101
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ERICH3 in Primary Cilia Regulates Cilium Formation and the Localisations of Ciliary Transport and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16519. [PMID: 31712586 PMCID: PMC6848114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the formation and function of the microtubule-based primary cilium, which acts as a sensory and signalling device at the cell surface. Consisting of IFT-A/B and BBSome cargo adaptors that associate with molecular motors, IFT transports protein into (anterograde IFT) and out of (retrograde IFT) the cilium. In this study, we identify the mostly uncharacterised ERICH3 protein as a component of the mammalian primary cilium. Loss of ERICH3 causes abnormally short cilia and results in the accumulation of IFT-A/B proteins at the ciliary tip, together with reduced ciliary levels of retrograde transport regulators, ARL13B, INPP5E and BBS5. We also show that ERICH3 ciliary localisations require ARL13B and BBSome components. Finally, ERICH3 loss causes positive (Smoothened) and negative (GPR161) regulators of sonic hedgehog signaling (Shh) to accumulate at abnormally high levels in the cilia of pathway-stimulated cells. Together, these findings identify ERICH3 as a novel component of the primary cilium that regulates cilium length and the ciliary levels of Shh signaling molecules. We propose that ERICH3 functions within retrograde IFT-associated pathways to remove signaling proteins from cilia.
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102
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Kremer L, Hennes E, Brause A, Ursu A, Robke L, Matsubayashi HT, Nihongaki Y, Flegel J, Mejdrová I, Eickhoff J, Baumann M, Nencka R, Janning P, Kordes S, Schöler HR, Sterneckert J, Inoue T, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. Discovery of the Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor Pipinib that Targets PI4KIIIß. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Kremer
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hennes
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Alexandra Brause
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
- Current address: Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 110 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Lucas Robke
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Hideaki T. Matsubayashi
- Department of Cell Biology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 855 N. Wolfe Street, 453 Rangos Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Yuta Nihongaki
- Department of Cell Biology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 855 N. Wolfe Street, 453 Rangos Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Jana Flegel
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Ivana Mejdrová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Eickhoff
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Matthias Baumann
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Susanne Kordes
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine Röntgenstr. 20 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine Röntgenstr. 20 48149 Münster Germany
- Medical Faculty University of Münster Domagkstr. 3 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine Röntgenstr. 20 48149 Münster Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 855 N. Wolfe Street, 453 Rangos Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
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103
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Margaria JP, Campa CC, De Santis MC, Hirsch E, Franco I. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in polycystic kidney disease: A complex interaction with polycystins and primary cilium. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109468. [PMID: 31715259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over-activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network is a well-known pathogenic event that leads to hyper-proliferation. Pharmacological targeting of this pathway has been developed for the treatment of multiple diseases, including cancer. In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), the mTOR cascade promotes cyst growth by boosting proliferation, size and metabolism of kidney tubule epithelial cells. Therefore, mTOR inhibition has been tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies, but only the former showed positive results. This review reports recent discoveries describing the activity and molecular mechanisms of mTOR activation in tubule epithelial cells and cyst formation and discusses the evidence of an upstream regulation of mTOR by the PI3K/Akt axis. In particular, the complex interconnections of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network with the principal signaling routes involved in the suppression of cyst formation are dissected. These interactions include the antagonism and the reciprocal negative regulation between mTOR complex 1 and the proteins whose deletion causes Autosomal Dominant PKD, the polycystins. In addition, the emerging role of phopshoinositides, membrane components modulated by PI3K, will be presented in the context of primary cilium signaling, cell polarization and protection from cyst formation. Overall, studies demonstrate that the activity of various members of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network goes beyond the classical transduction of mitogenic signals and can impact several aspects of kidney tubule homeostasis and morphogenesis. These properties might be useful to guide the establishment of more effective treatment protocols to be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Piero Margaria
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Carlo Cosimo Campa
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Chiara De Santis
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Irene Franco
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
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104
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Kinnebrew M, Iverson EJ, Patel BB, Pusapati GV, Kong JH, Johnson KA, Luchetti G, Eckert KM, McDonald JG, Covey DF, Siebold C, Radhakrishnan A, Rohatgi R. Cholesterol accessibility at the ciliary membrane controls hedgehog signaling. eLife 2019; 8:e50051. [PMID: 31657721 PMCID: PMC6850779 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we proposed that transmission of the hedgehog signal across the plasma membrane by Smoothened is triggered by its interaction with cholesterol (Luchetti et al., 2016). But how is cholesterol, an abundant lipid, regulated tightly enough to control a signaling system that can cause birth defects and cancer? Using toxin-based sensors that distinguish between distinct pools of cholesterol, we find that Smoothened activation and Hedgehog signaling are driven by a biochemically-defined, small fraction of membrane cholesterol, termed accessible cholesterol. Increasing cholesterol accessibility by depletion of sphingomyelin, which sequesters cholesterol in complexes, amplifies Hedgehog signaling. Hedgehog ligands increase cholesterol accessibility in the membrane of the primary cilium by inactivating the transporter-like protein Patched 1. Trapping this accessible cholesterol blocks Hedgehog signal transmission across the membrane. Our work shows that the organization of cholesterol in the ciliary membrane can be modified by extracellular ligands to control the activity of cilia-localized signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Ellen J Iverson
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Bhaven B Patel
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Kaitlyn M Eckert
- Center for Human NutritionUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Center for Human NutritionUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric ResearchWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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105
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Kuhns S, Seixas C, Pestana S, Tavares B, Nogueira R, Jacinto R, Ramalho JS, Simpson JC, Andersen JS, Echard A, Lopes SS, Barral DC, Blacque OE. Rab35 controls cilium length, function and membrane composition. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47625. [PMID: 31432619 PMCID: PMC6776896 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab and Arl guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins regulate trafficking pathways essential for the formation, function and composition of primary cilia, which are sensory devices associated with Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling and ciliopathies. Here, using mammalian cells and zebrafish, we uncover ciliary functions for Rab35, a multitasking G protein with endocytic recycling, actin remodelling and cytokinesis roles. Rab35 loss via siRNAs, morpholinos or knockout reduces cilium length in mammalian cells and the zebrafish left-right organiser (Kupffer's vesicle) and causes motile cilia-associated left-right asymmetry defects. Consistent with these observations, GFP-Rab35 localises to cilia, as do GEF (DENND1B) and GAP (TBC1D10A) Rab35 regulators, which also regulate ciliary length and Rab35 ciliary localisation. Mammalian Rab35 also controls the ciliary membrane levels of Shh signalling regulators, promoting ciliary targeting of Smoothened, limiting ciliary accumulation of Arl13b and the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5E). Rab35 additionally regulates ciliary PI(4,5)P2 levels and interacts with Arl13b. Together, our findings demonstrate roles for Rab35 in regulating cilium length, function and membrane composition and implicate Rab35 in pathways controlling the ciliary levels of Shh signal regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kuhns
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense MDenmark
| | - Cecília Seixas
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Sara Pestana
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Bárbara Tavares
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Renata Nogueira
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Raquel Jacinto
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - José S Ramalho
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- School of Biology and Environmental ScienceUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
| | - Jens S Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense MDenmark
| | | | - Susana S Lopes
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- CEDOCNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
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106
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The Autophagy-Cilia Axis: An Intricate Relationship. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080905. [PMID: 31443299 PMCID: PMC6721705 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles protruding from the surface of almost all vertebrate cells. This organelle represents the cell’s antenna which acts as a communication hub to transfer extracellular signals into intracellular responses during development and in tissue homeostasis. Recently, it has been shown that loss of cilia negatively regulates autophagy, the main catabolic route of the cell, probably utilizing the autophagic machinery localized at the peri-ciliary compartment. On the other side, autophagy influences ciliogenesis in a context-dependent manner, possibly to ensure that the sensing organelle is properly formed in a feedback loop model. In this review we discuss the recent literature and propose that the autophagic machinery and the ciliary proteins are functionally strictly related to control both autophagy and ciliogenesis. Moreover, we report examples of diseases associated with autophagic defects which cause cilia abnormalities, and propose and discuss the hypothesis that, at least some of the clinical manifestations observed in human diseases associated to ciliary disfunction may be the result of a perturbed autophagy.
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107
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Volpatti JR, Al-Maawali A, Smith L, Al-Hashim A, Brill JA, Dowling JJ. The expanding spectrum of neurological disorders of phosphoinositide metabolism. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/8/dmm038174. [PMID: 31413155 PMCID: PMC6737944 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIPs) are a ubiquitous group of seven low-abundance phospholipids that play a crucial role in defining localized membrane properties and that regulate myriad cellular processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, cell signaling cascades, ion channel activity and membrane traffic. PIP homeostasis is tightly regulated by numerous inositol kinases and phosphatases, which phosphorylate and dephosphorylate distinct PIP species. The importance of these phospholipids, and of the enzymes that regulate them, is increasingly being recognized, with the identification of human neurological disorders that are caused by mutations in PIP-modulating enzymes. Genetic disorders of PIP metabolism include forms of epilepsy, neurodegenerative disease, brain malformation syndromes, peripheral neuropathy and congenital myopathy. In this Review, we provide an overview of PIP function and regulation, delineate the disorders associated with mutations in genes that modulate or utilize PIPs, and discuss what is understood about gene function and disease pathogenesis as established through animal models of these diseases. Summary: This Review highlights the intersection between phosphoinositides and the enzymes that regulate their metabolism, which together are crucial regulators of myriad cellular processes and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Volpatti
- Division of Neurology and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Almundher Al-Maawali
- Division of Neurology and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Lindsay Smith
- Division of Neurology and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Aqeela Al-Hashim
- Division of Neurology and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Julie A Brill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - James J Dowling
- Division of Neurology and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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108
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. A Ciliary View of the Immunological Synapse. Cells 2019; 8:E789. [PMID: 31362462 PMCID: PMC6721628 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium has gone from being a vestigial organelle to a crucial signaling hub of growing interest given the association between a group of human disorders, collectively known as ciliopathies, and defects in its structure or function. In recent years many ciliogenesis proteins have been observed at extraciliary sites in cells and likely perform cilium-independent functions ranging from regulation of the cytoskeleton to vesicular trafficking. Perhaps the most striking example is the non-ciliated T lymphocyte, in which components of the ciliary machinery are repurposed for the assembly and function of the immunological synapse even in the absence of a primary cilium. Furthermore, the specialization traits described at the immunological synapse are similar to those seen in the primary cilium. Here, we review common regulators and features shared by the immunological synapse and the primary cilium that document the remarkable homology between these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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109
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Characterization of Primary Cilia in Normal Fallopian Tube Epithelium and Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019; 28:1535-1544. [PMID: 30095490 PMCID: PMC6166701 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of primary cilia on secretory cells in normal fallopian tube (FT) and serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC). Methods Fallopian tube tissue samples were obtained from 4 females undergoing prophylactic hysterectomies and 6 patients diagnosed with STIC. A mogp-TAg transgenic mouse STIC sample was also compared with a wild-type mouse FT sample. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma was identified by hematoxylin and eosin staining and confirmed by positive Ki-67 and p53 immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections. We assessed the relative distribution of primary cilia on secretory cells and motile cilia on multiple ciliated cells by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Ciliary function was assessed by immunofluorescence staining of specific ciliary marker proteins and responsiveness to Sonic Hedgehog signaling. Results Primary cilia are widespread on secretory cells in the ampulla, isthmus, and in particular, the fimbriae of human FT where they may appear to mediate ciliary-mediated Sonic Hedgehog signaling. A statistically significant reduction in the number of primary cilia on secretory cells was observed in human STIC samples compared with normal controls (P < 0.0002, Student t test), supported by similar findings in a mouse STIC sample. Immunohistochemical staining for dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 discriminated multiple motile cilia from primary cilia in human FT. Conclusions Primary cilia are widespread on secretory cells in the ampulla, isthmus, and in particular, the fimbriae of the human FT but are significantly reduced in both human and mouse STIC samples. Immunohistochemical staining for ciliary proteins may have clinical utility for early detection of STIC.
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110
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DiTirro D, Philbrook A, Rubino K, Sengupta P. The Caenorhabditis elegans Tubby homolog dynamically modulates olfactory cilia membrane morphogenesis and phospholipid composition. eLife 2019; 8:48789. [PMID: 31259686 PMCID: PMC6624019 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in sensory signaling is partly mediated via regulated trafficking of signaling molecules to and from primary cilia. Tubby-related proteins regulate ciliary protein transport; however, their roles in remodeling cilia properties are not fully understood. We find that the C. elegans TUB-1 Tubby homolog regulates membrane morphogenesis and signaling protein transport in specialized sensory cilia. In particular, TUB-1 is essential for sensory signaling-dependent reshaping of olfactory cilia morphology. We show that compromised sensory signaling alters cilia membrane phosphoinositide composition via TUB-1-dependent trafficking of a PIP5 kinase. TUB-1 regulates localization of this lipid kinase at the cilia base in part via localization of the AP-2 adaptor complex subunit DPY-23. Our results describe new functions for Tubby proteins in the dynamic regulation of cilia membrane lipid composition, morphology, and signaling protein content, and suggest that this conserved family of proteins plays a critical role in mediating cilia structural and functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle DiTirro
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Alison Philbrook
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Kendrick Rubino
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
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111
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Tajhya R, Delling M. New insights into ion channel-dependent signalling during left-right patterning. J Physiol 2019; 598:1741-1752. [PMID: 31106399 DOI: 10.1113/jp277835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right organizer (LRO) in the mouse consists of pit cells within the depression, located at the end of the developing notochord, also known as the embryonic node and crown cells lining the outer periphery of the node. Cilia on pit cells are posteriorly tilted, rotate clockwise and generate leftward fluid flow. Primary cilia on crown cells are required to interpret the directionality of fluid movement and initiate flow-dependent gene transcription. Crown cells express PC1-L1 and PC2, which may form a heteromeric polycystin channel complex on primary cilia. It is still only poorly understood how fluid flow activates the ciliary polycystin complex. Besides polycystin channels voltage gated channels like HCN4 and KCNQ1 have been implicated in establishing asymmetry. How this electrical network of ion channels initiates left-sided signalling cascades and differential gene expression is currently only poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Tajhya
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
| | - Markus Delling
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
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112
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Watanabe N, Maehama T, Nozaki T. Phosphatidylinositol Kinases and Phosphatases in Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:150. [PMID: 31245297 PMCID: PMC6563779 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) metabolism is indispensable in eukaryotes. Phosphoinositides (PIs) are phosphorylated derivatives of PtdIns and consist of seven species generated by reversible phosphorylation of the inositol moieties at the positions 3, 4, and 5. Each of the seven PIs has a unique subcellular and membrane domain distribution. In the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, it has been previously shown that the PIs phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), PtdIns(4,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are localized to phagosomes/phagocytic cups, plasma membrane, and phagocytic cups, respectively. The localization of these PIs in E. histolytica is similar to that in mammalian cells, suggesting that PIs have orthologous functions in E. histolytica. In contrast, the conservation of the enzymes that metabolize PIs in this organism has not been well-documented. In this review, we summarized the full repertoire of the PI kinases and PI phosphatases found in E. histolytica via a genome-wide survey of the current genomic information. E. histolytica appears to have 10 PI kinases and 23 PI phosphatases. It has a panel of evolutionarily conserved enzymes that generate all the seven PI species. However, class II PI 3-kinases, type II PI 4-kinases, type III PI 5-phosphatases, and PI 4P-specific phosphatases are not present. Additionally, regulatory subunits of class I PI 3-kinases and type III PI 4-kinases have not been identified. Instead, homologs of class I PI 3-kinases and PTEN, a PI 3-phosphatase, exist as multiple isoforms, which likely reflects that elaborate signaling cascades mediated by PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are present in this organism. There are several enzymes that have the nuclear localization signal: one phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) kinase, two PI 3-phosphatases, and one PI 5-phosphatase; this suggests that PI metabolism also has conserved roles related to nuclear functions in E. histolytica, as it does in model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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113
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Cilia and development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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114
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Girardet L, Augière C, Asselin MP, Belleannée C. Primary cilia: biosensors of the male reproductive tract. Andrology 2019; 7:588-602. [PMID: 31131532 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that extends transiently from the apical cell surface to act as a sensory antenna. Initially viewed as a cellular appendage of obscure significance, the primary cilium is now acknowledged as a key coordinator of signaling pathways during development and in tissue homeostasis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to present the structure and function of this overlooked organelle,with an emphasis on its epididymal context and contribution to male infertility issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review has been performed in order to include main references relevant to the aforementioned topic. RESULTS Increasing evidence demonstrates that primary cilia dysfunctions are associated with impaired male reproductive system development and male infertility issues. DISCUSSION While a large amount of data exists regarding the role of primary cilia in most organs and tissues, few studies investigated the contribution of these organelles to male reproductive tract development and homeostasis. CONCLUSION Functional studies of primary cilia constitute an emergent and exciting new area in reproductive biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Girardet
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Université Laval, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Céline Augière
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Université Laval, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Asselin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Université Laval, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Clémence Belleannée
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Université Laval, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
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115
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Khanna H. More Than Meets the Eye: Current Understanding of RPGR Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1074:521-538. [PMID: 29721984 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of a major retinal disease gene RPGR (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator), mutations in which are associated with majority of X-linked forms of retinal degenerations. A great deal of work has been done to uncover the ciliary localization of RPGR and its interacting proteins in the retina. However, the molecular mechanisms of action of RPGR in the photoreceptors are still unclear. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the intracellular pathways in which RPGR is likely involved. The deregulation of such pathways may underlie the pathogenesis of severe retinal degeneration associated with RPGR. With the recent advances in the gene augmentation therapy for RPGR-associated disease, there is a lot of excitement in the field. Patients with RPGR mutations, however, present with clinically heterogeneous manifestations. It is therefore imperative to examine the function of RPGR in detail, so that we can design patient-oriented therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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116
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Gawden-Bone CM, Griffiths GM. Phospholipids: Pulling Back the Actin Curtain for Granule Delivery to the Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2019; 10:700. [PMID: 31031745 PMCID: PMC6470250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides, together with the phospholipids phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid, are important components of the plasma membrane acting as second messengers that, with diacylglycerol, regulate a diverse range of signaling events converting extracellular changes into cellular responses. Local changes in their distribution and membrane charge on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane play important roles in immune cell function. Here we discuss their distribution and regulators highlighting the importance of membrane changes across the immune synapse on the cytoskeleton and the impact on the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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117
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Definition of phosphoinositide distribution in the nanoscale. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 57:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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118
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Saito M, Sato T. [Current situation of researches on a sensor organelle, primary cilium, to understand the pathogenesis of ciliopathy]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:117-123. [PMID: 30867380 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilium is a membrane-protruding immotile sensory organelle. It had been supposed that the cilium was a static organelle for long periods. However, recent studies have uncovered that the cilium is dynamically organized organelle in a cell cycle-dependent manner; it is formed during G0/G1 phase and resorbed when the cells enter cell division cycle. Despite the primary cilium is very short and its surface area is extremely small, the cilium possesses a few kinds of G protein-coupled receptors, growth factor receptors and ion channels. Therefore, it can function as a signaling receptor for selective bioactive ligands and mechanical stresses. Dysregulation of the ciliary dynamics is linked with hereditary disorders, so called "ciliopathy", with clinical manifestations of microcephaly, polycystic kidney, situs inversus, polydactyly, and so on. No effective medical treatment for the ciliopathies has been available. Increasing evidences about the molecular mechanisms of ciliary dynamics and ciliary functions have revealed that enormous number of molecules regulate a cycle of ciliogenesis, cilium-derived signaling, ciliary resorption and elimination. However, it is a fact that research progress is far inferior to the full disclosure of the molecular mechanisms. Further studies are required to clarify the pathogenesis of the cilipathies. Moreover, efficient medical treatments are expected to be developed by pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine
| | - Takeya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine
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119
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Hedger G, Koldsø H, Chavent M, Siebold C, Rohatgi R, Sansom MSP. Cholesterol Interaction Sites on the Transmembrane Domain of the Hedgehog Signal Transducer and Class F G Protein-Coupled Receptor Smoothened. Structure 2019; 27:549-559.e2. [PMID: 30595453 PMCID: PMC6408332 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transduction of Hedgehog signals across the plasma membrane is facilitated by the class F G-protein-coupled-receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO). Recent studies suggest that SMO is modulated via interactions of its transmembrane (TM) domain with cholesterol. We apply molecular dynamics simulations of SMO embedded in cholesterol containing lipid bilayers, revealing a direct interaction of cholesterol with the TM domain at regions distinct from those observed in class A GPCRs. In particular the extracellular tips of helices TM2 and TM3 form a well-defined cholesterol interaction site. Potential of mean force calculations yield a free energy landscape for cholesterol binding. Alongside analysis of equilibrium cholesterol occupancy, this reveals the existence of a dynamic "greasy patch" interaction with the TM domain of SMO, which may be compared with previously identified lipid interaction sites on other membrane proteins. These predictions provide molecular-level insights into cholesterol interactions with a class F GPCR, suggesting potential druggable sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hedger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Heidi Koldsø
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Matthieu Chavent
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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120
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Raleigh DR, Reiter JF. Misactivation of Hedgehog signaling causes inherited and sporadic cancers. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:465-475. [PMID: 30707108 DOI: 10.1172/jci120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is critical for the development of diverse organs. Misactivation of the Hedgehog pathway can cause developmental abnormalities and cancers, including medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain tumor, and basal cell carcinoma, the most common cancer in the United States. Here, we review how basic, translational, and clinical studies of the Hedgehog pathway have helped reveal how cells communicate, how intercellular communication controls development, how signaling goes awry to cause cancer, and how to use targeted molecular agents to treat both inherited and sporadic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology.,Department of Neurological Surgery, and
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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121
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Han S, Miyoshi K, Shikada S, Amano G, Wang Y, Yoshimura T, Katayama T. TULP3 is required for localization of membrane-associated proteins ARL13B and INPP5E to primary cilia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 509:227-234. [PMID: 30583862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilia are known as biosensors that transduce signals through the ciliary membrane proteins in vertebrate cells. The ciliary membrane contains transmembrane proteins and membrane-associated proteins. Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3), a member of the tubby family, has been shown to interact with the intraflagellar transport-A complex (IFT-A) and to be involved in the ciliary localization of transmembrane proteins, although its role in the ciliary entry of membrane-associated proteins has remained unclear. Here, to determine whether TULP3 is required for the localization of ciliary membrane-associated proteins, we generated and analyzed TULP3-knockout (KO) hTERT RPE-1 (RPE1) cells. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that ciliary formation was downregulated in TULP3-KO cells and that membrane-associated proteins, ADP-ribosylation factor-like 13B (ARL13B) and inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E (INPP5E), failed to localize to primary cilia in TULP3-KO cells. These defects in the localization of ARL13B and INPP5E in TULP3-KO cells were rescued by the exogenous expression of wild-type TULP3, but not that of mutant TULP3 lacking the ability to bind IFT-A. In addition, the expression of TUB protein, another member of the tubby family whose endogenous expression is absent in RPE1 cells, also rescued the defective ciliary localization of ARL13B and INPP5E in TULP3-KO cells, suggesting that there is functional redundancy between TULP3 and TUB. Our findings indicate that TULP3 participates in ciliogenesis, and targets membrane-associated proteins to primary cilia via binding to IFT-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Han
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ko Miyoshi
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Sho Shikada
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Genki Amano
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yinshengzhuoma Wang
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiichi Katayama
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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122
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Insinna C, Lu Q, Teixeira I, Harned A, Semler EM, Stauffer J, Magidson V, Tiwari A, Kenworthy AK, Narayan K, Westlake CJ. Investigation of F-BAR domain PACSIN proteins uncovers membrane tubulation function in cilia assembly and transport. Nat Commun 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 30683896 PMCID: PMC6347608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular ciliogenesis pathway requires membrane trafficking, fusion, and reorganization. Here, we demonstrate in human cells and zebrafish that the F-BAR domain containing proteins PACSIN1 and -2 play an essential role in ciliogenesis, similar to their binding partner and membrane reorganizer EHD1. In mature cilia, PACSINs and EHDs are dynamically localized to the ciliary pocket membrane (CPM) and transported away from this structure on membrane tubules along with proteins that exit the cilium. PACSINs function early in ciliogenesis at the ciliary vesicle (CV) stage to promote mother centriole to basal body transition. Remarkably, we show that PACSIN1 and EHD1 assemble membrane t7ubules from the developing intracellular cilium that attach to the plasma membrane, creating an extracellular membrane channel (EMC) to the outside of the cell. Together, our work uncovers a function for F-BAR proteins and membrane tubulation in ciliogenesis and explains how the intracellular cilium emerges from the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Insinna
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Isabella Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Adam Harned
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Semler
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jim Stauffer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Valentin Magidson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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123
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Kösling SK, Fansa EK, Maffini S, Wittinghofer A. Mechanism and dynamics of INPP5E transport into and inside the ciliary compartment. Biol Chem 2018; 399:277-292. [PMID: 29140789 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The inositol polyphosphate 5'-phosphatase E (INPP5E) localizes to cilia. We showed that the carrier protein phosphodiesterase 6 delta subunit (PDE6δ) mediates the sorting of farnesylated INPP5E into cilia due to high affinity binding and release by the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)-like protein Arl3·GTP. However, the dynamics of INPP5E transport into and inside the ciliary compartment are not fully understood. Here, we investigate the movement of INPP5E using live cell fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis. We show that PDE6δ and the dynein transport system are essential for ciliary sorting and entry of INPP5E. However, its innerciliary transport is regulated solely by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, independent from PDE6δ activity and INPP5E farnesylation. By contrast, movement of Arl3 into and within cilia occurs freely by diffusion and IFT-independently. The farnesylation defective INPP5E CaaX box mutant loses the exclusive ciliary localization. The accumulation of this mutant at centrioles after photobleaching suggests an affinity trap mechanism for ciliary entry, that in case of the wild type is overcome by the interaction with PDE6δ. Collectively, we postulate a three-step mechanism regulating ciliary localization of INPP5E, consisting of farnesylation- and PDE6δ-mediated targeting, INPP5E-PDE6δ complex diffusion into the cilium with transfer to the IFT system, and retention inside cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kristine Kösling
- Structural Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eyad Kalawy Fansa
- Structural Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alfred Wittinghofer
- Structural Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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124
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Zhang Y, Bulkley DP, Xin Y, Roberts KJ, Asarnow DE, Sharma A, Myers BR, Cho W, Cheng Y, Beachy PA. Structural Basis for Cholesterol Transport-like Activity of the Hedgehog Receptor Patched. Cell 2018; 175:1352-1364.e14. [PMID: 30415841 PMCID: PMC6326742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog protein signals mediate tissue patterning and maintenance by binding to and inactivating their common receptor Patched, a 12-transmembrane protein that otherwise would suppress the activity of the 7-transmembrane protein Smoothened. Loss of Patched function, the most common cause of basal cell carcinoma, permits unregulated activation of Smoothened and of the Hedgehog pathway. A cryo-EM structure of the Patched protein reveals striking transmembrane domain similarities to prokaryotic RND transporters. A central hydrophobic conduit with cholesterol-like contents courses through the extracellular domain and resembles that used by other RND proteins to transport substrates, suggesting Patched activity in cholesterol transport. Cholesterol activity in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane is reduced by PTCH1 expression but rapidly restored by Hedgehog stimulation, suggesting that PTCH1 regulates Smoothened by controlling cholesterol availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94158, USA
| | - David P Bulkley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yao Xin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Kelsey J Roberts
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel E Asarnow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94158, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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125
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Eguether T, Hahne M. Mixed signals from the cell's antennae: primary cilia in cancer. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846589. [PMID: 30348893 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are antenna-like organelles that protrude from most mammalian cells. They are essential for the regulation of several signaling pathways such as Hedgehog and WNT It is therefore not surprising that a dysfunction of PC is frequently associated with pathologies. Originally, PC were found to be involved in a variety of diseases commonly referred to as ciliopathies including cystic kidney diseases. Evidence is accumulating that PC play also an important role in cancer formation and regulation, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Eguether
- École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hahne
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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126
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Raleigh DR, Sever N, Choksi PK, Sigg MA, Hines KM, Thompson BM, Elnatan D, Jaishankar P, Bisignano P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Krup AL, Eberl M, Byrne EFX, Siebold C, Wong SY, Renslo AR, Grabe M, McDonald JG, Xu L, Beachy PA, Reiter JF. Cilia-Associated Oxysterols Activate Smoothened. Mol Cell 2018; 72:316-327.e5. [PMID: 30340023 PMCID: PMC6503851 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are required for Smoothened to transduce vertebrate Hedgehog signals, but how Smoothened accumulates in cilia and is activated is incompletely understood. Here, we identify cilia-associated oxysterols that promote Smoothened accumulation in cilia and activate the Hedgehog pathway. Our data reveal that cilia-associated oxysterols bind to two distinct Smoothened domains to modulate Smoothened accumulation in cilia and tune the intensity of Hedgehog pathway activation. We find that the oxysterol synthase HSD11β2 participates in the production of Smoothened-activating oxysterols and promotes Hedgehog pathway activity. Inhibiting oxysterol biosynthesis impedes oncogenic Hedgehog pathway activation and attenuates the growth of Hedgehog pathway-associated medulloblastoma, suggesting that targeted inhibition of Smoothened-activating oxysterol production may be therapeutically useful for patients with Hedgehog-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pervinder K Choksi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monika Abedin Sigg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Elnatan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Leigh Krup
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Eberl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Urology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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127
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Xu W, Jin M, Huang W, Wang H, Hu R, Li J, Cao Y. Apical PtdIns(4,5)P
2
is required for ciliogenesis and suppression of polycystic kidney disease. FASEB J 2018; 33:2848-2857. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800385rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Xu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of ShanghaiFirst Maternity and Infant HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Miaomiao Jin
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of ShanghaiFirst Maternity and Infant HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weilai Huang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of ShanghaiFirst Maternity and Infant HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of ShanghaiFirst Maternity and Infant HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruikun Hu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of ShanghaiFirst Maternity and Infant HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingyu Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of ShanghaiFirst Maternity and Infant HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Cao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of ShanghaiFirst Maternity and Infant HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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128
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) play pivotal roles in the regulation of many biological processes. The quality and quantity of PIs is regulated in time and space by the activity of PI kinases and PI phosphatases. The number of PI-metabolizing enzymes exceeds the number of PIs with, in many cases, more than one enzyme controlling the same biochemical step. This would suggest that the PI system has an intrinsic ability to buffer and compensate for the absence of a specific enzymatic activity. However, there are several examples of severe inherited human diseases caused by mutations in one of the PI enzymes, although other enzymes with the same activity are fully functional. The kidney depends strictly on PIs for physiological processes, such as cell polarization, filtration, solute reabsorption, and signal transduction. Indeed, alteration of the PI system in the kidney very often results in pathological conditions, both inherited and acquired. Most of the knowledge of the roles that PIs play in the kidney comes from the study of KO animal models for genes encoding PI enzymes and from the study of human genetic diseases, such as Lowe syndrome/Dent disease 2 and Joubert syndrome, caused by mutations in the genes encoding the PI phosphatases, OCRL and INPP5E, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Staiano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy .,University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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129
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Gawden-Bone CM, Frazer GL, Richard AC, Ma CY, Strege K, Griffiths GM. PIP5 Kinases Regulate Membrane Phosphoinositide and Actin Composition for Targeted Granule Secretion by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes. Immunity 2018; 49:427-437.e4. [PMID: 30217409 PMCID: PMC6162341 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
How cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) sense T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in order to specialize an area of plasma membrane for granule secretion is not understood. Here, we demonstrate that immune synapse formation led to rapid localized changes in the phosphoinositide composition of the plasma membrane, both reducing phosphoinositide-4-phosphate (PI(4)P), PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,4,5)P3 and increasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and PI(3,4)P2 within the first 2 min of synapse formation. These changes reduced negative charge across the synapse, triggering the release of electrostatically bound PIP5 kinases that are required to replenish PI(4,5)P2. As PI(4,5)P2 decreased, actin was depleted from the membrane, allowing secretion. Forced localization of PIP5Kβ across the synapse prevented actin depletion, blocking both centrosome docking and secretion. Thus, PIP5Ks act as molecular sensors of TCR activation, controlling actin recruitment across the synapse, ensuring exquisite co-ordination between TCR signaling and CTL secretion. Immune synapse formation triggers rapid changes in the membrane composition and charge PIP5K is a molecular sensor of TCR activation and is rapidly depleted at the synapse PIP5K distribution controls actin recruitment across the immune synapse Membrane specialization controls accessibility for centrosome docking and secretion
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Gawden-Bone
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gordon L Frazer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Arianne C Richard
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Claire Y Ma
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Katharina Strege
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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130
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Synaptojanin regulates Hedgehog signalling by modulating phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate levels. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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131
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Ramos AR, Ghosh S, Erneux C. The impact of phosphoinositide 5-phosphatases on phosphoinositides in cell function and human disease. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:276-286. [PMID: 30194087 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r087908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are recognized as major signaling molecules in many different functions of eukaryotic cells. PIs can be dephosphorylated by multiple phosphatase activities at the 5-, 4-, and 3- positions. Human PI 5-phosphatases belong to a family of 10 members. Except for inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase A, they all catalyze the dephosphorylation of PI(4,5)P2 and/or PI(3,4,5)P3 at the 5- position. PI 5-phosphatases thus directly control the levels of PI(3,4,5)P3 and participate in the fine-tuning regulatory mechanisms of PI(3,4)P2 and PI(4,5)P2 Second messenger functions have been demonstrated for PI(3,4)P2 in invadopodium maturation and lamellipodia formation. PI 5-phosphatases can use several substrates on isolated enzymes, and it has been challenging to establish their real substrate in vivo. PI(4,5)P2 has multiple functions in signaling, including interacting with scaffold proteins, ion channels, and cytoskeleton proteins. PI 5-phosphatase isoenzymes have been individually implicated in human diseases, such as the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe, through mechanisms that include lipid control. Oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions of PI 5-phosphatases have also been reported in different cell contexts. The mechanisms responsible for genetic diseases and for oncogenic or tumor-suppressive functions are not fully understood. The regulation of PI 5-phosphatases is thus crucial in understanding cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Somadri Ghosh
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Erneux
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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132
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Gupta A, Fabian L, Brill JA. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates cilium transition zone maturation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.218297. [PMID: 30054387 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular antennae that are essential for human development and physiology. A large number of genetic disorders linked to cilium dysfunction are associated with proteins that localize to the ciliary transition zone (TZ), a structure at the base of cilia that regulates trafficking in and out of the cilium. Despite substantial effort to identify TZ proteins and their roles in cilium assembly and function, processes underlying maturation of TZs are not well understood. Here, we report a role for the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in TZ maturation in the Drosophila melanogaster male germline. We show that reduction of cellular PIP2 levels through ectopic expression of a phosphoinositide phosphatase or mutation of the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase Skittles induces formation of longer than normal TZs. These hyperelongated TZs exhibit functional defects, including loss of plasma membrane tethering. We also report that the onion rings (onr) allele of DrosophilaExo84 decouples TZ hyperelongation from loss of cilium-plasma membrane tethering. Our results reveal a requirement for PIP2 in supporting ciliogenesis by promoting proper TZ maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alind Gupta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada .,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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133
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Honda A, Kita T, Seshadri SV, Misaki K, Ahmed Z, Ladbury JE, Richardson GP, Yonemura S, Ladher RK. FGFR1-mediated protocadherin-15 loading mediates cargo specificity during intraflagellar transport in inner ear hair-cell kinocilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8388-8393. [PMID: 30061390 PMCID: PMC6099903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719861115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear are required for hearing and balance and have a distinctive apical structure, the hair bundle, that converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signals. This structure comprises a single cilium, the kinocilium, lying adjacent to an ensemble of actin-based projections known as stereocilia. Hair bundle polarity depends on kinociliary protocadherin-15 (Pcdh15) localization. Protocadherin-15 is found only in hair-cell kinocilia, and is not localized to the primary cilia of adjacent supporting cells. Thus, Pcdh15 must be specifically targeted and trafficked into the hair-cell kinocilium. Here we show that kinocilial Pcdh15 trafficking relies on cell type-specific coupling to the generic intraflagellar transport (IFT) transport mechanism. We uncover a role for fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in loading Pcdh15 onto kinociliary transport particles in hair cells. We find that on activation, FGFR1 binds and phosphorylates Pcdh15. Moreover, we find a previously uncharacterized role for clathrin in coupling this kinocilia-specific cargo with the anterograde IFT-B complex through the adaptor, DAB2. Our results identify a modified ciliary transport pathway used for Pcdh15 transport into the cilium of the inner ear hair cell and coordinated by FGFR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Honda
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kita
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyo Misaki
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, BN1 9QG Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Raj K Ladher
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan;
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, 560-065 Bangalore, India
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134
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Cavodeassi F, Creuzet S, Etchevers HC. The hedgehog pathway and ocular developmental anomalies. Hum Genet 2018; 138:917-936. [PMID: 30073412 PMCID: PMC6710239 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in effectors of the hedgehog signaling pathway are responsible for a wide variety of ocular developmental anomalies. These range from massive malformations of the brain and ocular primordia, not always compatible with postnatal life, to subtle but damaging functional effects on specific eye components. This review will concentrate on the effects and effectors of the major vertebrate hedgehog ligand for eye and brain formation, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), in tissues that constitute the eye directly and also in those tissues that exert indirect influence on eye formation. After a brief overview of human eye development, the many roles of the SHH signaling pathway during both early and later morphogenetic processes in the brain and then eye and periocular primordia will be evoked. Some of the unique molecular biology of this pathway in vertebrates, particularly ciliary signal transduction, will also be broached within this developmental cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cavodeassi
- Institute for Medical and Biomedical Education, St. George´s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sophie Creuzet
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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135
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Morthorst SK, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling by kinesin motor proteins. FEBS J 2018; 285:4535-4564. [PMID: 29894023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that regulate a substantial number of cellular signalling pathways in vertebrates, both during embryonic development as well as in adulthood, and mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins are causative of an expanding group of pleiotropic diseases known as ciliopathies. Cilia consist of a microtubule-based axoneme core, which is subtended by a basal body and covered by a bilayer lipid membrane of unique protein and lipid composition. Cilia are dynamic organelles, and the ability of cells to regulate ciliary protein and lipid content in response to specific cellular and environmental cues is crucial for balancing ciliary signalling output. Here we discuss mechanisms involved in regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling, with main focus on kinesin-2 and kinesin-3 family members.
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136
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Hua K, Ferland RJ. Primary cilia proteins: ciliary and extraciliary sites and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1521-1540. [PMID: 29305615 PMCID: PMC5899021 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile organelles known for their roles in development and cell signaling. Defects in primary cilia result in a range of disorders named ciliopathies. Because this organelle can be found singularly on almost all cell types, its importance extends to most organ systems. As such, elucidating the importance of the primary cilium has attracted researchers from all biological disciplines. As the primary cilia field expands, caution is warranted in attributing biological defects solely to the function of this organelle, since many of these "ciliary" proteins are found at other sites in cells and likely have non-ciliary functions. Indeed, many, if not all, cilia proteins have locations and functions outside the primary cilium. Extraciliary functions are known to include cell cycle regulation, cytoskeletal regulation, and trafficking. Cilia proteins have been observed in the nucleus, at the Golgi apparatus, and even in immune synapses of T cells (interestingly, a non-ciliated cell). Given the abundance of extraciliary sites and functions, it can be difficult to definitively attribute an observed phenotype solely to defective cilia rather than to some defective extraciliary function or a combination of both. Thus, extraciliary sites and functions of cilia proteins need to be considered, as well as experimentally determined. Through such consideration, we will understand the true role of the primary cilium in disease as compared to other cellular processes' influences in mediating disease (or through a combination of both). Here, we review a compilation of known extraciliary sites and functions of "cilia" proteins as a means to demonstrate the potential non-ciliary roles for these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet Hua
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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137
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Garcia G, Raleigh DR, Reiter JF. How the Ciliary Membrane Is Organized Inside-Out to Communicate Outside-In. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R421-R434. [PMID: 29689227 PMCID: PMC6434934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cilia, organelles that move to execute functions like fertilization and signal to execute functions like photoreception and embryonic patterning, are composed of a core of nine-fold doublet microtubules overlain by a membrane. Distinct types of cilia display distinct membrane morphologies, ranging from simple domed cylinders to the highly ornate invaginations and membrane disks of photoreceptor outer segments. Critical for the ability of cilia to signal, both the protein and the lipid compositions of ciliary membranes are different from those of other cellular membranes. This specialization presents a unique challenge for the cell as, unlike membrane-bounded organelles, the ciliary membrane is contiguous with the surrounding plasma membrane. This distinct ciliary membrane is generated in concert with multiple membrane remodeling events that comprise the process of ciliogenesis. Once the cilium is formed, control of ciliary membrane composition relies on discrete molecular machines, including a barrier to membrane proteins entering the cilium at a specialized region of the base of the cilium called the transition zone and a trafficking adaptor that controls G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) localization to the cilium called the BBSome. The ciliary membrane can be further remodeled by the removal of membrane proteins by the release of ciliary extracellular vesicles that may function in intercellular communication, removal of unneeded proteins or ciliary disassembly. Here, we review the structures and transport mechanisms that control ciliary membrane composition, and discuss how membrane specialization enables the cilium to function as the antenna of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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138
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Scheidel N, Kennedy J, Blacque OE. Endosome maturation factors Rabenosyn-5/VPS45 and caveolin-1 regulate ciliary membrane and polycystin-2 homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798248. [PMID: 29572244 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium structure and function relies on control of ciliary membrane homeostasis, regulated by membrane trafficking processes that deliver and retrieve ciliary components at the periciliary membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling ciliary membrane establishment and maintenance, especially in relation to endocytosis, remain poorly understood. Here, using Caenorhabditis elegans, we describe closely linked functions for early endosome (EE) maturation factors RABS-5 (Rabenosyn-5) and VPS-45 (VPS45) in regulating cilium length and morphology, ciliary and periciliary membrane volume, and ciliary signalling-related sensory behaviour. We demonstrate that RABS-5 and VPS-45 control periciliary vesicle number and levels of select EE/endocytic markers (WDFY-2, CAV-1) and the ciliopathy membrane receptor PKD-2 (polycystin-2). Moreover, we show that CAV-1 (caveolin-1) also controls PKD-2 ciliary levels and associated sensory behaviour. These data link RABS-5 and VPS-45 ciliary functions to the processing of periciliary-derived endocytic vesicles and regulation of ciliary membrane homeostasis. Our findings also provide insight into the regulation of PKD-2 ciliary levels via integrated endosomal sorting and CAV-1-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Scheidel
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Julie Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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139
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Cestari I, Anupama A, Stuart K. Inositol polyphosphate multikinase regulation of Trypanosoma brucei life stage development. Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29514930 PMCID: PMC5921579 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of Trypanosoma brucei life stage development remains unclear. Inositol polyphosphate multikinase regulates the development of mammalian bloodforms to insect stages that normally develop in flies. Specific inositol phosphates, perhaps as second messengers, interact with proteins of the regulatory network that controls development. Many cellular processes change during the Trypanosoma brucei life cycle as this parasite alternates between the mammalian host and tsetse fly vector. We show that the inositol phosphate pathway helps regulate these developmental changes. Knockdown of inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), which phosphorylates Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, resulted in changes in bloodstream forms that are characteristic of insect stage procyclic forms. These changes include expression of the procyclic surface coat, up-regulation of RNA-binding proteins that we show to regulate stage-specific transcripts, and activation of oxidative phosphorylation with increased ATP production in bloodstream forms. These changes were accompanied by development of procyclic morphology, which also occurred by the expression of a catalytically inactive IPMK, implying that regulation of these processes entails IPMK activity. Proteins involved in signaling, protein synthesis and turnover, and metabolism were affinity-enriched with the IPMK substrate or product. Developmental changes associated with IPMK knockdown or catalytic inactivation reflected processes that are enriched with inositol phosphates, and chemical and genetic perturbation of these processes affected T. brucei development. Hence, IPMK helps regulate T. brucei development, perhaps by affecting inositol phosphate interactions with proteins of the regulatory network that controls energy metabolism and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Cestari
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Atashi Anupama
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kenneth Stuart
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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140
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Verdelho Machado M, Diehl AM. The hedgehog pathway in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:264-278. [PMID: 29557675 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1448752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of obesity-associated liver diseases and it has become the major cause of cirrhosis in the Western world. The high prevalence of NAFLD-associated advanced liver disease reflects both the high prevalence of obesity-related fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) and the lack of specific treatments to prevent hepatic steatosis from progressing to more serious forms of liver damage, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, and not fully understood. However, compelling evidence demonstrates that dysregulation of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway is involved in both the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and the progression from hepatic steatosis to more serious forms of liver damage. Inhibiting hedgehog signaling enhances hepatic steatosis, a condition which seldom results in liver-related morbidity or mortality. In contrast, excessive Hh pathway activation promotes development of NASH, cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer, the major causes of liver-related deaths. Thus, suppressing excessive Hh pathway activity is a potential approach to prevent progressive liver damage in NAFLD. Various pharmacologic agents that inhibit Hh signaling are available and approved for cancer therapeutics; more are being developed to optimize the benefits and minimize the risks of inhibiting this pathway. In this review we will describe the Hh pathway, summarize the evidence for its role in NAFLD evolution, and discuss the potential role for Hh pathway inhibitors as therapies to prevent NASH, cirrhosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
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141
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Elliott KH, Brugmann SA. Sending mixed signals: Cilia-dependent signaling during development and disease. Dev Biol 2018; 447:28-41. [PMID: 29548942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular signals are the guiding force of development, imparting direction upon cells to divide, migrate, differentiate, etc. The mechanisms by which a cell can receive and transduce these signals into measurable actions remains a 'black box' in developmental biology. Primary cilia are ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelles that dynamically extend from a cell to receive and process molecular and mechanical signaling cues. In the last decade, this organelle has become increasingly intriguing to the research community due to its ability to act as a cellular antenna, receive and transduce molecular stimuli, and initiate a cellular response. In this review, we discuss the structure of primary cilia, emphasizing how the ciliary components contribute to the transduction of signaling pathways. Furthermore, we address how the cilium integrates these signals and conveys them into cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and tissue patterning. Gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms used by primary cilia to receive and integrate molecular signals is essential, as it opens the door for the identification of therapeutic targets within the cilium that could alleviate pathological conditions brought on by aberrant molecular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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142
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Arensdorf AM, Dillard ME, Menke JM, Frank MW, Rock CO, Ogden SK. Sonic Hedgehog Activates Phospholipase A2 to Enhance Smoothened Ciliary Translocation. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2074-2087. [PMID: 28591579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) is the signal transducer of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Smo signals through G protein-dependent and -independent routes, with G protein-independent canonical signaling to Gli effectors requiring Smo accumulation in the primary cilium. The mechanisms controlling Smo activation and trafficking are not yet clear but likely entail small-molecule binding to pockets in its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and/or transmembrane bundle. Here, we demonstrate that the cytosolic phospholipase cPLA2α is activated through Gβγ downstream of Smo to release arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid binds Smo and synergizes with CRD-binding agonists, promoting Smo ciliary trafficking and high-level signaling. Chemical or genetic cPLA2α inhibition dampens Smo signaling to Gli, revealing an unexpected contribution of G protein-dependent signaling to canonical pathway activity. Arachidonic acid displaces the Smo transmembrane domain inhibitor cyclopamine to rescue CRD agonist-induced signaling, suggesting that arachidonic acid may target the transmembrane bundle to allosterically enhance signaling by CRD agonist-bound Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Arensdorf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jacob M Menke
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Rhodes College St. Jude Summer Plus Program, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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143
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Phua SC, Nihongaki Y, Inoue T. Autonomy declared by primary cilia through compartmentalization of membrane phosphoinositides. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 50:72-78. [PMID: 29477020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cell surface projection from plasma membrane which transduces external stimuli to diverse signaling pathways. To function as an independent signaling organelle, the molecular composition of the ciliary membrane has to be distinct from that of the plasma membrane. Here, we review recent findings which have deepened our understanding of the unique yet dynamic phosphoinositide profile found in the primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Cheng Phua
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Yuta Nihongaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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144
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Wang M, Xu Z, Kong Y. The tubby-like proteins kingdom in animals and plants. Gene 2018; 642:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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145
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Sigg MA, Menchen T, Lee C, Johnson J, Jungnickel MK, Choksi SP, Garcia G, Busengdal H, Dougherty GW, Pennekamp P, Werner C, Rentzsch F, Florman HM, Krogan N, Wallingford JB, Omran H, Reiter JF. Evolutionary Proteomics Uncovers Ancient Associations of Cilia with Signaling Pathways. Dev Cell 2018; 43:744-762.e11. [PMID: 29257953 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are organelles specialized for movement and signaling. To infer when during evolution signaling pathways became associated with cilia, we characterized the proteomes of cilia from sea urchins, sea anemones, and choanoflagellates. We identified 437 high-confidence ciliary candidate proteins conserved in mammals and discovered that Hedgehog and G-protein-coupled receptor pathways were linked to cilia before the origin of bilateria and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels before the origin of animals. We demonstrated that candidates not previously implicated in ciliary biology localized to cilia and further investigated ENKUR, a TRP channel-interacting protein identified in the cilia of all three organisms. ENKUR localizes to motile cilia and is required for patterning the left-right axis in vertebrates. Moreover, mutation of ENKUR causes situs inversus in humans. Thus, proteomic profiling of cilia from diverse eukaryotes defines a conserved ciliary proteome, reveals ancient connections to signaling, and uncovers a ciliary protein that underlies development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Abedin Sigg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tabea Menchen
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffery Johnson
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melissa K Jungnickel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Semil P Choksi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Henriette Busengdal
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5008, Norway
| | - Gerard W Dougherty
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Fabian Rentzsch
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5008, Norway
| | - Harvey M Florman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Nevan Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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146
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Rapid, direct activity assays for Smoothened reveal Hedgehog pathway regulation by membrane cholesterol and extracellular sodium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11141-E11150. [PMID: 29229834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717891115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling specifies tissue patterning and renewal, and pathway components are commonly mutated in certain malignancies. Although central to ensuring appropriate pathway activity in all Hedgehog-responsive cells, how the transporter-like receptor Patched1 regulates the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened remains mysterious, partially due to limitations in existing tools and experimental systems. Here we employ direct, real-time, biochemical and physiology-based approaches to monitor Smoothened activity in cellular and in vitro contexts. Patched1-Smoothened coupling is rapid, dynamic, and can be recapitulated without cilium-specific proteins or lipids. By reconstituting purified Smoothened in vitro, we show that cholesterol within the bilayer is sufficient for constitutive Smoothened activation. Cholesterol effects occur independently of the lipid-binding Smoothened extracellular domain, a region that is dispensable for Patched1-Smoothened coupling. Finally, we show that Patched1 specifically requires extracellular Na+ to regulate Smoothened in our assays, raising the possibility that a Na+ gradient provides the energy source for Patched1 catalytic activity. Our work suggests a hypothesis wherein Patched1, chemiosmotically driven by the transmembrane Na+ gradient common to metazoans, regulates Smoothened by shielding its heptahelical domain from cholesterol, or by providing an inhibitor that overrides this cholesterol activation.
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147
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Siller SS, Sharma H, Li S, Yang J, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Winuthayanon W, Colognato H, Holdener BC, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Conditional knockout mice for the distal appendage protein CEP164 reveal its essential roles in airway multiciliated cell differentiation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007128. [PMID: 29244804 PMCID: PMC5747467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells of the airways, brain ventricles, and female reproductive tract provide the motive force for mucociliary clearance, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and ovum transport. Despite their clear importance to human biology and health, the molecular mechanisms underlying multiciliated cell differentiation are poorly understood. Prior studies implicate the distal appendage/transition fiber protein CEP164 as a central regulator of primary ciliogenesis; however, its role in multiciliogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we have generated a novel conditional mouse model that lacks CEP164 in multiciliated tissues and the testis. These mice show a profound loss of airway, ependymal, and oviduct multicilia and develop hydrocephalus and male infertility. Using primary cultures of tracheal multiciliated cells as a model system, we found that CEP164 is critical for multiciliogenesis, at least in part, via its regulation of small vesicle recruitment, ciliary vesicle formation, and basal body docking. In addition, CEP164 is necessary for the proper recruitment of another distal appendage/transition fiber protein Chibby1 (Cby1) and its binding partners FAM92A and FAM92B to the ciliary base in multiciliated cells. In contrast to primary ciliogenesis, CEP164 is dispensable for the recruitment of intraflagellar transport (IFT) components to multicilia. Finally, we provide evidence that CEP164 differentially controls the ciliary targeting of membrane-associated proteins, including the small GTPases Rab8, Rab11, and Arl13b, in multiciliated cells. Altogether, our studies unravel unique requirements for CEP164 in primary versus multiciliogenesis and suggest that CEP164 modulates the selective transport of membrane vesicles and their cargoes into the ciliary compartment in multiciliated cells. Furthermore, our mouse model provides a useful tool to gain physiological insight into diseases associated with defective multicilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul S. Siller
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Shuai Li
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - June Yang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yong Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wipawee Winuthayanon
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Holly Colognato
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Bernadette C. Holdener
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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148
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Hamze-Komaiha O, Sarr S, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Samuel D, Gassama-Diagne A. SHIP2 Regulates Lumen Generation, Cell Division, and Ciliogenesis through the Control of Basolateral to Apical Lumen Localization of Aurora A and HEF 1. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2738-2752. [PMID: 27926875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumen formation during epithelial morphogenesis requires the creation of a luminal space at cell interfaces named apical membrane-initiation sites (AMISs). This is dependent upon integrated signaling from mechanical and biochemical cues, vesicle trafficking, cell division, and processes tightly coupled to ciliogenesis. Deciphering relationships between polarity determinants and lumen or cilia generation remains a fundamental issue. Here, we report that Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2), a basolateral determinant of polarity, regulates RhoA-dependent actin contractility and cell division to form AMISs. SHIP2 regulates mitotic spindle alignment. SHIP2 is expressed in G1 phase, whereas Aurora A kinase is enriched in mitosis. SHIP2 binds Aurora A kinase and the scaffolding protein HEF1 and promotes their basolateral localization at the expense of their luminal expression connected with cilia resorption. Furthermore, SHIP2 expression increases cilia length. Thus, our findings offer new insight into the relationships among basolateral proteins, lumen generation, and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Hamze-Komaiha
- Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Unité 1193, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Sokavuth Sarr
- Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Unité 1193, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Didier Samuel
- Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Unité 1193, 94800 Villejuif, France; AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Unité 1193, 94800 Villejuif, France.
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149
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Abstract
Signaling pathways direct organogenesis, often through concentration-dependent effects on cells. The hedgehog pathway enables cells to sense and respond to hedgehog ligands, of which the best studied is sonic hedgehog. Hedgehog signaling is essential for development, proliferation, and stem cell maintenance, and it is a driver of certain cancers. Lipid metabolism has a profound influence on both hedgehog signal transduction and the properties of the ligands themselves, leading to changes in the strength of hedgehog signaling and cellular functions. Here we review the evolving understanding of the relationship between lipids and hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blassberg
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Department of Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Milton Keynes University Hospital, Standing Way, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, MK6 5LD, UK.
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150
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Hardee I, Soldatos A, Davids M, Vilboux T, Toro C, David KL, Ferreira CR, Nehrebecky M, Snow J, Thurm A, Heller T, Macnamara EF, Gunay-Aygun M, Zein WM, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV. Defective ciliogenesis in INPP5E-related Joubert syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:3231-3237. [PMID: 29052317 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by malformation of the mid and hindbrain leading to the pathognomonic molar tooth appearance of the brainstem and cerebellum on axial MRI. Core clinical manifestations include hypotonia, tachypnea/apnea, ataxia, ocular motor apraxia, and developmental delay of varying degrees. In addition, a subset of patients has retinal dystrophy, chorioretinal colobomas, hepatorenal fibrocystic disease, and polydactyly. Joubert syndrome exhibits genetic heterogeneity, with mutations identified in more than 30 genes, including INPP5E, a gene encoding inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase E, which is important in the development and stability of the primary cilium. Here, we report the detailed clinical phenotypes of two sisters with a novel homozygous variant in INPP5E (NM_019892.4: c.1565G>C, NP_063945.2: p.Gly552Ala), expanding the phenotype associated with Joubert syndrome type 1. Expression studies using patient-derived fibroblasts showed changes in mRNA and protein levels. Analysis of fibroblasts from patients revealed that a significant number of cells had shorter or no cilia, indicating defects in ciliogenesis, and cilia maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hardee
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariane Soldatos
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Medical Genetics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michele Nehrebecky
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph Snow
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Theo Heller
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ellen F Macnamara
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wadih M Zein
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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