101
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Ogawa M, Geng FS, Humphreys DT, Kristianto E, Sheng DZ, Hui SP, Zhang Y, Sugimoto K, Nakayama M, Zheng D, Hesselson D, Hodson MP, Bogdanovic O, Kikuchi K. Krüppel-like factor 1 is a core cardiomyogenic trigger in zebrafish. Science 2021; 372:201-205. [PMID: 33833125 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac regeneration requires dedifferentiation and proliferation of mature cardiomyocytes, but the mechanisms underlying this plasticity remain unclear. Here, we identify a potent cardiomyogenic role for Krüppel-like factor 1 (Klf1/Eklf), which is induced in adult zebrafish myocardium upon injury. Myocardial inhibition of Klf1 function does not affect heart development, but it severely impairs regeneration. Transient Klf1 activation is sufficient to expand mature myocardium in uninjured hearts. Klf1 directs epigenetic reprogramming of the cardiac transcription factor network, permitting coordinated cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation. Myocardial expansion is supported by Klf1-induced rewiring of mitochondrial metabolism from oxidative respiration to anabolic pathways. Our findings establish Klf1 as a core transcriptional regulator of cardiomyocyte renewal in adult zebrafish hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Ogawa
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fan-Suo Geng
- Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David T Humphreys
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular, Structural, and Computational Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Esther Kristianto
- Freedman Foundation Metabolomics Facility, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Delicia Z Sheng
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Subhra P Hui
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kotaro Sugimoto
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dawei Zheng
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Freedman Foundation Metabolomics Facility, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ozren Bogdanovic
- Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kazu Kikuchi
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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102
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Glasner A, Plitas G. Tumor resident regulatory T cells. Semin Immunol 2021; 52:101476. [PMID: 33906820 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The immune system mediates powerful effector mechanisms to protect against a diversity of pathogens and equally as important regulatory functions, to limit collateral damage of inflammation, prevent misguided immune responses to "self", and promote tissue repair. Inadequate regulatory control can lead to a variety of inflammatory disorders including autoimmunity, metabolic syndrome, allergies, and progression of malignancies. Cancers evolve complex mechanisms to thwart immune eradication including coopting normal host regulatory processes. This is most evident in the analysis of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), where a preponderance of immunosuppressive immune cells, such as regulatory T (Treg) cells are found. Treg cells express the X-chromosome linked transcription factor Foxp3 and play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis by suppressing inflammatory responses in diverse biological settings. Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment promote tumor development and progression by dampening anti-tumor immune responses, directly supporting the survival of transformed cells through elaboration of growth factors, and interacting with accessory cells in tumors such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Current insights into the phenotype and function of tumor associated Treg cells have opened up opportunities for their selective targeting in cancer with the goal of alleviating their suppression of anti-tumor immune responses while maintaining overall immune homeostasis. Here, we review Treg cell biology in the context of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the important role they play in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Glasner
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - George Plitas
- Immunology Program and Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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103
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Dong Y, Yang C, Pan F. Post-Translational Regulations of Foxp3 in Treg Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626172. [PMID: 33912156 PMCID: PMC8071870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are indispensable for immune homeostasis due to their roles in peripheral tolerance. As the master transcription factor of Treg cells, Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) strongly regulates Treg function and plasticity. Because of this, considerable research efforts have been directed at elucidating the mechanisms controlling Foxp3 and its co-regulators. Such work is not only advancing our understanding on Treg cell biology, but also uncovering novel targets for clinical manipulation in autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and tumor therapies. Recently, many studies have explored the post-translational regulation of Foxp3, which have shown that acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, and ubiquitination are important for determining Foxp3 function and plasticity. Additionally, some of these targets have been implicated to have great therapeutic values. In this review, we will discuss emerging evidence of post-translational regulations on Foxp3 in Treg cells and their exciting therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cuiping Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Pan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China
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104
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Da Silveira Cavalcante L, Tessier SN. Zebrafish as a New Tool in Heart Preservation Research. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:39. [PMID: 33917701 PMCID: PMC8068018 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart transplantation became a reality at the end of the 1960s as a life-saving option for patients with end-stage heart failure. Static cold storage (SCS) at 4-6 °C has remained the standard for heart preservation for decades. However, SCS only allows for short-term storage that precludes optimal matching programs, requires emergency surgeries, and results in the unnecessary discard of organs. Among the alternatives seeking to extend ex vivo lifespan and mitigate the shortage of organs are sub-zero or machine perfusion modalities. Sub-zero approaches aim to prolong cold ischemia tolerance by deepening metabolic stasis, while machine perfusion aims to support metabolism through the continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients. Each of these approaches hold promise; however, complex barriers must be overcome before their potential can be fully realized. We suggest that one barrier facing all experimental efforts to extend ex vivo lifespan are limited research tools. Mammalian models are usually the first choice due to translational aspects, yet experimentation can be restricted by expertise, time, and resources. Instead, there are instances when smaller vertebrate models, like the zebrafish, could fill critical experimental gaps in the field. Taken together, this review provides a summary of the current gold standard for heart preservation as well as new technologies in ex vivo lifespan extension. Furthermore, we describe how existing tools in zebrafish research, including isolated organ, cell specific and functional assays, as well as molecular tools, could complement and elevate heart preservation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Da Silveira Cavalcante
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 2114, USA;
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 2114, USA
| | - Shannon N. Tessier
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 2114, USA;
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 2114, USA
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105
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Nagashima M, Hitchcock PF. Inflammation Regulates the Multi-Step Process of Retinal Regeneration in Zebrafish. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040783. [PMID: 33916186 PMCID: PMC8066466 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate tissues varies between species and between tissues within a species. Mammals have a limited ability to regenerate tissues, whereas zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate almost all tissues and organs, including fin, heart, kidney, brain, and retina. In the zebrafish brain, injury and cell death activate complex signaling networks that stimulate radial glia to reprogram into neural stem-like cells that repair the injury. In the retina, a popular model for investigating neuronal regeneration, Müller glia, radial glia unique to the retina, reprogram into stem-like cells and undergo a single asymmetric division to generate multi-potent retinal progenitors. Müller glia-derived progenitors then divide rapidly, numerically matching the magnitude of the cell death, and differentiate into the ablated neurons. Emerging evidence reveals that inflammation plays an essential role in this multi-step process of retinal regeneration. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the inflammatory events during retinal regeneration and highlights the mechanisms whereby inflammatory molecules regulate the quiescence and division of Müller glia, the proliferation of Müller glia-derived progenitors and the survival of regenerated neurons.
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106
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Delacher M, Simon M, Sanderink L, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Wuttke M, Schambeck K, Schmidleithner L, Bittner S, Pant A, Ritter U, Hehlgans T, Riegel D, Schneider V, Groeber-Becker FK, Eigenberger A, Gebhard C, Strieder N, Fischer A, Rehli M, Hoffmann P, Edinger M, Strowig T, Huehn J, Schmidl C, Werner JM, Prantl L, Brors B, Imbusch CD, Feuerer M. Single-cell chromatin accessibility landscape identifies tissue repair program in human regulatory T cells. Immunity 2021; 54:702-720.e17. [PMID: 33789089 PMCID: PMC8050210 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Murine regulatory T (Treg) cells in tissues promote tissue homeostasis and regeneration. We sought to identify features that characterize human Treg cells with these functions in healthy tissues. Single-cell chromatin accessibility profiles of murine and human tissue Treg cells defined a conserved, microbiota-independent tissue-repair Treg signature with a prevailing footprint of the transcription factor BATF. This signature, combined with gene expression profiling and TCR fate mapping, identified a population of tissue-like Treg cells in human peripheral blood that expressed BATF, chemokine receptor CCR8 and HLA-DR. Human BATF+CCR8+ Treg cells from normal skin and adipose tissue shared features with nonlymphoid T follicular helper-like (Tfh-like) cells, and induction of a Tfh-like differentiation program in naive human Treg cells partially recapitulated tissue Treg regenerative characteristics, including wound healing potential. Human BATF+CCR8+ Treg cells from healthy tissue share features with tumor-resident Treg cells, highlighting the importance of understanding the context-specific functions of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Delacher
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Malte Simon
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Core Facility Omics IT and Data management (ODCF), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Wuttke
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schambeck
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmidleithner
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bittner
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Asmita Pant
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dania Riegel
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI)
| | - Verena Schneider
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine TERM, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies TLZ-RT, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kai Groeber-Becker
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine TERM, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies TLZ-RT, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Eigenberger
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexander Fischer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; RESIST, Cluster of Excellence 2155, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; RESIST, Cluster of Excellence 2155, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jens M Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charles D Imbusch
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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107
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Marchione AD, Thompson Z, Kathrein KL. DNA methylation and histone modifications are essential for regulation of stem cell formation and differentiation in zebrafish development. Brief Funct Genomics 2021:elab022. [PMID: 33782688 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex processes necessary for embryogenesis require a gene regulatory network that is complex and systematic. Gene expression regulates development and organogenesis, but this process is altered and fine-tuned by epigenetic regulators that facilitate changes in the chromatin landscape. Epigenetic regulation of embryogenesis adjusts the chromatin structure by modifying both DNA through methylation and nucleosomes through posttranslational modifications of histone tails. The zebrafish is a well-characterized model organism that is a quintessential tool for studying developmental biology. With external fertilization, low cost and high fecundity, the zebrafish are an efficient tool for studying early developmental stages. Genetic manipulation can be performed in vivo resulting in quick identification of gene function. Large-scale genome analyses including RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation and chromatin structure all are feasible in the zebrafish. In this review, we highlight the key events in zebrafish development where epigenetic regulation plays a critical role from the early stem cell stages through differentiation and organogenesis.
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108
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Safian D, Wiegertjes GF, Pollux BJA. The Fish Family Poeciliidae as a Model to Study the Evolution and Diversification of Regenerative Capacity in Vertebrates. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.613157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of regenerating a new structure after losing an old one is a major challenge in the animal kingdom. Fish have emerged as an interesting model to study regeneration due to their high and diverse regenerative capacity. To date, most efforts have focused on revealing the mechanisms underlying fin regeneration, but information on why and how this capacity evolves remains incomplete. Here, we propose the livebearing fish family Poeciliidae as a promising new model system to study the evolution of fin regeneration. First, we review the current state of knowledge on the evolution of regeneration in the animal kingdom, with a special emphasis on fish fins. Second, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms behind fin regeneration in fish. Third, we discuss potential evolutionary pressures that may modulate the regenerative capacity of fish fins and propose three new theories for how natural and sexual selection can lead to the evolution of fin regeneration: (1) signaling-driven fin regeneration, (2) predation-driven fin regeneration, and (3) matrotrophy-suppressed fin regeneration. Finally, we argue that fish from the family Poeciliidae are an excellent model system to test these theories, because they comprise of a large variety of species in a well-defined phylogenetic framework that inhabit very different environments and display remarkable variation in reproductive traits, allowing for comparative studies of fin regeneration among closely related species, among populations within species or among individuals within populations. This new model system has the potential to shed new light on the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms driving the evolution and diversification of regeneration in vertebrates.
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109
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Salnikov L, Baramiya MG. From Autonomy to Integration, From Integration to Dynamically Balanced Integrated Co-existence: Non-aging as the Third Stage of Development. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:655315. [PMID: 35822034 PMCID: PMC9261420 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.655315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reversible senescence at the cellular level emerged together with tissue specialization in Metazoans. However, this reversibility (ability to permanently rejuvenate) through recapitulation of early stages of development, was originally a part of ontogenesis, since the pressure of integrativeness was not dominant. The complication of specialization in phylogenesis narrowed this "freedom of maneuver", gradually "truncating" remorphogenesis to local epimorphosis and further up to the complete disappearance of remorphogenesis from the ontogenesis repertoire. This evolutionary trend transformed cellular senescence into organismal aging and any recapitulation of autonomy into carcinogenesis. The crown of specialization, Homo sapiens, completed this post-unicellular stage of development, while in the genome all the potential for the next stage of development, which can be called the stage of balanced coexistence of autonomous and integrative dominants within a single whole. Here, completing the substantiation of the new section of developmental biology, we propose to call it Developmental Biogerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Salnikov
- SibEnzyme US LLC, West Roxbury, MA, United States
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110
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Ziemkiewicz N, Hilliard G, Pullen NA, Garg K. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3265. [PMID: 33806895 PMCID: PMC8005179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is highly dependent on the inflammatory response. A wide variety of innate and adaptive immune cells orchestrate the complex process of muscle repair. This review provides information about the various types of immune cells and biomolecules that have been shown to mediate muscle regeneration following injury and degenerative diseases. Recently developed cell and drug-based immunomodulatory strategies are highlighted. An improved understanding of the immune response to injured and diseased skeletal muscle will be essential for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziemkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Genevieve Hilliard
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Nicholas A. Pullen
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, CO 80639, USA;
| | - Koyal Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
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111
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Wei X, Li C, Zhang Y, Li K, Li J, Ai K, Li K, Zhang J, Yang J. Fish NF‐κB couples TCR and IL‐17 signals to regulate ancestral T‐cell immune response against bacterial infection. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21457. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002393rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Kunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China
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112
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Brezitski KD, Goff AW, DeBenedittis P, Karra R. A Roadmap to Heart Regeneration Through Conserved Mechanisms in Zebrafish and Mammals. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:29. [PMID: 33655359 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The replenishment of lost or damaged myocardium has the potential to reverse heart failure, making heart regeneration a goal for cardiovascular medicine. Unlike adult mammals, injury to the zebrafish or neonatal mouse heart induces a robust regenerative program with minimal scarring. Recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of heart regeneration suggest that the machinery for regeneration is conserved from zebrafish to mammals. Here, we will review conserved mechanisms of heart regeneration and their translational implications. RECENT FINDINGS Based on studies in zebrafish and neonatal mice, cardiomyocyte proliferation has emerged as a primary strategy for effecting regeneration in the adult mammalian heart. Recent work has revealed pathways for stimulating cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry; potential developmental barriers for cardiomyocyte proliferation; and the critical role of additional cell types to support heart regeneration. Studies in zebrafish and neonatal mice have established a template for heart regeneration. Continued comparative work has the potential to inform the translation of regenerative biology into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Brezitski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alexander W Goff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Paige DeBenedittis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Regeneration Next, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ravi Karra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Regeneration Next, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Durham, NC, USA. .,Center for Aging, Durham, NC, USA.
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113
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Farache Trajano L, Smart N. Immunomodulation for optimal cardiac regeneration: insights from comparative analyses. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:8. [PMID: 33589632 PMCID: PMC7884783 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, regeneration of the infarcted human heart remains an unmet ambition. A significant obstacle facing experimental regenerative therapies is the hostile immune response which arises following a myocardial infarction (MI). Upon cardiac damage, sterile inflammation commences via the release of pro-inflammatory meditators, leading to the migration of neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes, as well as the activation of local vascular cells and fibroblasts. This response is amplified by components of the adaptive immune system. Moreover, the physical trauma of the infarction and immune-mediated tissue injury provides a supply of autoantigens, perpetuating a cycle of autoreactivity, which further contributes to adverse remodelling. A gradual shift towards an immune-resolving environment follows, culminating in the formation of a collagenous scar, which compromises cardiac function, ultimately driving the development of heart failure. Comparing the human heart with those of animal models that are capable of cardiac regeneration reveals key differences in the innate and adaptive immune responses to MI. By modulating key immune components to better resemble those of regenerative species, a cardiac environment may be established which would, either independently or via the synergistic application of emerging regenerative therapies, improve functional recovery post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Farache Trajano
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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114
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Bevan L, Lim ZW, Venkatesh B, Riley PR, Martin P, Richardson RJ. Specific macrophage populations promote both cardiac scar deposition and subsequent resolution in adult zebrafish. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1357-1371. [PMID: 31566660 PMCID: PMC7243279 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims A robust inflammatory response to tissue injury is a necessary part of the repair process but the deposition of scar tissue is a direct downstream consequence of this response in many tissues including the heart. Adult zebrafish not only possess the capacity to regenerate lost cardiomyocytes but also to remodel and resolve an extracellular scar within tissues such as the heart, but this scar resolution process remains poorly understood. This study aims to characterize the scarring and inflammatory responses to cardiac damage in adult zebrafish in full and investigate the role of different inflammatory subsets specifically in scarring and scar removal. Methods and results Using stable transgenic lines, whole organ imaging and genetic and pharmacological interventions, we demonstrate that multiple inflammatory cell lineages respond to cardiac injury in adult zebrafish. In particular, macrophage subsets (tnfα+ and tnfα−) play prominent roles with manipulation of different phenotypes suggesting that pro-inflammatory (tnfα+) macrophages promote scar deposition following cardiac injury whereas tnfα− macrophages facilitate scar removal during regeneration. Detailed analysis of these specific macrophage subsets reveals crucial roles for Csf1ra in promoting pro-inflammatory macrophage-mediated scar deposition. Additionally, the multifunctional cytokine Osteopontin (Opn) (spp1) is important for initial scar deposition but also for resolution of the inflammatory response and in late-stage ventricular collagen remodelling. Conclusions This study demonstrates the importance of a correctly balanced inflammatory response to facilitate scar deposition during repair but also to allow subsequent scar resolution, and full cardiac regeneration, to occur. We have identified Opn as having both pro-fibrotic but also potentially pro-regenerative roles in the adult zebrafish heart, driving Collagen deposition but also controlling inflammatory cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bevan
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Zhi Wei Lim
- Comparative and Medical Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Comparative and Medical Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Paul R Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca J Richardson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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115
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Neurotrophins Time Point Intervention after Traumatic Brain Injury: From Zebrafish to Human. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041585. [PMID: 33557335 PMCID: PMC7915547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains the leading cause of long-term disability, which annually involves millions of individuals. Several studies on mammals reported that neurotrophins could play a significant role in both protection and recovery of function following neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke and TBI. This protective role of neurotrophins after an event of TBI has also been reported in the zebrafish model. Nevertheless, reparative mechanisms in mammalian brain are limited, and newly formed neurons do not survive for a long time. In contrast, the brain of adult fish has high regenerative properties after brain injury. The evident differences in regenerative properties between mammalian and fish brain have been ascribed to remarkable different adult neurogenesis processes. However, it is not clear if the specific role and time point contribution of each neurotrophin and receptor after TBI is conserved during vertebrate evolution. Therefore, in this review, I reported the specific role and time point of intervention for each neurotrophic factor and receptor after an event of TBI in zebrafish and mammals.
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116
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Cardiac cell type-specific responses to injury and contributions to heart regeneration. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 33527149 PMCID: PMC7851195 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Due to the limited proliferation rate of mature cardiomyocytes, adult mammalian hearts are unable to regenerate damaged cardiac muscle following injury. Instead, injured area is replaced by fibrotic scar tissue, which may lead to irreversible cardiac remodeling and organ failure. In contrast, adult zebrafish and neonatal mammalian possess the capacity for heart regeneration and have been widely used as experimental models. Recent studies have shown that multiple types of cells within the heart can respond to injury with the activation of distinct signaling pathways. Determining the specific contributions of each cell type is essential for our understanding of the regeneration network organization throughout the heart. In this review, we provide an overview of the distinct functions and coordinated cell behaviors of several major cell types including cardiomyocytes, endocardial cells, epicardial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. The topic focuses on their specific responses and cellular plasticity after injury, and potential therapeutic applications.
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117
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Missinato MA, Zuppo DA, Watkins SC, Bruchez MP, Tsang M. Zebrafish heart regenerates after chemoptogenetic cardiomyocyte depletion. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:986-1000. [PMID: 33501711 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish can regenerate adult cardiac tissue following injuries from ventricular apex amputation, cryoinjury, and cardiomyocyte genetic ablation. Here, we characterize cardiac regeneration from cardiomyocyte chemoptogenetic ablation caused by localized near-infrared excited photosensitizer-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. RESULTS Exposure of transgenic adult zebrafish, Tg(myl7:fapdl5-cerulean), to di-iodinated derivative of the cell- permeable Malachite Green ester fluorogen (MG-2I) and whole-body illumination with 660 nm light resulted in cytotoxic damage to about 30% of cardiac tissue. After chemoptogenetic cardiomyocyte ablation, heart function was compromised, and macrophage infiltration was detected, but epicardial and endocardial activation response was much muted when compared to ventricular amputation. The spared cardiomyocytes underwent proliferation and restored the heart structure and function in 45-60 days after ablation. CONCLUSIONS This cardiomyocyte ablation system did not appear to activate the epicardium and endocardium as is noted in other cardiac injury models. This approach represents a useful model to study specifically cardiomyocyte injury, proliferation and regeneration in the absence of whole organ activation. Moreover, this system can be adapted to ablate distinct cell populations in any organ system to study their function in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Missinato
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Avidity Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel A Zuppo
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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118
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Van Dyck A, Bollaerts I, Beckers A, Vanhunsel S, Glorian N, van Houcke J, van Ham TJ, De Groef L, Andries L, Moons L. Müller glia-myeloid cell crosstalk accelerates optic nerve regeneration in the adult zebrafish. Glia 2021; 69:1444-1463. [PMID: 33502042 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by progressive neuronal loss, eventually lead to functional impairment in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, these deteriorations are irreversible, due to the very limited regenerative potential of these CNS neurons. Stimulating and redirecting neuroinflammation was recently put forward as an important approach to induce axonal regeneration, but it remains elusive how inflammatory processes and CNS repair are intertwined. To gain more insight into these interactions, we investigated how immunomodulation affects the regenerative outcome after optic nerve crush (ONC) in the spontaneously regenerating zebrafish. First, inducing intraocular inflammation using zymosan resulted in an acute inflammatory response, characterized by an increased infiltration and proliferation of innate blood-borne immune cells, reactivation of Müller glia, and altered retinal cytokine expression. Strikingly, inflammatory stimulation also accelerated axonal regrowth after optic nerve injury. Second, we demonstrated that acute depletion of both microglia and macrophages in the retina, using pharmacological treatments with both the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 and clodronate liposomes, compromised optic nerve regeneration. Moreover, we observed that csf1ra/b double mutant fish, lacking microglia in both retina and brain, displayed accelerated RGC axonal regrowth after ONC, which was accompanied with unusual Müller glia proliferative gliosis. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of altered glial cell interactions in the axonal regeneration process after ONC in adult zebrafish. Unraveling the relative contribution of the different cell types, as well as the signaling pathways involved, may pinpoint new targets to stimulate repair in the vertebrate CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van Dyck
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Bollaerts
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Beckers
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vanhunsel
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nynke Glorian
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessie van Houcke
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Andries
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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119
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Mukherjee D, Wagh G, Mokalled MH, Kontarakis Z, Dickson AL, Rayrikar A, Günther S, Poss KD, Stainier DYR, Patra C. Ccn2a is an injury-induced matricellular factor that promotes cardiac regeneration in zebrafish. Development 2021; 148:dev193219. [PMID: 33234717 PMCID: PMC7847265 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of zebrafish to heal their heart after injury makes them an attractive model for investigating the mechanisms governing the regenerative process. In this study, we show that the gene cellular communication network factor 2a (ccn2a), previously known as ctgfa, is induced in endocardial cells in the injured tissue and regulates CM proliferation and repopulation of the damaged tissue. We find that, whereas in wild-type animals, CMs track along the newly formed blood vessels that revascularize the injured tissue, in ccn2a mutants CM proliferation and repopulation are disrupted, despite apparently unaffected revascularization. In addition, we find that ccn2a overexpression enhances CM proliferation and improves the resolution of transient collagen deposition. Through loss- and gain-of-function as well as pharmacological approaches, we provide evidence that Ccn2a is necessary for and promotes heart regeneration by enhancing the expression of pro-regenerative extracellular matrix genes, and by inhibiting the chemokine receptor gene cxcr3.1 through a mechanism involving Tgfβ/pSmad3 signaling. Thus, Ccn2a positively modulates the innate regenerative response of the adult zebrafish heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Ganesh Wagh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
- SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Mayssa H Mokalled
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zacharias Kontarakis
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amey Rayrikar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
- SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Stefan Günther
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Chinmoy Patra
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
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120
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Unlocking the Secrets of the Regenerating Fish Heart: Comparing Regenerative Models to Shed Light on Successful Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8010004. [PMID: 33467137 PMCID: PMC7830602 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult human heart cannot repair itself after injury and, instead, forms a permanent fibrotic scar that impairs cardiac function and can lead to incurable heart failure. The zebrafish, amongst other organisms, has been extensively studied for its innate capacity to repair its heart after injury. Understanding the signals that govern successful regeneration in models such as the zebrafish will lead to the development of effective therapies that can stimulate endogenous repair in humans. To date, many studies have investigated cardiac regeneration using a reverse genetics candidate gene approach. However, this approach is limited in its ability to unbiasedly identify novel genes and signalling pathways that are essential to successful regeneration. In contrast, drawing comparisons between different models of regeneration enables unbiased screens to be performed, identifying signals that have not previously been linked to regeneration. Here, we will review in detail what has been learnt from the comparative approach, highlighting the techniques used and how these studies have influenced the field. We will also discuss what further comparisons would enhance our knowledge of successful regeneration and scarring. Finally, we focus on the Astyanax mexicanus, an intraspecies comparative fish model that holds great promise for revealing the secrets of the regenerating heart.
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121
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Abstract
Tissue or organ regeneration is a complex process with successful outcomes depending on the type of tissue and organism. Upon damage, mammals can only efficiently restore a few tissues including the liver, skin, epithelia of the lung, kidney, and gut. In contrast, lower vertebrates such as zebrafish possess an extraordinary regeneration ability, which restores the normal function of a broad spectrum of tissues including heart, fin, brain, spinal cord, and retina. This regeneration process is either mediated by the proliferation of resident stem cells, or cells that dedifferentiate into a stem cell-like. In recent years, evidence has suggested that the innate immune system can modulate stem cell activity to initiate the regenerative response to damage. This review will explore some of the newer concepts of inflammation in zebrafish regeneration in different tissues. Understanding how inflammation regulates regeneration in zebrafish would provide important clues to improve the therapeutic strategies for repairing injured mammalian tissues that do not have an inherent regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iribarne
- Center for Zebrafish Research, Department of Biological Sciences; Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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122
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Ryan R, Moyse BR, Richardson RJ. Zebrafish cardiac regeneration-looking beyond cardiomyocytes to a complex microenvironment. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:533-548. [PMID: 32926230 PMCID: PMC7609419 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of heart repair post-myocardial infarction has historically focused on the importance of cardiomyocyte proliferation as the major factor limiting adult mammalian heart regeneration. However, there is mounting evidence that a narrow focus on this one cell type discounts the importance of a complex cascade of cell-cell communication involving a whole host of different cell types. A major difficulty in the study of heart regeneration is the rarity of this process in adult animals, meaning a mammalian template for how this can be achieved is lacking. Here, we review the adult zebrafish as an ideal and unique model in which to study the underlying mechanisms and cell types required to attain complete heart regeneration following cardiac injury. We provide an introduction to the role of the cardiac microenvironment in the complex regenerative process and discuss some of the key advances using this in vivo vertebrate model that have recently increased our understanding of the vital roles of multiple different cell types. Due to the sheer number of exciting studies describing new and unexpected roles for inflammatory cell populations in cardiac regeneration, this review will pay particular attention to these important microenvironment participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ryan
- C21a, Biomedical Sciences Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Bethany R Moyse
- C21a, Biomedical Sciences Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rebecca J Richardson
- C21a, Biomedical Sciences Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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123
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Li X, Zhang F, Wu N, Ye D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Zhang YA. A critical role of foxp3a-positive regulatory T cells in maintaining immune homeostasis in zebrafish testis development. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:547-561. [PMID: 33309050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play a vital role in preventing autoimmunity and restraining excessive immune response to both self- and non-self-antigens. Studies on humans and mice show that the Forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) is a key regulatory gene for the development and function of Treg cells. In zebrafish, Treg cells have been identified by using foxp3a as a reliable marker. However, little is known about the function of foxp3a and Treg cells in gonadal development and sex differentiation. Here, we show that foxp3a is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis in zebrafish testis development. We found that foxp3a was specifically expressed in a subset of T cells in zebrafish testis, while knockout of foxp3a led to deficiency of foxp3a-positive Treg cells in the testis. More than 80% of foxp3a-/- mutants developed as subfertile males, and the rest of the mutants developed as fertile females with decreased ovulation. Further study revealed that foxp3a-/- mutants had a delayed juvenile ovary-to-testis transition in definite males and sex reversal in about half of the definite females, which led to a dominance of later male development. Owing to the absence of foxp3a-positive Treg cells in the differentiating testis of foxp3a-/- mutants, abundant T cells and macrophages expand to disrupt an immunosuppressive milieu, resulting in defective development of germ cells and gonadal somatic cells and leading to development of infertile males. Therefore, our study reveals that foxp3a-positive Treg cells play an essential role in the orchestration of gonadal development and sex differentiation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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124
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Maciuszek M, Pijanowski L, Pekala-Safinska A, Kemenade BMLVV, Chadzinska M. 17β-Estradiol affects the innate immune response in common carp. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1775-1794. [PMID: 32519008 PMCID: PMC7427712 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the evolutionary conserved immune response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens or damaged cells. This multistep process acts by removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process. Therefore, it must be tightly regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes, as well as neuroendocrine mediators. In the present work, we studied the immunoregulatory properties of 17β-estradiol (E2) in common carp. We determined the in vitro effects of E2 on the activity/polarization of macrophages and the in vivo effects during Aeromonas salmonicida-induced inflammation. In vitro, E2 reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator genes but did not change the gene expression of the estrogen receptors and of aromatase CYP19. In contrast, in vivo in the head kidney of A. salmonicida-infected fish, E2-treated feeding induced an upregulation of gene expression of pro-inflammatory (il-12p35 and cxcb2) and anti-inflammatory (arginase 1, arginase 2, il-10, and mmp9) mediators. Moreover, in infected fish fed with E2-treated food, a higher gene expression of the estrogen receptors and of the aromatase CYP19 was found. Our results demonstrate that estrogens can modulate the carp innate immune response, though the in vitro and in vivo effects of this hormone are contrasting. This implies that estradiol not only induces a direct effect on macrophages but rather exerts immunomodulatory actions through indirect mechanisms involving other cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pekala-Safinska
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, PL24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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125
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Bolaños-Castro LA, Walters HE, García Vázquez RO, Yun MH. Immunity in salamander regeneration: Where are we standing and where are we headed? Dev Dyn 2020; 250:753-767. [PMID: 32924213 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salamanders exhibit the most extensive regenerative repertoire among vertebrates, being able to accomplish scar-free healing and faithful regeneration of significant parts of the eye, heart, brain, spinal cord, jaws and gills, as well as entire appendages throughout life. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying salamander regeneration are currently under extensive examination, with the hope of identifying the key drivers in each context, understanding interspecies differences in regenerative capacity, and harnessing this knowledge in therapeutic settings. The immune system has recently emerged as a potentially critical player in regenerative responses. Components of both innate and adaptive immunity have been found at critical stages of regeneration in a range of salamander tissues. Moreover, functional studies have identified a requirement for macrophages during heart and limb regeneration. However, our knowledge of salamander immunity remains scarce, and a thorough definition of the precise roles played by its members is lacking. Here, we examine the evidence supporting roles for immunity in various salamander regeneration models. We pinpoint observations that need revisiting through modern genetic approaches, uncover knowledge gaps, and highlight insights from various model organisms that could guide future explorations toward an understanding of the functions of immunity in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Elisabeth Walters
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rubén Octavio García Vázquez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maximina Hee Yun
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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126
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Brown CY, Sadlon T, Hope CM, Wong YY, Wong S, Liu N, Withers H, Brown K, Bandara V, Gundsambuu B, Pederson S, Breen J, Robertson SA, Forrest A, Beyer M, Barry SC. Molecular Insights Into Regulatory T-Cell Adaptation to Self, Environment, and Host Tissues: Plasticity or Loss of Function in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1269. [PMID: 33072063 PMCID: PMC7533603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been much interest in the ability of regulatory T cells (Treg) to switch function in vivo, either as a result of genetic risk of disease or in response to environmental and metabolic cues. The relationship between levels of FOXP3 and functional fitness plays a significant part in this plasticity. There is an emerging role for Treg in tissue repair that may be less dependent on FOXP3, and the molecular mechanisms underpinning this are not fully understood. As a result of detailed, high-resolution functional genomics, the gene regulatory networks and key functional mediators of Treg phenotype downstream of FOXP3 have been mapped, enabling a mechanistic insight into Treg function. This transcription factor-driven programming of T-cell function to generate Treg requires the switching on and off of key genes that form part of the Treg gene regulatory network and raises the possibility that this is reversible. It is plausible that subtle shifts in expression levels of specific genes, including transcription factors and non-coding RNAs, change the regulation of the Treg gene network. The subtle skewing of gene expression initiates changes in function, with the potential to promote chronic disease and/or to license appropriate inflammatory responses. In the case of autoimmunity, there is an underlying genetic risk, and the interplay of genetic and environmental cues is complex and impacts gene regulation networks frequently involving promoters and enhancers, the regulatory elements that control gene expression levels and responsiveness. These promoter–enhancer interactions can operate over long distances and are highly cell type specific. In autoimmunity, the genetic risk can result in changes in these enhancer/promoter interactions, and this mainly impacts genes which are expressed in T cells and hence impacts Treg/conventional T-cell (Tconv) function. Genetic risk may cause the subtle alterations to the responsiveness of gene regulatory networks which are controlled by or control FOXP3 and its target genes, and the application of assays of the 3D organization of chromatin, enabling the connection of non-coding regulatory regions to the genes they control, is revealing the direct impact of environmental/metabolic/genetic risk on T-cell function and is providing mechanistic insight into susceptibility to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y Brown
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy Sadlon
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Ying Y Wong
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Soon Wong
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ning Liu
- Bioinformatics Hub, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Holly Withers
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katherine Brown
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Veronika Bandara
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Batjargal Gundsambuu
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James Breen
- Bioinformatics Hub, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah Anne Robertson
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alistair Forrest
- QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Marc Beyer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Charles Barry
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
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127
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Gawriluk TR, Simkin J, Hacker CK, Kimani JM, Kiama SG, Ezenwa VO, Seifert AW. Complex Tissue Regeneration in Mammals Is Associated With Reduced Inflammatory Cytokines and an Influx of T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1695. [PMID: 32849592 PMCID: PMC7427103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While mammals tend to repair injuries, other adult vertebrates like salamanders and fish regenerate damaged tissue. One prominent hypothesis offered to explain an inability to regenerate complex tissue in mammals is a bias during healing toward strong adaptive immunity and inflammatory responses. Here we directly test this hypothesis by characterizing part of the immune response during regeneration in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus and Acomys percivali) vs. fibrotic repair in Mus musculus. By directly quantifying cytokines during tissue healing, we found that fibrotic repair was associated with a greater release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL1) during acute inflammation in the wound microenvironment. However, reducing inflammation via COX-2 inhibition was not sufficient to reduce fibrosis or induce a regenerative response, suggesting that inflammatory strength does not control how an injury heals. Although regeneration was associated with lower concentrations of many inflammatory markers, we measured a comparatively larger influx of T cells into regenerating ear tissue and detected a local increase in the T cell associated cytokines IL-12 and IL-17 during the proliferative phase of regeneration. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a strong adaptive immune response is not antagonistic to regeneration and that other mechanisms likely explain the distribution of regenerative ability in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Gawriluk
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Corin K. Hacker
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John M. Kimani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen G. Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ashley W. Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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128
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Fung TH, Yang KY, Lui KO. An emerging role of regulatory T-cells in cardiovascular repair and regeneration. Theranostics 2020; 10:8924-8938. [PMID: 32802172 PMCID: PMC7415793 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that immune cells play an important role in the regulation of tissue repair and regeneration. After injury, danger signals released by the damaged tissue trigger the initial pro-inflammatory phase essential for removing pathogens or cellular debris that is later replaced by the anti-inflammatory phase responsible for tissue healing. On the other hand, impaired immune regulation can lead to excessive scarring and fibrosis that could be detrimental for the restoration of organ function. Regulatory T-cells (Treg) have been revealed as the master regulator of the immune system that have both the immune and regenerative functions. In this review, we will summarize their immune role in the induction and maintenance of self-tolerance; as well as their regenerative role in directing tissue specific response for repair and regeneration. The latter is clearly demonstrated when Treg enhance the differentiation of stem or progenitor cells such as satellite cells to replace the damaged skeletal muscle, as well as the proliferation of parenchymal cells including neonatal cardiomyocytes for functional regeneration. Moreover, we will also discuss the reparative and regenerative role of Treg with a particular focus on blood vessels and cardiac tissues. Last but not least, we will describe the ongoing clinical trials with Treg in the treatment of autoimmune diseases that could give clinically relevant insights into the development of Treg therapy targeting tissue repair and regeneration.
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129
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Li J, Liang C, Yang KY, Huang X, Han MY, Li X, Chan VW, Chan KS, Liu D, Huang ZP, Zhou B, Lui KO. Specific ablation of CD4 + T-cells promotes heart regeneration in juvenile mice. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:8018-8035. [PMID: 32724455 PMCID: PMC7381734 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike adult cardiomyocytes, neonatal cardiomyocytes can readily proliferate that contributes to a transient regenerative potential after myocardial injury in mice. We have recently reported that CD4+ regulatory T-cells promote this process; however, the role of other CD4+ T-cell subsets as well as CD8+ T-cells in postnatal heart regeneration has been less studied. Methods: by comparing the regenerating postnatal day (P) 3 and the non-regenerating P8 heart after injury, we revealed the heterogeneity of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the myocardium through single cell analysis. We also specifically ablated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells using the lytic anti-CD4 and -CD8 monoclonal antibodies, respectively, in juvenile mice at P8 after myocardial injury. Results: we observe significantly more CD4+FOXP3- conventional T-cells in the P8 heart when compared to that of the P3 heart within a week after injury. Surprisingly, such a difference is not seen in CD8+ T-cells that appear to have no function as their depletion does not reactivate heart regeneration. On the other hand, specific ablation of CD4+ T-cells contributes to mitigated cardiac fibrosis and increased cardiomyocyte proliferation after injury in juvenile mice. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling reveals a pro-fibrotic CD4+ T-cell subset in the P8 but not P3 heart. Moreover, there are likely more Th1 and Th17 cells in the P8 than P3 heart. We further demonstrate that cytokines of Th1 and Th17 cells can directly reduce the proliferation and increase the apoptosis of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Moreover, ablation of CD4+ T-cells can directly or indirectly facilitate the polarization of macrophages away from the pro-fibrotic M2-like signature in the juvenile heart. Nevertheless, ablation of CD4+ T-cells alone does not offer the same protection in the adult heart after myocardial infarction, suggesting a developmental change of immune cells including CD4+ T-cells in the regulation of age-related mammalian heart repair. Conclusions: our results demonstrate that ablation of CD4+ but not CD8+ T-cells promotes heart regeneration in juvenile mice; and CD4+ T-cells play a distinct role in the regulation of heart regeneration and repair during development.
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130
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Sanz-Morejón A, Mercader N. Recent insights into zebrafish cardiac regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:37-43. [PMID: 32599303 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans, myocardial infarction results in ventricular remodeling, progressing ultimately to cardiac failure, one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In contrast to the adult mammalian heart, the zebrafish model organism has a remarkable regenerative capacity, offering the possibility to research the bases of natural regeneration. Here, we summarize recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern cardiac regeneration in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Sanz-Morejón
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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131
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Sampaio-Pinto V, Ruiz-Villalba A, Nascimento DS, Pérez-Pomares JM. Bone marrow contribution to the heart from development to adulthood. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:16-26. [PMID: 32591270 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac chamber walls contain large numbers of non-contractile interstitial cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and significant populations of blood lineage-derived cells. Blood cells first colonize heart tissues a few days before birth, although their recruitment from the bloodstream to the cardiac interstitium is continuous and extends throughout adult life. The bone marrow, as the major hematopoietic site of adult individuals, is in charge of renewing all circulating cell types, and it therefore plays a pivotal role in the incorporation of blood cells to the heart. Bone marrow-derived cells are instrumental to tissue homeostasis in the steady-state heart, and are major effectors in cardiac disease progression. This review will provide a comprehensive approach to bone marrow-derived blood cell functions in the heart, and discuss aspects related to hot topics in the cardiovascular field like cell-based heart regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Sampaio-Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diana S Nascimento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - José M Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain.
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132
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Cho I, Lui PP, Ali N. Treg regulation of the epithelial stem cell lineage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 8:100028. [PMID: 32494759 PMCID: PMC7226844 DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair and maintenance in adult organisms is dependent on the interactions between stem cells (SCs) and constituent cells of their microenvironment, or niche. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune cells, specifically Foxp3+ CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs), play an important role as a regulator of the SC niche. Undisputedly, Tregs are the major immunosuppressive lineage of the CD4+ T cell compartment, and reside within numerous secondary lymphoid organs, where they exert their functions. These cells are also specialised in facilitating protective functions specific to their tissue of residence. In this review, we discuss the emerging concepts supporting the SC-regulatory functions of tissue-resident Tregs, during both the steady-state and SC-mediated regeneration. We highlight the skin, intestines, and lung as model organs which are subject to recurrent microinjury,exposure to microbiota, and constantly replenished by resident stem cell populations. An in-depth understanding of the biology of the Treg-SC axis will inform ongoing immunotherapeutic endeavours to target specific subpopulations of tissue-resident Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchul Cho
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Prudence Pokwai Lui
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Niwa Ali
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Corresponding author. Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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133
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Cigliola V, Becker CJ, Poss KD. Building bridges, not walls: spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/5/dmm044131. [PMID: 32461216 PMCID: PMC7272344 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition in which massive cell death and disruption of neural circuitry lead to long-term chronic functional impairment and paralysis. In mammals, spinal cord tissue has minimal capacity to regenerate after injury. In stark contrast, the regeneration of a completely transected spinal cord and accompanying reversal of paralysis in adult zebrafish is arguably one of the most spectacular biological phenomena in nature. Here, we review reports from the last decade that dissect the mechanisms of spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish. We highlight recent progress as well as areas requiring emphasis in a line of study that has great potential to uncover strategies for human spinal cord repair. Summary: Unlike mammals, teleost fish are capable of efficient, spontaneous recovery after a paralyzing spinal cord injury. Here, we highlight the major events through which laboratory model zebrafish regenerate spinal cord tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cigliola
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Clayton J Becker
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA .,Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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134
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Boothby IC, Cohen JN, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin injury: At the crossroads of tolerance and tissue repair. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eaaz9631. [PMID: 32358172 PMCID: PMC7274208 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaz9631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin injury is a highly inflammatory process that is carefully regulated to mitigate tissue damage and allow for proper barrier repair. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial coordinators of the immune response to injury in several organs. Here, we review the emerging role of Tregs in facilitating skin repair after injury. We focus on recently discovered interactions between lymphocytes and nonhematopoietic cells during wound healing and discuss how these interactions are regulated both by "classical" suppressive mechanisms of Tregs and by "nonclassical" reparative Treg functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Boothby
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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135
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Elliot A, Myllymäki H, Feng Y. Inflammatory Responses during Tumour Initiation: From Zebrafish Transgenic Models of Cancer to Evidence from Mouse and Man. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041018. [PMID: 32325966 PMCID: PMC7226149 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is now an important model organism for cancer biology studies and provides unique and complementary opportunities in comparison to the mammalian equivalent. The translucency of zebrafish has allowed in vivo live imaging studies of tumour initiation and progression at the cellular level, providing novel insights into our understanding of cancer. Here we summarise the available transgenic zebrafish tumour models and discuss what we have gleaned from them with respect to cancer inflammation. In particular, we focus on the host inflammatory response towards transformed cells during the pre-neoplastic stage of tumour development. We discuss features of tumour-associated macrophages and neutrophils in mammalian models and present evidence that supports the idea that these inflammatory cells promote early stage tumour development and progression. Direct live imaging of tumour initiation in zebrafish models has shown that the intrinsic inflammation induced by pre-neoplastic cells is tumour promoting. Signals mediating leukocyte recruitment to pre-neoplastic cells in zebrafish correspond to the signals that mediate leukocyte recruitment in mammalian tumours. The activation state of macrophages and neutrophils recruited to pre-neoplastic cells in zebrafish appears to be heterogenous, as seen in mammalian models, which provides an opportunity to study the plasticity of innate immune cells during tumour initiation. Although several potential mechanisms are described that might mediate the trophic function of innate immune cells during tumour initiation in zebrafish, there are several unknowns that are yet to be resolved. Rapid advancement of genetic tools and imaging technologies for zebrafish will facilitate research into the mechanisms that modulate leukocyte function during tumour initiation and identify targets for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Feng
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)131-242-6685
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136
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The availability of organs for transplant fails to meet the demand and this shortage is growing worse every year. As the cost of not getting a suitable donor organ can mean death for patients, new tools and approaches that allows us to make advances in transplantation faster and provide a different vantage point are required. To address this need, we introduce the concept of using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a new model system in organ transplantation. The zebrafish community offers decades of research experience in disease modeling and a rich toolbox of approaches for interrogating complex pathological states. We provide examples of how already existing zebrafish assays/tools from cancer, regenerative medicine, immunology, and others, could be leveraged to fuel new discoveries in pursuit of solving the organ shortage. RECENT FINDINGS Important innovations have enabled several types of transplants to be successfully performed in zebrafish, including stem cells, tumors, parenchymal cells, and even a partial heart transplant. These innovations have been performed against a backdrop of an expansive and impressive list of tools designed to uncover the biology of complex systems that include a wide array of fluorescent transgenic fish that label specific cell types and mutant lines that are transparent, immune-deficient. Allogeneic transplants can also be accomplished using immune suppressed and syngeneic fish. Each of these innovations within the zebrafish community would provide several helpful tools that could be applied to transplant research. SUMMARY We highlight some examples of existing tools and assays developed in the zebrafish community that could be leveraged to overcome barriers in organ transplantation, including ischemia-reperfusion, short preservation durations, regeneration of marginal grafts, and acute and chronic rejection.
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137
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Park G, Burroughs-Garcia J, Foster CA, Hasan A, Borga C, Frazer JK. Zebrafish B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: new findings in an old model. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1292-1305. [PMID: 32341750 PMCID: PMC7170496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric, and ninth most common adult, cancer. ALL can develop in either B or T lymphocytes, but B-lineage ALL (B-ALL) exceeds T-ALL clinically. As for other cancers, animal models allow study of the molecular mechanisms driving ALL. Several zebrafish (Danio rerio) T-ALL models have been reported, but until recently, robust D. rerio B-ALL models were not described. Then, D. rerio B-ALL was discovered in two related zebrafish transgenic lines; both were already known to develop T-ALL. Here, we report new B-ALL findings in one of these models, fish expressing transgenic human MYC (hMYC). We describe B-ALL incidence in a large cohort of hMYC fish, and show B-ALL in two new lines where T-ALL does not interfere with B-ALL detection. We also demonstrate B-ALL responses to steroid and radiation treatments, which effect ALL remissions, but are usually followed by prompt relapses. Finally, we report gene expression in zebrafish B lymphocytes and B-ALL, in both bulk samples and single B- and T-ALL cells. Using these gene expression profiles, we compare differences between the two new D. rerio B-ALL models, which are both driven by transgenic mammalian MYC oncoproteins. Collectively, these new data expand the utility of this new vertebrate B-ALL model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilseung Park
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jessica Burroughs-Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Clay A Foster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ameera Hasan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chiara Borga
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - J Kimble Frazer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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138
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Cardiac regeneration as an environmental adaptation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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139
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140
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Smith KA, Mommersteeg MTM. Talkin’ ‘bout regeneration: new advances in cardiac regeneration using the zebrafish. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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141
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Chawla P, Delgadillo Silva LF, Ninov N. Insights on β-cell regeneration from the zebrafish shoal: from generation of cells to functional integration. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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142
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Pronobis MI, Poss KD. Signals for cardiomyocyte proliferation during zebrafish heart regeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 14:78-85. [PMID: 32368708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The common laboratory zebrafish can regenerate functional cardiac muscle after cataclysmic damage or loss, by activating programs that direct the division of spared cardiomyocytes. Heart regeneration is not a linear series of molecular steps and synchronized cellular progressions, but rather an imperfect, relentless process that proceeds in an advantaged competition with scarring until recovery of the lost heart function. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of signaling events that have formative roles in injury-induced cardiomyocyte proliferation in zebrafish, and we forecast advances in the field that are needed to decipher heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira I Pronobis
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham NC 27710 USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham NC 27710 USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
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143
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Wu N, Xu X, Wang B, Li XM, Cheng YY, Li M, Xia XQ, Zhang YA. Anti-foodborne enteritis effect of galantamine potentially via acetylcholine anti-inflammatory pathway in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:204-215. [PMID: 31843701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne enteritis has become a limiting factor in aquaculture. Plant protein sources have already caused enteritic inflammation and inhibition in growth performance. Attempts have been made to find an effective solution to foodborne enteritis. Based on the previously suggested fish cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, galantamine, a typical cholinesterase inhibitor, was tested for the repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines for soybean meal induced enteritis by injection into grass carp. Both the phylogenetic analysis of cholinesterase, AchR and bioinformatic prediction, indicated galantamine's potential use as an enteritis drug. The result highlighted galantamine's potential effect for anti-enteritis in fish, especially in carps. Subsequently, a 4-week feeding trail using galantamine as an additive, in a zebrafish soybean meal induced enteritis model, demonstrated the prevention of enteritis. The results demonstrated that galantamine could prevent intestinal pathology, both histologically and molecularly, and also maintain growth performance. Reflected by gene expressional analysis, all mechanical, chemical and immune functions of the intestinal barrier could be protected by galantamine supplementation, which aided molecularly in the control of fish foodborne enteritis, through down-regulating Th17 type proinflammatory factors, meanwhile resuming the level of Treg type anti-inflammatory factors. Therefore, the current results shed light on fish intestinal acetylcholine anti-inflammation, by the dietary addition of galantamine, which could give rise to protection from foodborne enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuan Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Mei Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Yin Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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144
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Campbell C, Rudensky A. Roles of Regulatory T Cells in Tissue Pathophysiology and Metabolism. Cell Metab 2020; 31:18-25. [PMID: 31607562 PMCID: PMC7657366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the X-chromosome-encoded transcription factor Foxp3 represent a specialized immunosuppressive lineage with a well-recognized, essential function in preventing fatal autoimmunity and inflammation. Recent studies revealed that Treg cells can also exert systemic effects on metabolism and partake in tissue repair, suggesting a dual role for these cells in serving and protecting tissues. Here, we review multiple means by which Treg cells support tissue function and organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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145
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Wong AY, Whited JL. Parallels between wound healing, epimorphic regeneration and solid tumors. Development 2020; 147:147/1/dev181636. [PMID: 31898582 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Striking similarities between wound healing, epimorphic regeneration and the progression of solid tumors have been uncovered by recent studies. In this Review, we discuss systemic effects of tumorigenesis that are now being appreciated in epimorphic regeneration, including genetic, cellular and metabolic heterogeneity, changes in circulating factors, and the complex roles of immune cells and immune modulation at systemic and local levels. We suggest that certain mechanisms enabling regeneration may be co-opted by cancer to promote growth at primary and metastatic sites. Finally, we advocate that working with a unified approach could complement research in both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Y Wong
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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146
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Gawriluk TR, Simkin J, Hacker CK, Kimani JM, Kiama SG, Ezenwa VO, Seifert AW. Complex Tissue Regeneration in Mammals Is Associated With Reduced Inflammatory Cytokines and an Influx of T Cells. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32849592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01695/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
While mammals tend to repair injuries, other adult vertebrates like salamanders and fish regenerate damaged tissue. One prominent hypothesis offered to explain an inability to regenerate complex tissue in mammals is a bias during healing toward strong adaptive immunity and inflammatory responses. Here we directly test this hypothesis by characterizing part of the immune response during regeneration in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus and Acomys percivali) vs. fibrotic repair in Mus musculus. By directly quantifying cytokines during tissue healing, we found that fibrotic repair was associated with a greater release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL1) during acute inflammation in the wound microenvironment. However, reducing inflammation via COX-2 inhibition was not sufficient to reduce fibrosis or induce a regenerative response, suggesting that inflammatory strength does not control how an injury heals. Although regeneration was associated with lower concentrations of many inflammatory markers, we measured a comparatively larger influx of T cells into regenerating ear tissue and detected a local increase in the T cell associated cytokines IL-12 and IL-17 during the proliferative phase of regeneration. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a strong adaptive immune response is not antagonistic to regeneration and that other mechanisms likely explain the distribution of regenerative ability in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Gawriluk
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Corin K Hacker
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John M Kimani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen G Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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147
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Cellular cross-talks in the diseased and aging heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 138:136-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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148
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Wei X, Li H, Zhang Y, Li C, Li K, Ai K, Yang J. Ca2+–Calcineurin Axis–Controlled NFAT Nuclear Translocation Is Crucial for Optimal T Cell Immunity in an Early Vertebrate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:569-585. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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149
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Deshmukh V, Wang J, Martin JF. Leading progress in heart regeneration and repair. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:79-85. [PMID: 31408771 PMCID: PMC7376987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of mortality. Myocardial infarction causes loss of cardiomyocytes in the injury area accompanied by formation of a fibrotic scar. This initiates a cascade of events including further loss of myocyte, increased fibrosis, and pathological cardiac hypertrophy, eventually leading to the heart failure. Cardiomyocytes in mammals have limited regenerative potential due to post mitotic nature of cardiomyocytes. Recently, multiple studies have provided substantial insights in to the molecular pathways governing this block in adult cardiomyocyte proliferation, and successfully employed that understanding to achieve cardiac regeneration. These strategies include directly reprograming the cardiomyocytes or manipulating the cardiac interstitium to repair the injured heart. In this review, we discuss the recent advances made in the field in the past two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Deshmukh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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150
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Iribarne M, Hyde DR, Masai I. TNFα Induces Müller Glia to Transition From Non-proliferative Gliosis to a Regenerative Response in Mutant Zebrafish Presenting Chronic Photoreceptor Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:296. [PMID: 31998714 PMCID: PMC6962764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish have the capacity to regenerate neurons in response to damage. Most zebrafish retinal injury models employ acute damage, which is unlike the chronic, gradual damage that occurs in human retinal diseases. Here, we studied the regenerative response in the zebrafish aipl1b mutant, gold rush (gosh). In gosh mutants, both cones and rods degenerate by 3 weeks post-fertilization (wpf). Müller glia do not exhibit a regenerative response by 3 wpf; however, they do present non-proliferative gliosis. Only at 5 wpf, is proliferation of Müller cells and rod precursor cells activated. Rods start to recover at 5 wpf and by 12 wpf they reach a level of recovery comparable to wild type, but cones remain absent in the adult stage. TNFα was detected in degenerating cones at 5–7 wpf and in Müller glia at 7 wpf in gosh mutants. At 5 wpf, proliferating Müller glia express Sox2, followed by Pax6 expression in neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), confirming that the neuronal regeneration program is activated in gosh mutants after 5 wpf. Although acute light-induced damage did not activate proliferation of Müller glia, TNFα injection caused Müller glia to commence a proliferative response at 3 wpf in gosh mutants. These results suggest that Müller glia transition from non-proliferative gliosis to a regenerative state in gosh mutants, and that ectopic introduction of TNFα promotes this Müller cell transition even at 3 wpf. Thus, zebrafish gosh mutants provide a useful model to investigate mechanisms underlying retinal regeneration in a chronic photoreceptor degeneration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iribarne
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Ichiro Masai
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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