101
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Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a common craniofacial birth defect. This review focusses on the advances that have been achieved through studying the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis using mouse models. Classic methods of gene targeting which generate individual gene knockout models have successfully identified numerous genes required for normal development of the skull bones and sutures. However, the study of syndromic craniosynostosis has largely benefited from the production of knockin models that precisely mimic human mutations. These have allowed the detailed investigation of downstream events at the cellular and molecular level following otherwise unpredictable gain-of-function effects. This has greatly enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease and has the potential to translate into improvement of the clinical management of this condition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K L Lee
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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102
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Hamartin regulates cessation of mouse nephrogenesis independently of Mtor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5998-6003. [PMID: 29784808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712955115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrogenesis concludes by the 36th week of gestation in humans and by the third day of postnatal life in mice. Extending the nephrogenic period may reduce the onset of adult renal and cardiovascular disease associated with low nephron numbers. We conditionally deleted either Mtor or Tsc1 (coding for hamartin, an inhibitor of Mtor) in renal progenitor cells. Loss of one Mtor allele caused a reduction in nephron numbers; complete deletion led to severe paucity of glomeruli in the kidney resulting in early death after birth. By contrast, loss of one Tsc1 allele from renal progenitors resulted in a 25% increase in nephron endowment with no adverse effects. Increased progenitor engraftment rates ex vivo relative to controls correlated with prolonged nephrogenesis through the fourth postnatal day. Complete loss of both Tsc1 alleles in renal progenitors led to a lethal tubular lesion. The hamartin phenotypes are not dependent on the inhibitory effect of TSC on the Mtor complex but are dependent on Raptor.
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103
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Gulati A, Somlo S. Whole exome sequencing: a state-of-the-art approach for defining (and exploring!) genetic landscapes in pediatric nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:745-761. [PMID: 28660367 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of whole exome sequencing as a powerful tool for detailing the protein coding sequence of the human genome was conceptualized based on the availability of next-generation sequencing technology and knowledge of the human reference genome. The field of pediatric nephrology enriched with molecularly unsolved phenotypes is allowing the clinical and research application of whole exome sequencing to enable novel gene discovery and provide amendment of phenotypic misclassification. Recent studies in the field have informed us that newer high-throughput sequencing techniques are likely to be of high yield when applied in conjunction with conventional genomic approaches such as linkage analysis and other strategies used to focus subsequent analysis. They have also emphasized the need for the validation of novel genetic findings in large collaborative cohorts and the production of robust corroborative biological data. The well-structured application of comprehensive genomic testing in clinical and research arenas will hopefully continue to advance patient care and precision medicine, but does call for attention to be paid to its integrated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Gulati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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104
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Lindström NO, Guo J, Kim AD, Tran T, Guo Q, De Sena Brandine G, Ransick A, Parvez RK, Thornton ME, Baskin L, Grubbs B, McMahon JA, Smith AD, McMahon AP. Conserved and Divergent Features of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Types within the Cortical Nephrogenic Niche of the Human and Mouse Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:806-824. [PMID: 29449449 DOI: 10.0.6.145/asn.2017080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular interactions among nephron, interstitial, and collecting duct progenitors drive mammalian kidney development. In mice, Six2+ nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) and Foxd1+ interstitial progenitor cells (IPCs) form largely distinct lineage compartments at the onset of metanephric kidney development. Here, we used the method for analyzing RNA following intracellular sorting (MARIS) approach, single-cell transcriptional profiling, in situ hybridization, and immunolabeling to characterize the presumptive NPC and IPC compartments of the developing human kidney. As in mice, each progenitor population adopts a stereotypical arrangement in the human nephron-forming niche: NPCs capped outgrowing ureteric branch tips, whereas IPCs were sandwiched between the NPCs and the renal capsule. Unlike mouse NPCs, human NPCs displayed a transcriptional profile that overlapped substantially with the IPC transcriptional profile, and key IPC determinants, including FOXD1, were readily detected within SIX2+ NPCs. Comparative gene expression profiling in human and mouse Six2/SIX2+ NPCs showed broad agreement between the species but also identified species-biased expression of some genes. Notably, some human NPC-enriched genes, including DAPL1 and COL9A2, are linked to human renal disease. We further explored the cellular diversity of mesenchymal cell types in the human nephrogenic niche through single-cell transcriptional profiling. Data analysis stratified NPCs into two main subpopulations and identified a third group of differentiating cells. These findings were confirmed by section in situ hybridization with novel human NPC markers predicted through the single-cell studies. This study provides a benchmark for the mesenchymal progenitors in the human nephrogenic niche and highlights species-variability in kidney developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | | | - Andrew Ransick
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, and
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
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105
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Lindström NO, Guo J, Kim AD, Tran T, Guo Q, De Sena Brandine G, Ransick A, Parvez RK, Thornton ME, Baskin L, Grubbs B, McMahon JA, Smith AD, McMahon AP. Conserved and Divergent Features of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Types within the Cortical Nephrogenic Niche of the Human and Mouse Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:806-824. [PMID: 29449449 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular interactions among nephron, interstitial, and collecting duct progenitors drive mammalian kidney development. In mice, Six2+ nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) and Foxd1+ interstitial progenitor cells (IPCs) form largely distinct lineage compartments at the onset of metanephric kidney development. Here, we used the method for analyzing RNA following intracellular sorting (MARIS) approach, single-cell transcriptional profiling, in situ hybridization, and immunolabeling to characterize the presumptive NPC and IPC compartments of the developing human kidney. As in mice, each progenitor population adopts a stereotypical arrangement in the human nephron-forming niche: NPCs capped outgrowing ureteric branch tips, whereas IPCs were sandwiched between the NPCs and the renal capsule. Unlike mouse NPCs, human NPCs displayed a transcriptional profile that overlapped substantially with the IPC transcriptional profile, and key IPC determinants, including FOXD1, were readily detected within SIX2+ NPCs. Comparative gene expression profiling in human and mouse Six2/SIX2+ NPCs showed broad agreement between the species but also identified species-biased expression of some genes. Notably, some human NPC-enriched genes, including DAPL1 and COL9A2, are linked to human renal disease. We further explored the cellular diversity of mesenchymal cell types in the human nephrogenic niche through single-cell transcriptional profiling. Data analysis stratified NPCs into two main subpopulations and identified a third group of differentiating cells. These findings were confirmed by section in situ hybridization with novel human NPC markers predicted through the single-cell studies. This study provides a benchmark for the mesenchymal progenitors in the human nephrogenic niche and highlights species-variability in kidney developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | | | - Andrew Ransick
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, and
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
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106
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Zhang W, Xu L, Gao H, Wu Y, Gao X, Zhang L, Zhu B, Song Y, Bao J, Li J, Chen Y. Detection of candidate genes for growth and carcass traits using genome-wide association strategy in Chinese Simmental beef cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In Chinese beef cattle industry, there are more than 60 million livestock, nearly half of which are Chinese Simmental beef cattle or Simmental crossbreds. Over the past decades, numerous quantitative trait loci for economic traits in cattle have been identified, while few studies for growth and carcass traits have been reported in Simmental beef cattle. In the present study, we conducted genome-wide association study based on BovineHD BeadChip and identified 41, 15, 3, 22 and 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with average daily gain, liveweight before slaughter, carcass weight, dressing percentage and pure meat percentage respectively. In total, 18 candidate genes were found for growth and carcass traits, and four haplotype blocks for growth and carcass traits were discovered. These findings will facilitate detection of major genes and genetic variants involved in growth and carcass traits of beef cattle in further studies.
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107
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O’Brien LL, Guo Q, Bahrami-Samani E, Park JS, Hasso SM, Lee YJ, Fang A, Kim AD, Guo J, Hong TM, Peterson KA, Lozanoff S, Raviram R, Ren B, Fogelgren B, Smith AD, Valouev A, McMahon AP. Transcriptional regulatory control of mammalian nephron progenitors revealed by multi-factor cistromic analysis and genetic studies. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007181. [PMID: 29377931 PMCID: PMC5805373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephron progenitor number determines nephron endowment; a reduced nephron count is linked to the onset of kidney disease. Several transcriptional regulators including Six2, Wt1, Osr1, Sall1, Eya1, Pax2, and Hox11 paralogues are required for specification and/or maintenance of nephron progenitors. However, little is known about the regulatory intersection of these players. Here, we have mapped nephron progenitor-specific transcriptional networks of Six2, Hoxd11, Osr1, and Wt1. We identified 373 multi-factor associated 'regulatory hotspots' around genes closely associated with progenitor programs. To examine their functional significance, we deleted 'hotspot' enhancer elements for Six2 and Wnt4. Removal of the distal enhancer for Six2 leads to a ~40% reduction in Six2 expression. When combined with a Six2 null allele, progeny display a premature depletion of nephron progenitors. Loss of the Wnt4 enhancer led to a significant reduction of Wnt4 expression in renal vesicles and a mildly hypoplastic kidney, a phenotype also enhanced in combination with a Wnt4 null mutation. To explore the regulatory landscape that supports proper target gene expression, we performed CTCF ChIP-seq to identify insulator-boundary regions. One such putative boundary lies between the Six2 and Six3 loci. Evidence for the functional significance of this boundary was obtained by deep sequencing of the radiation-induced Brachyrrhine (Br) mutant allele. We identified an inversion of the Six2/Six3 locus around the CTCF-bound boundary, removing Six2 from its distal enhancer regulation, but placed next to Six3 enhancer elements which support ectopic Six2 expression in the lens where Six3 is normally expressed. Six3 is now predicted to fall under control of the Six2 distal enhancer. Consistent with this view, we observed ectopic Six3 in nephron progenitors. 4C-seq supports the model for Six2 distal enhancer interactions in wild-type and Br/+ mouse kidneys. Together, these data expand our view of the regulatory genome and regulatory landscape underpinning mammalian nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L. O’Brien
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Bioinformatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Emad Bahrami-Samani
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joo-Seop Park
- Division of Pediatric Urology and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Hasso
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Fang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Albert D. Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Trudy M. Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | | | - Scott Lozanoff
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Ramya Raviram
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anton Valouev
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Bioinformatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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108
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Combes AN, Wilson S, Phipson B, Binnie BB, Ju A, Lawlor KT, Cebrian C, Walton SL, Smyth IM, Moritz KM, Kopan R, Oshlack A, Little MH. Haploinsufficiency for the Six2 gene increases nephron progenitor proliferation promoting branching and nephron number. Kidney Int 2017; 93:589-598. [PMID: 29217079 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of final nephron number in the kidney is poorly understood. Cessation of nephron formation occurs when the self-renewing nephron progenitor population commits to differentiation. Transcription factors within this progenitor population, such as SIX2, are assumed to control expression of genes promoting self-renewal such that homozygous Six2 deletion results in premature commitment and an early halt to kidney development. In contrast, Six2 heterozygotes were assumed to be unaffected. Using quantitative morphometry, we found a paradoxical 18% increase in ureteric branching and final nephron number in Six2 heterozygotes, despite evidence for reduced levels of SIX2 protein and transcript. This was accompanied by a clear shift in nephron progenitor identity with a distinct subset of downregulated progenitor genes such as Cited1 and Meox1 while other genes were unaffected. The net result was an increase in nephron progenitor proliferation, as assessed by elevated EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) labeling, an increase in MYC protein, and transcriptional upregulation of MYC target genes. Heterozygosity for Six2 on an Fgf20-/- background resulted in premature differentiation of the progenitor population, confirming that progenitor regulation is compromised in Six2 heterozygotes. Overall, our studies reveal a unique dose response of nephron progenitors to the level of SIX2 protein in which the role of SIX2 in progenitor proliferation versus self-renewal is separable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Combes
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sean Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Phipson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brandon B Binnie
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adler Ju
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Cebrian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah L Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Centre for Children's Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Centre for Children's Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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109
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Wang S, Li Y, Jiang C, Tian H. Fibroblast growth factor 9 subfamily and the heart. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:605-613. [PMID: 29198068 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 subfamily is a member of the FGF family, including FGF9, 16, and 20, potentially sharing similar biochemical functions due to their high degree of sequence homology. Unlike other secreted proteins which have a cleavable N-terminal secreted signal peptide, FGF9/16/20 have non-cleaved N-terminal signal peptides. As an intercellular signaling molecule, they are involved in a variety of complex responses in animal development. Cardiogenesis is controlled by many members of the transcription factor family. Evidence suggests that FGF signaling, including the FGF9 subfamily, has a pretty close association with these cardiac-specific genes. In addition, recent studies have shown that the FGF9 subfamily maintains functional adaptation and survival after myocardial infarction in adult myocardium. Since FGF9/16/20 are secreted proteins, their function characterization in cardiac regeneration can promote their potential to be developed for the treatment of cardioprotection and revascularization. Here, we conclude that the FGF9 subfamily roles in cardiac development and maintenance of postnatal cardiac homeostasis, especially cardiac function maturation and functional maintenance of the heart after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China. .,Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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110
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De Tomasi L, David P, Humbert C, Silbermann F, Arrondel C, Tores F, Fouquet S, Desgrange A, Niel O, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Roume J, Cordier MP, Pietrement C, Isidor B, Khau Van Kien P, Gonzales M, Saint-Frison MH, Martinovic J, Novo R, Piard J, Cabrol C, Verma IC, Puri R, Journel H, Aziza J, Gavard L, Said-Menthon MH, Heidet L, Saunier S, Jeanpierre C. Mutations in GREB1L Cause Bilateral Kidney Agenesis in Humans and Mice. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:803-814. [PMID: 29100091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) constitute a major cause of chronic kidney disease in children and 20% of prenatally detected anomalies. CAKUT encompass a spectrum of developmental kidney defects, including renal agenesis, hypoplasia, and cystic and non-cystic dysplasia. More than 50 genes have been reported as mutated in CAKUT-affected case subjects. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to bilateral kidney agenesis (BKA) remain largely elusive. Whole-exome or targeted exome sequencing of 183 unrelated familial and/or severe CAKUT-affected case subjects, including 54 fetuses with BKA, led to the identification of 16 heterozygous variants in GREB1L (growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1-like), a gene reported as a target of retinoic acid signaling. Four loss-of-function and 12 damaging missense variants, 14 being absent from GnomAD, were identified. Twelve of them were present in familial or simplex BKA-affected case subjects. Female BKA-affected fetuses also displayed uterus agenesis. We demonstrated a significant association between GREB1L variants and BKA. By in situ hybridization, we showed expression of Greb1l in the nephrogenic zone in developing mouse kidney. We generated a Greb1l knock-out mouse model by CRISPR-Cas9. Analysis at E13.5 revealed lack of kidneys and genital tract anomalies in male and female Greb1l-/- embryos and a slight decrease in ureteric bud branching in Greb1l+/- embryos. We showed that Greb1l invalidation in mIMCD3 cells affected tubulomorphogenesis in 3D-collagen culture, a phenotype rescued by expression of the wild-type human protein. This demonstrates that GREB1L plays a major role in early metanephros and genital development in mice and humans.
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111
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Tanigawa S, Nishinakamura R. Expanding nephron progenitors in vitro: a step toward regenerative medicine in nephrology. Kidney Int 2017; 90:925-927. [PMID: 27742193 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With recent success in directed differentiation of nephron progenitors from mouse embryonic stem cells or human-induced pluripotent stem cells, the ability to expand these nephron progenitors is an important step toward regenerative medicine in nephrology. A recent publication reports the first successful attempt to propagate human nephron progenitors while retaining their potential to form both glomeruli and renal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Tanigawa
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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112
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van der Ven AT, Vivante A, Hildebrandt F. Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Monogenic Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:36-50. [PMID: 29079659 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a large spectrum of congenital malformations ranging from severe manifestations, such as renal agenesis, to potentially milder conditions, such as vesicoureteral reflux. CAKUT causes approximately 40% of ESRD that manifests within the first three decades of life. Several lines of evidence indicate that CAKUT is often caused by recessive or dominant mutations in single (monogenic) genes. To date, approximately 40 monogenic genes are known to cause CAKUT if mutated, explaining 5%-20% of patients. However, hundreds of different monogenic CAKUT genes probably exist. The discovery of novel CAKUT-causing genes remains challenging because of this pronounced heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance. We here give an overview of known genetic causes for human CAKUT and shed light on distinct renal morphogenetic pathways that were identified as relevant for CAKUT in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie T van der Ven
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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113
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Davies JA. Adaptive self-organization in the embryo: its importance to adult anatomy and to tissue engineering. J Anat 2017; 232:524-533. [PMID: 29023694 PMCID: PMC5835792 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of healthy humans shows much minor variation, and twin‐studies reveal at least some of this variation cannot be explained genetically. A plausible explanation is that fine‐scale anatomy is not specified directly in a genetic programme, but emerges from self‐organizing behaviours of cells that, for example, place a new capillary where it happens to be needed to prevent local hypoxia. Self‐organizing behaviour can be identified by manipulating growing tissues (e.g. putting them under a spatial constraint) and observing an adaptive change that conserves the character of the normal tissue while altering its precise anatomy. Self‐organization can be practically useful in tissue engineering but it is limited; generally, it is good for producing realistic small‐scale anatomy but large‐scale features will be missing. This is because self‐organizing organoids miss critical symmetry‐breaking influences present in the embryo: simulating these artificially, for example, with local signal sources, makes anatomy realistic even at large scales. A growing understanding of the mechanisms of self‐organization is now allowing synthetic biologists to take their first tentative steps towards constructing artificial multicellular systems that spontaneously organize themselves into patterns, which may soon be extended into three‐dimensional shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Davies
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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114
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Heidet L, Morinière V, Henry C, De Tomasi L, Reilly ML, Humbert C, Alibeu O, Fourrage C, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Tores F, Bras M, Jeanpierre M, Pietrement C, Gaillard D, Gonzales M, Novo R, Schaefer E, Roume J, Martinovic J, Malan V, Salomon R, Saunier S, Antignac C, Jeanpierre C. Targeted Exome Sequencing Identifies PBX1 as Involved in Monogenic Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2901-2914. [PMID: 28566479 PMCID: PMC5619971 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) occur in three to six of 1000 live births, represent about 20% of the prenatally detected anomalies, and constitute the main cause of CKD in children. These disorders are phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous. Monogenic causes of CAKUT in humans and mice have been identified. However, despite high-throughput sequencing studies, the cause of the disease remains unknown in most patients, and several studies support more complex inheritance and the role of environmental factors and/or epigenetics in the pathophysiology of CAKUT. Here, we report the targeted exome sequencing of 330 genes, including genes known to be involved in CAKUT and candidate genes, in a cohort of 204 unrelated patients with CAKUT; 45% of the patients were severe fetal cases. We identified pathogenic mutations in 36 of 204 (17.6%) patients. These mutations included five de novo heterozygous loss of function mutations/deletions in the PBX homeobox 1 gene (PBX1), a gene known to have a crucial role in kidney development. In contrast, the frequency of SOX17 and DSTYK variants recently reported as pathogenic in CAKUT did not indicate causality. These findings suggest that PBX1 is involved in monogenic CAKUT in humans and call into question the role of some gene variants recently reported as pathogenic in CAKUT. Targeted exome sequencing also proved to be an efficient and cost-effective strategy to identify pathogenic mutations and deletions in known CAKUT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Heidet
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique
| | - Vincent Morinière
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, and
| | - Charline Henry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Lara De Tomasi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Madeline Louise Reilly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Camille Humbert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Alibeu
- Genomic Platform, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, and
| | - Cécile Fourrage
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, and
- Bioinformatic Plateform, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Genomic Platform, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, and
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Bioinformatic Plateform, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tores
- Bioinformatic Plateform, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marc Bras
- Bioinformatic Plateform, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marc Jeanpierre
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - Dominique Gaillard
- Service de Génétique clinique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Marie Gonzales
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Robert Novo
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Lille, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joëlle Roume
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Poissy, St. Germain en Laye, Poissy, France; and
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Unit of Fetal Pathology, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Salomon
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, and
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Jeanpierre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases,
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
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115
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Kim YK, Refaeli I, Brooks CR, Jing P, Gulieva RE, Hughes MR, Cruz NM, Liu Y, Churchill AJ, Wang Y, Fu H, Pippin JW, Lin LY, Shankland SJ, Vogl AW, McNagny KM, Freedman BS. Gene-Edited Human Kidney Organoids Reveal Mechanisms of Disease in Podocyte Development. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2366-2378. [PMID: 28905451 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A critical event during kidney organogenesis is the differentiation of podocytes, specialized epithelial cells that filter blood plasma to form urine. Podocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-podocytes) have recently been generated in nephron-like kidney organoids, but the developmental stage of these cells and their capacity to reveal disease mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we show that hPSC-podocytes phenocopy mammalian podocytes at the capillary loop stage (CLS), recapitulating key features of ultrastructure, gene expression, and mutant phenotype. hPSC-podocytes in vitro progressively establish junction-rich basal membranes (nephrin+ podocin+ ZO-1+ ) and microvillus-rich apical membranes (podocalyxin+ ), similar to CLS podocytes in vivo. Ultrastructural, biophysical, and transcriptomic analysis of podocalyxin-knockout hPSCs and derived podocytes, generated using CRISPR/Cas9, reveals defects in the assembly of microvilli and lateral spaces between developing podocytes, resulting in failed junctional migration. These defects are phenocopied in CLS glomeruli of podocalyxin-deficient mice, which cannot produce urine, thereby demonstrating that podocalyxin has a conserved and essential role in mammalian podocyte maturation. Defining the maturity of hPSC-podocytes and their capacity to reveal and recapitulate pathophysiological mechanisms establishes a powerful framework for studying human kidney disease and regeneration. Stem Cells 2017;35:2366-2378.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kyun Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ido Refaeli
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Craig R Brooks
- Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peifeng Jing
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ramila E Gulieva
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nelly M Cruz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yannan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angela J Churchill
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hongxia Fu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lih Y Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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116
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Morizane R, Miyoshi T, Bonventre JV. Concise Review: Kidney Generation with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2209-2217. [PMID: 28869686 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health care problem, resulting in increased cardiovascular mortality and often leading to end-stage kidney disease, where patients require kidney replacement therapies such as hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. Loss of functional nephrons contributes to the progression of CKD, which can be attenuated but not reversed due to inability to generate new nephrons in human adult kidneys. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), by virtue of their unlimited self-renewal and ability to differentiate into cells of all three embryonic germ layers, are attractive sources for kidney regenerative therapies. Recent advances in stem cell biology have identified key signals necessary to maintain stemness of human nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro, and led to establishment of protocols to generate NPCs and nephron epithelial cells from human fetal kidneys and hPSCs. Effective production of large amounts of human NPCs and kidney organoids will facilitate elucidation of developmental and pathobiological pathways, kidney disease modeling and drug screening as well as kidney regenerative therapies. We summarize the recent studies to induce NPCs and kidney cells from hPSCs, studies of NPC expansion from mouse and human embryonic kidneys, and discuss possible approaches in vivo to regenerate kidneys with cell therapies and the development of bioengineered kidneys. Stem Cells 2017;35:2209-2217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Morizane
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomoya Miyoshi
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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117
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Naiman N, Fujioka K, Fujino M, Valerius MT, Potter SS, McMahon AP, Kobayashi A. Repression of Interstitial Identity in Nephron Progenitor Cells by Pax2 Establishes the Nephron-Interstitium Boundary during Kidney Development. Dev Cell 2017; 41:349-365.e3. [PMID: 28535371 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kidney contains the functional units, the nephrons, surrounded by the renal interstitium. Previously we discovered that, once Six2-expressing nephron progenitor cells and Foxd1-expressing renal interstitial progenitor cells form at the onset of kidney development, descendant cells from these populations contribute exclusively to the main body of nephrons and renal interstitial tissues, respectively, indicating a lineage boundary between the nephron and renal interstitial compartments. Currently it is unclear how lineages are regulated during kidney organogenesis. We demonstrate that nephron progenitor cells lacking Pax2 fail to differentiate into nephron cells but can switch fates into renal interstitium-like cell types. These data suggest that Pax2 function maintains nephron progenitor cells by repressing a renal interstitial cell program. Thus, the lineage boundary between the nephron and renal interstitial compartments is maintained by the Pax2 activity in nephron progenitor cells during kidney organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Naiman
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaoru Fujioka
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mari Fujino
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M Todd Valerius
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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118
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Liu Y, Ma J, Beenken A, Srinivasan L, Eliseenkova AV, Mohammadi M. Regulation of Receptor Binding Specificity of FGF9 by an Autoinhibitory Homodimerization. Structure 2017; 25:1325-1336.e3. [PMID: 28757146 PMCID: PMC5587394 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) subfamily specifically binds and activates the mesenchymal "c" splice isoform of FGF receptors 1-3 (FGFR1-3) to regulate organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. The unique N and C termini of FGF9 subfamily ligands mediate a reversible homodimerization that occludes major receptor binding sites within the ligand core region. Here we provide compelling X-ray crystallographic, biophysical, and biochemical data showing that homodimerization controls receptor binding specificity of the FGF9 subfamily by keeping the concentration of active FGF9 monomers at a level, which is sufficient for a normal FGFR "c" isoform binding/signaling, but is insufficient for an illegitimate FGFR "b" isoform binding/signaling. We show that deletion of the N terminus or alanine substitutions in the C terminus of FGF9 skews the delicate ligand equilibrium toward active FGF9 monomers causing off-target binding and activation of FGFR b isoforms. Our study is the first to implicate ligand homodimerization in the regulation of ligand-receptor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrew Beenken
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lakshmi Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna V Eliseenkova
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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119
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Charoenlarp P, Rajendran AK, Iseki S. Role of fibroblast growth factors in bone regeneration. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:10. [PMID: 29259709 PMCID: PMC5725923 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life. However, many complex skeletal defects such as large traumatic bone defects or extensive bone loss after tumor resection may cause failure of bone healing. Effective therapies for these conditions typically employ combinations of cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors. In this review, we pay attention to one of the three factors required for regeneration of bone, bioactive factors, especially the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. This family is composed of 22 members and associated with various biological functions including skeletal formation. Based on the phenotypes of genetically modified mice and spatio-temporal expression levels during bone fracture healing, FGF2, FGF9, and FGF18 are regarded as possible candidates useful for bone regeneration. The role of these candidate FGFs in bone regeneration is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornkawee Charoenlarp
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
| | - Arun Kumar Rajendran
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
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120
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Cerqueira DM, Bodnar AJ, Phua YL, Freer R, Hemker SL, Walensky LD, Hukriede NA, Ho J. Bim gene dosage is critical in modulating nephron progenitor survival in the absence of microRNAs during kidney development. FASEB J 2017; 31:3540-3554. [PMID: 28446592 PMCID: PMC5503708 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700010r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low nephron endowment at birth has been associated with an increased risk for developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease. We demonstrated in an earlier study that conditional deletion of the microRNA (miRNA)-processing enzyme Dicer from nephron progenitors results in premature depletion of the progenitors and increased expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim (also known as Bcl-2L11). In this study, we generated a compound mouse model with conditional deletion of both Dicer and Bim, to determine the biologic significance of increased Bim expression in Dicer-deficient nephron progenitors. The loss of Bim partially restored the number of nephron progenitors and improved nephron formation. The number of progenitors undergoing apoptosis was significantly reduced in kidneys with loss of a single allele, or both alleles, of Bim compared to mutant kidneys. Furthermore, 2 miRNAs expressed in nephron progenitors (miR-17 and miR-106b) regulated Bim levels in vitro and in vivo Together, these data suggest that miRNA-mediated regulation of Bim controls nephron progenitor survival during nephrogenesis, as one potential means of regulating nephron endowment.-Cerqueira, D. M., Bodnar, A. J., Phua, Y. L., Freer, R., Hemker, S. L., Walensky, L. D., Hukriede, N. A., Ho, J. Bim gene dosage is critical in modulating nephron progenitor survival in the absence of microRNAs during kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora M Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Leng Phua
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel Freer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelby L Hemker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
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121
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Basta JM, Robbins L, Denner DR, Kolar GR, Rauchman M. A Sall1-NuRD interaction regulates multipotent nephron progenitors and is required for loop of Henle formation. Development 2017; 144:3080-3094. [PMID: 28760814 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the proper number of nephrons requires a tightly regulated balance between renal progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation. The molecular pathways that regulate the transition from renal progenitor to renal vesicle are not well understood. Here, we show that Sall1interacts with the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex (NuRD) to inhibit premature differentiation of nephron progenitor cells. Disruption of Sall1-NuRD in vivo in knock-in mice (ΔSRM) resulted in accelerated differentiation of nephron progenitors and bilateral renal hypoplasia. Transcriptional profiling of mutant kidneys revealed a striking pattern in which genes of the glomerular and proximal tubule lineages were either unchanged or upregulated, and those in the loop of Henle and distal tubule lineages were downregulated. These global changes in gene expression were accompanied by a significant decrease in THP-, NKCC2- and AQP1-positive loop of Henle nephron segments in mutant ΔSRM kidneys. These findings highlight an important function of Sall1-NuRD interaction in the regulation of Six2-positive multipotent renal progenitor cells and formation of the loop of Henle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine M Basta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Lynn Robbins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Darcy R Denner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Michael Rauchman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.,VA Saint Louis Health Care System, John Cochran Division, St Louis, MO 63106, USA
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122
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Abstract
p53 is best identified as a tumor suppressor for its transcriptional control of genes involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Beyond its irrefutable involvement in restraining unchecked cell proliferation, research over the past several years has indicated a requirement for p53 function in sustaining normal development. Here I summarize the role of p53 in embryonic development, with a focus on knowledge gained from p53 loss and overexpression during kidney development. In contrast to its classical role in suppressing proliferative pathways, p53 positively regulates nephron progenitor cell (NPC) renewal. Emerging evidence suggests p53 may control cell fate decisions by preserving energy metabolism homeostasis of progenitors in the nephrogenic niche. Maintaining a critical level of p53 function appears to be a prerequisite for optimal nephron endowment. Defining the molecular networks targeted by p53 in the NPC may well provide new targets not only for regenerative medicine but also for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaida Saifudeen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL37, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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123
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A Gene Implicated in Activation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Targets Is a Novel Renal Agenesis Gene in Humans. Genetics 2017; 207:215-228. [PMID: 28739660 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal agenesis (RA) is one of the more extreme examples of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Bilateral renal agenesis is almost invariably fatal at birth, and unilateral renal agenesis can lead to future health issues including end-stage renal disease. Genetic investigations have identified several gene variants that cause RA, including EYA1, LHX1, and WT1 However, whereas compound null mutations of genes encoding α and γ retinoic acid receptors (RARs) cause RA in mice, to date there have been no reports of variants in RAR genes causing RA in humans. In this study, we carried out whole exome sequence analysis of two families showing inheritance of an RA phenotype, and in both identified a single candidate gene, GREB1L Analysis of a zebrafish greb1l loss-of-function mutant revealed defects in the pronephric kidney just prior to death, and F0 CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of Greb1l in the mouse revealed kidney agenesis phenotypes, implicating Greb1l in this disorder. GREB1L resides in a chromatin complex with RAR members, and our data implicate GREB1L as a coactivator for RARs. This study is the first to associate a component of the RAR pathway with renal agenesis in humans.
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124
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Ectodysplasin target gene Fgf20 regulates mammary bud growth and ductal invasion and branching during puberty. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5049. [PMID: 28698625 PMCID: PMC5505952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development begins with the appearance of epithelial placodes that invaginate, sprout, and branch to form small arborized trees by birth. The second phase of ductal growth and branching is driven by the highly invasive structures called terminal end buds (TEBs) that form at ductal tips at the onset of puberty. Ectodysplasin (Eda), a tumor necrosis factor-like ligand, is essential for the development of skin appendages including the breast. In mice, Eda regulates mammary placode formation and branching morphogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) receptors have a recognized role in mammary ductal development and stem cell maintenance, but the ligands involved are ill-defined. Here we report that Fgf20 is expressed in embryonic mammary glands and is regulated by the Eda pathway. Fgf20 deficiency does not impede mammary gland induction, but compromises mammary bud growth, as well as TEB formation, ductal outgrowth and branching during puberty. We further show that loss of Fgf20 delays formation of Eda-induced supernumerary mammary buds and normalizes the embryonic and postnatal hyperbranching phenotype of Eda overexpressing mice. These findings identify a hitherto unknown function for Fgf20 in mammary budding and branching morphogenesis.
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125
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Lee KH, Gee HY, Shin JI. Genetics of vesicoureteral reflux and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Investig Clin Urol 2017; 58:S4-S13. [PMID: 28612055 PMCID: PMC5468264 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2017.58.s1.s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The definition of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) is the disease of structural malformations in the kidney and/or urinary tract containing vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). These anomalies can cause pediatric chronic kidney disease. However, the pathogenesis of CAKUT is not well understood, because identifying the genetic architecture of CAKUT is difficult due to the phenotypic heterogeneity and multifactorial genetic penetrance. We describe the current genetic basis and mechanisms of CAKUT including VUR via approaching the steps and signaling pathways of kidney developmental processes. We also focus on the newly developed strategies and challenges to fully address the role of the associated genes in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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126
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Tang L, Wu X, Zhang H, Lu S, Wu M, Shen C, Chen X, Wang Y, Wang W, Shen Y, Gu M, Ding X, Jin X, Fei J, Wang Z. A point mutation in Fgf9 impedes joint interzone formation leading to multiple synostoses syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1280-1293. [PMID: 28169396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple joint fusions. We previously identified a point mutation (S99N) in FGF9 that causes human SYNS3. However, the physiological function of FGF9 during joint development and comprehensive molecular portraits of SYNS3 remain elusive. Here, we report that mice harboring the S99N mutation in Fgf9 develop the curly tail phenotype and partially or fully fused caudal vertebrae and limb joints, which mimic the major phenotypes of SYNS3 patients. Further study reveals that the S99N mutation in Fgf9 disrupts joint interzone formation by affecting the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells at the early stage of joint development. Consistently, the limb bud micromass culture (LBMMC) assay shows that Fgf9 inhibits mesenchymal cell differentiation into chondrocytes by downregulating the expression of Sox6 and Sox9. However, the mutant protein does not exhibit the same inhibitory effect. We also show that Fgf9 is required for normal expression of Gdf5 in the prospective elbow and knee joints through its activation of Gdf5 promoter activity. Signal transduction assays indicate that the S99N mutation diminishes FGF signaling in developmental limb joints. Finally, we demonstrate that the conformational change in FGF9 resulting from the S99N mutation disrupts FGF9/FGFR/heparin interaction, which impedes FGF signaling in developmental joints. Taken together, we conclude that the S99N mutation in Fgf9 causes SYNS3 via the disturbance of joint interzone formation. These results further implicate the crucial role of Fgf9 during embryonic joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shunyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Weigang Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mingmin Gu
- Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pathology of Rui-Jin Hospital, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Jin
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pathology of Rui-Jin Hospital, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Fei
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Zhugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
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127
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Genetics of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract: The Current State of Play. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040796. [PMID: 28398236 PMCID: PMC5412380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most frequent form of malformation at birth and represent the cause of 40–50% of pediatric and 7% of adult end-stage renal disease worldwide. The pathogenesis of CAKUT is based on the disturbance of normal nephrogenesis, secondary to environmental and genetic causes. Often CAKUT is the first clinical manifestation of a complex systemic disease, so an early molecular diagnosis can help the physician identify other subtle clinical manifestations, significantly affecting the management and prognosis of patients. The number of sporadic CAKUT cases explained by highly penetrant mutations in a single gene may have been overestimated over the years and a genetic diagnosis is missed in most cases, hence the importance of identifying new genetic approaches which can help unraveling the vast majority of unexplained CAKUT cases. The aim of our review is to clarify the current state of play and the future perspectives of the genetic bases of CAKUT.
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128
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Lefevre JG, Chiu HS, Combes AN, Vanslambrouck JM, Ju A, Hamilton NA, Little MH. Self-organisation after embryonic kidney dissociation is driven via selective adhesion of ureteric epithelial cells. Development 2017; 144:1087-1096. [PMID: 28174247 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, after directed differentiation in vitro, can spontaneously generate complex tissues via self-organisation of the component cells. Self-organisation can also reform embryonic organ structure after tissue disruption. It has previously been demonstrated that dissociated embryonic kidneys can recreate component epithelial and mesenchymal relationships sufficient to allow continued kidney morphogenesis. Here, we investigate the timing and underlying mechanisms driving self-organisation after dissociation of the embryonic kidney using time-lapse imaging, high-resolution confocal analyses and mathematical modelling. Organotypic self-organisation sufficient for nephron initiation was observed within a 24 h period. This involved cell movement, with structure emerging after the clustering of ureteric epithelial cells, a process consistent with models of random cell movement with preferential cell adhesion. Ureteric epithelialisation rapidly followed the formation of ureteric cell clusters with the reformation of nephron-forming niches representing a later event. Disruption of P-cadherin interactions was seen to impair this ureteric epithelial cell clustering without affecting epithelial maturation. This understanding could facilitate improved regulation of patterning within organoids and facilitate kidney engineering approaches guided by cell-cell self-organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Lefevre
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Han S Chiu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander N Combes
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Ali Ju
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Hamilton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
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129
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Morizane R, Bonventre JV. Kidney Organoids: A Translational Journey. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:246-263. [PMID: 28188103 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are attractive sources for regenerative medicine and disease modeling in vitro. Directed hPSC differentiation approaches have derived from knowledge of cell development in vivo rather than from stochastic cell differentiation. Moreover, there has been great success in the generation of 3D organ-buds termed 'organoids' from hPSCs; these consist of a variety of cell types in vitro that mimic organs in vivo. The organoid bears great potential in the study of human diseases in vitro, especially when combined with CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing. We summarize the current literature describing organoid studies with a special focus on kidney organoids, and discuss goals and future opportunities for organoid-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Morizane
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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130
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Nam K, Lee KW, Chung O, Yim HS, Cha SS, Lee SW, Jun J, Cho YS, Bhak J, Magalhães JPD, Lee JH, Jeong JY. Analysis of the FGF gene family provides insights into aquatic adaptation in cetaceans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40233. [PMID: 28074842 PMCID: PMC5225608 DOI: 10.1038/srep40233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetacean body structure and physiology exhibit dramatic adaptations to their aquatic environment. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of essential factors that regulate animal development and physiology; however, their role in cetacean evolution is not clearly understood. Here, we sequenced the fin whale genome and analysed FGFs from 8 cetaceans. FGF22, a hair follicle-enriched gene, exhibited pseudogenization, indicating that the function of this gene is no longer necessary in cetaceans that have lost most of their body hair. An evolutionary analysis revealed signatures of positive selection for FGF3 and FGF11, genes related to ear and tooth development and hypoxia, respectively. We found a D203G substitution in cetacean FGF9, which was predicted to affect FGF9 homodimerization, suggesting that this gene plays a role in the acquisition of rigid flippers for efficient manoeuvring. Cetaceans utilize low bone density as a buoyancy control mechanism, but the underlying genes are not known. We found that the expression of FGF23, a gene associated with reduced bone density, is greatly increased in the cetacean liver under hypoxic conditions, thus implicating FGF23 in low bone density in cetaceans. Altogether, our results provide novel insights into the roles of FGFs in cetacean adaptation to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwoong Nam
- INRA, UMR 1333 Diversité, Génomes &Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, 2 place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, 2 place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Kyeong Won Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Haeanro 787, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea
| | - Oksung Chung
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Soon Yim
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Haeanro 787, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea.,Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 306-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Shin Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Won Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute and IRICT, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - JeHoon Jun
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sung Cho
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea.,The Genomics Institute, Biomedical Engineering Department, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea.,The Genomics Institute, Biomedical Engineering Department, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Geromics, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Haeanro 787, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea.,Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 306-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Jeong
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Haeanro 787, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea.,Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 306-350, Republic of Korea
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131
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Short KM, Smyth IM. Imaging, Analysing and Interpreting Branching Morphogenesis in the Developing Kidney. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 60:233-256. [PMID: 28409348 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The kidney develops as an outgrowth of the epithelial nephric duct known as the ureteric bud, in a position specified by a range of rostral and caudal factors which serve to ensure two kidneys form in the appropriate positions in the body. At its simplest level, kidney development can be viewed as the process by which this single bud then undergoes a process of arborisation to form a complex connected network of ducts which will serve to drain urine from the nephrons in the adult organ. The process of bud elaboration is dictated by factors expressed by both the bud itself and by surrounding cells of the metanephric mesenchyme which control cell division and bifurcation. These cells play two critical roles. Firstly, they potentiate the ongoing elaboration of the ureteric tree: remove them and branching ceases. Secondly, they harbour progenitor cells which are fated to undergo their own process of tubulogenesis to form the nephrons of the adult organ. In this chapter, we will discuss how the ureteric bud arises in the developing embryo, how it undergoes branching, how we can measure and study this process and finally the likely relevance that this process has for our understanding of congenital and acquired kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Short
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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132
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Making a Kidney Organoid Using the Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1597:195-206. [PMID: 28361319 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6949-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An organoid can be defined as a three-dimensional organ-like structure formed from organ-specific progenitor cells. Organ progenitor cells were empirically found to self-organize three-dimensional tissues when they were aggregated and cultivated in vitro. While this nature power of progenitor cells has an amazing potential to recreate artificial organs in vitro, there had been difficulty to apply this technology to human organs due to the inaccessibility to human progenitor cells until human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) was invented by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2007. As embryonic stem cells do, hiPSCs also have pluripotency to give rise to any organs/tissues cell types, including the kidney, via directed differentiation. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for generating kidney organoids using human pluripotent stem cells. The protocol differentiates human pluripotent stem cells into the posterior primitive streak. This is followed by the simultaneous induction of posterior and anterior intermediate mesoderm that are subsequently aggregated and undergo self-organization into the kidney organoid. Such kidney organoids are comprised of all anticipated kidney cell types including nephrons segmented into the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule as well as the collecting duct, endothelial network, and renal interstitium.
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133
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Abstract
New nephrons are induced by the interaction between mesenchymal progenitor cells and collecting duct tips, both of which are located at the outer edge of the kidney. This leading edge of active nephron induction is known as the nephrogenic zone. Cell populations found within this zone include collecting duct tips, cap mesenchyme cells, pretubular aggregates, nephrogenic zone interstitium, hemoendothelial progenitor cells, and macrophages. The close association of these dynamic progenitor cell compartments enables the intricate and synchronized patterning of the epithelial and the vascular components of the nephron. Understanding signaling interactions between the distinct progenitor cells of the nephrogenic zone are essential to determining the basis for new nephron formation, an important goal in regenerative medicine. A variety of technologies have been applied to define essential signaling pathways, including organ culture, mouse genetics, and primary cell culture. This chapter provides an overview of essential signaling pathways and discusses how these may be integrated.
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134
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Takasato M, Little MH. A strategy for generating kidney organoids: Recapitulating the development in human pluripotent stem cells. Dev Biol 2016; 420:210-220. [PMID: 27565022 PMCID: PMC6186756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide us any required tissue/cell types by recapitulating the development in vitro. The kidney is one of the most challenging organs to generate from hPSCs as the kidney progenitors are composed of at least 4 different cell types, including nephron, collecting duct, endothelial and interstitium progenitors, that are developmentally distinguished populations. Although the actual developmental process of the kidney during human embryogenesis has not been clarified yet, studies using model animals accumulated knowledge about the origins of kidney progenitors. The implications of these findings for the directed differentiation of hPSCs into the kidney include the mechanism of the intermediate mesoderm specification and its patterning along with anteroposterior axis. Using this knowledge, we previously reported successful generation of hPSCs-derived kidney organoids that contained all renal components and modelled human kidney development in vitro. In this review, we explain the developmental basis of the strategy behind this differentiation protocol and compare strategies of studies that also recently reported the induction of kidney cells from hPSCs. We also discuss the characterization of such kidney organoids and limitations and future applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takasato
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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135
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allogenic kidney transplantation use is limited because of a shortage of kidney organ donors and the risks associated with a long-term immunosuppression. An emerging treatment prospect is autologous transplants of ex vivo produced human kidneys. Here we will review the research advances in this area. RECENT FINDINGS The creation of human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells and the emergence of several differentiation protocols that are able to convert iPSCs cells into self-organizing kidney organoids are two large steps toward assembling a human kidney in vitro. Several groups have successfully generated urine-producing kidney organoids upon transplantation in a mouse host. Additional advances in culturing nephron progenitors in vitro may provide another source for kidney engineering, and the emergence of genome editing technology will facilitate correction of congenital mutations. SUMMARY Basic research into the development of metanephric kidneys and iPSC differentiation protocols, the therapeutic use of iPSCs, along with emergence of new technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing have accelerated a trend that may prove transformative in the treatment of ESRD and congenital kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Volovelsky
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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136
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Short KM, Smyth IM. The contribution of branching morphogenesis to kidney development and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:754-767. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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137
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Bebee TW, Sims-Lucas S, Park JW, Bushnell D, Cieply B, Xing Y, Bates CM, Carstens RP. Ablation of the epithelial-specific splicing factor Esrp1 results in ureteric branching defects and reduced nephron number. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:991-1000. [PMID: 27404344 PMCID: PMC5096029 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis lead to congenital anomalies of the kidney and reduced nephron numbers associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. Previous studies showed that the epithelial fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) IIIb splice variant supports ureteric morphogenesis in response to ligands from the metanephric mesenchyme during renal organogenesis. The epithelial-specific splicing regulator Esrp1 is required for expression of Fgfr2-IIIb and other epithelial-specific splice variants. Our objective was to determine whether Esrp1 is required for normal kidney development. RESULTS Ablation of Esrp1 in mice, alone or together with its paralog Esrp2, was associated with reduced kidney size and increased incidence of renal aplasia. Three-dimensional imaging showed that embryonic Esrp1 knockout (KO) kidneys had fewer ureteric tips and reduced nephron numbers. Analysis of alternative splicing in Esrp-null ureteric epithelial cells by RNA-Seq confirmed a splicing switch in Fgfr2 as well as numerous other transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that Esrp1-regulated splicing in ureteric epithelial cells plays an important role in renal development. Defects in Esrp1 KO kidneys likely reflect reduced and/or absent ureteric branching, leading to decreased nephron induction secondary to incorrect Fgfr2 splicing and other splicing alterations. Developmental Dynamics 245:991-1000, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Bebee
- Department of Medicine (Renal Division), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Juw Won Park
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel Bushnell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin Cieply
- Department of Medicine (Renal Division), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Russ P Carstens
- Department of Medicine (Renal Division), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Abstract
The treatment of renal failure has seen little change in the past 70 years. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are treated with renal replacement therapy, including dialysis or organ transplantation. The growing imbalance between the availability of donor organs and prevalence of ESRD is pushing an increasing number of patients to undergo dialysis. Although the prospect of new treatment options for patients through regenerative medicine has long been suggested, advances in the generation of human kidney cell types through the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells over the past 2 years have brought this prospect closer to delivery. These advances are the result of careful research into mammalian embryogenesis. By understanding the decision points made within the embryo to pattern the kidney, it is now possible to recreate self-organizing kidney tissues in vitro. In this Review, we describe the key decision points in kidney development and how these decisions have been mimicked experimentally. Recreation of human nephrons from human pluripotent stem cells opens the door to patient-derived disease models and personalized drug and toxicity screening. In the long term, we hope that these efforts will also result in the generation of bioengineered organs for the treatment of kidney disease.
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139
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Li Z, Araoka T, Wu J, Liao HK, Li M, Lazo M, Zhou B, Sui Y, Wu MZ, Tamura I, Xia Y, Beyret E, Matsusaka T, Pastan I, Rodriguez Esteban C, Guillen I, Guillen P, Campistol JM, Izpisua Belmonte JC. 3D Culture Supports Long-Term Expansion of Mouse and Human Nephrogenic Progenitors. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:516-529. [PMID: 27570066 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transit-amplifying nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) generate all of the nephrons of the mammalian kidney during development. Their limited numbers, poor in vitro expansion, and difficult accessibility in humans have slowed basic and translational research into renal development and diseases. Here, we show that with appropriate 3D culture conditions, it is possible to support long-term expansion of primary mouse and human fetal NPCs as well as NPCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Expanded NPCs maintain genomic stability, molecular homogeneity, and nephrogenic potential in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Cultured NPCs are amenable to gene targeting and can form nephron organoids that engraft in vivo, functionally couple to the host's circulatory system, and produce urine-like metabolites via filtration. Together, these findings provide a technological platform for studying human nephrogenesis, modeling and diagnosing renal diseases, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Hsin-Kai Liao
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mo Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marta Lazo
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yinghui Sui
- Department of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Min-Zu Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Isao Tamura
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yun Xia
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ergin Beyret
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Concepcion Rodriguez Esteban
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Isabel Guillen
- Fundación Dr. Pedro Guillen, Investigación Biomedica de Clinica CEMTRO, Avenida Ventisquero de la Condesa, 42, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Guillen
- Fundación Dr. Pedro Guillen, Investigación Biomedica de Clinica CEMTRO, Avenida Ventisquero de la Condesa, 42, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Campistol
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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140
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O'Brien LL, Guo Q, Lee Y, Tran T, Benazet JD, Whitney PH, Valouev A, McMahon AP. Differential regulation of mouse and human nephron progenitors by the Six family of transcriptional regulators. Development 2016; 143:595-608. [PMID: 26884396 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nephron endowment is determined by the self-renewal and induction of a nephron progenitor pool established at the onset of kidney development. In the mouse, the related transcriptional regulators Six1 and Six2 play non-overlapping roles in nephron progenitors. Transient Six1 activity prefigures, and is essential for, active nephrogenesis. By contrast, Six2 maintains later progenitor self-renewal from the onset of nephrogenesis. We compared the regulatory actions of Six2 in mouse and human nephron progenitors by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq). Surprisingly, SIX1 was identified as a SIX2 target unique to the human nephron progenitors. Furthermore, RNA-seq and immunostaining revealed overlapping SIX1 and SIX2 activity in 16 week human fetal nephron progenitors. Comparative bioinformatic analysis of human SIX1 and SIX2 ChIP-seq showed each factor targeted a similar set of cis-regulatory modules binding an identical target recognition motif. In contrast to the mouse where Six2 binds its own enhancers but does not interact with DNA around Six1, both human SIX1 and SIX2 bind homologous SIX2 enhancers and putative enhancers positioned around SIX1. Transgenic analysis of a putative human SIX1 enhancer in the mouse revealed a transient, mouse-like, pre-nephrogenic, Six1 regulatory pattern. Together, these data demonstrate a divergence in SIX-factor regulation between mouse and human nephron progenitors. In the human, an auto/cross-regulatory loop drives continued SIX1 and SIX2 expression during active nephrogenesis. By contrast, the mouse establishes only an auto-regulatory Six2 loop. These data suggest differential SIX-factor regulation might have contributed to species differences in nephron progenitor programs such as the duration of nephrogenesis and the final nephron count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L O'Brien
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - YoungJin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jean-Denis Benazet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Peter H Whitney
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Anton Valouev
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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141
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Generation of functional podocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:130-9. [PMID: 27299470 PMCID: PMC5009184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating human podocytes in vitro could offer a unique opportunity to study human diseases. Here, we describe a simple and efficient protocol for obtaining functional podocytes in vitro from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cells were exposed to a three-step protocol, which induced their differentiation into intermediate mesoderm, then into nephron progenitors and, finally, into mature podocytes. After differentiation, cells expressed the main podocyte markers, such as synaptopodin, WT1, α-Actinin-4, P-cadherin and nephrin at the protein and mRNA level, and showed the low proliferation rate typical of mature podocytes. Exposure to Angiotensin II significantly decreased the expression of podocyte genes and cells underwent cytoskeleton rearrangement. Cells were able to internalize albumin and self-assembled into chimeric 3D structures in combination with dissociated embryonic mouse kidney cells. Overall, these findings demonstrate the establishment of a robust protocol that, mimicking developmental stages, makes it possible to derive functional podocytes in vitro. Human iPSC differentiation into podocytes recapitulates kidney developmental stages. The differentiation protocol is reproducible and highly efficient. The generated podocytes reflect primary cell behaviour and are functional.
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142
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in kidney and lower urinary tract development. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:885-95. [PMID: 26293980 PMCID: PMC4761523 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and FGF ligands are highly expressed in the developing kidney and lower urinary tract. Several classic studies showed many effects of exogenous FGF ligands on embryonic renal tissues in vitro and in vivo. Another older landmark publication showed that mice with a dominant negative Fgfr fragment had severe renal dysplasia. Together, these studies revealed the importance of FGFR signaling in kidney and lower urinary tract development. With the advent of modern gene targeting techniques, including conditional knockout approaches, several publications have revealed critical roles for FGFR signaling in many lineages of the kidney and lower urinary tract at different stages of development. FGFR signaling has been shown to be critical for early metanephric mesenchymal patterning, Wolffian duct patterning including induction of the ureteric bud, ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, nephron progenitor survival and nephrogenesis, and bladder mesenchyme patterning. FGFRs pattern these tissues by interacting with many other growth factor signaling pathways. Moreover, the many genetic Fgfr and Fgf animal models have structural defects mimicking numerous congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract seen in humans. Finally, many studies have shown how FGFR signaling is critical for kidney and lower urinary tract patterning in humans.
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143
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Camarata T, Howard A, Elsey RM, Raza S, O’Connor A, Beatty B, Conrad J, Solounias N, Chow P, Mukta S, Vasilyev A. Postembryonic Nephrogenesis and Persistence of Six2-Expressing Nephron Progenitor Cells in the Reptilian Kidney. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153422. [PMID: 27144443 PMCID: PMC4856328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New nephron formation (nephrogenesis) ceases in mammals around birth and is completely absent in adults. In contrast, postembryonic nephrogenesis is well documented in the mesonephric kidneys of fishes and amphibians. The transient mesonephros in reptiles (including birds) and mammals is replaced by the metanephros during embryogenesis. Thus, one may speculate that postembryonic nephrogenesis is restricted to the mesonephric kidney. Previous reports have suggested the metanephros of non-avian reptiles (hereafter reptiles) may continually form nephrons throughout life. We investigated the presence of adult nephrogenesis in reptiles by examining adult kidneys from several species including Trachemys scripta, Chrysemys picta, Boa constrictor, Tupinambis tegu, Anolis carolinensis, and Alligator mississipiensis among others. We found that all major reptilian groups (Testudines, Crocodylia, and Squamates) showed the presence of adult nephrogenesis. The total amount of nephrogenesis varied greatly between species with turtles displaying the highest density of nephrogenesis. In contrast, we were unable to detect adult nephrogenesis in monotremes, and in the iguanid A. carolinensis. Nephron progenitor cells express the transcription factor Six2, which in mammals, becomes downregulated as the progenitor cell population is exhausted and nephrogenesis ends. Using the alligator as a model, we were able to detect Six2-positive cap mesenchyme cells in the adult kidney, which spatially correlated with areas of nephrogenesis. These results suggest that the metanephric kidney of reptiles has maintained the ability to continually grow new nephrons during postembryonic life, a process lost early in mammalian evolution, likely due to the persistence of a Six2-expressing progenitor cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Camarata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexis Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Elsey
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Grand Chenier, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sarah Raza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Alice O’Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian Beatty
- Department of Anatomy, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Jack Conrad
- Department of Anatomy, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikos Solounias
- Department of Anatomy, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Priscilla Chow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Saima Mukta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Aleksandr Vasilyev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
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144
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Tanigawa S, Taguchi A, Sharma N, Perantoni AO, Nishinakamura R. Selective In Vitro Propagation of Nephron Progenitors Derived from Embryos and Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 15:801-813. [PMID: 27149838 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephron progenitors in the embryonic kidney propagate while generating differentiated nephrons. However, in mice, the progenitors terminally differentiate shortly after birth. Here, we report a method for selectively expanding nephron progenitors in vitro in an undifferentiated state. Combinatorial and concentration-dependent stimulation with LIF, FGF2/9, BMP7, and a WNT agonist is critical for expansion. The purified progenitors proliferated beyond the physiological limits observed in vivo, both for cell numbers and lifespan. Neonatal progenitors were maintained for a week, while progenitors from embryonic day 11.5 expanded 1,800-fold for nearly 20 days and still reconstituted 3D nephrons containing glomeruli and renal tubules. Furthermore, progenitors generated from mouse embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent cells could be expanded with retained nephron-forming potential. Thus, we have established in vitro conditions for promoting the propagation of nephron progenitors, which will be essential for dissecting the mechanisms of kidney organogenesis and for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Tanigawa
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Taguchi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Nirmala Sharma
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alan O Perantoni
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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145
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Morizane R, Lam AQ, Freedman BS, Kishi S, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV. Nephron organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells model kidney development and injury. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 33:1193-200. [PMID: 26458176 PMCID: PMC4747858 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Kidney cells and tissues derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) would enable organ regeneration, disease modeling, and drug screening in vitro. We established an efficient, chemically defined protocol for differentiating hPSCs into multipotent nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) that can form nephron-like structures. By recapitulating metanephric kidney development in vitro, we generate SIX2+SALL1+WT1+PAX2+ NPCs with 90% efficiency within 9 days of differentiation. The NPCs possess the developmental potential of their in vivo counterparts and form PAX8+LHX1+ renal vesicles that self-pattern into nephron structures. In both 2D and 3D culture, NPCs form kidney organoids containing epithelial nephron-like structures expressing markers of podocytes, proximal tubules, loops of Henle, and distal tubules in an organized, continuous arrangement that resembles the nephron in vivo. We also show that this organoid culture system can be used to study mechanisms of human kidney development and toxicity.
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146
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Renal dysplasia is classically described as a developmental disorder whereby the kidneys fail to undergo appropriate differentiation, resulting in the presence of malformed renal tissue elements. It is the commonest cause of chronic kidney disease and renal failure in the neonate. Although several genes have been identified in association with renal dysplasia, the underlying molecular mechanisms are often complex and heterogeneous in nature, and remain poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we describe new insights into the fundamental process of normal kidney development, and how the renal cortex and medulla are patterned appropriately during gestation. We review the key genes that are indispensable for this process, and discuss how patterning of the kidney is perturbed in the absence of these signaling pathways. The recent use of whole exome sequencing has identified genetic mutations in patients with renal dysplasia, and the results of these studies have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of renal dysplasia. SUMMARY At present, there are no specific treatments available for patients with renal dysplasia. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of normal kidney development and the pathogenesis of renal dysplasia may allow for improved therapeutic options for these patients.
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147
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Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family of ligands and receptor tyrosine kinases is required throughout embryonic and postnatal development and also regulates multiple homeostatic functions in the adult. Aberrant Fgf signaling causes many congenital disorders and underlies multiple forms of cancer. Understanding the mechanisms that govern Fgf signaling is therefore important to appreciate many aspects of Fgf biology and disease. Here we review the mechanisms of Fgf signaling by focusing on genetic strategies that enable in vivo analysis. These studies support an important role for Erk1/2 as a mediator of Fgf signaling in many biological processes but have also provided strong evidence for additional signaling pathways in transmitting Fgf signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Brewer
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Pierre Mazot
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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148
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Split anergized Natural Killer cells halt inflammation by inducing stem cell differentiation, resistance to NK cell cytotoxicity and prevention of cytokine and chemokine secretion. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8947-59. [PMID: 25860927 PMCID: PMC4496194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of suppression of NK cytotoxicity in cancer patients is not clearly established. In this paper we provide evidence that anergized NK cells induce differentiation of healthy Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) or transformed Oral Squamous Cancer Stem Cells (OSCSCs) resulting in cell growth inhibition, resistance to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and prevention of inflammatory mediators secretion. Induction of cytotoxicity resistance in differentiated cells correlated with increased CD54 and MHC class I surface expression and mediated by the combination of IFN-γ and TNF-α since antibodies to both, but not each cytokine alone, was able to inhibit resistance. In contrast, inhibition of cytokine and chemokine release was mediated by IFN-γ since the addition of anti-IFN-γ antibody, and not anti-TNF-α, restored secretion of inflammatory mediators in NK cell cultures with differentiated DPSCs and OSCSCs. There was a gradual and time dependent decrease in MHC class I and CD54 expression which correlated with the restoration of NK cell cytotoxicity, augmentation of cytokine secretion and increased cell growth from days 0–12 post NK removal. Continuous presence of NK cells is required for the maintenance of cell differentiation since the removal of NK cell-mediated function reverses the phenotype and function of differentiated cells to their stem-like cells.
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149
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Mizukami T, Togashi Y, Naruki S, Banno E, Terashima M, de Velasco MA, Sakai K, Yoneshige A, Hayashi H, Fujita Y, Tomida S, Nakajima TE, Fujino T, Boku N, Ito A, Nakagawa K, Nishio K. Significance of FGF9 gene in resistance to anti-EGFR therapies targeting colorectal cancer: A subset of colorectal cancer patients with FGF9 upregulation may be resistant to anti-EGFR therapies. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:106-117. [PMID: 26916220 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals are strongly associated with malignancy, limited information is available regarding the role of the FGF9 signal in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated the frequency of FGF9 amplification in CRC clinical specimens and the association between the FGF9 gene and resistance to anti-EGFR therapies. In clinical samples, an FGF9 copy number gain of >5 copies was observed at a frequency of 8/145 (5.5%) and tended to be related to wild-type KRAS (7/96, 7.3%). Furthermore, FGF9 amplification was not observed in any of the samples from the 15 responders to anti-EGFR therapies but was observed in one sample from the seven non-responders with wild-type KRAS, and two samples from non-responders also had high FGF9 mRNA expression levels. FGF9 amplification was validated using a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, and FGF9-amplified sections showed readily detectable signals originating from FGF9 protein when examined using immunohistochemistry. In both the in vitro and in vivo experiments using FGF9-overexpressing CRC cell lines, FGF9 overexpression induced strong resistance to anti-EGFR therapies via the enforced FGFR signal, and this resistance was cancelled by the application of an FGFR inhibitor. Considering these results, the FGF9 gene may play an important role in resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in patients with CRC, and such resistance might be overcome by combined treatment with an anti-FGFR inhibitor. These findings strongly encourage the development of FGFR-targeted therapy for CRC patients with FGF9 gene upregulation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Mizukami
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Togashi
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saeko Naruki
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eri Banno
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Terashima
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marco A de Velasco
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuko Sakai
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Azusa Yoneshige
- Department of Pathology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Fujita
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takako Eguchi Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujino
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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150
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Li Y, Liu J, Li W, Brown A, Baddoo M, Li M, Carroll T, Oxburgh L, Feng Y, Saifudeen Z. p53 Enables metabolic fitness and self-renewal of nephron progenitor cells. Development 2016; 142:1228-41. [PMID: 25804735 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to its classic role in restraining cell proliferation, we demonstrate here a divergent function of p53 in the maintenance of self-renewal of the nephron progenitor pool in the embryonic mouse kidney. Nephron endowment is regulated by progenitor availability and differentiation potential. Conditional deletion of p53 in nephron progenitor cells (Six2Cre(+);p53(fl/fl)) induces progressive depletion of Cited1(+)/Six2(+) self-renewing progenitors and loss of cap mesenchyme (CM) integrity. The Six2(p53-null) CM is disorganized, with interspersed stromal cells and an absence of a distinct CM-epithelia and CM-stroma interface. Impaired cell adhesion and epithelialization are indicated by decreased E-cadherin and NCAM expression and by ineffective differentiation in response to Wnt induction. The Six2Cre(+);p53(fl/fl) cap has 30% fewer Six2(GFP(+)) cells. Apoptotic index is unchanged, whereas proliferation index is significantly reduced in accordance with cell cycle analysis showing disproportionately fewer Six2Cre(+);p53(fl/fl) cells in the S and G2/M phases compared with Six2Cre(+);p53(+/+) cells. Mutant kidneys are hypoplastic with fewer generations of nascent nephrons. A significant increase in mean arterial pressure is observed in early adulthood in both germline and conditional Six2(p53-null) mice, linking p53-mediated defects in kidney development to hypertension. RNA-Seq analyses of FACS-isolated wild-type and Six2(GFP(+)) CM cells revealed that the top downregulated genes in Six2Cre(+);p53(fl/fl) CM belong to glucose metabolism and adhesion and/or migration pathways. Mutant cells exhibit a ∼ 50% decrease in ATP levels and a 30% decrease in levels of reactive oxygen species, indicating energy metabolism dysfunction. In summary, our data indicate a novel role for p53 in enabling the metabolic fitness and self-renewal of nephron progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Li
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA The Hypertension and Renal Centers of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wencheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Aaron Brown
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | | | - Marilyn Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Leif Oxburgh
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Yumei Feng
- Department of Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zubaida Saifudeen
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA The Hypertension and Renal Centers of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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