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Sindhava VJ, Oropallo MA, Moody K, Naradikian M, Higdon LE, Zhou L, Myles A, Green N, Nündel K, Stohl W, Schmidt AM, Cao W, Dorta-Estremera S, Kambayashi T, Marshak-Rothstein A, Cancro MP. A TLR9-dependent checkpoint governs B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1651-1663. [PMID: 28346226 DOI: 10.1172/jci89931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature B cell pools retain a substantial proportion of polyreactive and self-reactive clonotypes, suggesting that activation checkpoints exist to reduce the initiation of autoreactive B cell responses. Here, we have described a relationship among the B cell receptor (BCR), TLR9, and cytokine signals that regulate B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. In both mouse and human B cells, BCR ligands that deliver a TLR9 agonist induce an initial proliferative burst that is followed by apoptotic death. The latter mechanism involves p38-dependent G1 cell-cycle arrest and subsequent intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis and is shared by all preimmune murine B cell subsets and CD27- human B cells. Survival or costimulatory signals rescue B cells from this fate, but the outcome varies depending on the signals involved. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) engenders survival and antibody secretion, whereas CD40 costimulation with IL-21 or IFN-γ promotes a T-bet+ B cell phenotype. Finally, in vivo immunization studies revealed that when protein antigens are conjugated with DNA, the humoral immune response is blunted and acquires features associated with T-bet+ B cell differentiation. We propose that this mechanism integrating BCR, TLR9, and cytokine signals provides a peripheral checkpoint for DNA-containing antigens that, if circumvented by survival and differentiative cues, yields B cells with the autoimmune-associated T-bet+ phenotype.
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102
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Glial and Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Critical Modulators of Drug Use and Abuse. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:156-177. [PMID: 27402494 PMCID: PMC5143481 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse cause persistent alterations in synaptic plasticity that may underlie addiction behaviors. Evidence suggests glial cells have an essential and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of drug abuse by influencing neuronal and synaptic functions in multifaceted ways. Microglia and astrocytes perform critical functions in synapse formation and refinement in the developing brain, and there is growing evidence that disruptions in glial function may be implicated in numerous neurological disorders throughout the lifespan. Linking evidence of function in health and under pathological conditions, this review will outline the glial and neuroimmune mechanisms that may contribute to drug-abuse liability, exploring evidence from opioids, alcohol, and psychostimulants. Drugs of abuse can activate microglia and astrocytes through signaling at innate immune receptors, which in turn influence neuronal function not only through secretion of soluble factors (eg, cytokines and chemokines) but also potentially through direct remodeling of the synapses. In sum, this review will argue that neural-glial interactions represent an important avenue for advancing our understanding of substance abuse disorders.
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103
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Martin EW, Holehouse AS, Grace CR, Hughes A, Pappu RV, Mittag T. Sequence Determinants of the Conformational Properties of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein Prior to and upon Multisite Phosphorylation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15323-15335. [PMID: 27807972 PMCID: PMC5675102 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many cell signaling events are coordinated by intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) that undergo multisite Serine/Threonine phosphorylation. The conformational properties of these IDRs prior to and following multisite phosphorylation are directly relevant to understanding their functions. Here, we present results from biophysical studies and molecular simulations that quantify the conformational properties of an 81-residue IDR from the S. cerevisiae transcription factor Ash1. We show that the unphosphorylated Ash1 IDR adopts coil-like conformations that are expanded and well-solvated. This result contradicts inferences regarding global compaction that are derived from heuristics based on amino acid compositions for IDRs with low proline contents. Upon phosphorylation at ten distinct sites, the global conformational properties of pAsh1 are indistinguishable from those of unphosphorylated Ash1. This insensitivity derives from compensatory changes to the pattern of local and long-range intrachain contacts. We show that the conformational properties of Ash1 and pAsh1 can be explained in terms of the linear sequence patterning of proline and charged residues vis-à-vis all other residues. The sequence features of the Ash1 IDR are shared by many other IDRs that undergo multisite phosphorylation. Accordingly, we propose that our findings might be generalizable to other IDRs involved in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W. Martin
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 263 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alex S. Holehouse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Christy R. Grace
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 263 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alex Hughes
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 263 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Tanja Mittag
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 263 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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104
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Pekson R, Poltoratsky V, Gorasiya S, Sundaram S, Ashby CR, Vancurova I, Reznik SE. N,N-Dimethylacetamide Significantly Attenuates LPS- and TNFα-Induced Proinflammatory Responses Via Inhibition of the Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway. Mol Med 2016; 22:747-758. [PMID: 27782292 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) prevents inflammation-induced preterm birth in a murine model, inhibits LPS-induced increases in placental pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulates the anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10). However, DMA's mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In the current study we investigate how DMA produces its anti-inflammatory effect. Using in vitro and ex vivo models, we show that DMA suppresses secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, TNFα-challenged JEG-3 cells and LPS-stimulated human placental explants. DMA significantly attenuated the secretion of TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, IL-6 secretion from TNFα-stimulated JEG-3 cells and TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) from LPS-stimulated human placental explants. We further investigated if DMA's effect on cytokine expression involves the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. DMA (10 mM) significantly inhibited nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) degradation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, but there was no significant change in the expression of phosphorylated or native forms of downstream proteins in the MAPK pathway. In addition, DMA significantly attenuated luciferase activity in cells co-transfected with NF-κB-Luc reporter plasmid, but not with AP-1-Luc or CEBP-Luc reporters. Overall, our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of DMA is mediated by inhibition of the NF-κB pathway via decreased IκBα degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Pekson
- Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra E Reznik
- Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University.,Depts of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
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105
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Lee GL, Wu JY, Tsai CS, Lin CY, Tsai YT, Lin CS, Wang YF, Yet SF, Hsu YJ, Kuo CC. TLR4-Activated MAPK-IL-6 Axis Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091394. [PMID: 27563891 PMCID: PMC5037674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into the intima is considered to be a vital event in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Despite substantial evidence supporting the pathogenic role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the progression of atherogenesis, its function in the regulation of VSMC migration remains unclear. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism by which TLR4 regulates VSMC migration. Inhibitor experiments revealed that TLR4-induced IL-6 secretion and VSMC migration were mediated via the concerted actions of MyD88 and TRIF on the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling. Neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibodies abrogated TLR4-driven VSMC migration and F-actin polymerization. Blockade of p38 MAPK or ERK1/2 signaling cascade inhibited TLR4 agonist-mediated activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Moreover, siRNA-mediated suppression of CREB production repressed TLR4-induced IL-6 production and VSMC migration. Rac-1 inhibitor suppressed TLR4-driven VSMC migration but not IL-6 production. Importantly, the serum level of IL-6 and TLR4 endogenous ligand HMGB1 was significantly higher in patients with coronary artery diseases (CAD) than in healthy subjects. Serum HMGB1 level was positively correlated with serum IL-6 level in CAD patients. The expression of both HMGB1 and IL-6 was clearly detected in the atherosclerotic tissue of the CAD patients. Additionally, there was a positive association between p-CREB and HMGB1 in mouse atherosclerotic tissue. Based on our findings, we concluded that, upon ligand binding, TLR4 activates p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling through MyD88 and TRIF in VSMCs. These signaling pathways subsequently coordinate an additive augmentation of CREB-driven IL-6 production, which in turn triggers Rac-1-mediated actin cytoskeleton to promote VSMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Lin Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Yiing Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Sheng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Fu Wang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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106
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Canevari RA, Marchi FA, Domingues MAC, de Andrade VP, Caldeira JRF, Verjovski-Almeida S, Rogatto SR, Reis EM. Identification of novel biomarkers associated with poor patient outcomes in invasive breast carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13855-13870. [PMID: 27485113 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinoma (BC) corresponds to 23 % of all cancers in women, with 1.38 million new cases and 460,000 deaths worldwide annually. Despite the significant advances in the identification of molecular markers and different modalities of treatment for primary BC, the ability to predict its metastatic behavior is still limited. The purpose of this study was to identify novel molecular markers associated with distinct clinical outcomes in a Brazilian cohort of BC patients. We generated global gene expression profiles using tumor samples from 24 patients with invasive ductal BC who were followed for at least 5 years, including a group of 15 patients with favorable outcomes and another with nine patients who developed metastasis. We identified a set of 58 differentially expressed genes (p ≤ 0.01) between the two groups. The prognostic value of this metastasis signature was corroborated by its ability to stratify independent BC patient datasets according to disease-free survival and overall survival. The upregulation of B3GNT7, PPM1D, TNKS2, PHB, and GTSE1 in patients with poor outcomes was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in an independent sample of patients with BC (47 with good outcomes and eight that presented metastasis). The expression of BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein was determined in 1276 BC tissue samples by immunohistochemistry and was consistent with the reduced BAD mRNA expression levels in metastatic cases, as observed in the oligoarray data. These findings point to novel prognostic markers that can distinguish breast carcinomas with metastatic potential from those with favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A Canevari
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Marchi
- CIPE - AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Maria A C Domingues
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18618-000, Brazil
| | | | - José R F Caldeira
- Departamento de Senologia, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jaú, SP, 17210-080, Brazil
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitaria, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.,Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Silvia R Rogatto
- CIPE - AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, 01508-010, Brazil. .,Department of Clinical Genetics Vejle Sygehus, Vejle, Denmark. .,Institute of Regional Health, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Eduardo M Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitaria, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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107
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Seminal Fluid-Mediated Inflammation in Physiology and Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9707252. [PMID: 27446968 PMCID: PMC4947502 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9707252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a multifaceted process involving a host of resident and recruited immune cells that eliminate the insult or injury and initiate tissue repair. In the female reproductive tract (FMRT), inflammation-mediated alterations in epithelial, vascular, and immune functions are important components of complex physiological processes and many local and systemic pathologies. It is well established that intracoital and postcoital function of seminal fluid (SF) goes beyond nutritive support for the spermatozoa cells. SF, in particular, the inflammatory bioactive lipids, and prostaglandins present in vast quantities in SF, have a role in localized immune modulation and regulation of pathways that can exacerbate inflammation in the FMRT. In sexually active women SF-mediated inflammation has been implicated in physiologic processes such as ovulation, implantation, and parturition while also enhancing tumorigenesis and susceptibility to infection. This review highlights the molecular mechanism by which SF regulates inflammatory pathways in the FMRT and how alterations in these pathways contribute to physiology and pathology of the female reproductive function. In addition, based on findings from TaqMan® 96-Well Plate Arrays, on neoplastic cervical cells treated with SF, we discuss new findings on the role of SF as a potent driver of inflammatory and tumorigenic pathways in the cervix.
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108
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Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Alavian SM, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. The link between TLR7 signaling and hepatitis B virus infection. Life Sci 2016; 158:63-9. [PMID: 27373425 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in recognition and induction of appropriate immune responses against viral infections, including hepatitis B. TLR7 detects intracellular viral single strand RNA which leads to the activation of several pro-inflammatory transcription factors via the MYD88 dependent pathway. Patients with prolonged infectious forms of hepatitis B, including active and inactive chronic forms, are unable to clear HBV from hepatocytes completely. It is believed that the differences in genetic and immunological parameters of the patients and clearance subjects, who successfully clear HBV infections, are the main factors responsible for allowing the long term infections to persist. It appears that defective expression of TLR7 may result in impaired immune responses against HBV. The aim of this review is to address the recent information regarding the crucial roles played by TLR7 in hepatitis B infection and also the main mechanisms used by HBV to escape from recognition by TLR7 in prolonged HBV infected patients. Considering that chronic hepatitis B infection is not yet curable, it could be possible to activate TLR7-related immunological pathways as a therapy directed towards persistent HBV infection. Hence, another aim of this study is to present recent developments of TLR7 agonists as a therapeutic strategy for chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sepehri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zohre Kiani
- Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatollah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatollah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Derek Kennedy
- School of Natural Sciences, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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109
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Huang H, Liu A, Wu H, Ansari AR, Wang J, Huang X, Zhao X, Peng K, Zhong J, Liu H. Transcriptome analysis indicated that Salmonella lipopolysaccharide-induced thymocyte death and thymic atrophy were related to TLR4-FOS/JUN pathway in chicks. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:322. [PMID: 27142675 PMCID: PMC4855877 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymus is the crucial site for T cell development and once believed to be immune privileged. Recently, thymus has gained special attention as it is commonly targeted by infectious agents which may cause pathogenic tolerance and subsequent immunosuppression. Results We analyzed thymic responses to the challenge with Salmonella typhimurium (STm) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from STm in chicks. Newly hatched chicks were injected intraperitoneally with 5 × 104 CFU/mL STm or 50 mg/kg LPS. After LPS treatment, maximum thymocyte death (3 ~ 5-fold change) compared to controls was found at 12 h, and maximum loss of thymic weight (35 %) and reduced thymic index (20 %) were found at 36 h. After STm infection, maximum thymocyte death and thymic atrophy occurred at 36 and 72 h, respectively. No significant changes of thymic structure, chT1+ and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio were observed in thymus or spleen tissues after LPS treatment. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed important roles for the TLR4-FOS/JUN signaling pathway in thymic injury. Thus, the major process of thymic atrophy in this study first involved activation of transcriptional factors FOS/JUN upon LPS binding to TLR4 that caused release of inflammatory factors, thereby inducing inflammatory responses and DNA damage and ultimately cell cycle arrest and thymic injury. Conclusions STm and Salmonella LPS could induce acute chick thymic injury. LPS treatment acted faster than STm. TLR4-FOS/JUN pathway may play an important role in LPS induced chick thymic injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2674-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Huang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - An Liu
- Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jixiang Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiyao Huang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kemei Peng
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juming Zhong
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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110
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Lee GL, Wu JY, Yeh CC, Kuo CC. TLR4 induces CREB-mediated IL-6 production via upregulation of F-spondin to promote vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:1205-1210. [PMID: 27091427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is important in promoting inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, both of which contribute to atherosclerosis development and progression. But the mechanism underlying the regulation of TLR4 in VSMC migration remains unclear. Stimulation of VSMCs with LPS increased the cellular level of F-spondin which is associated with the regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production. The LPS-induced F-spondin expression depended on TLR4-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway. Suppression of F-spondin level by siRNA inhibited not only F-spondin expression but also LPS-induced phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and IL-6 expression, VSMC migration and proliferation as well as MMP9 expression. Moreover, suppression of CREB level by siRNA inhibited TLR4-induced IL-6 production and VSMC migration. Inhibition of F-spondin siRNA on LPS-induced migration was restored by addition of exogenous recombinant mouse IL-6. We conclude that upon ligand binding, TLR4 activates PI3K/Akt signaling to induce F-spondin expression, subsequently control CREB-mediated IL-6 production to promote VSMC migration. These findings provide vital insights into the essential role of F-spondin in VSMC function and will be valuable for developing new therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Lin Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yiing Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Yeh
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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111
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Goktas EF, Bulut C, Goktas MT, Ozer EK, Karaca RO, Kinikli S, Demiroz AP, Bozkurt A. Investigation of 1377C/T polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor 3 among patients with chronic hepatitis B. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:617-22. [PMID: 27314608 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has not been clarified yet. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a receptor family that initiates immunity with exogenous-endogenous ligands and plays a role in the pathogenesis of infections. In this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of TLR 3 1377C/T (rs3775290) polymorphism and its role in patients with CHB. We included 50 healthy individuals as control group and 73 active and 43 inactive hepatitis B patients. All DNA samples were isolated from blood samples. For the detection of TLR 3 1377C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism, restriction fragment length polymorphism was used. A statistically significant difference was determined in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels of CHB patients with the CC, CT, and TT genotypes (p = 0.013). The highest levels of HBV DNA were detected in individuals with TT genotypes. Additionally, the frequency of CC genotype was higher in the active CHB patients compared with that of the inactive CHB patients (p = 0.044). No statistically significant difference in TLR 3 1377C/T polymorphism was detected between healthy controls and the hepatitis B patients (p = 0.342). In conclusion, HBV DNA level was higher in the individuals with TT genotype, and CC genotype was more frequent in the active CHB patients. These results suggest a possible association between CHB and TLR 3 gene (1377C/T) polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Firat Goktas
- a Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemal Bulut
- b Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Tugrul Goktas
- c Yıldırım Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdem Kamil Ozer
- d Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ragip Ozgur Karaca
- e Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sami Kinikli
- b Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Pekcan Demiroz
- b Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Bozkurt
- f BAU International University Batumi, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Batumi, Georgia
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Cheng S, He C, Zhou H, Kong X, Xie H, Xia L, Yan J. The effect of Toll-like receptor 4 on β 2 -glycoprotein I-induced B cell activation in mouse model. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Guo J, Chen L, Luo N, Li C, Chen R, Qu X, Liu M, Kang L, Cheng Z. LPS/TLR4-mediated stromal cells acquire an invasive phenotype and are implicated in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21416. [PMID: 26898650 PMCID: PMC4761971 DOI: 10.1038/srep21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested whether the LPS/TLR4 signal pathway in endometrial stromal cells is essential for the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. We tested the expression of TLR4, MD2 in the endometrium without adenomyosis (CE), the eutopic endometrium with adenomyosis (EuE) and the ectopic endometrium with adenomyosis (EE). We isolated the stromal cells from CE, EuE and EE (CESC, EuESC, EESC), treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TLR4 antagonist and detected the cell viability. And we also measured the key protein of the TLR4 signal pathway and inflammatory proliferation and invasive growth of experimental cells. We found that the viability of experimental cells treated with LPS was significantly greater than that of the non-treated cells, blocked by the TLR4 antagonist VIPER. TLR4 signal pathway and inflammatory proliferation and invasive growth of experimental cells stimulated by LPS, and it was inhibited by VIPER. This study suggested that stromal cells were activated by the TLR4 signalling pathway, which processed the cellular inflammatory proliferation and invasive growth involved in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Mingmin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhongping Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tengyue Road 450#, Shanghai, 200090, China
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Xi ZD, Xie CY, Xi YB. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced fibroblast proliferation by inducing toll-like receptor 4. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:43. [PMID: 26813112 PMCID: PMC4728926 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast proliferation is a common manifestation of chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, etc. To alleviate patient suffering, the mechanism underlying fibroblast proliferation should be elucidated. METHODS CCK-8 assay was used to assess the stimulatory effect of LPS and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on fibroblast proliferation. Then, TLR4 expression on fibroblast cell membrane was carried out by confocal scanning microscopy. Finally, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and flow cytometry were applied to determine the expression of TLR4 after MIF challenge. RESULTS LPS alone directly stimulated the fibroblast proliferation. In addition, MIF showed co-stimulatory effect on LPS-induced fibroblast proliferation. Interestingly, fibroblast overtly expressed TLR4 without stimulation. After MIF stimulation, real-time PCR showed TLR4 mRNA levels were increased by about 33% in the fibroblasts; in agreement, TLR4 expression on the fibroblast membrane was increased by about 20%, as shown by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated MIF elevates TLR4 expression in fibroblast, enhancing LPS-induced cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-de Xi
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 905, Building 5, 280 South Shanghai Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Chang-Yi Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 905, Building 5, 280 South Shanghai Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ye-Bin Xi
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 905, Building 5, 280 South Shanghai Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Feng XJ, Wu C, Yan GF, Liu QJ, Liu JX, Hao J, Xing LL, Yang M, Liu SX. TLR2 Plays a Critical Role in HMGB1-Induced Glomeruli Cell Proliferation Through the FoxO1 Signaling Pathway in Lupus Nephritis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:258-66. [PMID: 26799193 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the role and possible mechanisms of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in high-mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1)-induced mouse mesangial cell (MMC) proliferation and glomeruli proliferation of MRL/Fas(lpr) mice. First, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), TLR2 and Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in the glomeruli of MRL/Fas(lpr) mice was quantified, and the correlation with cell proliferation of glomeruli was analyzed. Then, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TLR2 neutralization antibody, and small hairpin TLR2 (shTLR2) were used to confirm the role of TLR2 in HMGB1-induced MMC proliferation. Furthermore, wild-type FoxO1 (WT-FoxO1) vector was used to investigate the effect of FoxO1 pathway on HMGB1-induced MMC proliferation. Finally, electroporation was used to knockdown TLR2 in the glomeruli of MRL/Fas(lpr) mice, and renal function, FoxO1, and PCNA expression were detected. The results showed that the TLR2 expression was upregulated and FoxO1 expression was decreased in the glomeruli of MRL/Fas(lpr) mice, and these effects were significantly correlated with cell proliferation of the glomeruli. In vitro, the TLR2 neutralization antibody and the WT-FoxO1 vector, both reduced the MMC proliferation levels induced by HMGB1. The TLR2 neutralization antibody also blocked the HMGB1-dependent activation of the FoxO1 pathway and cell proliferation. In addition, transfection with shTLR2 decreased the proliferation levels and PCNA expression induced by HMGB1. In vivo, treatment with shTLR2 significantly reduced the PCNA expression in the glomeruli of MRL/Fas(lpr) mice and improved renal function. In addition, treatment with shTLR2 or blocking of TLR2 also reduced the translocation of FoxO1. Thus, TLR2 plays a critical role in HMGB1-induced glomeruli cell proliferation through the FoxO1 signaling pathway in lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-juan Feng
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chao Wu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Gui-fang Yan
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, Hebei General Hospital , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing-juan Liu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jin-xi Liu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Hao
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ling-ling Xing
- 3 Department of Nephrology, the 2nd Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Min Yang
- 4 Department of Pathology, Shijiazhuang People's Medical College , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shu-xia Liu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
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Proteomic analysis of mouse choroid plexus cell line ECPC-4 treated with lipid A. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:295-302. [PMID: 26794622 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells have multiple functions in the cerebral ventricles, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and forming part of the blood-CSF barrier. They are also responsible for producing inflammatory mediators involved in meningitis. The present study aimed to elucidate the functions of the CP epithelial cells during CNS inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the proteome and phosphoproteome in lipid A-treated ECPC-4 mouse CP cells by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Levels of 10 proteins and seven phosphoproteins were significantly altered by lipid A in time-dependent manners, including V-type proton ATPase subunit B (ATP6V), protein 40 kD, elongation factor-1δ, coatomer subunit ε (COPE), vimentin (isoform CRA a), purine nucleoside phosphorylase, eukaryotic initiation factor-4F splicing variant, put. β-actin, peroxiredoxin-6 isoform 1, and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. These proteins could be classified as having cytoskeleton/intermediate filament, protein-folding, signal-transduction, cell-growth, metabolism, and redox-regulation functions. The identified phosphoproteins were HSP 84, γ-actin, HSP 70 cognate, vimentin, tubulin β-4B chain, protein disulfide-isomerase A6 precursor, and heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein, which could be classified as having cytoskeleton/intermediate filament, protein-folding, and metabolism functions. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that lipid A can change the levels of proteins and phosphoproteins in ECPC-4 cells, suggesting that the identified proteins and phosphoproteins may play important roles in inflammation of the CP.
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Hu Z, Niu Y, Liu J, Li Y, Yu L(L, Zhang H, Xu Y. Immunomodulation activity of alkali extract polysaccharide from Plantago asiatic L. seeds. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAPK signaling pathway is greatly involved in PLP-induced macrophage cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Yuge Niu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science
- School of Agriculture and Biology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science
- School of Agriculture and Biology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science
- School of Agriculture and Biology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Liangli (Lucy) Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
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118
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Jafari NV, Kuehne SA, Minton NP, Allan E, Bajaj-Elliott M. Clostridium difficile-mediated effects on human intestinal epithelia: Modelling host-pathogen interactions in a vertical diffusion chamber. Anaerobe 2015; 37:96-102. [PMID: 26708704 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection is one of the leading causes of healthcare associated diarrhoea in the developed world. Although the contribution of C. difficile toxins to disease pathogenesis is now well understood, many facets of host-pathogen interactions between the human intestinal epithelia and the C. difficile bacterium that may contribute to asymptomatic carriage and/or clinical disease remain less clear. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that C. difficile strains mediate intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) antimicrobial immunity via toxin dependent and independent means and that the 'anaerobic' environment has a significant impact on bacterial-IEC interactions. Crosstalk between three C. difficile PCR ribotypes (RT) [RT027 (strain R20291), RT012 (strain 630) and RT017 (strains M68 and CF5)] and IEC cell-lines were investigated. All RTs showed significant engagement with human Toll-like receptors (TLR)-5, TLR2-CD14 and TLR2/6 as measured by IL-8 release from TLR-transfected HEK cells. Co-culture studies indicated minimal impact of R20291 and 630 TcdA and TcdB on bacterial adherence to Caco-2 cells. An apical anaerobic environment had a major effect on C. difficile-T84 crosstalk as significantly greater cytokine immunity and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) dysfunction was recorded when co-cultures were performed in an Ussing chamber system compared to standard 5% CO2 conditions. Overall, this study suggests that anaerobic C. difficile engagement with human IECs is a complex interplay that involves bacterial and toxin-mediated cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sarah A Kuehne
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Nigel P Minton
- Clostridia Research Group, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Elaine Allan
- Research Department of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Mona Bajaj-Elliott
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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El-Khattouti A, Selimovic D, Hannig M, Taylor EB, Abd Elmageed ZY, Hassan SY, Haikel Y, Kandil E, Leverkus M, Brodell RT, Megahed M, Hassan M. Imiquimod-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells is mediated by ER stress-dependent Noxa induction and enhanced by NF-κB inhibition. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:266-86. [PMID: 26578344 PMCID: PMC4727561 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is characterized by dysregulated intracellular signalling pathways including an impairment of the cell death machinery, ultimately resulting in melanoma resistance, survival and progression. This explains the tumour's extraordinary resistance to the standard treatment. Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier (imidazoquinoline) with both antiviral and antitumour activities. The mechanism by which imiquimod triggers the apoptosis of melanoma cells has now been carefully elucidated. Imiquimod‐induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of apoptosis signalling regulating kinase1/c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase/p38 pathways and the induction of endoplasmic stress characterized by the activation of the protein kinase RNA‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase signalling pathway, increase in intracellular Ca2+ release, degradation of calpain and subsequent cleavage of caspase‐4. Moreover, imiquimod triggers the activation of NF‐κB and the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) such as, X‐linked IAP (XIAP) together with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also, imiquimod triggers mitochondrial dysregulation characterized by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), the increase in cytochrome c release, and cleavage of caspase‐9, caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). Inhibitors of specific pathways, permit the elucidation of possible mechanisms of imiquimod‐induced apoptosis. They demonstrate that inhibition of NF‐kB by the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa‐B kinase (IKK) inhibitor Bay 11‐782 or knockdown of XIAP induces melanoma apoptosis in cells exposed to imiquimod. These findings support the use of either IKK inhibitors or IAP antagonists as adjuvant therapies to improve the effectiveness topical imiquimod in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Selimovic
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Sofie Y Hassan
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emad Kandil
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert T Brodell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Anupa G, Bhat MA, Srivastava AK, Sharma JB, Mehta N, Patil A, Sengupta J, Ghosh D. Cationic antimicrobial peptide, magainin down-regulates secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by early placental cytotrophoblasts. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:121. [PMID: 26546156 PMCID: PMC4636767 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human placental villous cytotrophoblasts exhibit relative externalization of negatively charged moieties to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during the time of syncytialization rendering their reactivity to positively charged cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) during the window of implantation and early placentation. Vaginal administration of a synthetic CAMP, Ala(8,13,18)-magainin II amide (AMA) inhibited blastocyst implantation and early placentation in monkeys. Furthermore, the administration of AMA resulted in significant inhibition of cell differentiation, enhancement in apoptosis and loss of viability in first trimester placental villous cytotrophoblasts in primary culture. The present study examines the effect of in vitro application of different doses (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 ng/ml) of AMA on the secreted cytokine profiles of cytotrophoblasts obtained from placental villi samples (n = 13) collected during 8-9 weeks of gestation and grown on three-dimensional collagen matrix in vitro. METHODS A panel of forty-eight (48) cytokines in conditioned medium was analysed using multiplex immunoassays technique. Further, the steady state transcript levels of four cytokines (CCL4, CCL5, IL1B, IL6), the concentrations of which were affected by AMA in the isolated cytotrophoblasts, as well as, two cytokines (IL1A and TNF) which were not affected by AMA were estimated. Input list of cytokines secreted by cytotrophoblasts and showing differential secretion in response to AMA were used in enrichment analysis for the generation of biological networks. RESULTS Placental cytotrophoblasts secreted 27 cytokines, 13 of which are affected by AMA in vitro with significantly decreased secretion of CCLs-2, 3, 4, 5, CXCLs-1 and 8, FGF2 and MCSF and that of IL1B, IL6 and MIF, and increased secretion of IL16 and IL-2RA. Of the above cytokines showing differential secretion, only IL-2RA, IL16 and MIF showed significant correspondence in the steady state expression of their respective transcript levels. Post-hoc Enrichment analysis revealed Toll-like receptor (TLR) mediated pathways were the top-scored target pathways that were affected by AMA. CONCLUSIONS Administration of a CAMP causes shift in the balance of immune-inflammatory responses involving downstream pathways of TLRs in cytotrophoblast function. Further verification of functions of placental trophoblasts on administration of CAMP with pregnancy outcome is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anupa
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - M A Bhat
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - A K Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - J B Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - N Mehta
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Asmita Patil
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Jayasree Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - D Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Mirdamadi Y, Thielitz A, Wiede A, Goihl A, Papakonstantinou E, Hartig R, Zouboulis CC, Reinhold D, Simeoni L, Bommhardt U, Quist S, Gollnick H. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 can modulate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/FoxO1 pathway in SZ95 sebocytes in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:32-44. [PMID: 26257240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A recent hypothesis suggests that a high glycaemic load diet-associated increase of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin may promote acne by reducing nuclear localization of the forkhead box-O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor via activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Using SZ95 sebocytes as a model, we investigated the effect of the most important insulinotropic western dietary factors, IGF-1 and insulin on acne. SZ95 sebocytes were stimulated with different concentrations of IGF-1 and insulin (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM) for 15 to 120 min ± PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (50 μM). Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein expression of p-Akt and p-FoxO1 as well as FoxO transcriptional activity was analysed. In addition, the proliferation and differentiation of sebocytes and their TLR2/4 expression were determined. We found that high concentrations of IGF-1 and insulin differentially stimulate the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway by an early up-regulation of cytoplasmic p-Akt and delayed up-regulation of p-FoxO1 resulting in FoxO1 shift to the cytoplasm and the reduction of FoxO transcriptional activity, physiological serum concentration had no effect. IGF-1 at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 μM significantly reduced proliferation but increased differentiation of sebocytes to a greater extent than insulin (0.1 and 1 μM), but up-regulated TLR2/4 expression to comparable extent. These data provide the first in vitro evidence that FoxO1 principally might be involved in the regulation of growth-factor-stimulatory effects on sebaceous lipogenesis and inflammation in the pathological condition of acne. However, the in vivo significance under physiological conditions remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Mirdamadi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja Thielitz
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antje Wiede
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Goihl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roland Hartig
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Luca Simeoni
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Bommhardt
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Quist
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Harald Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Leonardi R, Perrotta RE, Loreto C, Musumeci G, Crimi S, Dos Santos JN, Rusu MC, Bufo P, Barbato E, Pannone G. Toll-like receptor 4 expression in the epithelium of inflammatory periapical lesions. An immunohistochemical study. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2547. [PMID: 26708181 PMCID: PMC4698613 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are essential for the innate immune response against invading pathogens and have been described in immunocompetent cells of areas affected by periapical disease. Besides initiating the inflammatory response, they also directly regulate epithelial cell proliferation and survival in a variety of settings. This study evaluates the in situ expression of TLR4 in periapical granulomas (PG) and radicular cysts, focusing on the epithelial compartment. Twenty-one periapical cysts (PC) and 10 PG were analyzed; 7 dentigerous non-inflamed follicular cyst (DC) served as control. TLR4 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. TLR4 immunoreaction products were detected in the epithelium of all specimens, with a higher percentage of immunostained cells in PG. Although TLR4 overexpression was detected in both PG and PC, there were differences that seemed to be related to the nature of the lesion, since in PG all epithelial cells of strands, islands and trabeculae were strongly immunoreactive for TLR4, whereas in PC only some areas of the basal and suprabasal epithelial layers were immunostained. This staining pattern is consistent with the action of TLR4: in PG it could promote formation of epithelial cell rests of Malassez and in epithelial strands and islands the enhancement of cell survival, proliferation and migration, whereas in PC TLR4 could protect the lining epithelium from extensive apoptosis. These findings go some way towards answering the intriguing question of why many epithelial strands or islands in PG and the lining epithelium of apical cysts regress after non-surgical endodontic therapy, and suggest that TLR4 plays a key role in the pathobiology of the inflammatory process related to periapical disease.
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Kim JY, Campbell LE, Shaibi GQ, Coletta DK. Gene expression profiling and association of circulating lactoferrin level with obesity-related phenotypes in Latino youth. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10:338-44. [PMID: 25394788 PMCID: PMC6831516 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Low-grade inflammation is an underlying feature of obesity and identifying inflammatory markers is crucial to understanding this disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to perform a global microarray analysis and (ii) to investigate the role of lactoferrin (LTF), one of the most altered genes, in relation to obesity in Latino youth. METHODS Non-diabetic Latino youth (71 males/92 females; 15.6 ± 3.2 years) were studied. A subset of 39 participants was randomly selected for global microarray analysis profiling from the whole blood sample. Serum LTF was compared between lean (n = 78) and overweight/obese (n = 85) participants. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed that a total of 1870 probes were altered in expression ≥1.2-fold and P < 0.05 in overweight/obese participants compared with lean. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis revealed significant enrichment for pathways including toll-like receptor (TLR) and B cell receptor signalling pathways. LTF and TLR5 were increased in expression by 2.2 and 1.5 fold, respectively, in the overweight/obese participants. Increased LTF concentrations were significantly associated with high risk of obesity-related phenotypes (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that increased LTF is associated with obesity risk among Latino youth. This finding is discordant to what has been shown in adults and suggests that age may modulate the association between LTF and obesity-related health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. Kim
- Kinesiology Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - L. E. Campbell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;,Mayo/ASU Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - G. Q. Shaibi
- Kinesiology Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA;,Mayo/ASU Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA;,College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - D. K. Coletta
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;,Mayo/ASU Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA;,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Cell-free extracts of Propionibacterium acnes stimulate cytokine production through activation of p38 MAPK and Toll-like receptor in SZ95 sebocytes. Life Sci 2015; 139:123-31. [PMID: 26341693 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Propionibacterium acnes has been considered to influence the acne lesions. The present study intended to elucidate the underlying signaling pathways of P. acnes in human sebaceous gland cells relative to the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. MAIN METHODS Cell-free extracts of P. acnes under stationary growth phase were co-incubated with human immortalized SZ95 sebocytes. Then, cell-free P. acnes extracts-induced cytokine expression was evaluated by measuring mRNA and protein levels using quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. Changes of phosphorylated cell signaling proteins and transcription factors were measured by Western blots and Milliplex assay. The interactive molecular mechanisms of P. acnes and sebocytes were examined through use of shRNA and the specific inhibitors of signaling pathways. KEY FINDINGS Cell-free extracts of P. acnes significantly stimulated secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 in SZ95 sebocytes. The degradation of IκB-α and increased phosphorylation of IκB-α, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), CREB, and STAT3 were demonstrated. Quantitative RT-PCR measurements revealed that gene expression of IL-8 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was enhanced by cell-free extracts of P. acnes. In addition, the NF-κB inhibitor BMS345541, p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, or anti-TLR2 neutralizing antibody prevented cell-free P. acnes extracts-induced secretion of IL-8. Knockdown of TLR2 using shRNA exerted similar inhibitory effects on IL-8 expression. Moreover, inhibition of STAT3 activity by STA-21 enhanced P. acnes-mediated secretion of IL-8. SIGNIFICANCE Cell-free extracts of P. acnes are capable to activate NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways and up-regulate secretion of IL-8 through TLR2-dependent signaling in human SZ95 sebocytes.
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Guo J, Zheng L, Chen L, Luo N, Yang W, Qu X, Liu M, Cheng Z. Lipopolysaccharide activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway of fibroblasts from uterine fibroids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:10014-10025. [PMID: 26617709 PMCID: PMC4637524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (UF) are the most common benign tumor of the female reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to explore the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway on stromal fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of UF. Here, TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway was more activated in UF, and UF cells (UFC) and UF derived fibroblasts (TAF) than in smooth muscle tissues, smooth muscle cell (SMC) and myometrial fibroblasts (fib) respectively. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the activity of fib was enhanced, characterized by the increased expression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and increased secretion of collagen I and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Moreover, TLR4 inhibitor (VIPER) and siTLR4 can represses LPS-activated fibroblasts and TLR4/NF-κB signaling transduction pathways in fib and UFC cells. Co-cultured with LPS-activated fibroblast enhanced fibroblast activation and TLR4/NF-κB signaling. In conclusion, LPS treatment activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway on fibroblasts, which may involve in the development of UF. Our study indicated reproductive tract infection may be associated with fibroid pathogenesis through TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Targeting NF-κB with inhibitors may hold promises of treating uterine fibroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Mingmin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Zhongping Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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Systems biology approach to studying proliferation-dependent prognostic subnetworks in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12981. [PMID: 26257336 PMCID: PMC4530341 DOI: 10.1038/srep12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor proliferative capacity is a major biological correlate of breast tumor metastatic potential. In this paper, we developed a systems approach to investigate associations among gene expression patterns, representative protein-protein interactions, and the potential for clinical metastases, to uncover novel survival-related subnetwork signatures as a function of tumor proliferative potential. Based on the statistical associations between gene expression patterns and patient outcomes, we identified three groups of survival prognostic subnetwork signatures (SPNs) corresponding to three proliferation levels. We discovered 8 SPNs in the high proliferation group, 8 SPNs in the intermediate proliferation group, and 6 SPNs in the low proliferation group. We observed little overlap of SPNs between the three proliferation groups. The enrichment analysis revealed that most SPNs were enriched in distinct signaling pathways and biological processes. The SPNs were validated on other cohorts of patients, and delivered high accuracy in the classification of metastatic vs non-metastatic breast tumors. Our findings indicate that certain biological networks underlying breast cancer metastasis differ in a proliferation-dependent manner. These networks, in combination, may form the basis of highly accurate prognostic classification models and may have clinical utility in guiding therapeutic options for patients.
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127
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Chen H, Chai W, Li B, Ni M, Zhang GQ, Liu HW, Zhang Z, Chen JY, Zhou YG, Wang Y. Effects of β-catenin on differentially expressed genes in multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26223925 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes after silencing of β-catenin in multiple myeloma transduced with β-catenin shRNA. The DNA microarray dataset GSE17385 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, including 3 samples of MM1.S (human multiple myeloma cell lines) cells transduced with control shRNA and 3 samples of MM1.S cells transduced with β-catenin shRNA. Then the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by using Limma. Their underlying functions were analyzed by employing Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. Moreover, DEGs annotation was conducted based on the databases of tumor associated genes, tumor suppressed genes and the transcriptional regulation from patterns to profiles. Furthermore, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) relationship was obtained from STRING and the protein-protein interaction network and the functional modules were visualized by Cytoscape. Then, the pathway enrichment for the DEGs in the functional module was performed. A total of 301 DEGs, including 124 up-regulated and 117 down-regulated DEGs, were screened. Functional enrichment showed that CCNB1 and CDK1 were significantly related to the function of cell proliferation. FOS and JUN were related to innate immune response-activating signal transduction. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that CCNB1 and CDK1 were most significantly enriched in the pathway of cell cycle. Besides, FOS and JUN were significantly enriched in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. FOXM1 was identified as a transcription factor. Moreover, there existed interactions among CCNB1, FOXM1 and CDK1 in PPI network. The expression of FOS, JUN, CCNB1, FOXM1 and CDK1 may be affected by β-catenin in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wei Chai
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ji-Ying Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yong-Gang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Huang HB, Xiao K, Lu S, Yang KL, Ansari AR, Khaliq H, Song H, Zhong J, Liu HZ, Peng KM. Increased Thymic Cell Turnover under Boron Stress May Bypass TLR3/4 Pathway in African Ostrich. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129596. [PMID: 26053067 PMCID: PMC4460079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that thymus is a targeted immune organ in malnutrition, and high-boron stress is harmful for immune organs. African ostrich is the living fossil of ancient birds and the food animals in modern life. There is no report about the effect of boron intake on thymus of ostrich. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of excessive boron stress on ostrich thymus and the potential role of TLR3/4 signals in this process. Histological analysis demonstrated that long-term boron stress (640 mg/L for 90 days) did not disrupt ostrich thymic structure during postnatal development. However, the numbers of apoptotic cells showed an increased tendency, and the expression of autophagy and proliferation markers increased significantly in ostrich thymus after boron treatment. Next, we examined the expression of TLR3 and TLR4 with their downstream molecular in thymus under boron stress. Since ostrich genome was not available when we started the research, we first cloned ostrich TLR3 TLR4 cDNA from thymus. Ostrich TLR4 was close to white-throated Tinamou. Whole avian TLR4 codons were under purify selection during evolution, whereas 80 codons were under positive selection. TLR3 and TLR4 were expressed in ostrich thymus and bursa of fabricius as was revealed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). TLR4 expression increased with age but significantly decreased after boron treatment, whereas TLR3 expression showed the similar tendency. Their downstream molecular factors (IRF1, JNK, ERK, p38, IL-6 and IFN) did not change significantly in thymus, except that p100 was significantly increased under boron stress when analyzed by qRT-PCR or western blot. Taken together, these results suggest that ostrich thymus developed resistance against long-term excessive boron stress, possibly by accelerating intrathymic cell death and proliferation, which may bypass the TLR3/4 pathway. In addition, attenuated TLRs activity may explain the reduced inflammatory response to pathogens under boron stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-bo Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-li Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juming Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Hua-zhen Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-mei Peng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Moon JE, Shin JH, Kwon O, Kim JY. A Standardized Extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes Protects Wistar Rats Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Inflammation. J Med Food 2015; 18:1223-30. [PMID: 26501382 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua stokes (RVS) (Anacardiaceae) has been traditionally used as a folk remedy for gastritis, several cancers, and various metabolic diseases. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of RVS extract standardized to fustin content using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rats. The rats were randomly divided into six groups and intragastrically administered 0, 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) of RVS or 15 mg/kg bw of fustin for 14 days. LPS was intraperitoneally injected 18 h before sacrifice. The nitric oxide levels of RVS extract in either the serum or liver were significantly decreased compared to the LPS-treated rats (P<.05). The treatment with the RVS extract also blunted the rise of malondialdehyde levels in the liver (P<.05). The administration of RVS extract and fustin significantly prevented the elevation of interleukin 6 cytokine, iNOS, and COX-2 mRNA expression in the liver. Inflammatory cell infiltration was also significantly attenuated by the RVS extract or fustin supplementation. These results suggest that our standardized RVS extract has preventive effects on inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Moon
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- 2 Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University , Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- 3 Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul, Korea
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Rolf N, Kariminia A, Ivison S, Reid GS, Schultz KR. Heterodimer-specific TLR2 stimulation results in divergent functional outcomes in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1980-90. [PMID: 25867213 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reports of spontaneous acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remissions following severe bacterial infections suggest that bacterial components may trigger elimination of ALL. To date, TLR2, which recognizes a broad range of bacterial pathogens through TLR1 or TLR6 heterodimerization, has not been fully evaluated for direct effects on ALL. Studies investigating TLR2 signaling in other tumor cell types utilizing single ligands have yielded contradictory results, and comparative, heterodimer-specific analyses of TLR2 stimulation are lacking. In this study, we report that two well-characterized heterodimer-specific TLR2 ligands, Pam3 CSK4 (TLR2/1), and Pam2 CSK4 (TLR2/6), induce ALL cell lines and primary ALL samples to upregulate CD40 expression. However, only Pam3 CSK4 triggers Caspase-8-mediated apoptosis and sensitizes cells to vincristine-mediated cytotoxicity. Consistent with this result, stimulation of ALL cells through TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 activates Mal, p38 and the NF-κB and PI3K signaling pathways with divergent kinetics that may underlie their distinct downstream effects. Our results reveal a novel branching in downstream responses to heterodimer-specific TLR2 stimulation in ALL cells and emphasize the need for comparative studies to determine differential biological effects observed in specific tumor cells. Based on our results, TLR2/1 ligand Pam3 CSK4 possesses potential for generating anti-ALL activity through its direct effects on leukemic blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rolf
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amina Kariminia
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sabine Ivison
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregor S Reid
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Skevaki C, Pararas M, Kostelidou K, Tsakris A, Routsias JG. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:165-77. [PMID: 25560985 PMCID: PMC4408151 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-studied family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), whose task is to rapidly recognize evolutionarily conserved structures on the invading microorganisms. Through binding to these patterns, TLRs trigger a number of proinflammatory and anti-microbial responses, playing a key role in the first line of defence against the pathogens also promoting adaptive immunity responses. Growing amounts of data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the various human TLR proteins are associated with altered susceptibility to infection. This review summarizes the role of TLRs in innate immunity, their ligands and signalling and focuses on the TLR SNPs which have been linked to infectious disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Skevaki
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of PediatricsAthens, Greece
| | - M Pararas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - K Kostelidou
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of PediatricsAthens, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the AegeanLemnos, Greece
| | - A Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - J G Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
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Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) dampens neuronal toll-like receptor-mediated responses in ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:73. [PMID: 25886362 PMCID: PMC4409750 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke causes a high rate of deaths and permanent neurological damage in survivors. Ischemic stroke triggers the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which activate toll-like receptors (TLRs) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in the affected area, leading to an exaggerated inflammatory response and cell death. Both TLRs and RAGE are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that have been shown to contribute to ischemic stroke-induced brain injury. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) preparations obtained by fractionating human blood plasma are increasingly being used as an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of several inflammatory diseases. Its use as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of stroke has been proposed, but little is known about the direct neuroprotective mechanisms of IVIg. We therefore investigate whether IVIg exerts its beneficial effects on the outcome of neuronal injury by modulating HMGB1-induced TLR and RAGE expressions and activations. Methods Primary cortical neurons were subjected to glucose deprivation or oxygen and glucose deprivation conditions and treated with IVIg and recombinant HMGB1. C57/BL6J mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion, and IVIg was administered intravenously 3 h after the start of reperfusion. Expression of TLRs, RAGE and downstream signalling proteins in neurons and brain tissues were evaluated by immunoblot. Results Treatment of cultured neurons with IVIg reduced simulated ischemia-induced TLR2, TLR4, TLR8 and RAGE expressions, pro-apoptotic caspase-3 cleavage and phosphorylation of the cell death-associated kinases such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). These results were recapitulated in an in vivo model of stroke. IVIg treatment also upregulated the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in cortical neurons under ischemic conditions. Finally, IVIg protected neurons against HMGB1-induced neuronal cell death by modulating TLR and RAGE expressions and signalling pathways. Conclusions Taken together, these results provide a rationale for the potential use of IVIg to target inappropriately activated components of the innate immune system following ischemic stroke.
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Shahrakyvahed A, Sanchooli J, Sanadgol N, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. TLR9: an important molecule in the fight against hepatitis B virus. Postgrad Med J 2015; 90:396-401. [PMID: 24942353 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-132309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most prevalent infectious agent that can induce severe liver disease. Patients infected with long-term HBV, including chronic, asymptomatic and occult forms, cannot clear HBV from infected hepatocytes completely. It is not clear why some people can clear the infection while others cannot. Furthermore, the main mechanisms responsible for progression of the infections are not fully understood. It has been hypothesised that differences in genetic and immunological parameters between patients and subjects who successfully clear HBV infections are responsible for inducing the long-term forms of the infection. Previous investigations showed that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in immune responses, especially innate immunity, against viral infections, including hepatitis B. TLR9 detects intracellular viral dsDNA, which results in the activation of an immune response against HBV. However, defects in this system may result in an attenuated response ultimately leading to long-term HBV infections. Targeting the defects in TLR9 or reactivating the downstream pathways that are normally switched on by TLR9 in response to HBV infection is a new approach to the treatment of long-term HBV infection. However, the pathways and defects seen in patients with long-term HBV need to be thoroughly explored before therapeutics can be applied in the clinical setting. Furthermore, the apparently multigenic nature of long-term HBV infection suggests that treatment of patients may need to be personalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Shahrakyvahed
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Javad Sanchooli
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Derek Kennedy
- School of Natural Sciences, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Ruiz-González I, Minten M, Wang X, Dunlap KA, Bazer FW. Involvement of TLR7 and TLR8 in conceptus development and establishment of pregnancy in sheep. Reproduction 2015; 149:305-16. [PMID: 25602033 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the innate immune system and regulate inflammatory events that affect mammalian reproduction. In Study 1, we demonstrated that abundance of ovine TLR1-TLR9 mRNAs in the uterus differs due to reproductive status (TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8) and the day of the estrous cycle and pregnancy (TLR1-TLR3, TLR5-TLR7, and TLR9). Expression of TLR7 and TLR8 proteins was localized primarily to uterine epithelia and stroma and regulated in a temporal manner. In Study 2, we determined that ovine conceptuses express TLR7 and TLR8 on all days studied and that expression of the envelope protein of ovine endogenous retrovirus (enJSRV-Env) declined in conceptus trophectoderm from Day 13 to Day 16 of pregnancy. In Study 3, loss-of-function experiments were conducted in vivo using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MAOs) injected into the uterine lumen to block synthesis of TLR7 and TLR8 proteins, individually and jointly. Conceptuses were recovered on Day 16 to assess their morphology. MAO-treated conceptuses were developmentally retarded, produced less interferon tau (IFNT), and had fewer binucleate cells (BNCs) compared with MAO-Controls. Moreover, expression of enJSRV-Env mRNA in MAO-TLR7 conceptuses was greater than that for MAO-Control and MAO-TLR8 conceptuses, but similar to MAO-TLR7/TLR8 conceptuses. Results of this study indicated differences in TLR1-TLR9 expression due to reproductive status and the day of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. TLR7 and TLR8 also influence development, enJSRV-Env abundance, secretion of IFNT, and formation of BNCs by conceptuses. These findings corroborate our hypothesis that TLR7 and TLR8 mediate pathways whereby enJSRV-Env regulates key peri-implantation events in conceptus development and differentiated functions of trophectoderm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ruiz-González
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Megan Minten
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Kathrin A Dunlap
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
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Rybka J, Butrym A, Wróbel T, Jaźwiec B, Stefanko E, Dobrzyńska O, Poręba R, Kuliczkowski K. The expression of Toll-like receptors in patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with induction chemotherapy. Leuk Res 2015; 39:318-22. [PMID: 25624047 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play an important role in the host defense against microorganisms. TLRs are mainly expressed in human immune-related cells, such as monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells and NK cells. The expression or up-regulation of TLRs has been demonstrated in some tumors and tumor cell lines but the role of TLRs in pathogenesis and development of acute leukemias remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 and their significance as prognostic factors in patients with acute leukemias treated with induction chemotherapy. 103 patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were evaluated (47 females and 56 males). The median age of patients was 51 years. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, the mRNA expression of genes TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 was measured. The mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly higher in patients with NR than in patients with CR and CRi. We especially observed that mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly higher in patients with myelomonocytic and monoblastic acute leukemia than in patients with other types of AML. The mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was higher in AML patients than in healthy individuals, although there was no statistically significant difference. Patients with higher mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 had significantly shorter OS than patients with lower mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Multivariate analysis showed that mRNA expression of TLR2 and the age of patients were independent factors associated with treatment response. Our results suggest that TLRs could be an independent prognostic factor for response rate after induction therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rybka
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Butrym
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wróbel
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Jaźwiec
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Stefanko
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Dobrzyńska
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Kuliczkowski
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Peter K, Rehli M, Singer K, Renner-Sattler K, Kreutz M. Lactic acid delays the inflammatory response of human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:412-8. [PMID: 25582773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) accumulates under inflammatory conditions, e.g. in wounds or tumors, and influences local immune cell functions. We previously noted inhibitory effects of LA on glycolysis and TNF secretion of human LPS-stimulated monocytes. Here, we globally analyze the influence of LA on gene expression during monocyte activation. To separate LA-specific from lactate- or pH-effects, monocytes were treated for one or four hours with LPS in the presence of physiological concentrations of LA, sodium lactate (NaL) or acidic pH. Analyses of global gene expression profiles revealed striking effects of LA during the early stimulation phase. Up-regulation of most LPS-induced genes was significantly delayed in the presence of LA, while this inhibitory effect was attenuated in acidified samples and not detected after incubation with NaL. LA targets included genes encoding for important monocyte effector proteins like cytokines (e.g. TNF and IL-23) or chemokines (e.g. CCL2 and CCL7). LA effects were validated for several targets by quantitative RT-PCR and/or ELISA. Further analysis of LPS-signaling pathways revealed that LA delayed the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) as well as the degradation of IκBα. Consistently, the LPS-induced nuclear accumulation of NFκB was also diminished in response to LA. These results indicate that the broad effect of LA on gene expression and function of human monocytes is at least partially caused by its interference with immediate signal transduction events after activation. This mechanism might contribute to monocyte suppression in the tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Rehli
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; RCI Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Katrin Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Renner-Sattler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; RCI Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Ahn YS, Park MY, Shin JH, Kim JY, Kwon O. Lysate of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum K8 Modulate the Mucosal Inflammatory System in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitic Rats. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2014; 34:829-35. [PMID: 26761681 PMCID: PMC4662199 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.6.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by dysregulation of colon mucosal immunity and mucosal epithelial barrier function. Recent studies have reported that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Lactobacillus plantarum K8 reduces excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokine. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally pretreated with lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 (low dose or high dose) or live Lb. plantarum K8 prior to the induction of colitis using 4% DSS. Disease progression was monitored by assessment of disease activity index (DAI). Histological changes of colonic tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The colon mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and toll like receptor-2 (TLR-2) were examined by quantitative real-time-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 suppressed colon shortening, edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of DSS-induced crypts. The groups that received lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 exhibited significantly decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in the colon. Interestingly, colonic expression of toll like receptor-2 mRNA in the high-dose lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 group increased significantly. Our study demonstrates the protective effects of oral lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 administration on DSS-induced colitis via the modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators of the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sook Ahn
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 461-713, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Differential expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling molecules in primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system. J Neurooncol 2014; 121:289-96. [PMID: 25391967 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS DLBCL) is a distinct and aggressive lymphoma that is confined to CNS. Since, central nervous system is barrier-protected and immunologically silent; role of TLR/BCR signaling in pathogenesis and biology of CNS DLBCL is intriguing. Genomic mutations in key regulators of TLR/BCR signaling pathway (MYD88/CD79B/CARD11) have recently been reported in this disease. These observations raised possible implications in novel targeted therapies; however, expression pattern of molecules related to TLR/BCR pathways in this lymphoma remains unknown. We have analyzed the expression of 19 genes encoding TLR/BCR pathways and targets in CNS DLBCLs (n = 20) by Nanostring nCounter™ analysis and compared it with expression patterns in purified reactive B-lymphocytes and systemic diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n = 20). Relative expression of TLR4, TLR5, TLR9, CD79B and BLNK was higher in CNS DLBCLs than in control B-lymphocytes; where as TLR7, MALT1, BCL10, CD79A and LYN was lower in CNS DLBCLs (P < 0.0001). When compared with systemic DLBCL samples, higher expression of TLR9, CD79B, CARD11, LYN and BLNK was noted in CNS DLBCL (>1.5 fold change; P < 0.01). The B cell receptor molecules like BLNK and CD79B were also associated with higher expression of MYD88 dependent TLRs (TLR4/5/9). In conclusion, we have shown over expression of TLR/BCR related genes or their targets, where genomic mutations have commonly been identified in CNS DLBCL. We have also demonstrated that TLR over expression closely relate with up regulation of genes associated with BCR pathway like CD79B/BLNK and CARD11, which play an important role in NF-kB pathway activation. Our results provide an important insight into the possibility of TLR and/or B-cell receptor signaling molecules as possible therapeutic targets in CNS DLBCL.
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O’Halloran S, O’Leary A, Kuijper T, Downer EJ. MyD88 acts as an adaptor protein for inflammatory signalling induced by amyloid-β in macrophages. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:109-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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LPS- and LTA-induced expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in neonatal and adult blood: role of MAPKs and NF-κB. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:283126. [PMID: 25530682 PMCID: PMC4229971 DOI: 10.1155/2014/283126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) seem to be critical mediators in the inflammatory response, we studied the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) on (a) the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs and (b) the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) with or without the specific inhibitors of these intracellular signal transduction pathways in neonatal cord and adult blood. TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations showed a sharp increase in the supernatants of cord and adult whole blood after stimulation. TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher, whereas IL-6 concentrations were tendentially lower in adult blood after stimulation. Stimulation with LPS or LTA resulted in a significantly decreased activation of p38 MAPK in neonatal compared with adult blood. Although LTA failed to induce additional ERK1/2 phosphorylation, LPS stimulation mediated the moderately increased levels of activated ERK1/2 in neonatal monocytes. The addition of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 significantly decreased IL-6 and TNF-α production upon LPS or LTA stimulation. Furthermore, the inhibition of ERK1/2 was able to reduce LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in neonatal blood. We conclude that p38 MAPK as well as ERK1/2 phosphorylation is crucially involved in LPS activation and could explain the differences in early cytokine response between neonatal and adult blood.
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Gölz L, Bayer S, Keilig L, Jäger A, Stark H, Bourauel C, Götz W, Frede S, Winter J, Kraus D. Possible implications of Ni(II) on oral IL-1β-induced inflammatory processes. Dent Mater 2014; 30:1325-35. [PMID: 25447842 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nickel (Ni) is one of the main metal elements in orthodontic and prosthetic devices. Different effects of Ni are described ranging from an induction of local inflammation to allergy and cancerous/mutagenic properties. Inflammatory reactions are frequently observed in the oral cavity, but the interrelationship of Ni with those events is still unknown. Therefore, we focused on the impact of Ni on inflammation in vitro. METHODS In accordance to previous immersion tests of our lab, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) (n=6) were exposed to a pro-inflammatory environment using interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and additionally stimulated with different Ni(II) concentrations (400 and 4000ng/ml). At varying time points the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory as well as matrix degeneration proteins, i.e. MMPs, were analyzed. Furthermore, proliferation assays, wound healing tests and the detection of NF-κB activation were conducted. Unstimulated HGFs served as control. RESULTS Our experiments showed that low clinical average Ni(II) levels did not alter pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly compared to control (p>0.05). Instead, a 10-fold higher dose up-regulated these mediators significantly in a time-dependent manner (p<0.01). This was even more pronounced combining both Ni(II) concentrations with an inflammatory condition (p<0.001), MMP expressions were in line with our findings (p<0.001). The mRNA data were supported by proliferation and wound closure assays (p<0.001). However, the combination of both stimuli induced contradictory results. Analyzing NF-κB activation revealed that our results may be in part attributed to NF-κB. SIGNIFICANCE Our in vitro study implicated that Ni(II) has various modifying effects on IL-1β-induced inflammatory processes depending on the concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Stefan Bayer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helmut Stark
- Department of Prosthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Werner Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stilla Frede
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- Oral Cell Biology Group, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Kraus
- Department of Prosthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Jang SE, Jeong JJ, Hyam SR, Han MJ, Kim DH. Ursolic acid isolated from the seed of Cornus officinalis ameliorates colitis in mice by inhibiting the binding of lipopolysaccharide to Toll-like receptor 4 on macrophages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9711-21. [PMID: 25213465 DOI: 10.1021/jf501487v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid, which was isolated from an ethanol extract of Cornus officinalis seed, potently inhibited nuclear factor κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ursolic acid in LPS-stimulated macrophages and colitic mice. Ursolic acid inhibited phosphorylation of interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)1, TAK1, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ), and IκBα as well as activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Ursolic acid suppressed LPS-stimulated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and inducible NO synthetase (iNOS) expression as well as PGE2 and NO levels. Ursolic acid not only inhibited the Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated LPS-mediated shift of macrophages but also reduced the intensity of fluorescent LPS bound to the macrophages transiently transfected with or without MyD88 siRNA. However, ursolic acid did not suppress NF-κB activation in peptidoglycan-stimulated macrophages. Oral administration of ursolic acid significantly inhibited 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colon shortening and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice. Ursolic acid also suppressed TNBS-induced COX-2 and iNOS expression as well as NF-κB activation in colon tissues. Ursolic acid (20 mg/kg) also inhibited TNBS-induced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α by 93, 86, and 85%, respectively (p < 0.05). However, ursolic acid reversed TNBS-mediated downregulation of IL-10 expression to 79% of the normal control group (p < 0.05). On the basis of these findings, ursolic acid may ameliorate colitis by regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways via the inhibition of LPS binding to TLR4 on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Food and Nutrition, and §Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Melnik BC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: key promoter of rosacea pathogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:868-73. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
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Xu Y, Ito T, Fushimi S, Takahashi S, Itakura J, Kimura R, Sato M, Mino M, Yoshimura A, Matsukawa A. Spred-2 deficiency exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108914. [PMID: 25275324 PMCID: PMC4183529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe and life-threatening acute lung injury (ALI) that is caused by noxious stimuli and pathogens. ALI is characterized by marked acute inflammation with elevated alveolar cytokine levels. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in cytokine production, but the mechanisms that regulate these pathways remain poorly characterized. Here, we focused on the role of Sprouty-related EVH1-domain-containing protein (Spred)-2, a negative regulator of the Ras-Raf-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-MAPK pathway, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung inflammation. Methods Wild-type (WT) mice and Spred-2−/− mice were exposed to intratracheal LPS (50 µg in 50 µL PBS) to induce pulmonary inflammation. After LPS-injection, the lungs were harvested to assess leukocyte infiltration, cytokine and chemokine production, ERK-MAPK activation and immunopathology. For exvivo experiments, alveolar macrophages were harvested from untreated WT and Spred-2−/− mice and stimulated with LPS. In invitro experiments, specific knock down of Spred-2 by siRNA or overexpression of Spred-2 by transfection with a plasmid encoding the Spred-2 sense sequence was introduced into murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells or MLE-12 lung epithelial cells. Results LPS-induced acute lung inflammation was significantly exacerbated in Spred-2−/− mice compared with WT mice, as indicated by the numbers of infiltrating leukocytes, levels of alveolar TNF-α, CXCL2 and CCL2 in a later phase, and lung pathology. U0126, a selective MEK/ERK inhibitor, reduced the augmented LPS-induced inflammation in Spred-2−/− mice. Specific knock down of Spred-2 augmented LPS-induced cytokine and chemokine responses in RAW264.7 cells and MLE-12 cells, whereas Spred-2 overexpression decreased this response in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions The ERK-MAPK pathway is involved in LPS-induced acute lung inflammation. Spred-2 controls the development of LPS-induced lung inflammation by negatively regulating the ERK-MAPK pathway. Thus, Spred-2 may represent a therapeutic target for the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Fushimi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sakuma Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junya Itakura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryojiro Kimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Miwa Sato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Megumi Mino
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Jeong JJ, Jang SE, Hyam SR, Han MJ, Kim DH. Mangiferin ameliorates colitis by inhibiting IRAK1 phosphorylation in NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:652-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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147
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Soni C, Wong EB, Domeier PP, Khan TN, Satoh T, Akira S, Rahman ZSM. B cell-intrinsic TLR7 signaling is essential for the development of spontaneous germinal centers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4400-14. [PMID: 25252960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous germinal center (Spt-GC) B cells and follicular helper T cells generate high-affinity autoantibodies that are involved in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. TLRs play a pivotal role in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Although previous studies focused on the B cell-intrinsic role of TLR-MyD88 signaling on immune activation, autoantibody repertoire, and systemic inflammation, the mechanisms by which TLRs control the formation of Spt-GCs remain unclear. Using nonautoimmune C57BL/6 (B6) mice deficient in MyD88, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, or TLR9, we identified B cell-intrinsic TLR7 signaling as a prerequisite to Spt-GC formation without the confounding effects of autoimmune susceptibility genes and the overexpression of TLRs. TLR7 deficiency also rendered autoimmune B6.Sle1b mice unable to form Spt-GCs, leading to markedly decreased autoantibodies. Conversely, B6.yaa and B6.Sle1b.yaa mice expressing an extra copy of TLR7 and B6.Sle1b mice treated with a TLR7 agonist had increased Spt-GCs and follicular helper T cells. Further, TLR7/MyD88 deficiency led to compromised B cell proliferation and survival after B cell stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, TLR9 inhibited Spt-GC development. Our findings demonstrate an absolute requirement for TLR7 and a negative regulatory function for TLR9 in Spt-GC formation under nonautoimmune and autoimmune conditions. Our data suggest that, under nonautoimmune conditions, Spt-GCs initiated by TLR7 produce protective Abs. However, in the presence of autoimmune susceptibility genes, TLR7-dependent Spt-GCs produce pathogenic autoantibodies. Thus, a single copy of TLR7 in B cells is the minimal requirement for breaking the GC-tolerance checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Eric B Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Phillip P Domeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Tahsin N Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033;
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148
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Mechanisms underlying the anti-aging and anti-tumor effects of lithocholic bile acid. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16522-43. [PMID: 25238416 PMCID: PMC4200844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are cholesterol-derived bioactive lipids that play essential roles in the maintenance of a heathy lifespan. These amphipathic molecules with detergent-like properties display numerous beneficial effects on various longevity- and healthspan-promoting processes in evolutionarily distant organisms. Recent studies revealed that lithocholic bile acid not only causes a considerable lifespan extension in yeast, but also exhibits a substantial cytotoxic effect in cultured cancer cells derived from different tissues and organisms. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the robust anti-aging and anti-tumor effects of lithocholic acid have emerged. This review summarizes the current knowledge of these mechanisms, outlines the most important unanswered questions and suggests directions for future research.
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149
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Isaza-Correa JM, Liang Z, van den Berg A, Diepstra A, Visser L. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human B cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:57. [PMID: 25112836 PMCID: PMC4237867 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important players in B-cell activation, maturation and memory and may be involved in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas. Accumulating studies show differential expression in this heterogeneous group of cancers. Stimulation with TLR specific ligands, or agonists of their ligands, leads to aberrant responses in the malignant B-cells. According to current data, TLRs can be implicated in malignant transformation, tumor progression and immune evasion processes. Most of the studies focused on multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but in the last decade the putative role of TLRs in other types of B-cell lymphomas has gained much interest. The aim of this review is to discuss recent findings on the role of TLRs in normal B cell functioning and their role in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies.
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150
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the females. Intensive efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of breast cancer. The physiological conditions that lead to tumorigenesis including breast cancer are not well understood. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immune system that protect the host against bacterial and viral infection. The emerging evidences suggest that TLRs are activated through pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous molecules, which lead to the activation of inflammatory pathways. This leads to increased levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines mounting inflammation. Several evidences support the view that chronic inflammation can lead to cancerous condition. Inflammation aids in tumor progression and metastasis. Association of inflammation with breast cancer is emerging. TLR mediated activation of NF-κB and IRF is an essential link connecting inflammation to cancer. The recent reports provide several evidences, which suggest the important role of TLRs in breast cancer pathogenesis and recurrence. The current review focuses on emerging studies suggesting the strong linkages of TLR mediated regulation of inflammation during breast cancer and its metastasis emphasizing the initiation of the systematic study.
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