-, Ldlr-/-, and Csf2ra mutant Apoe-/- mouse models of atherosclerosis were employed to assess the effects of agomiR-532-3p therapy in vivo. RESULTS The integrated weighted gene coexpression network analysis/protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that the macrophagic GM-CSF receptor CSF2RA is significantly upregulated in macrophage-rich vulnerable plaques. Follow-up analysis identified the miR-532-3p-CSF2RA axis, as miR-532-3p downregulates CSF2RA via binding to CSF2RA's 3'UTR. Macrophagic miR-532-3p-CSF2RA dysregulation was enhanced via modified low-density lipoprotein or tumor necrosis factor α exposure in vitro. Moreover, this miR-532-3p-CSF2RA dysregulation was observed in human vulnerable plaques and Apoe-/- mouse plaques, effects rescued by statin therapy. In vivo, agomiR-532-3p therapy suppressed murine plaque formation and promoted plaque stabilization in a Csf2ra-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Macrophagic miR-532-3p-CSF2RA axis dysregulation is a key driver in vulnerable plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongrong Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zicheng Hu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Statistical Laboratory, Chuangxu Institute of Life Science, Chongqing, China; Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Su
- Department of Cardiology, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Statistical Laboratory, Chuangxu Institute of Life Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Liwen Liang
- Department of Cardiology, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Narayan D Melgiri
- Impactys Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xingsheng Li
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Scola L, Giarratana RM, Torre S, Argano V, Lio D, Balistreri CR. On the Road to Accurate Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Diseases by Integrating Precision and Gender Medicine Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6015. [PMID: 31795333 PMCID: PMC6929083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to facilitate the complex management of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) has led to the detection of many biomarkers, however, there are no clear explanations of their role in the prevention, diagnosis or prognosis of these diseases. Molecules associated with disease pathways represent valid disease surrogates and well-fitted CMD biomarkers. To address this challenge, data from multi-omics types (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and nutrigenomics), from human and animal models, have become available. However, individual omics types only provide data on a small part of molecules involved in the complex CMD mechanisms, whereas, here, we propose that their integration leads to multidimensional data. Such data provide a better understanding of molecules related to CMD mechanisms and, consequently, increase the possibility of identifying well-fitted biomarkers. In addition, the application of gender medicine also helps to identify accurate biomarkers according to gender, facilitating a differential CMD management. Accordingly, the impact of gender differences in CMD pathophysiology has been widely demonstrated, where gender is referred to the complex interrelation and integration of sex (as a biological and functional marker of the human body) and psychological and cultural behavior (due to ethnical, social, and religious background). In this review, all these aspects are described and discussed, as well as potential limitations and future directions in this incipient field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Scola
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.M.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Rosa Maria Giarratana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.M.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Salvatore Torre
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (S.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Argano
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (S.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Domenico Lio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.M.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.M.G.); (D.L.)
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106
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Tryptophan metabolism is differently regulated between large and small dogs. GeroScience 2019; 42:881-896. [PMID: 31784886 PMCID: PMC7286990 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion dogs have recently been promoted as an animal model for the study of aging due to their similar disease profile to humans, the sophistication of health assessment and disease diagnosis, and the shared environments with their owners. In addition, dogs show an interesting life history trait pattern where smaller individuals are up to two-fold longer lived than their larger counterparts. While some of the mechanisms underlying this size and longevity trade-off are strongly suspected (i.e., growth hormone/IGF-I), there are likely a number of undiscovered mechanisms as well. Accordingly, we have completed a large-scale global metabolomic profiling of dogs encompassing a range of sizes and ages from three cities across the USA. We found a surprisingly strong location signal in the metabolome, stronger in fact than any signal related to age, breed, or sex. However, after controlling for the effects of location, tryptophan metabolism emerged as significantly associated with weight of the dogs, with small dogs having significantly higher levels of tryptophan pathway metabolites. Overall, our results point toward novel, testable hypotheses about the underlying physiological mechanisms that influence size and longevity in the companion dog and suggest that dogs may be useful in sorting out the complexities of the tryptophan metabolic network.
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Abstract
The common forms of metabolic diseases are highly complex, involving hundreds of genes, environmental and lifestyle factors, age-related changes, sex differences and gut-microbiome interactions. Systems genetics is a population-based approach to address this complexity. In contrast to commonly used 'reductionist' approaches, such as gain or loss of function, that examine one element at a time, systems genetics uses high-throughput 'omics' technologies to quantitatively assess the many molecular differences among individuals in a population and then to relate these to physiologic functions or disease states. Unlike genome-wide association studies, systems genetics seeks to go beyond the identification of disease-causing genes to understand higher-order interactions at the molecular level. The purpose of this review is to introduce the systems genetics applications in the areas of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Here, we explain how large clinical and omics-level data and databases from both human and animal populations are available to help researchers place genes in the context of pathways and networks and formulate hypotheses that can then be experimentally examined. We provide lists of such databases and examples of the integration of reductionist and systems genetics data. Among the important applications emerging is the development of improved nutritional and pharmacological strategies to address the rise of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Seldin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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108
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Bentzon JF. Tapping Into the Strengths of Diversity Among Atherosclerotic Pigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2203-2204. [PMID: 31644349 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Bentzon
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Clinical Medicine, Heart Diseases, Aarhus University, Denmark
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109
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Suzuki J, Inada H, Han C, Kim MJ, Kimura R, Takata Y, Honkura Y, Owada Y, Kawase T, Katori Y, Someya S, Osumi N. "Passenger gene" problem in transgenic C57BL/6 mice used in hearing research. Neurosci Res 2019; 158:6-15. [PMID: 31622631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in genome engineering technologies, traditional transgenic mice generated on a mixed genetic background of C57BL/6 and 129/Sv mice remain widely used in age-related hearing loss (AHL) research, since C57BL/6 mice exhibit early onset and progression of AHL due to a mutation in cadherin 23-encoding gene (Cdh23753G>A). In these transgenic mice, backcrossing for more than 10 generations results in replacement of the donor background (129/Sv) with that of the recipient (C57BL/6), so that approximately 99.9% of genes are C57BL/6-derived and are considered congenic. However, the regions flanking the target gene may still be of 129/Sv origin, creating a so-called "passenger gene problem" where the normal 129/Sv-derived Cdh23753G allele can travel with the target gene. In this study, we investigated the role of fatty acid-binding protein 7 (Fabp7), which is important for cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of fatty acids in the cochlea, using traditional Fabp7 knockout (KO) mice on the C57BL/6 background. We found that Fabp7 KO mice showed delayed AHL progression and milder cochlear degeneration. However, the genotype of the Cdh23 region flanking Fabp7 was still that of 129/Sv origin (Cdh23753GG). Our findings reveal the potential risk of contamination for traditional transgenic mice generated on the C57BL/6 background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Centers for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Inada
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Centers for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Chul Han
- Departments of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FA 32610-0143, USA; Barrow Aneurysm & AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Mi-Jung Kim
- Departments of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FA 32610-0143, USA
| | - Ryuichi Kimura
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Centers for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Arakawa, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan
| | - Yohei Honkura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kawase
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan; Laboratory of Rehabilitative Auditory Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shinichi Someya
- Departments of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FA 32610-0143, USA
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Centers for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Xu S, Xu Y, Liu P, Zhang S, Liu H, Slavin S, Kumar S, Koroleva M, Luo J, Wu X, Rahman A, Pelisek J, Jo H, Si S, Miller CL, Jin ZG. The novel coronary artery disease risk gene JCAD/KIAA1462 promotes endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2019; 40:2398-2408. [PMID: 31539914 PMCID: PMC6698662 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified that the JCAD locus is associated with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). However, the mechanisms whereby candidate gene JCAD confers disease risk remain unclear. We addressed whether and how JCAD affects the development of atherosclerosis, the common cause of CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS By mining data in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database, we found that CAD-associated risk variants at the JCAD locus are linked to increased JCAD gene expression in human arteries, implicating JCAD as a candidate causal CAD gene. We therefore generated global and endothelial cell (EC) specific-JCAD knockout mice, and observed that JCAD deficiency attenuated high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. JCAD-deficiency in mice also improved endothelium-dependent relaxation. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of JCAD-depleted human coronary artery ECs showed that JCAD depletion inhibited the activation of YAP/TAZ pathway, and the expression of downstream pro-atherogenic genes, including CTGF and Cyr61. As a result, JCAD-deficient ECs attracted fewer monocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Moreover, JCAD expression in ECs was decreased under unidirectional laminar flow in vitro and in vivo. Proteomics studies suggest that JCAD regulates YAP/TAZ activation by interacting with actin-binding protein TRIOBP, thereby stabilizing stress fiber formation. Finally, we observed that endothelial JCAD expression was increased in mouse and human atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that the GWAS-identified CAD risk gene JCAD promotes endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, thus highlighting the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for CAD by targeting JCAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yanni Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Spencer Slavin
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marina Koroleva
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jinque Luo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Arshad Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Germany
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuyi Si
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zheng Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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Yang S, Xia YP, Luo XY, Chen SL, Li BW, Ye ZM, Chen SC, Mao L, Jin HJ, Li YN, Hu B. Exosomal CagA derived from Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells induces macrophage foam cell formation and promotes atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 135:40-51. [PMID: 31352044 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroepidemiological studies have highlighted a positive relation between CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), atherosclerosis and related clinic events. However, this link has not been well validated. The present study was designed to explore the role of H. pylori PMSS1 (a CagA-positive strain that can translocate CagA into host cells) and exosomal CagA in the progression of atherosclerosis. METHODS To evaluate whether H. pylori accelerates or even induces atherosclerosis, H. pylori-infected C57/BL6 mice and ApoE-/- mice were maintained under different dietary conditions. To identify the role of H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells-derived exosomes (Hp-GES-EVs) and exosomal CagA in atherosclerosis, ApoE-/- mice were given intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of saline, GES-EVs, Hp-GES-EVs, and recombinant CagA protein (rCagA). FINDINGS CagA-positive H. pylori PMSS1 infection does not induce but promotes macrophage-derived foam cell formation and augments atherosclerotic plaque growth and instability in two animal models. Meanwhile, circulating Hp-GES-EVs are taken up in aortic plaque, and CagA is secreted in Hp-GES-EVs. Furthermore, the CagA-containing EVs and rCagA exacerbates macrophage-derived foam cell formation and lesion development in vitro and in vivo, recapitulating the pro-atherogenic effects of CagA-positive H. pylori. Mechanistically, CagA suppresses the transcription of cholesterol efflux transporters by downregulating the expression of transcriptional factors PPARγ and LXRα and thus enhances foam cell formation. INTERPRETATION These results may provide new insights into the role of exosomal CagA in the pathogenesis of CagA-positive H. pylori infection-related atherosclerosis. It is suggested that preventing and eradicating CagA-positive H. pylori infection could reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis and related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Ying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Ming Ye
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Dietary Cholesterol Is Highly Associated with Severity of Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerotic Lesions in Heterozygous LDLR-Deficient Hamsters. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143515. [PMID: 31323736 PMCID: PMC6678973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a dominant inherited disease caused mainly by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene mutations. To different extents, both heterozygous and homozygous FH patients develop premature coronary heart disease (CHD). However, most of the experimental animal models with LDLR deficiency could not fully recapitulate FH because they develop hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis only in homozygous, but not in heterozygous, form. In the current study, we investigated the responsiveness of the LDLR+/- hamster to dietary cholesterol and whether plasma cholesterol levels were positively associated with the severity of atherosclerosis. Approach and Methods: wild type WT and LDLR+/- hamsters were fed a high fat diet with different cholesterol contents (HCHF) for 12 or 16 weeks. Plasma lipids, (apo)lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis in both the aorta and coronary arteries were analyzed. After a HCHF diet challenge, the levels of total cholesterol (TC) in WT and LDLR+/- hamsters were significantly elevated, but the latter showed a more pronounced lipoprotein profile, with higher cholesterol levels that were positively correlated with dietary cholesterol contents. The LDLR+/- hamsters also showed accelerated atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and coronary arteries, whereas only mild aortic lesions were observed in WT hamsters. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that, unlike other rodent animals, the levels of plasma cholesterol in hamsters can be significantly modulated by the intervention of dietary cholesterol, which were closely associated with severity of atherosclerosis in LDLR+/- hamsters, suggesting that the LDLR+/- hamster is an ideal animal model for FH and has great potential in the study of FH and atherosclerosis-related CHD.
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Ma S, Fan L, Cao F. Combating cellular senescence by sirtuins: Implications for atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1822-1830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Marino A, Zhang Y, Rubinelli L, Riemma MA, Ip JE, Di Lorenzo A. Pressure overload leads to coronary plaque formation, progression, and myocardial events in ApoE-/- mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128220. [PMID: 31045580 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are two major risk factors for coronary artery diseases, which remain the major cause of mortality in the industrialized world. Current animal models of atherosclerosis do not recapitulate coronary plaque disruption, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction occurring in humans. Recently, we demonstrated that exposure of the heart to high pressure, by transverse aortic constriction (TAC), induced coronary lesions in ApoE-/- mice on chow diet. The aim of this study was to characterize the magnitude and location of coronary lesions in ApoE-/- mice after TAC and to assess the susceptibility of coronary plaque to disruption, leading to myocardial events. Here, we describe a reliable pathological condition in mice characterized by the development of coronary lesions and its progression, leading to myocardial infarction; this model better recapitulates human disease. Following TAC surgery, about 90% of ApoE-/- mice developed coronary lesions, especially in the left anterior descending artery, with 59% of the mice manifesting a different magnitude of LAD stenosis. Myocardial events, identified in 74% of the mice, were mainly due to coronary plaque thrombosis and occlusion. That TAC-induced development and progression of coronary lesions in ApoE-/- mice, leading to myocardial events, represents a potentially novel and important tool to investigate the development of coronary lesions and its sequelae in a setting that better resemble human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Marino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, and.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, and.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luisa Rubinelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, and.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Antonietta Riemma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, and.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - James E Ip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, and.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Oppi S, Lüscher TF, Stein S. Mouse Models for Atherosclerosis Research-Which Is My Line? Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:46. [PMID: 31032262 PMCID: PMC6473202 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the primary causes of cardiovascular disease and mortality. This chronic immunometabolic disease evolves during decades in humans and encompasses different organs and immune cell types, as well as local and systemic processes that promote the progression of the disease. The most frequently used animal model to study these atherogenic processes and inter-organ crosstalk in a short time frame are genetically modified mouse models. Some models have been used throughout the last decades, and some others been developed recently. These models have important differences in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport pathway, obesity and diabetes as well as inflammatory processes. Therefore, the disease develops and progresses differently in the various mouse models. Since atherosclerosis is a multifaceted disease and many processes contribute to its progression, the choice of the right mouse model is important to study specific aspects of the disease. We will describe the different mouse models and provide a roadmap to facilitate current and future atherosclerosis researchers to choose the right model depending on their scientific question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Oppi
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Heart Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cooper TT, Hess DA, Verma S. Vascular Organoids: Are We Entering a New Area of Cardiometabolic Research? Cell Metab 2019; 29:792-794. [PMID: 30943391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently in Nature, Wimmer et al. (2019) reported on the development of a human organoid model of vascular development recapitulating vascular pathology during type 2 diabetes. Integration of these organoids into the vasculature of immunodeficient mice may provide cardiometabolic researchers with a "personalized" platform for novel therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler T Cooper
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Division of Vascular Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wagner R, Dittrich J, Thiery J, Ceglarek U, Burkhardt R. Simultaneous LC/MS/MS quantification of eight apolipoproteins in normal and hypercholesterolemic mouse plasma. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:900-908. [PMID: 30723096 PMCID: PMC6446716 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d084301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoproteins are major structural and functional constituents of lipoprotein particles. As modulators of lipid metabolism, adipose tissue biology, and energy homeostasis, apolipoproteins may serve as biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets for cardiometabolic diseases. Mice are the preferred model to study metabolic disease and CVD, but a comprehensive method to quantify circulating apolipoproteins in mice is lacking. We developed and validated a targeted proteomics assay to quantify eight apolipoproteins in mice via proteotypic signature peptides and corresponding stable isotope-labeled analogs. The LC/MS/MS method requires only a 3 µl sample volume to simultaneously determine mouse apoA-I, apoA-II, apoA-IV, apoB-100, total apoB, apoC-I, apoE, and apoJ concentrations. ApoB-48 concentrations can be calculated by subtracting apoB-100 from total apoB. After we established the analytic performance (sensitivity, linearity, and imprecision) and compared results for selected apolipoproteins against immunoassays, we applied the method to profile apolipoprotein levels in plasma and isolated HDL from normocholesterolemic C57BL/6 mice and from hypercholesterolemic Ldl-receptor- and Apoe-deficient mice. In conclusion, we present a robust, quantitative LC/MS/MS method for the multiplexed analysis of eight apolipoproteins in mice. This assay can be applied to investigate the effects of genetic manipulation or dietary interventions on apolipoprotein levels in plasma and isolated lipoprotein fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wagner
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Dittrich
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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118
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Zhao TX, Mallat Z. Targeting the Immune System in Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:1691-1706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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119
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Harber KJ, Verberk SGS, Van den Bossche J. Going -omics to identify novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:7-8. [PMID: 30879921 PMCID: PMC6443677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Harber
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne G S Verberk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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120
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Gold K, Gaharwar AK, Jain A. Emerging trends in multiscale modeling of vascular pathophysiology: Organ-on-a-chip and 3D printing. Biomaterials 2019; 196:2-17. [PMID: 30072038 PMCID: PMC6344330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Most biomedical and pharmaceutical research of the human vascular system aims to unravel the complex mechanisms that drive disease progression from molecular to organ levels. The knowledge gained can then be used to innovate diagnostic and treatment strategies which can ultimately be determined precisely for patients. Despite major advancements, current modeling strategies are often limited at identifying, quantifying, and dissecting specific cellular and molecular targets that regulate human vascular diseases. Therefore, development of multiscale modeling approaches are needed that can advance our knowledge and facilitate the design of next-generation therapeutic approaches in vascular diseases. This article critically reviews animal models, static in vitro systems, and dynamic in vitro culture systems currently used to model vascular diseases. A leading emphasis on the potential of emerging approaches, specifically organ-on-a-chip and three-dimensional (3D) printing, to recapitulate the innate human vascular physiology and anatomy is described. The applications of these approaches and future outlook in designing and screening novel therapeutics are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli Gold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Material Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Center for Remote Health and Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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121
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Mokou M, Klein J, Makridakis M, Bitsika V, Bascands JL, Saulnier-Blache JS, Mullen W, Sacherer M, Zoidakis J, Pieske B, Mischak H, Roubelakis MG, Schanstra JP, Vlahou A. Proteomics based identification of KDM5 histone demethylases associated with cardiovascular disease. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:91-104. [PMID: 30826357 PMCID: PMC6443027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) indicates a demand for novel therapeutic approaches. Proteome analysis of vascular tissues from animal models and humans with CVD could lead to the identification of novel druggable targets. Methods LC-MS/MS analysis of thoracic aortas from three mouse models of non-diabetic and diabetic (streptozotocin (STZ)-induced) atherosclerosis followed by bioinformatics/pathway analysis was performed. Selected findings were confirmed by proteomics analysis of human vessels from patients with CVD as well as in vitro studies (migration, proliferation, angiogenesis assays) using endothelial (HUVEC) cells. Findings Comparative tissue proteomics of low density lipoprotein receptor deficient (Ldlr−/−) and diabetic Ldlr−/− (Ldlr−/−STZ) with wild type (WT) animals led to the identification of 284 differentially expressed proteins in both models. Among them, 177 proteins were also differentially expressed in diabetic apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE−/−STZ) mice, suggesting expression changes associated with atherosclerosis independent of the model used. These proteins recapitulated the hallmarks of atherosclerosis. Comparison of these findings with differentially expressed proteins in human vessels with CVD enabled shortlisting of six commonly dysregulated proteins. Among them, lysine-specific demethylase 5D (KDM5D) exhibited pronounced overexpression accompanied by a reduction in the protein levels of its substrate, the trimethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3), in patients with CVD. Functional interference studies applying a KDM5 inhibitor on HUVEC reduced cell proliferation, migration and tube-forming ability in vitro. Interpretation This high-throughput proteomics strategy identified KDM5 histone demethylases being potentially involved in CVD, possibly by affecting H3K4 methylation. Fund [SysVasc, HEALTH-2013 603288], [ERA-CVD PROACT: ANR-17-ECVD-0006, 01KL1805], [FRM, DEQ20170336759].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Mokou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Julie Klein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bitsika
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- INSERM, U1188, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Jean Sebastien Saulnier-Blache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - William Mullen
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sacherer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany
| | - Harald Mischak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria G Roubelakis
- Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Joost P Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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123
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Kostic M, Igic M, Jevtovic Stoimenov T, Pejcic A, Pesic Stankovic J. Determination of Salivary Myeloperoxidase, Immunoglobulin E, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α after Complete Denture Insertion. Med Princ Pract 2019; 28:347-351. [PMID: 30844800 PMCID: PMC6639651 DOI: 10.1159/000499429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect activities of salivary myeloperoxidase (MPO) and concentrations of salivary tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as indicators of inflammatory reaction and salivary immunoglobulin E as an indicator of allergic reaction after complete insertion of acrylic dentures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Complete dentures were made for a uniform group of elderly patients, and saliva samples were taken immediately before they were given to the patients, as well as 2, 3, 7, and 30 days after insertion of the dentures, with simultaneous monitoring of changes in the oral mucosa. RESULTS After 7 and 30 days of wearing upper and lower complete dentures, nonsignificant increases in salivary MPO and TNF-α were proven to be indicators of inflammation. No changes were observed in the values of salivary immunoglobulin E during a 30-day observational period, which excluded the appearance of allergic reactions to acrylic materials in the tested group of patients. CONCLUSION A nonsignificant increase in the levels of MPO was observed on day 7; it decreased after 30 days. TNF-α also tended to increase in a nonsignificant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kostic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia,
| | - Marko Igic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Ana Pejcic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Chen J, Swofford R, Johnson J, Cummings BB, Rogel N, Lindblad-Toh K, Haerty W, Palma FD, Regev A. A quantitative framework for characterizing the evolutionary history of mammalian gene expression. Genome Res 2018; 29:53-63. [PMID: 30552105 PMCID: PMC6314168 DOI: 10.1101/gr.237636.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of a gene helps predict its function and relationship to phenotypic traits. Although sequence conservation is commonly used to decipher gene function and assess medical relevance, methods for functional inference from comparative expression data are lacking. Here, we use RNA-seq across seven tissues from 17 mammalian species to show that expression evolution across mammals is accurately modeled by the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, a commonly proposed model of continuous trait evolution. We apply this model to identify expression pathways under neutral, stabilizing, and directional selection. We further demonstrate novel applications of this model to quantify the extent of stabilizing selection on a gene's expression, parameterize the distribution of each gene's optimal expression level, and detect deleterious expression levels in expression data from individual patients. Our work provides a statistical framework for interpreting expression data across species and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Division of Health Science and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ross Swofford
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jeremy Johnson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Beryl B Cummings
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Noga Rogel
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Federica di Palma
- Earlham Institute, Norwich NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Biology and Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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Reustle A, Torzewski M. Role of p38 MAPK in Atherosclerosis and Aortic Valve Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123761. [PMID: 30486366 PMCID: PMC6321637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are cardiovascular diseases with an increasing prevalence in western societies. Statins are widely applied in atherosclerosis therapy, whereas no pharmacological interventions are available for the treatment of aortic valve sclerosis. Therefore, valve replacement surgery to prevent acute heart failure is the only option for patients with severe aortic stenosis. Both atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are not simply the consequence of degenerative processes, but rather diseases driven by inflammatory processes in response to lipid-deposition in the blood vessel wall and the aortic valve, respectively. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in inflammatory signaling and activated in response to various intracellular and extracellular stimuli, including oxidative stress, cytokines, and growth factors, all of which are abundantly present in atherosclerotic and aortic valve sclerotic lesions. The responses generated by p38 MAPK signaling in different cell types present in the lesions are diverse and might support the progression of the diseases. This review summarizes experimental findings relating to p38 MAPK in atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis and discusses potential functions of p38 MAPK in the diseases with the aim of clarifying its eligibility as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reustle
- Dr. Margarete-Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
- University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Torzewski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Hospital Hygiene, Robert Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
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126
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Razzoli M, Nyuyki-Dufe K, Gurney A, Erickson C, McCallum J, Spielman N, Marzullo M, Patricelli J, Kurata M, Pope EA, Touma C, Palme R, Largaespada DA, Allison DB, Bartolomucci A. Social stress shortens lifespan in mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12778. [PMID: 29806171 PMCID: PMC6052478 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and low socioeconomic status in humans confer increased vulnerability to morbidity and mortality. However, this association is not mechanistically understood nor has its causation been explored in animal models thus far. Recently, cellular senescence has been suggested as a potential mechanism linking lifelong stress to age‐related diseases and shorter life expectancy in humans. Here, we established a causal role for lifelong social stress on shortening lifespan and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in mice. Specifically, we developed a lifelong chronic psychosocial stress model in which male mouse aggressive behavior is used to study the impact of negative social confrontations on healthspan and lifespan. C57BL/6J mice identified through unbiased cluster analysis for receiving high while exhibiting low aggression, or identified as subordinate based on an ethologic criterion, had lower median and maximal lifespan, and developed earlier onset of several organ pathologies in the presence of a cellular senescence signature. Critically, subordinate mice developed spontaneous early‐stage atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic sinuses characterized by significant immune cells infiltration and sporadic rupture and calcification, none of which was found in dominant subjects. In conclusion, we present here the first rodent model to study and mechanistically dissect the impact of chronic stress on lifespan and disease of aging. These data highlight a conserved role for social stress and low social status on shortening lifespan and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in mammals and identify a potential mechanistic link for this complex phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Kewir Nyuyki-Dufe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Allison Gurney
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Connor Erickson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Jacob McCallum
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Nicholas Spielman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Marta Marzullo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Jessica Patricelli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Morito Kurata
- Department of Pediatric and Masonic Cancer Center; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Emily A. Pope
- Department of Pediatric and Masonic Cancer Center; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Chadi Touma
- Department of Behavioural Biology; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Department of Pediatric and Masonic Cancer Center; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - David B. Allison
- School of Public Health; Indiana University - Bloomington; Bloomington Indiana
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
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127
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Saulnier-Blache JS, Wilson R, Klavins K, Graham D, Alesutan I, Kastenmüller G, Wang-Sattler R, Adamski J, Roden M, Rathmann W, Seissler J, Meisinger C, Koenig W, Thiery J, Suhre K, Peters A, Kuro-O M, Lang F, Dallmann G, Delles C, Voelkl J, Waldenberger M, Bascands JL, Klein J, Schanstra JP. Ldlr -/- and ApoE -/- mice better mimic the human metabolite signature of increased carotid intima media thickness compared to other animal models of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2018; 276:140-147. [PMID: 30059845 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Preclinical experiments on animal models are essential to understand the mechanisms of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Metabolomics allows access to the metabolic perturbations associated with CVD in heart and vessels. Here we assessed which potential animal CVD model most closely mimics the serum metabolite signature of increased carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in humans, a clinical parameter widely accepted as a surrogate of CVD. METHODS A targeted mass spectrometry assay was used to quantify and compare a series of blood metabolites between 1362 individuals (KORA F4 cohort) and 5 animal CVD models: ApoE-/-, Ldlr-/-, and klotho-hypomorphic mice (kl/kl) and SHRSP rats with or without salt feeding. The metabolite signatures were obtained using linear regressions adjusted for various co-variates. RESULTS In human, increased cIMT [quartile Q4 vs. Q1] was associated with 26 metabolites (9 acylcarnitines, 2 lysophosphatidylcholines, 9 phosphatidylcholines and 6 sphingomyelins). Acylcarnitines correlated preferentially with serum glucose and creatinine. Phospholipids correlated preferentially with cholesterol (total and LDL). The human signature correlated positively and significantly with Ldlr-/- and ApoE-/- mice, while correlation with kl/kl mice and SHRP rats was either negative and non-significant. Human and Ldlr-/- mice shared 11 significant metabolites displaying the same direction of regulation: 5 phosphatidylcholines, 1 lysophosphatidylcholines, 5 sphingomyelins; ApoE-/- mice shared 10. CONCLUSIONS The human cIMT signature was partially mimicked by Ldlr-/- and ApoE-/- mice. These animal models might help better understand the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the vessel metabolic perturbations associated with, and contributing to metabolic disorders in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Sébastien Saulnier-Blache
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Rory Wilson
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Medizinische Klinik Mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rui Wang-Sattler
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Diabetes Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Diabetes, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, UNIKA-T, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Makuto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Florian Lang
- Physiologisches Institut, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Dallmann
- Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Medizinische Klinik Mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Institut National de La Sante et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1188 - Université de La Réunion, France
| | - Julie Klein
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Joost P Schanstra
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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128
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Understanding the Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on Chronic Metabolic Diseases through Studies in Rodent Models. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070939. [PMID: 30037080 PMCID: PMC6073247 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of certain chronic metabolic diseases has been attributed to elevated levels of dietary cholesterol. However, decades of research in animal models and humans have demonstrated a high complexity with respect to the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of these diseases. Thus, recent investigations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) point to dietary cholesterol as a key factor for the activation of inflammatory pathways underlying the transition from NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and to hepatic carcinoma. Dietary cholesterol was initially thought to be the key factor for cardiovascular disease development, but its impact on the disease depends partly on the capacity to modulate plasmatic circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. These studies evidence a complex relationship between these chronic metabolic diseases and dietary cholesterol, which, in certain conditions, might promote metabolic complications. In this review, we summarize rodent studies that evaluate the impact of dietary cholesterol on these two prevalent chronic diseases and their relevance to human pathology.
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129
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van der Laan SW, Harshfield EL, Hemerich D, Stacey D, Wood AM, Asselbergs FW. From lipid locus to drug target through human genomics. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:1258-1270. [PMID: 29800275 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, over 175 genetic loci have robustly been associated to levels of major circulating blood lipids. Most loci are specific to one or two lipids, whereas some (SUGP1, ZPR1, TRIB1, HERPUD1, and FADS1) are associated to all. While exposing the polygenic architecture of circulating lipids and the underpinnings of dyslipidaemia, these genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided further evidence of the critical role that lipids play in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, as indicated by the 2.7-fold enrichment for macrophage gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques and the association of 25 loci (such as PCSK9, APOB, ABCG5-G8, KCNK5, LPL, HMGCR, NPC1L1, CETP, TRIB1, ABO, PMAIP1-MC4R, and LDLR) with CHD. These GWAS also confirmed known and commonly used therapeutic targets, including HMGCR (statins), PCSK9 (antibodies), and NPC1L1 (ezetimibe). As we head into the post-GWAS era, we offer suggestions for how to move forward beyond genetic risk loci, towards refining the biology behind the associations and identifying causal genes and therapeutic targets. Deep phenotyping through lipidomics and metabolomics will refine and increase the resolution to find causal and druggable targets, and studies aimed at demonstrating gene transcriptional and regulatory effects of lipid associated loci will further aid in identifying these targets. Thus, we argue the need for deeply phenotyped, large genetic association studies to reduce costs and failures and increase the efficiency of the drug discovery pipeline. We conjecture that in the next decade a paradigm shift will tip the balance towards a data-driven approach to therapeutic target development and the application of precision medicine where human genomics takes centre stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander W van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric L Harshfield
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, R3, Box 83, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daiane Hemerich
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - David Stacey
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Angela M Wood
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
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130
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Li J, Dawson PA. Animal models to study bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:895-911. [PMID: 29782919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models, particularly genetically modified mice, continues to play a critical role in studying the relationship between bile acid metabolism and human liver disease. Over the past 20 years, these studies have been instrumental in elucidating the major pathways responsible for bile acid biosynthesis and enterohepatic cycling, and the molecular mechanisms regulating those pathways. This work also revealed bile acid differences between species, particularly in the composition, physicochemical properties, and signaling potential of the bile acid pool. These species differences may limit the ability to translate findings regarding bile acid-related disease processes from mice to humans. In this review, we focus primarily on mouse models and also briefly discuss dietary or surgical models commonly used to study the basic mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism. Important phenotypic species differences in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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131
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Xing R, Cui X, Xiao Y, Xie L, You P, Wang T, Zeng L, Peng W, Li D, Chen H, Liu M. Hyperlipidemia induces typical atherosclerosis development in Ldlr and Apoe deficient rats. Atherosclerosis 2018; 271:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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132
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De Silva TM, Modrick ML, Dabertrand F, Faraci FM. Changes in Cerebral Arteries and Parenchymal Arterioles With Aging: Role of Rho Kinase 2 and Impact of Genetic Background. Hypertension 2018. [PMID: 29531174 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular aging fundamentally contributes to large and small vessel disease. Despite the importance of such changes for brain function, mechanisms that mediate such changes are poorly defined. We explored mechanisms that underlie changes with age, testing the hypothesis that ROCK (Rho kinase) plays an important role. In C57BL/6 mice, baseline diameters of isolated pressurized parenchymal arterioles were similar in adult (4-5 month) and old mice (22±1 month; ≈15±1 µm). Endothelium-dependent dilation was impaired in old mice compared with adults in a pathway-specific manner. Vasodilation to NS-309 (which activates small- and intermediate-conductance Ca2+ activated K+ channels in endothelial cells) was intact while endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated vasodilation was reduced by ≥60%, depending on the concentration (P<0.05). A similar reduction was present in basilar arteries. Inhibiting both ROCK isoforms with Y-27632 restored the majority of endothelial function in old mice. Because genetic background is a determinant of vascular disease, we performed similar studies using FVB/N mice. Endothelial dysfunction was seen with aging in both FVB/N and C57BL/6 mice although the magnitude was increased ≈2-fold in the latter strain (P<0.05). In both strains of mice, age-induced endothelial dysfunction was reversed by inhibition of ROCK2 with SLX-2119. Thus, aging impairs endothelial function in both cerebral arteries and parenchymal arterioles, predominantly via effects on endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent regulation of vascular tone. The magnitude of these changes was influenced by genetic background and mediated by ROCK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michael De Silva
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (T.M.D.S., M.L.M., F.M.F.) and Pharmacology (F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.); Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, (F.D.); and Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (T.M.D.S.)
| | - Mary L Modrick
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (T.M.D.S., M.L.M., F.M.F.) and Pharmacology (F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.); Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, (F.D.); and Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (T.M.D.S.)
| | - Fabrice Dabertrand
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (T.M.D.S., M.L.M., F.M.F.) and Pharmacology (F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.); Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, (F.D.); and Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (T.M.D.S.)
| | - Frank M Faraci
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (T.M.D.S., M.L.M., F.M.F.) and Pharmacology (F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.); Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, (F.D.); and Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (T.M.D.S.).
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133
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Lempiäinen H, Brænne I, Michoel T, Tragante V, Vilne B, Webb TR, Kyriakou T, Eichner J, Zeng L, Willenborg C, Franzen O, Ruusalepp A, Goel A, van der Laan SW, Biegert C, Hamby S, Talukdar HA, Foroughi Asl H, Pasterkamp G, Watkins H, Samani NJ, Wittenberger T, Erdmann J, Schunkert H, Asselbergs FW, Björkegren JLM. Network analysis of coronary artery disease risk genes elucidates disease mechanisms and druggable targets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3434. [PMID: 29467471 PMCID: PMC5821758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over two hundred chromosomal loci that modulate risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The genes affected by variants at these loci are largely unknown and an untapped resource to improve our understanding of CAD pathophysiology and identify potential therapeutic targets. Here, we prioritized 68 genes as the most likely causal genes at genome-wide significant loci identified by GWAS of CAD and examined their regulatory roles in 286 metabolic and vascular tissue gene-protein sub-networks (“modules”). The modules and genes within were scored for CAD druggability potential. The scoring enriched for targets of cardiometabolic drugs currently in clinical use and in-depth analysis of the top-scoring modules validated established and revealed novel target tissues, biological processes, and druggable targets. This study provides an unprecedented resource of tissue-defined gene–protein interactions directly affected by genetic variance in CAD risk loci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Michoel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Baiba Vilne
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom R Webb
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lingyao Zeng
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Oscar Franzen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Anuj Goel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen Hamby
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Husain A Talukdar
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hassan Foroughi Asl
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA. .,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden.
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134
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Aratani Y. Myeloperoxidase: Its role for host defense, inflammation, and neutrophil function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 640:47-52. [PMID: 29336940 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing peroxidase expressed mainly in neutrophils and to a lesser degree in monocytes. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide and halides, MPO catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen intermediates, including hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The MPO/HOCl system plays an important role in microbial killing by neutrophils. In addition, MPO has been demonstrated to be a local mediator of tissue damage and the resulting inflammation in various inflammatory diseases. These findings have implicated MPO as an important therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. In contrast to its injurious effects at sites of inflammation, recent studies using animal models of various inflammatory diseases have demonstrated that MPO deficiency results in the exaggeration of inflammatory response, and that it affects neutrophil functions including cytokine production. Given these diverse effects, a growing interest has emerged in the role of this well-studied enzyme in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Aratani
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
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135
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Barrington WT, Wulfridge P, Wells AE, Rojas CM, Howe SYF, Perry A, Hua K, Pellizzon MA, Hansen KD, Voy BH, Bennett BJ, Pomp D, Feinberg AP, Threadgill DW. Improving Metabolic Health Through Precision Dietetics in Mice. Genetics 2018; 208:399-417. [PMID: 29158425 PMCID: PMC5753872 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diet-induced metabolic disease has soared over the last half-century, despite national efforts to improve health through universal dietary recommendations. Studies comparing dietary patterns of populations with health outcomes have historically provided the basis for healthy diet recommendations. However, evidence that population-level diet responses are reliable indicators of responses across individuals is lacking. This study investigated how genetic differences influence health responses to several popular diets in mice, which are similar to humans in genetic composition and the propensity to develop metabolic disease, but enable precise genetic and environmental control. We designed four human-comparable mouse diets that are representative of those eaten by historical human populations. Across four genetically distinct inbred mouse strains, we compared the American diet's impact on metabolic health to three alternative diets (Mediterranean, Japanese, and Maasai/ketogenic). Furthermore, we investigated metabolomic and epigenetic alterations associated with diet response. Health effects of the diets were highly dependent on genetic background, demonstrating that individualized diet strategies improve health outcomes in mice. If similar genetic-dependent diet responses exist in humans, then a personalized, or "precision dietetics," approach to dietary recommendations may yield better health outcomes than the traditional one-size-fits-all approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Barrington
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Phillip Wulfridge
- Center for Epigenetics, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ann E Wells
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Carolina Mantilla Rojas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Selene Y F Howe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Amie Perry
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kunjie Hua
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559
| | | | - Kasper D Hansen
- Center for Epigenetics, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Nathan-McKusick Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Brynn H Voy
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559
| | - Andrew P Feinberg
- Center for Epigenetics, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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136
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Karunakaran S, Clee SM. Genetics of metabolic syndrome: potential clues from wild-derived inbred mouse strains. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:35-51. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00059.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex constellation of metabolic abnormalities including obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure that together substantially increase risk for cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of MetS, but this process is still far from understood. Human studies have revealed only part of the underlying basis. Studies in mice offer many strengths that can complement human studies to help elucidate the etiology and pathophysiology of MetS. Here we review the ways mice can contribute to MetS research. In particular, we focus on the information that can be obtained from studies of the inbred strains, with specific focus on the phenotypes of the wild-derived inbred strains. These are newly derived inbred strains that were created from wild-caught mice. They contain substantial genetic variation that is not present in the classical inbred strains, have phenotypes of relevance for MetS, and various mouse strain resources have been created to facilitate the mining of this new genetic variation. Thus studies using wild-derived inbred strains hold great promise for increasing our understanding of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashini Karunakaran
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susanne M. Clee
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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137
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Pulley JM, Jerome RN, Zaleski NM, Shirey-Rice JK, Pruijssers AJ, Lavieri RR, Chettiar SN, Naylor HM, Aronoff DM, Edwards DA, Niswender CM, Dugan LL, Crofford LJ, Bernard GR, Holroyd KJ. When Enough Is Enough: Decision Criteria for Moving a Known Drug into Clinical Testing for a New Indication in the Absence of Preclinical Efficacy Data. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 15:354-361. [PMID: 29193979 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animal models of disease are suboptimal in their representation of human diseases and lack of predictive power in the success of pivotal human trials. In the context of repurposing drugs with known human safety, it is sometimes appropriate to conduct the "last experiment first," that is, progressing directly to human investigations. However, there are not accepted criteria for when to proceed straight to humans to test a new indication. We propose a specific set of criteria to guide the decision-making around when to initiate human proof of principle without preclinical efficacy studies in animal models. This approach could accelerate the transition of novel therapeutic approaches to human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Pulley
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca N Jerome
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nicole M Zaleski
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jana K Shirey-Rice
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrea J Pruijssers
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert R Lavieri
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Somsundaram N Chettiar
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Helen M Naylor
- 2 Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David M Aronoff
- 3 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A Edwards
- 4 Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,6 Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development , Nashville Tennessee
| | - Laura L Dugan
- 7 Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- 8 Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gordon R Bernard
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kenneth J Holroyd
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,9 Center for Technology Transfer and Commercialization, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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138
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Zhao L, Cozzo AJ, Johnson AR, Christensen T, Freemerman AJ, Bear JE, Rotty JD, Bennett BJ, Makowski L. Lack of myeloid Fatp1 increases atherosclerotic lesion size in Ldlr -/- mice. Atherosclerosis 2017; 266:182-189. [PMID: 29035781 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Altered metabolism is an important regulator of macrophage (MΦ) phenotype, which contributes to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. Broadly, pro-inflammatory, classically-activated MΦs (CAM) are glycolytic while alternatively-activated MΦs (AAM) oxidize fatty acids, although overlap exists. We previously demonstrated that MΦ fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1, Slc27a1) was necessary to maintain the oxidative and anti-inflammatory AAM phenotype in vivo in a model of diet-induced obesity. The aim of this study was to examine how MΦ metabolic reprogramming through FATP1 ablation affects the process of atherogenesis. We hypothesized that FATP1 limits MΦ-mediated inflammation during atherogenesis. Thus, mice lacking MΦ Fatp1 would display elevated formation of atherosclerotic lesions in a mouse model lacking the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (Ldlr-/-). METHODS We transplanted bone marrow collected from Fatp1+/+ or Fatp1-/- mice into Ldlr-/- mice and fed chimeric mice a Western diet for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood glucose, and plasma lipids were measured. Aortic sinus and aorta lesions were quantified. Atherosclerotic plaque composition, oxidative stress, and inflammation were analyzed histologically. RESULTS Compared to Fatp1+/+Ldlr-/- mice, Fatp1-/-Ldlr-/- mice exhibited significantly larger lesion area and elevated oxidative stress and inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque. Macrophage and smooth muscle cell content did not differ by Fatp1 genotype. There were no significant systemic alterations in LDL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol, or triacylglyceride, suggesting that the effect was local to the cells of the vessel microenvironment in a Fatp1-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS MΦ Fatp1 limits atherogenesis and may be a viable target to metabolically reprogram MΦs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alyssa J Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amy R Johnson
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Taylor Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alex J Freemerman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James E Bear
- Lineberger Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rotty
- Lineberger Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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139
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previous epidemiological studies and studies in experimental animals have provided strong evidence for the atheroprotective effect of HDL and its major apoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Identification of genetic loci associating apoA-I/HDL with cardiovascular disease is needed to establish a causal relationship. RECENT FINDINGS Pharmacological interventions to increase apoA-I or HDL cholesterol levels in humans are not associated with reduction in atherosclerosis. Genome wide association study (GWAS) studies in humans and hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) studies looking for genetic variants associated with apoA-I or HDL cholesterol levels with cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis have not provided strong evidence for their atheroprotective function. SUMMARY These findings indicate that GWAS and HMDP studies identifying possible genetic determinants of HDL and apoA-I function are needed.
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140
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Nicolaou A, Northoff BH, Sass K, Ernst J, Kohlmaier A, Krohn K, Wolfrum C, Teupser D, Holdt LM. Quantitative trait locus mapping in mice identifies phospholipase Pla2g12a as novel atherosclerosis modifier. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:197-206. [PMID: 28917158 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In a previous work, a female-specific atherosclerosis risk locus on chromosome (Chr) 3 was identified in an intercross of atherosclerosis-resistant FVB and atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice on the LDL-receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) background. It was the aim of the current study to identify causative genes at this locus. METHODS We established a congenic mouse model, where FVB.Chr3B6/B6 mice carried an 80 Mb interval of distal Chr3 on an otherwise FVB.Ldlr-/- background, to validate the Chr3 locus. Candidate genes were identified using genome-wide expression analyses. Differentially expressed genes were validated using quantitative PCRs in F0 and F2 mice and their functions were investigated in pathophysiologically relevant cells. RESULTS Fine-mapping of the Chr3 locus revealed two overlapping, yet independent subloci for female atherosclerosis susceptibility: when transmitted by grandfathers to granddaughters, the B6 risk allele increased atherosclerosis and downregulated the expression of the secreted phospholipase Pla2g12a (2.6 and 2.2 fold, respectively); when inherited by grandmothers, the B6 risk allele induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (Vcam1). Down-regulation of Pla2g12a and up-regulation of Vcam1 were validated in female FVB.Chr3B6/B6 congenic mice, which developed 2.5 greater atherosclerotic lesions compared to littermate controls (p=0.039). Pla2g12a was highly expressed in aortic endothelial cells in vivo, and knocking-down Pla2g12a expression by RNAi in cultured vascular endothelial cells or macrophages increased their adhesion to ECs in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data establish Pla2g12a as an atheroprotective candidate gene in mice, where high expression levels in ECs and macrophages may limit the recruitment and accumulation of these cells in nascent atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Nicolaou
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd H Northoff
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Sass
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Ernst
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Kohlmaier
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Knut Krohn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Leipzig (IZKF), Core-Unit DNA Technologies, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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141
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Daugherty A, Tall AR, Daemen MJ, Falk E, Fisher EA, García-Cardeña G, Lusis AJ, Owens AP, Rosenfeld ME, Virmani R. Recommendation on Design, Execution, and Reporting of Animal Atherosclerosis Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2017; 121:e53-e79. [DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are a foundation for defining mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential targets of drugs to prevent lesion development or reverse the disease. In the current literature, it is common to see contradictions of outcomes in animal studies from different research groups, leading to the paucity of extrapolations of experimental findings into understanding the human disease. The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines for development and execution of experimental design and interpretation in animal studies. Recommendations include the following: (1) animal model selection, with commentary on the fidelity of mimicking facets of the human disease; (2) experimental design and its impact on the interpretation of data; and (3) standard methods to enhance accuracy of measurements and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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142
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Shu L, Chan KHK, Zhang G, Huan T, Kurt Z, Zhao Y, Codoni V, Trégouët DA, Yang J, Wilson JG, Luo X, Levy D, Lusis AJ, Liu S, Yang X. Shared genetic regulatory networks for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in multiple populations of diverse ethnicities in the United States. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007040. [PMID: 28957322 PMCID: PMC5634657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are closely interrelated complex diseases likely sharing overlapping pathogenesis driven by aberrant activities in gene networks. However, the molecular circuitries underlying the pathogenic commonalities remain poorly understood. We sought to identify the shared gene networks and their key intervening drivers for both CVD and T2D by conducting a comprehensive integrative analysis driven by five multi-ethnic genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for CVD and T2D, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), ENCODE, and tissue-specific gene network models (both co-expression and graphical models) from CVD and T2D relevant tissues. We identified pathways regulating the metabolism of lipids, glucose, and branched-chain amino acids, along with those governing oxidation, extracellular matrix, immune response, and neuronal system as shared pathogenic processes for both diseases. Further, we uncovered 15 key drivers including HMGCR, CAV1, IGF1 and PCOLCE, whose network neighbors collectively account for approximately 35% of known GWAS hits for CVD and 22% for T2D. Finally, we cross-validated the regulatory role of the top key drivers using in vitro siRNA knockdown, in vivo gene knockout, and two Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panels each comprised of >100 strains. Findings from this in-depth assessment of genetic and functional data from multiple human cohorts provide strong support that common sets of tissue-specific molecular networks drive the pathogenesis of both CVD and T2D across ethnicities and help prioritize new therapeutic avenues for both CVD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Shu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kei Hang K. Chan
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA and the Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Zeyneb Kurt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Veronica Codoni
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | | | - Jun Yang
- Department of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA and the Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Simin Liu
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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143
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Daugherty A, Tall AR, Daemen MJAP, Falk E, Fisher EA, García-Cardeña G, Lusis AJ, Owens AP, Rosenfeld ME, Virmani R. Recommendation on Design, Execution, and Reporting of Animal Atherosclerosis Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e131-e157. [PMID: 28729366 DOI: 10.1161/atv.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are a foundation for defining mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential targets of drugs to prevent lesion development or reverse the disease. In the current literature, it is common to see contradictions of outcomes in animal studies from different research groups, leading to the paucity of extrapolations of experimental findings into understanding the human disease. The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines for development and execution of experimental design and interpretation in animal studies. Recommendations include the following: (1) animal model selection, with commentary on the fidelity of mimicking facets of the human disease; (2) experimental design and its impact on the interpretation of data; and (3) standard methods to enhance accuracy of measurements and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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144
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Ley K, Gerdes N, Winkels H. ATVB Distinguished Scientist Award: How Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Pathways Shape Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:764-777. [PMID: 28360089 PMCID: PMC5424816 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune cells play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD28 immunoglobulin superfamilies not only shape T-cell and B-cell responses but also have a major effect on antigen-presenting cells and nonimmune cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Pharmacological inhibition or activation of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules and genetic deletion demonstrated their involvement in atherosclerosis. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways shape the immune response in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Insights gained from costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule function in atherosclerosis may inform future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.).
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
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145
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Khyzha N, Alizada A, Wilson MD, Fish JE. Epigenetics of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Mechanisms and Methods. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:332-347. [PMID: 28291707 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a vascular pathology characterized by inflammation and plaque build-up within arterial vessel walls. Vessel occlusion, often occurring after plaque rupture, can result in myocardial and cerebral infarction. Epigenetic changes are increasingly being associated with atherosclerosis and are of interest from both therapeutic and biomarker perspectives. Emerging genomic approaches that profile DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, post-translational histone modifications, transcription factor binding, and RNA expression in low or single cell populations are poised to enhance our spatiotemporal understanding of atherogenesis. Here, we review recent therapeutically relevant epigenetic discoveries and emerging technologies that may generate new opportunities for atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Khyzha
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Azad Alizada
- Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada; Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada; Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada.
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Aldiss P, Dellschaft N, Sacks H, Budge H, Symonds ME. Beyond obesity – thermogenic adipocytes and cardiometabolic health. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0007/hmbci-2017-0007.xml. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe global prevalence of obesity and related cardiometabolic disease continues to increase through the 21st century. Whilst multi-factorial, obesity is ultimately caused by chronic caloric excess. However, despite numerous interventions focussing on reducing caloric intake these either fail or only elicit short-term changes in body mass. There is now a focus on increasing energy expenditure instead which has stemmed from the recent ‘re-discovery’ of cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans and inducible ‘beige’ adipocytes. Through the unique mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), these thermogenic adipocytes are capable of combusting large amounts of chemical energy as heat and in animal models can prevent obesity and cardiometabolic disease. At present, human data does not point to a role for thermogenic adipocytes in regulating body weight or fat mass but points to a pivotal role in regulating metabolic health by improving insulin resistance as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. This review will therefore focus on the metabolic benefits of BAT activation and the mechanisms and signalling pathways by which these could occur including improvements in insulin signalling in peripheral tissues, systemic lipid and cholesterol metabolism and cardiac and vascular function.
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