Interaction of mitoxantrone with human serum albumin: Spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies

Interaction of an anticancer drug, gefitinib with human serum albumin: insights from fluorescence spectroscopy and computational modeling analysis

Binding orientation of the GEF in the binding site III, located in subdomain IB of HSA.

Effects of Particle Hydrophobicity, Surface Charge, Media pH Value and Complexation with Human Serum Albumin on Drug Release Behavior of Mitoxantrone-Loaded Pullulan Nanoparticles

We prepared two types of cholesterol hydrophobically modified pullulan nanoparticles (CHP) and carboxyethyl hydrophobically modified pullulan nanoparticles (CHCP) substituted with various degrees of cholesterol, including 3.11, 6.03, 6.91 and 3.46 per polymer, and named CHP-3.11, CHP-6.03, CHP-6.91 and CHCP-3.46. Dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) showed that the pullulan nanoparticles were 80-120 nm depending on the degree of cholesterol substitution. The mean size of CHCP nanoparticles was about 160 nm, with zeta potential -19.9 mV, larger than CHP because of the carboxyethyl group. A greater degree of cholesterol substitution conferred greater nanoparticle hydrophobicity. Drug-loading efficiency depended on nanoparticle hydrophobicity, that is, nanoparticles with the greatest degree of cholesterol substitution (6.91) showed the most drug encapsulation efficiency (90.2%). The amount of drug loading increased and that of drug release decreased with enhanced nanoparticle hydrophobicity. Nanoparticle surface-negative charge disturbed the amount of drug loading and drug release, for an opposite effect relative to nanoparticle hydrophobicity. The drug release in pullulan nanoparticles was higher pH 4.0 than pH 6.8 media. However, the changed drug release amount was not larger for negative-surface nanoparticles than CHP nanoparticles in the acid release media. Drug release of pullulan nanoparticles was further slowed with human serum albumin complexation and was little affected by nanoparticle hydrophobicity and surface negative charge.

Nanoemulsions as an effective medium for encapsulation and stabilization of cholesterol/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex

BACKGROUND

Inclusion complex formation between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and suitable guest molecules such as cholesterol (Ch) has regularly been exploited to design self-assembled structures. In the present study an effective nanoemulsion medium (lecithin/Tween 80/ethyl oleate/water) was selected for solubilizing and stabilizing Ch and Ch/β-CD inclusion complex. Phase solubility, spectroscopic, thermodynamic, Z-average diameter and morphological analyses were conducted.

RESULTS

Phase solubility data analysis demonstrated an increase in Ch solubility at low β-CD concentrations (0.01-0.35 mmol L(-1) ). Transmission electron microscopy and Z-average diameter data indicated the spherical nature of the droplets and confirmed the formation of nanoemulsions with an average size of less than 50 nm. The negative value of ΔG obtained during analysis further indicated that the binding was spontaneous in nature.

CONCLUSION

Primarily, this research demonstrates the use of nanoemulsions as a medium in food matrices, instead of water, for hosting Ch in β-CD.

Deciphering the binding patterns and conformation changes upon the bovine serum albumin-rosmarinic acid complex

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an importantly and naturally occurring polyphenol from plants of the mint family with potent biological activities. Here, the in vitro interaction of RA with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated using various biophysical approaches as well as molecular modeling methods, to ascertain its binding mechanism and conformational changes. The fluorescence results demonstrated that the fluorescence quenching of BSA by RA was mainly the result of the formation of a ground state BSA-RA complex, and BSA had one high affinity RA binding site with a binding constant of 4.18 × 10(4) mol L(-1) at 298 K. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters revealed that hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions were the dominant intermolecular force in the complex formation. The primary binding site of RA in BSA (site I) had been identified by site marker competitive experiments. The distance between RA and the tryptophan residue of BSA was evaluated at 3.12 nm based on Förster's theory of non-radiation energy transfer. The UV-vis absorption, synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra confirmed that the conformation and structure of BSA were altered in the presence of RA. Moreover, the nuclear magnetic spectroscopy showed that the aromatic groups of RA took part in the binding reaction during the BSA-RA complexation. In addition, the molecular picture of the interaction mechanism between BSA and RA at the atomic level was well examined by molecular docking and dynamics studies. In brief, RA can bind to BSA with noncovalent bonds in a relatively stable way, and these findings will be beneficial to the functional food research of RA.

Safe and symptomatic medicinal use of surface-functionalized Mn3O4 nanoparticles for hyperbilirubinemia treatment in mice

Aim: Testing the potential of citrate-capped Mn3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) as a therapeutic agent for alternative rapid treatment of hyperbilirubinemia through direct removal of bilirubin (BR) from blood in mice. Materials & methods: NPs were synthesized and the mechanism of BR degradation in presence and absence of biological macromolecules were characterized in vitro. To test the in vivo BR degradation ability of NPs, CCl4-intoxicated mice were intraperitoneally injected with NPs. Results: We demonstrated ultrahigh efficacy of the NPs in symptomatic treatment of hyperbilirubinemia for rapid reduction of BR in mice compared with conventional medicine silymarin without any toxicological implications. Conclusion: These findings may pave the way for practical clinical use of the NPs as safe medication of hyperbilirubinemia in human subjects.

Spectroscopic studies on interaction of BSA and Eu(III) complexes with H5ph-dtpa and H5dtpa ligands

An novel aromatic aminopolycarboxylic acid ligand, N-(2-N,N-Dicarboxymethylaminophenyl) ethylenediamine-N,N',N'-triacetic acid (H5ph-dtpa), was synthesized by improving experimental method and its corresponding Eu(III) complex, Na2[EuIII(ph-dtpa)(H2O)]·6H2O, was successfully prepared through heat-refluxing method. As a comparison, the Eu(III) complex with diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N',N″-pentaacetic acid (H5dtpa) ligand, Na2[Eu(III)(dtpa)(H2O)]·6H2O, was also prepared by the same method. And then, the interaction between prepared Eu(III) complexes ([EuIII(dtpa)(H2O)]2- and [EuIII(ph-dtpa)(H2O)]2-) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solution were studied by the combination of ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies. In addition, the binding sites of Eu(III) complexes ([EuIII(dtpa)(H2O)]2- and [EuIII(ph-dtpa)(H2O)]2-) to BSA molecules were also estimated by synchronous fluorescence. Moreover, the theoretical and experimental results show that the Van der Waals, hydrogen bond and π-π stacking interactions are the mainly impulse to the reaction. The binding distances (r) between Eu(III) complexes ([EuIII(dtpa)(H2O)]2- and [EuIII(ph-dtpa)(H2O)]2-) and BSA were obtained according to Förster's non-radiative energy transfer theory. Also, the determined UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that the conformation of BSA could be changed in the presence of Eu(III) complexes. The obtained results can help understand the action mode between rare earth metal complexes of aminopolycarboxylic acid ligands with BSA and they are also expected to provide important information of designs of new inspired drugs.

Spectroscopic and molecular modeling study on the separate and simultaneous bindings of alprazolam and fluoxetine hydrochloride to human serum albumin (HSA): with the aim of the drug interactions probing

The objective of the present research is to study the interaction of separate and simultaneous of alprazolam (ALP) and fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX) with human serum albumin (HSA) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) using different kinds of spectroscopic, cyclic voltammetry and molecular modeling techniques. The absorbance spectra of protein, drugs and protein-drug showed complex formation between the drugs and HSA. Fluorescence analysis demonstrated that ALP and FLX could quench the fluorescence spectrum of HSA and demonstrated the conformational change of HSA in the presence of both drugs. Also, fluorescence quenching mechanism of HSA-drug complexes both separately and simultaneously was suggested as static quenching. The analysis of UV absorption data and the fluorescence quenching of HSA in the binary and ternary systems showed that FLX decreased the binding affinity between ALP and HSA. On the contrary, ALP increased the binding affinity of FLX and HSA. The results of synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra indicated that the binding of drugs to HSA would modify the microenvironment around the Trp and Tyr residues and the conformation of HSA. The distances between Trp residue and the binding sites of the drugs were estimated according to the Förster theory, and it was demonstrated that non-radiative energy transfer from HSA to the drugs occurred with a high probability. Moreover, according to CV measurements, the decrease of peak current in the cyclic voltammogram of the both drugs in the presence of HSA revealed that they interacted with albumin and binding constants were calculated for binary systems which were in agreement with the binding constants obtained from UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The prediction of the best binding sites of ALP and FLX in binary and ternary systems in molecular modeling approach was done using of Gibbs free energy.

Spectroscopic analyses and studies on respective interaction of cyanuric acid and uric acid with bovine serum albumin and melamine

In this work, the fluorescence quenching was used to study the interaction of cyanuric acid (CYA) and uric acid (UA) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) at two different temperatures (283 K and 310 K). The bimolecular quenching constant (Kq), apparent quenching constant (Ksv), effective binding constant (KA) and corresponding dissociation constant (KD), binding site number (n) and binding distance (r) were calculated by adopting Stern-Volmer, Lineweaver-Burk, Double logarithm and overlap integral equations. The results show that CYA and UA are both able to obviously bind to BSA, but the binding strength order is BSA+CYA<BSA+UA. And then, the interactions of CYA and UA with melamine (MEL) under the same conditions were also studied by using similar methods. The results indicates that both CYA and UA can bind together closely with melamine (MEL). It is wished that these research results would facilitate the understanding the formation of kidney stones and gout in the body after ingesting excess MEL.

Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots on bovine serum albumin and bovine hemoglobin: isothermal titration calorimetry and spectroscopic investigations

The interactions of N-acetyl-L-cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine hemoglobin (BHb) were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime, ultraviolet-visible absorption, and circular dichroism techniques. Fluorescence data of BSA-QDs and BHb-QDs revealed that the quenching was static in every system. While CdTe QDs changed the microenvironment of tryptophan in BHb, the microenvironment of BSA kept unchanged. Adding CdTe QDs affected the skeleton and secondary structure of the protein (BSA and BHb). The ITC results indicated that the interaction between the protein (BSA and BHb) and QDs-612 was spontaneous and the predominant force was hydrophobic interaction. In addition, the binding constants were determined to be 1.19 × 10(5) L mol(-1) (BSA-QDs) and 2.19 × 10(5) L mol(-1) (BHb-QDs) at 298 K. From these results, we conclude that CdTe QDs have a larger impact on the structure of BHb than BSA.

Spectroscopic investigation on sonodynamic and sonocatalytic damage of BSA molecules by Thymol Blue (TB) derivants under ultrasonic irradiation

In this paper, the Thymol Blue derivants including Thymol Blue (thymolsulfonphthalein), Thymol Blue-DA (3,3'-Bis [N,N-bis (carboxymethyl) aminomethyl] thymolsulfonphthalein) and Thymol Blue-DA-Fe(III) (3,3'-Bis [N,N-bis (carboxymethyl) aminomethyl] thymolsulfonphthalein-Ferrous(III)) were adopted as sonosensitizers to study the sonodynamic and sonocatalytic activities under ultrasonic irradiation. At first, the interaction of Thymol Blue derivants with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. On that basis, the sonodynamic and sonocatalytic damages of Thymol Blue derivants to BSA under ultrasonic irradiation were investigated by the combination of UV-vis, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Meanwhile, some influenced factors (ultrasonic irradiation time, Thymol Blue derivants concentration and ionic strength) on the damaging degree of BSA molecules were also reviewed. In addition, synchronous fluorescence spectra were used to estimate the binding and damage sites of Thymol Blue derivants to BSA. Finally, the generation of ROS during sonodynamic and sonocatalytic processes was confirmed by the method of Oxidation-Extraction Spectrometry (OEP). Perhaps, this paper may offer some important subjects for the study of Thymol Blue derivants in sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and sonocatalytic therapy (SCT) technologies for tumor treatment and the effect of the amino acid and central metal.

Enhanced bio-hydrogen production from protein wastewater by altering protein structure and amino acids acidification type

Enhanced bio-hydrogen production from protein wastewater by altering protein structure and amino acids acidification type via pH control was investigated. The hydrogen production reached 205.2 mL/g-protein when protein wastewater was pretreated at pH 12 and then fermented at pH 10. The mechanism studies showed that pH 12 pretreatment significantly enhanced protein bio-hydrolysis during the subsequent fermentation stage as it caused the unfolding of protein, damaged the protein hydrogen bonding networks, and destroyed the disulfide bridges, which increased the susceptibility of protein to protease. Moreover, pH 10 fermentation produced more acetic but less propionic acid during the anaerobic fermentation of amino acids, which was consistent with the theory of fermentation type affecting hydrogen production. Further analyses of the critical enzymes, genes, and microorganisms indicated that the activity and abundance of hydrogen producing bacteria in the pH 10 fermentation reactor were greater than those in the control.

Detection of interaction between lysionotin and bovine serum albumin using spectroscopic techniques combined with molecular modeling

A combination of fluorescence, UV-Vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and molecular modeling approaches were employed to determine the interaction between lysionotin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) at physiological pH. The fluorescence titration suggested that the fluorescence quenching of BSA by lysionotin was a static procedure. The binding constant at 298 K was in the order of 10(5) L mol(-1), indicating that a high affinity existed between lysionotin and BSA. The thermodynamic parameters obtained at different temperatures (292, 298, 304 and 310 K) showed that the binding process was primarily driven by hydrogen bond and van der Waals forces, as the values of the enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) were found to be -40.81 ± 0.08 kJ mol(-1) and -35.93 ± 0.27 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively. The surface hydrophobicity of BSA increased upon interaction with lysionotin. The site markers competitive experiments revealed that the binding site of lysionotin was in the sub-domain IIA (site I) of BSA. Furthermore, the molecular docking results corroborated the binding site and clarified the specific binding mode. The results of UV-Vis absorption, CD and FT-IR spectra demonstrated that the secondary structure of BSA was altered in the presence of lysionotin.

Binding of the veterinary drug tetracycline to bovine hemoglobin and toxicological implications

Tetracycline (TC) is a widely used veterinary drug in animal breeding and fishery. Because of its low bioavailability, the TC residue extensively exists in the environment (e.g. soils, lakes and rivers), which can enter the human body, being potentially harmful. Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein responsible for oxygen carrying in the vascular system of animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of bovine hemoglobin (BHb) with TC through spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods. The experimental results revealed that TC can interact with BHb with one binding site to form a TC-BHb complex, mainly through van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds. The UV-visible absorption, synchronous fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) results revealed that the binding of TC can cause conformational and some microenvironmental changes of BHb, which may affect BHb physiological functions. The synchronous fluorescence experiment disclosed that TC binds into BHb central cavity, which was verified by molecular modeling study. The work contributes to clarify the molecular mechanism of TC toxicity in vivo.

Interactions of the aquated forms of ruthenium(iii) anticancer drugs with protein: a detailed molecular docking and QM/MM investigation

The interaction of monoaqua and diaqua ruthenium complexes which are formed after intracellular aquation of their respective complexes with human serum albumin (HSA) has been computationally investigated by molecular docking and two layer QM/MM hybrid methods.

α-Glucosidase inhibition by luteolin: kinetics, interaction and molecular docking

α-Glucosidase is a critical associated enzyme with type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Inhibition of α-glucosidase is important due to the potential effect of down regulating glucose absorption in patients. In this study, the inhibitory activity of flavone luteolin on α-glucosidase and their interaction mechanism were investigated by multispectroscopic methods along with molecular docking technique. It was found that luteolin reversibly inhibited α-glucosidase in a noncompetitive manner with an IC50 value of (1.72 ± 0.05) × 10(-4) mol L(-1), and the inhibition followed a multi-phase kinetic process with a first-order reaction. Luteolin had a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of α-glucosidase through a static quenching procedure. The positive values of enthalpy and entropy change suggested that the binding of luteolin to α-glucosidase was driven mainly by hydrophobic interactions, and the binding distance was estimated to be 4.56 nm. Analysis of synchronous fluorescence, circular dichroism, and Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrated that the binding of luteolin to α-glucosidase induced rearrangement and conformational changes of the enzyme. Moreover, the results obtained from molecular docking indicated that luteolin had a high affinity close to the active site pocket of α-glucosidase and indirectly inhibited the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

Altering protein conformation to improve fermentative hydrogen production from protein wastewater

One important reason for low hydrogen production from protein wastewater is due to the native folded conformation of protein. In this study the enhancement of bio-hydrogen production from protein wastewater by altering protein conformation via pretreatment was reported. Firstly, the effect of different pretreatment methods (acid, alkali, heat, and ultraviolet) on hydrogen production from synthetic protein wastewater was compared. The hydrogen production from the ultraviolet pretreated wastewater was 111.3 mL/g-protein, which was 3.79-, 3.73-, 3.54-, and 1.36-fold of that from the unpretreated (blank), acid, alkali, and heat pretreated wastewater, respectively. Then, the reasons for ultraviolet pretreatment showing significantly higher hydrogen production than other pretreatments were investigated. It was found that all pretreatments did not cause the cleavage of peptide bond, but the ultraviolet one caused much greater damage of hydrogen bonding networks and unfolding of protein. Thus, during anaerobic fermentation much higher protease activity and protein utilization were observed, which resulted in the bio-hydrogen production being remarkably improved. Further studies indicated that the photo-oxidization of aromatic residues in protein was not the reason for ultraviolet pretreatment remarkably improving bio-hydrogen production. Finally, the application of ultraviolet pretreatment to enhance hydrogen production from real protein wastewater was testified.

Study on the interaction between a water-soluble dinuclear nickel complex and bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic techniques

The interaction of a water-soluble dinuclear nickel(II) complex, [Ni2(EGTB)(CH3CN)4](ClO4)4·4H2O (EGTB = ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-benzimidazoyl)) (1), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated under physiological conditions using fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD). The experimental results suggested that the nickel(II) complex could bind to BSA with binding constant (K) ~ 10(4) M(-1) and quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA through a static quenching mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°, calculated at different temperatures, indicated that the binding reaction was spontaneous and electrostatic interactions played a major role in this association. Based on the number of binding sites, it was considered that one molecule of complex 1 could bind to a single site or two sites of the BSA molecule or the two binding modes coexisted. In view of the results of site marker competition experiments, the reactive sites of BSA to complex 1 mainly located in subdomain IIA (site I) and subdomain IIIA (site II) of BSA. Moreover, the binding distance, r, between donor (BSA) and acceptor (complex 1) was 5.13 nm according to Förster nonradiation energy transfer theory. Finally, as shown by the UV-vis absorption, synchronous fluorescence and CD, complex 1 could induce conformation and microenvironmental changes of BSA. The results obtained herein will be of biological significance in toxicology investigation and anticancer metallodrug design.

Molecular interaction of PCB153 to human serum albumin: insights from spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) possessed much potential hazard to environment because of its chemical stability and biological toxicity. Here, we identified the binding mode of a representative compound, PCB153, to human serum albumin (HSA) using fluorescence and molecular dynamics simulation methods. The fluorescence study showed that the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA was quenched by addition of PCB153 through a static quenching mechanism. The thermodynamic analysis proved the binding behavior was mainly governed by hydrophobic force. Furthermore, as evidenced by site marker displacement experiments using two probe compounds, it revealed that PCB153 acted exactly on subdomain IIIA (site II) of HSA. On the other hand, the molecular dynamics studies as well as free energy calculations made another important contribution to understand the conformational changes of HSA and the stability of HSA-PCB153 system. Molecular docking revealed PCB153 can bind in a large hydrophobic activity of subdomain IIIA by the hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond interactions between chlorine atoms and residue ASN391. The present work provided reasonable models helping us further understand the transporting, distribution and toxicity effect of PCBs when it spread into human blood serum.

Investigation on potential enzyme toxicity of clenbuterol to trypsin

Clenbuterol (CLB) is a kind of β2-adrenergic agonists which was illegally used as feed additives nowadays. The toxic interaction of CLB with trypsin, an important digestive enzyme, was studied in vitro using multi-spectroscopic methods and molecular modeling methods. CLB was proved to bind with trypsin in S1 pocket, forming a complex driven by the dominant force of H-bond. The binding constant was calculated to be 1.79887×10(5) L mol(-1) at 289 K and 0.32584×10(5) L mol(-1) at 310 K, respectively. The skeleton of trypsin became loosened and unfolded with the amino residues microenvironment changed. The secondary and tertiary structure of trypsin also varied. Molecular modeling studies illustrated specific display of the binding information and explained most of the experiment phenomena. The binding site of CLB induced the fluorescence quenching as well as inhibition of enzyme activity of trypsin. The study confirmed that CLB had potential toxicity on both the structure and function of trypsin and the effects enhanced with the increasing concentration of CLB.

Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of BSA and 5-spiro-3'-piperidine-2″-spiro-3″-indole-4',2″-diones

The interaction of 5-spiro-3'-piperidine-2″-spiro-3″-indole-4',2″-diones (SPSDs), an anti-tumor drug, to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solution has been investigated by fluorescence spectra and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra at pH 7.40. We have studied the effect of four substituents on the SPSD for the first time. The results of fluorescence titration indicated that SPSD can quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA and the quenching mechanism has been analyzed. The binding sites number (n), the binding constant (K(A)) and the spatial-distance (r) of SPSD with BSA without or with substituents on the benzene ring at 302 and 310 K have been calculated. The results show that the presence of the substituents increased the binding constant and changed the binding distance between the acceptor and the donor, which possibly results from the formation of SPSD-BSA complex. We have investigated the possible sub-domain on BSA where bind SPSD by displacement experiments. The effect of SPSD on the conformation of BSA has also been analyzed using synchronous fluorescence under experimental conditions.

Fluorescence spectroscopic analysis on interaction of fleroxacin with pepsin

The interaction between fleroxacin (FLX) and pepsin was investigated by spectrofluorimetry. The effects of FLX on pepsin showed that the microenvironment of tryptophan residues and molecular conformation of pepsin were changed based on fluorescence quenching and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. Static quenching was suggested and it was proved that the fluorescence quenching of pepsin by FLX was related to the formation of a new complex and a non-radiation energy transfer. The quenching constants KSV , binding constants K and binding sites n were calculated at different temperatures. The molecular interaction distance (r = 6.71) and energy transfer efficiency (E = 0.216) between pepsin and FLX were obtained according to the Forster mechanism of non-radiation energy transfer. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction played a major role in FLX-pepsin association. In addition, the hydrophobic interaction and binding free energy were further tested by molecular modeling study.

Effect of pullulan nanoparticle surface charges on HSA complexation and drug release behavior of HSA-bound nanoparticles

Nanoparticle (NP) compositions such as hydrophobicity and surface charge are vital to determine the presence and amount of human serum albumin (HSA) binding. The HSA binding influences drug release, biocompatibility, biodistribution, and intercellular trafficking of nanoparticles (NPs). Here, we prepared 2 kinds of nanomaterials to investigate HSA binding and evaluated drug release of HSA-bound NPs. Polysaccharides (pullulan) carboxyethylated to provide ionic derivatives were then conjugated to cholesterol groups to obtain cholesterol-modified carboxyethyl pullulan (CHCP). Cholesterol-modified pullulan (CHP) conjugate was synthesized with a similar degree of substitution of cholesterol moiety to CHCP. CHCP formed self-aggregated NPs in aqueous solution with a spherical structure and zeta potential of -19.9 ± 0.23 mV, in contrast to -1.21 ± 0.12 mV of CHP NPs. NPs could quench albumin fluorescence intensity with maximum emission intensity gradually decreasing up to a plateau at 9 to 12 h. Binding constants were 1.12 × 10(5) M(-1) and 0.70 × 10(5) M(-1) to CHP and CHCP, respectively, as determined by Stern-Volmer analysis. The complexation between HSA and NPs was a gradual process driven by hydrophobic force and inhibited by NP surface charge and shell-core structure. HSA conformation was altered by NPs with reduction of α-helical content, depending on interaction time and particle surface charges. These NPs could represent a sustained release carrier for mitoxantrone in vitro, and the bound HSA assisted in enhancing sustained drug release.

Spectral characterization of the binding and conformational changes of serum albumins upon interaction with an anticancer drug, anastrozole

The present study employed different optical spectroscopic techniques viz., fluorescence, FTIR, circular dichroism (CD) and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy to investigate the mechanism of interaction of an anticancer drug, anastrozole (AZ) with transport proteins viz., bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA). The drug, AZ quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of protein and the analysis of results revealed the presence of dynamic quenching mechanism. The binding characteristics of drug-protein were computed. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) were calculated to be +92.99 kJ/mol and +159.18 J/mol/K for AZ-BSA and, +99.43 kJ/mol and +159.19 J/mol/K for AZ-HSA, respectively. These results indicated that the hydrophobic forces stabilized the interaction between the drug and protein. CD, FTIR, absorption, synchronous and 3D fluorescence results indicated that the binding of AZ to protein induced structural perturbation in both serum albumins. The distance, r between the drug and protein was calculated based on the theory of Förster's resonance energy transfer and found to be 5.9 and 6.24 nm, respectively for AZ-BSA and AZ-HSA.

Probing the binding of the flavonoid diosmetin to human serum albumin by multispectroscopic techniques

The binding mechanism of molecular interaction between diosmetin and human serum albumin (HSA) in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and various spectroscopic techniques including fluorescence, resonance light scattering (RLS), UV-vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Fluorescence data revealed that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by diosmetin was a static quenching procedure. The binding constants and number of binding sites were evaluated at different temperatures. The RLS spectra and AFM images showed that the dimension of the individual HSA molecules were larger after interaction with diosmetin. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated to be -24.56 kJ mol(-1) and 14.67 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively, suggesting that the binding of diosmtin to HSA was driven mainly by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The displacement studies and denaturation experiments in the presence of urea indicated site I as the main binding site for diosmetin on HSA. The binding distance between diosmetin and HSA was determined to be 3.54 nm based on the Förster theory. Analysis of CD and FT-IR spectra demonstrated that HSA conformation was slightly altered in the presence of diosmetin.

Use of spectroscopic, zeta potential and molecular dynamic techniques to study the interaction between human holo-transferrin and two antagonist drugs: comparison of binary and ternary systems

For the first time, the binding of ropinirole hydrochloride (ROP) and aspirin (ASA) to human holo-transferrin (hTf) has been investigated by spectroscopic approaches (fluorescence quenching, synchronous fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence, UV-vis absorption, circular dichroism, resonance light scattering), as well as zeta potential and molecular modeling techniques, under simulated physiological conditions. Fluorescence analysis was used to estimate the effect of the ROP and ASA drugs on the fluorescence of hTf as well as to define the binding and quenching properties of binary and ternary complexes. The synchronized fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra demonstrated some micro-environmental and conformational changes around the Trp and Tyr residues with a faint red shift. Thermodynamic analysis displayed the van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds interactions are the major acting forces in stabilizing the complexes. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence data revealed that the fluorescence quenching of complexes are static mechanism. The effect of the drugs aggregating on the hTf resulted in an enhancement of the resonance light scattering (RLS) intensity. The average binding distance between were computed according to the forster non-radiation energy transfer theory. The circular dichroism (CD) spectral examinations indicated that the binding of the drugs induced a conformational change of hTf. Measurements of the zeta potential indicated that the combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between ROP, ASA and hTf formed micelle-like clusters. The molecular modeling confirmed the experimental results. This study is expected to provide important insight into the interaction of hTf with ROP and ASA to use in various toxicological and therapeutic processes.

Spectrometry researches on interaction and sonodynamic damage of riboflavin (RF) to bovine serum albumin (BSA)

In this paper, the riboflavin (RF) was used to study the interaction and sonodynamic damage to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the RF could efficiently bind to BSA in aqueous solution. Under ultrasonic irradiation, the RF could obviously damage the BSA. In addition, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the RF showed more accessible to tryptophan (Trp) residues than to tyrosine (Tyr) residues. Also, it damaged Trp residues more seriously than Tyr residues under ultrasonic irradiation. At last, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sonodynamic process was estimated by the method of Oxidation-Extraction Spectrometry (OES). And then, several radical scavengers were used to determine the kind of ROS. It was found that at least the singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) and hydroxyl radicals (*OH) were generated.

Interaction between phillygenin and human serum albumin based on spectroscopic and molecular docking

In this paper, the interaction of human serum albumin (HSA) with phillygenin was investigated by fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), UV-vis spectroscopic and molecular docking methods under physiological conditions. The Stern-Volmer analysis indicated that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by phillygenin resulted from static mechanism, and the binding constants were 1.71×10(5), 1.61×10(5) and 1.47×10(4) at 300, 305 and 310K, respectively. The results of UV-vis spectra show that the secondary structure of the protein has been changed in the presence of phillygenin. The CD spectra showed that HSA conformation was altered by phillygenin with a major reduction of α-helix and an increase in β-sheet and random coil structures, indicating a partial protein unfolding. The distance between donor (HSA) and acceptor (phillygenin) was calculated to be 3.52nm and the results of synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that binding of phillygenin to HSA can induce conformational changes in HSA. Molecular docking experiments found that phillygenin binds with HSA at IIIA domain of hydrophobic pocket with hydrogen bond interactions. The ionic bonds were formed with the O (4), O (5) and O (6) of phillygenin with nitrogen of ASN109, ARG186 and LEU115, respectively. The hydrogen bonds are formed between O (2) of phillygenin and SER419. In the presence of copper (II), iron (III) and alcohol, the apparent association constant K(A) and the number of binding sites of phillygenin on HSA were both decreased in the range of 88.84-91.97% and 16.09-18.85%, respectively. In view of the evidence presented, it is expected to enrich our knowledge of the interaction dynamics of phillygenin to the important plasma protein HSA, and it is also expected to provide important information of designs of new inspired drugs.

Binding of tetracycline and chlortetracycline to the enzyme trypsin: spectroscopic and molecular modeling investigations

Tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) are common members of the widely used veterinary drug tetracyclines, the residue of which in the environment can enter human body, being potentially harmful. In this study, we establish a new strategy to probe the binding modes of TC and CTC with trypsin based on spectroscopic and computational modeling methods. Both TC and CTC can interact with trypsin with one binding site to form trypsin-TC (CTC) complex, mainly through van der Waals' interactions and hydrogen bonds with the affinity order: TC>CTC. The bound TC (CTC) can result in inhibition of trypsin activity with the inhibition order: CTC>TC. The secondary structure and the microenvironment of the tryptophan residues of trypsin were also changed. However, the effect of CTC on the secondary structure content of trypsin was contrary to that of TC. Both the molecular docking study and the trypsin activity experiment revealed that TC bound into S1 binding pocket, competitively inhibiting the enzyme activity, and CTC was a non-competitive inhibitor which bound to a non-active site of trypsin, different from TC due to the Cl atom on the benzene ring of CTC which hinders CTC entering into the S1 binding pocket. CTC does not hinder the binding of the enzyme substrate, but the CTC-trypsin-substrate ternary complex can not further decompose into the product. The work provides basic data for clarifying the binding mechanisms of TC (CTC) with trypsin and can help to comprehensively understanding of the enzyme toxicity of different members of tetracyclines in vivo.

Synthesis and interaction studies of benzimidazole derivative with human serum albumin

A benzimidazole derivative, 1-(2-picolyl)-3-(2-picolyl) benzimidazole iodide (PPB), was synthesized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible, three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence (SF) and fluorescence spectroscopic methods were used to determine the PPB binding mode and the effects of PPB on protein stability and secondary structure. Fluorescence results revealed the presence of static type of quenching mechanism in the binding of PPB to human serum albumin (HSA). The binding constants between PPB and HSA were obtained according to Scatchard equation. The number of binding sites, the binding constants and the thermodynamic parameters were measured. The results showed a spontaneous binding of PPB to HSA through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. In addition, the distance between PPB and the Trp 214 was estimated via employing the Förster's non-radiative energy transfer theory, and was found to be 3.49 nm, which indicated that PPB can bind to HSA with high probability. Site marker competitive experiments indicated that the binding of PPB to HSA primarily took place in subdomain IIA.