101
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Geisler R, Dargel C, Hellweg T. The Biosurfactant β-Aescin: A Review on the Physico-Chemical Properties and Its Interaction with Lipid Model Membranes and Langmuir Monolayers. Molecules 2019; 25:E117. [PMID: 31892278 PMCID: PMC6983251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses recent progress in physicochemical understanding of the action of the saponin β -aescin (also called β -escin), the biologically active component in the seeds of the horse chestnut tree Aesculus hippocastanum. β -Aescin is used in pharmacological and cosmetic applications showing strong surface activity. In this review, we outline the most important findings describing the behavior of β -aescin in solution (e.g., critical micelle concentration ( c m c ) and micelle shape) and special physicochemical properties of adsorbed β -aescin monolayers at the air-water and oil-water interface. Such monolayers were found to posses very special viscoelastic properties. The presentation of the experimental findings is complemented by discussing recent molecular dynamics simulations. These simulations do not only quantify the predominant interactions in adsorbed monolayers but also highlight the different behavior of neutral and ionized β -aescin molecules. The review concludes on the interaction of β -aescin with phospholipid model membranes in the form of bilayers and Langmuir monolayers. The interaction of β -aescin with lipid bilayers was found to strongly depend on its c m c . At concentrations below the c m c , membrane parameters are modified whereas above the c m c , complete solubilization of the bilayers occurs, depending on lipid phase state and concentration. In the presence of gel-phase phospholipids, discoidal bicelles form; these are tunable in size by composition. The phase behavior of β -aescin with lipid membranes can also be modified by addition of other molecules such as cholesterol or drug molecules. The lipid phase state also determines the penetration rate of β -aescin molecules into lipid monolayers. The strongest interaction was always found in the presence of gel-phase phospholipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsia Geisler
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (R.G.); (C.D.)
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carina Dargel
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (R.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (R.G.); (C.D.)
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102
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Kiełbasa A, Krakowska-Sieprawska A, Kowalkowski T, Rafińska K, Buszewski B. Distribution of sapogenins in morphological Medicago sativa L. parts: Comparison of various extraction techniques. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:671-680. [PMID: 31670460 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Saponins in plant extracts were indirectly determined by estimation of the content of sapogenins. The first step of determination is extraction with high efficiency. One conventional extraction technique (maceration) and two modern ones (accelerated solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction) were compared. Methanol and ethanol were used as solvents or co-solvents. The results were supported by statistical analysis. Saponins were extracted from leaves, roots, and sprouts of Medicago sativa. Acid hydrolysis, purification, and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector were used. The content of sapogenins was the highest in the roots. Smaller amounts of sapogenins were found in sprouts and the smallest ones in leaves. The main ingredient was medicagenic acid with mean concentration of 621.8 µg/g in roots, 456.7 µg/g in sprouts, and 471.3 µg/g in leaf extract. The highest content of sapogenins in extract was obtained after maceration with methanol; however, this method is nonselective in relation to biologically active compounds. Due to the possibility of using the obtained extracts with sapogenins in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry, the selection of extraction techniques and solvents is a very important aspect. Additionally, the chosen technique should be considered eco-friendly and consistent with the assumptions of "green chemistry."
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiełbasa
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Aneta Krakowska-Sieprawska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalkowski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
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103
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León-Roque N, Aguilar-Tuesta S, Quispe-Neyra J, Mamani-Navarro W, Alfaro-Cruz S, Condezo-Hoyos L. A green analytical assay for the quantitation of the total saponins in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) based on macro lens-coupled smartphone. Talanta 2019; 204:576-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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104
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Supramolecular Carotenoid Complexes of Enhanced Solubility and Stability-The Way of Bioavailability Improvement. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213947. [PMID: 31683692 PMCID: PMC6864715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural dyes and antioxidants widely used in food processing and in therapeutic formulations. However, their practical application is restricted by their high sensitivity to external factors such as heat, light, oxygen, metal ions and processing conditions, as well as by extremely low water solubility. Various approaches have been developed to overcome these problems. In particular, it was demonstrated that application of supramolecular complexes of “host-guest” type with water-soluble nanoparticles allows minimizing the abovementioned disadvantages. From this point of view, nanoencapsulation of carotenoids is an effective strategy to improve their stability during storage and food processing. Also, nanoencapsulation enhances bioavailability of carotenoids via modulating their release kinetics from the delivery system, influencing the solubility and absorption. In the present paper, we present the state of the art of carotenoid nanoencapsulation and summarize the data obtained during last five years on preparation, analysis and reactivity of carotenoids encapsulated into various nanoparticles. The possible mechanisms of carotenoids bioavailability enhancement by multifunctional delivery systems are also discussed.
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105
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Wu X, Jia L, Wu J, Liu Y, Kang H, Liu X, Li P, He P, Tu Y, Li B. Simultaneous Determination and Quantification of Triterpene Saponins from Camellia sinensis Seeds Using UPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS/MS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203794. [PMID: 31652500 PMCID: PMC6832586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins in the Camellia sinensis seeds have a broad spectrum of biological properties and application potentials. However, up to now, no chromatographic methods have been developed to provide full fingerprinting and quality assurance for these saponins. This research aimed to develop a novel method to tentatively identify and quantify saponins in C. sinensis seeds by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo-diode array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS/MS), and compare it with the classic vanillin-sulfuric acid assay. Fifty-one triterpene saponins, including six potentially new compounds, were simultaneously detected by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS, and their chemical structures were speculated according to the retention behavior and fragmentation pattern. The total saponin content in the crude extract and the purified saponin fraction of C. sinensis seeds were quantified to be 19.57 ± 0.05% (wt %) and 41.68 ± 0.09% (wt %) respectively by UPLC-PDA at 210 nm, while the corresponding values were determined to be 43.11 ± 3.17% (wt %) and 56.60 ± 5.79% (wt %) respectively by the vanillin-sulfuric acid assay. The developed UPLC-PDA -MS/MS method could determine specified saponins, and is more reliable for quantifying the C. sinensis seed saponins than the classic spectrophotometric method. It is of great significance for the future investigations and applications of these saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lingyan Jia
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jiafan Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yawen Liu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hyunuk Kang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Puming He
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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106
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Lozano MG, de Oliveira Sartori AG, Markowicz Bastos DH, Bismara Regitano-d'Arce MA. Selected nutrients and antinutrients in peanut cultivars harvested in Brazil. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5334-5340. [PMID: 31038220 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are more than 30 peanut cultivars registered in Brazil. However, there are no published data about the content of nutrients and antinutrients even in the most commercially important ones. Therefore, our objective was to characterize commercial peanut cultivars harvested in Brazil by determining proximate and fatty acid composition and content of selected minerals and phytates, saponins and condensed tannins. RESULTS Significant variations were found among the cultivars for almost all studied nutrients, except Mg. Granoleico and IAC 505 were identified as high oleic. Results were compared with data from the Brazilian Food Composition Table (TACO) and, for this, percentage differences (D%) were calculated. Appreciable D% were found for proteins, lipids, ash, dietary fiber, almost all fatty acids (except 20:0) and almost all studied minerals (except zinc). Moreover, remarkable variations in content of antinutrients were observed. IAC Red Tatu had the highest content of saponins; IAC OL3 and IAC 886 had the highest amounts of phytates; and IAC 886 had the highest amounts of condensed tannins. CONCLUSION Results confirm the relevance of differentiating cultivars in the market and in national food composition tables and databases. Furthermore, some of these cultivars may be indicated for new use trends. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gonçalves Lozano
- Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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107
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Manzoor MF, Ahmad N, Ahmed Z, Siddique R, Zeng XA, Rahaman A, Muhammad Aadil R, Wahab A. Novel extraction techniques and pharmaceutical activities of luteolin and its derivatives. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12974. [PMID: 31489656 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin is a 3', 4', 5, 7 tetra hydroxyl flavonoid that exits in many plants, fruits, and vegetable. Many methods of extraction, isolation, and purification are being used, and therapeutic properties are being under discussion due to its valuable role in nutrition and human health. In this review, we have summarized conventional and novel extraction techniques from most recent research on luteolin, its derivatives, and its biological activities. Maceration, soxhlet, reflux, hydrodistillation, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound microwave-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and high-speed counter-current chromatography extraction techniques are being used for isolation and purification of these phytochemicals. The anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, antiviral, heart protective, neurological impairments protection, anti-aging, and whiting properties have been discussed in this review. The literature suggests luteolin and its derivative has many promising health benefits and its therapeutic activity is strongly associated with isolating and purifying solvents and extraction techniques. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This review aims to highlight the sources, novel extraction techniques, and pharmaceutical properties of luteolin. This review provides enough knowledge about how to get maximum extraction yield of luteolin using the novel extraction techniques. Because its therapeutic activity is strongly associated with isolating and purifying solvents and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Rabia Siddique
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahab
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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108
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Ba Vinh L, Jang HJ, Viet Phong N, Dan G, Won Cho K, Ho Kim Y, Young Yang S. Bioactive triterpene glycosides from the fruit of Stauntonia hexaphylla and insights into the molecular mechanism of its inflammatory effects. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2085-2089. [PMID: 31301930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromatography of the ethanol extract of the medicinal fruit Stauntonia hexaphylla resulted in the purification of 26 compounds (1-26), including two undescribed triterpene saponins 1 and 2 (hexaphylosides A and B). Their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic data, including IR, HR QTOF MS, 1H, 13C NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and TOCSY, and HPLC sugar analysis after acid hydrolysis. The anti-inflammatory effects of the high-purity constituents (1-26) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells were investigated by screening nitric oxide production. The NO inhibitory activity of compounds 6 and 10 with the IC50 values of 1.33 and 1.10 µM, respectively. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the isolated compounds were also analyzed. Furthermore, compounds 6 and 10 inhibited the protein expression inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 via Western blotting analysis. This showed that compounds 6 and 10 contributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of S. hexaphylla fruit, which could be developed as a natural nutraceutical and functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ba Vinh
- Natural Products Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Medicinal Materials, Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Viet Phong
- Department of Marine Medicinal Materials, Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Gao Dan
- Natural Products Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Won Cho
- Chong Kun Dang Healthcare Corporation, 47, Beodeunaru-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo Young Yang
- Natural Products Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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109
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Peng L, Ye Q, Liu X, Liu S, Meng X. Optimization of aqueous enzymatic method for Camellia sinensis oil extraction and reuse of enzymes in the process. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:716-722. [PMID: 31208799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous enzymatic extraction of Camellia sinensis oil was studied. The results suggested that saponin removal pretreatment assisted by ultrasound was effective in decreasing emulsification and in enhancing the free oil recovery. After 70% isopropanol extraction for 30 min under ultrasound, the residue of C. sinensis seeds was further hydrolyzed with free cellulase and Alcalase for 5 h, and calcium ions were concurrently added during enzymatic hydrolysis (nCa2+: nsaponin = 1:2), and free oil recovery up to 94.14% was obtained. Separate immobilization and co-immobilization of Alcalase and cellulase were performed by alginate entrapment combined with glutaraldehyde crosslinking. Specific activity and recovery of activity for Alcalase and cellulase were acceptable. After immobilization, Alcalase and cellulase exhibited higher activity at a wider pH and temperature range. Reuse experiments of immobilized enzymes were conducted. The deactivation kinetics immobilized enzymes were simulated and half-life of immobilized enzyme was estimated. The results indicated that a magnetic supporter facilitated the recovery of immobilized enzymes from tea seed slurry, and that immobilized Alcalase and cellulase had good reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Qin Ye
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Shulai Liu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xianghe Meng
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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110
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Foamy matters: an update on Quillaja saponins and their use as immunoadjuvants. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1485-1499. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoadjuvant Quillaja spp. tree saponins stimulate both cellular and humoral responses, significantly widening vaccine target pathogen spectra. Host toxicity of specific saponins, fractions and extracts may be rather low and further reduced using lipid-based delivery systems. Saponins contain a hydrophobic central aglycone decorated with several sugar residues, posing a challenge for viable chemical synthesis. These, however, may provide simpler analogs. Saponin chemistry affords characteristic interactions with cell membranes, which are essential for its mechanism of action. Natural sources include Quillaja saponaria barks and, more recently, Quillaja brasiliensis leaves. Sustainable large-scale supply can use young plants grown in clonal gardens and elicitation treatments. Quillaja genomic studies will most likely buttress future synthetic biology-based saponin production efforts.
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111
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Self-Assembly of the Bio-Surfactant Aescin in Solution: A Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Fluorescence Study. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the temperature-dependent micelle formation as well as the micellar structure of the saponin aescin. The critical micelle concentration ( c m c ) of aescin is determined from the concentration-dependent autofluorescence (AF) of aescin. Values between c m c aescin , AF (10 ∘ C) = 0.38 ± 0.09 mM and c m c aescin , AF (50 ∘ C) = 0.32 ± 0.13 mM were obtained. The significance of this method is verified by tensiometry measurements. The value determined from this method is within the experimental error identical with values obtained from autofluorescence ( c m c aescin , T ( WP ) (23 ∘ C) = 0.33 ± 0.02 mM). The structure of the aescin micelles was investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at 10 and 40 ∘ C. At low temperature, the aescin micelles are rod-like, whereas at high temperature the structure is ellipsoidal. The radii of gyration were determined to ≈31 Å (rods) and ≈21 Å (ellipsoid). The rod-like shape of the aescin micelles at low temperature was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All investigations were performed at a constant pH of 7.4, because the acidic aescin has the ability to lower the pH value in aqueous solution.
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112
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Ribeiro PVDM, Andrade PA, Hermsdorff HHM, Dos Santos CA, Cotta RMM, Estanislau JDASG, Campos AADO, Rosa CDOB. Dietary non-nutrients in the prevention of non-communicable diseases: Potentially related mechanisms. Nutrition 2019; 66:22-28. [PMID: 31200299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the 10 leading causes of death in developed countries are chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The effect of these multifactorial diseases on public health has stimulated considerable research aimed at investigating their primary risk factors (genetic factors, stress, food intake, and amount of physical exercise). Thus, healthful foods (e.g., fruits, vegetables, oils, grains, and seeds) are sources of bioactive compounds that promote good health and disease prevention. Among their components are non-caloric substances identified as non-nutrients (polyphenols, phytosterols, saponins, and phytates), which have been found to have a role in modulating metabolic pathways, maintaining health, and preventing NCDs. The aim of this study is to demonstrate and review the performance of some non-nutrients, such as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, modulation of the antiatherogenic lipid profile (higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lower oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and triacylglycerols), reduction of glucose and fat intestinal absorption, increase in insulin sensitivity, and stimulation of nitic oxide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Amaro Andrade
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Aline Aparecida de Oliveira Campos
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará (Unifesspa)
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113
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Zheng S, Wang Y, Liu H, Chang W, Xu Y, Lin F. Prediction of Hemolytic Toxicity for Saponins by Machine-Learning Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1014-1026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suqing Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P. R. China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Genetic Screening Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Center of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Fu Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P. R. China
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114
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Reichert CL, Salminen H, Weiss J. Quillaja Saponin Characteristics and Functional Properties. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:43-73. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-122010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Consumer concerns about synthetically derived food additives have increased current research efforts to find naturally occurring alternatives. This review focuses on a group of natural surfactants, the Quillaja saponins, that can be extracted from the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree. Quillaja saponins are triterpenoid saponins comprising a hydrophobic quillaic acid backbone and hydrophilic sugar moieties. Commercially available Quillaja saponin products and their composition and properties are described, and the technofunctionality of Quillaja saponins in a variety of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical product applications is discussed. These applications make use of the biological and interfacial activities of Quillaja saponins and their ability to form and stabilize colloidal structures such as emulsions, foams, crystallized lipid particles, heteroaggregates, and micelles. Further emphasis is given to the complexation and functional properties of Quillaja saponins with other cosurfactants to create mixed surfactant systems, an approach that has the potential to facilitate new interfacial structures and novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina L. Reichert
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hanna Salminen
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel KH, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Gundert-Remy U, Husøy T, Mennes W, Oskarsson A, Shah R, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Boon P, Lambré C, Tobback P, Wright M, Rincon AM, Smeraldi C, Tard A, Moldeus P. Re-evaluation of Quillaia extract (E 999) as a food additive and safety of the proposed extension of use. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05622. [PMID: 32626248 PMCID: PMC7009130 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion on Quillaia extract (E 999) when used as a food additive and the evaluation of the safety of its proposed extension of use as a food additive in flavourings. The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1978 established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0-5 mg spray-dried extract/kg body weight (bw) per day for E 999. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established in its latest evaluation a group ADI of 0-1 mg/kg bw per day, expressed as quillaia saponins, for Quillaia extract for Type 1 and Type 2. The Panel considered it likely that intact Quillaia extract saponins are absorbed to a low extent, are hydrolysed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and that the aglycone is absorbed only to a limited extent. The Panel considered that the genotoxicity data available did not indicate a concern for genotoxicity. Taking into account the available toxicological database, various no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) relevant for the derivation of an ADI were identified. The Panel considered that the 2-year study in rats was the most robust and that the NOAEL of 1,500 mg Quillaia extract/kg bw per day could be used to derive the ADI for E 999. Considering that the adverse effects reported were due to the presence of saponins in the extract, that saponins were present in Quillaia extract Type 1 (around 20%) and using an uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel derived a ADI of 3 mg saponins/kg bw per day for E 999. None of the exposure estimates for the different population groups of the refined brand-loyal scenario exceeded the ADI of 3 mg saponins/kg bw per day. The proposed extension of use also would not result in an exceedance of this ADI for the refined scenario. The Panel proposed some recommendations for the European Commission to consider, in particular revising the EU specifications for E 999 in order to differentiate the extracts of Quillaia according to the saponins content and to include other parameters to better characterise the food additive.
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116
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Comparison of natural and synthetic surfactants at forming and stabilizing nanoemulsions: Tea saponin, Quillaja saponin, and Tween 80. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Pericarps and an Evaluation of Their Inhibitory Activity on Xanthine Oxidase. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5204534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was applied to separate saponins from Sapindus mukorossi pericarps. The most important factors of the six extraction parameters were selected using Plackett–Burman designs; therefore, the further extraction procedure was optimized using the Box–Behnken designs; meanwhile, the optimum processing parameters and well-pleasing saponins extraction rate were inferred. The final operation conditions were the ethanol concentration of 40%, soaking time of 3 h, particle size of 80–100 meshes, extraction time of 13 min, solvent-solid ratio of 19 mL/g, and microwave power of 425 W. Based on the optimal extraction parameters, the extraction rate of the saponins by means of MAE technique reached 280.55 ± 6.81 mg/g, which exceeds yields acquired using conventional manners. Saponins from S. mukorossi have obvious xanthine oxidase inhibitory properties in vitro compared with allopurinol. The saponins displayed a type of competitive inhibition of xanthine oxidase. In conclusion, a MAE technique in association with a response surface design provides an efficient extraction tactics, which could sufficiently isolate saponins from S. mukorossi pericarps; further, this technique could be applied to the dissociation of other bioactive substances from plant sources. In addition, the saponins may be a promising alternative to conventional medicine to treat gout and other inflammation-associated disorders to mitigate the side effects of traditional drugs.
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Margier M, Georgé S, Hafnaoui N, Remond D, Nowicki M, Du Chaffaut L, Amiot MJ, Reboul E. Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Content of Legumes: Characterization of Pulses Frequently Consumed in France and Effect of the Cooking Method. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111668. [PMID: 30400385 PMCID: PMC6266829 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulses display nutritional benefits and are recommended in sustainable diets. Indeed, they are rich in proteins and fibers, and can contain variable amounts of micronutrients. However, pulses also contain bioactive compounds such as phytates, saponins, or polyphenols/tannins that can exhibit ambivalent nutritional properties depending on their amount in the diet. We characterized the nutritional composition and bioactive compound content of five types of prepared pulses frequently consumed in France (kidney beans, white beans, chickpeas, brown and green lentils, flageolets), and specifically compared the effects of household cooking vs. canning on the composition of pulses that can be consumed one way or the other. The contents in macro-, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds highly varied from one pulse to another (i.e., 6.9 to 9.7 g/100 g of cooked product for proteins, 4.6 to 818.9 µg/100 g for lutein or 15.0 to 284.3 mg/100 g for polyphenols). The preparation method was a key factor governing pulse final nutritional composition in hydrophilic compounds, depending on pulse species. Canning led to a greater decrease in proteins, total dietary fibers, magnesium or phytate contents compared to household cooking (i.e., −30%, −44%, −33% and −38%, p < 0.05, respectively, in kidney beans). As canned pulses are easy to use for consumers, additional research is needed to improve their transformation process to further optimize their nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Margier
- C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Stéphane Georgé
- Biochemistry Department, Centre Technique de Conservation des Produits Agricoles (CTCPA), site Agroparc, 84911 Avignon, France.
| | - Noureddine Hafnaoui
- UNH, INRA, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Didier Remond
- UNH, INRA, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Marion Nowicki
- C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Marie-Josèphe Amiot
- MOISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France.
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Ngo YL, Lau CH, Chua LS. Review on rosmarinic acid extraction, fractionation and its anti-diabetic potential. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:687-700. [PMID: 30273632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid is a bioactive phytochemical that can be found in many herbs as ethnomedicines. It possesses remarkable pharmacological activities, and thus leading to its exploration as a therapeutic drug in diabetes treatment recently. This article reviews the extraction and fractionation techniques for plant-based natural rosmarinic acid and its anti-diabetic potential based on literature data published in journals, books, and patents from 1958 to 2017. Factors affecting the performance of rosmarinic acid extraction and fractionation such as operating temperature, time, solvent to sample ratio and eluent system are compiled and discussed in detail. The inhibitory action of rosmarinic acid against sugar digestive enzymes, and protective action towards pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and glucolipotoxicity mediated oxidative stress are also critically reviewed. The optimal parameters are largely dependent on the applied extraction and fractionation techniques, as well as the nature of plant samples. Previous studies have proven the potent role of rosmarinic acid to control plasma glucose level and increase insulin sensitivity in hyperglycemia. Although rosmarinic acid is readily absorbed by human body, its mechanism after consumption is remained unclear. Intensive studies should be well planned to determine the dosage and toxicity level of rosmarinic acid for efficacy and safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lei Ngo
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Cher Haan Lau
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Lee Suan Chua
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
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120
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Saponin Bitterness Reduction of Carica papaya Leaf Extracts through Adsorption of Weakly Basic Ion Exchange Resins. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/5602729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carica papaya that belongs to Caricaceae family has long been known as a traditional medicine for dengue fever, as well as for anticancer and antiinflammatory studies following identification of beneficial phytochemicals such as saponins in the leaves. Unfortunately, the compound has been known to induce a bitter taste in the leaf extract for human consumption, making them unpopular and nonconsumer friendly. Thus, this study aims to observe the potential adsorption of saponin compound from C. papaya leaves using ion exchange resins as an adsorbent for the reduction of bitter-taste-inducing saponins. This study uses three types of weakly basic ion exchanging resins, namely, Amberlite IRA-67, Diaion WA30, and Diaion WA21J, at different adsorbent doses of 5% (w/v) and 10% (w/v). The Peleg model suggests that the extraction of saponins from C. papaya leaves lasted for 12.50 hours yield a maximum amount of saponins, 9.31 mg/g. Further study shows that there is a significant difference (p<0.05) of saponin adsorption percentage between these three types of resins. The Diaion WA30 resin showed the highest percentage of adsorption at 87.83% (w/w) as compared to the other two 5% (w/v) loaded resin. The 10% (w/v) resin-loaded Diaion WA30 demonstrated the highest overall adsorption capacity as much as 97.59% (w/w) with the shortest exhaustive time of 4.99 hours. The overall acceptance of samples in sensory evaluation treated with ion exchange resins gave good response in which the sample treated with 10% (w/v) resin-loaded Diaion WA30 demonstrated the highest overall acceptance in parallel with having the lowest bitterness score as compared to other samples and fresh samples (untreated). The Langmuir constant (RL) was less than one (0.167–0.398), indicating the adsorption of saponins onto Diaion WA30 was favourable.
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121
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Le AV, Huynh TT, Parks SE, Nguyen MH, Roach PD. Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac ( Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E104. [PMID: 30231502 PMCID: PMC6164636 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds have long been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for numerous conditions due to a range of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the solvent extraction of compounds that could be responsible for antioxidant activity and anticancer potential. Methods: Defatted Gac seed kernel powder was extracted with different solvents: 100% water, 50% methanol:water, 70% ethanol:water, water saturated butanol, 100% methanol, and 100% ethanol. Trypsin inhibitors, saponins, phenolics, and antioxidant activity using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; and anticancer potential against two melanoma cancer cell lines (MM418C1 and D24) were analysed to determine the best extraction solvents. Results: Water was best for extracting trypsin inhibitors (581.4 ± 18.5 mg trypsin/mg) and reducing the viability of MM418C1 and D24 melanoma cells (75.5 ± 1.3 and 66.9 ± 2.2%, respectively); the anticancer potential against the MM418C1 cells was highly correlated with trypsin inhibitors (r = 0.92, p < 0.05), but there was no correlation between anticancer potential and antioxidant activity. The water saturated butanol had the highest saponins (71.8 ± 4.31 mg aescin equivalents/g), phenolic compounds (20.4 ± 0.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), and antioxidant activity, but these measures were not related to anticancer potential. Conclusions: Water yielded a Gac seed extract, rich in trypsin inhibitors, which had high anticancer potential against two melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh V Le
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Faculty of Bio-Food Technology and Environment, University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Tien T Huynh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Sophie E Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Paul D Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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122
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Abstract
The colorimetric assay used for saponin quantification in plant extracts is subject to interference by common solvents used to extract the saponins from plant materials. Therefore, the degree of interference of ten common solvents was investigated. It was found that the presence of acetone, methanol and n-butanol in the reaction solution caused an intense darkening of the reaction solution in the absence of saponins, which likely could lead to erroneous saponin content values. Using aescin to construct standard curves with different solvents—such as water, ethanol, and methanol— also showed significant differences in the standard curves obtained, which led to different values when they were applied to quantify the saponin content of an ethanol extract from dried and powdered Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seed kernels. To improve the method, a solvent evaporation step was added prior to the colorisation reaction to prevent undesired solvent interference during the reaction step. Using this modified protocol for the aescin standard curve and the Gac seed kernel extract eliminated any solvent interference. Thus, this improved protocol is recommended for the quantification of the saponin content of plant extracts irrespective of which extraction solvent is used.
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123
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da Silva CGF, Cassel E, Vargas RMF, Marczak LDF. Selective extraction of saponins from Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil. unripe fruits. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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124
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Butkevičiūtė A, Liaudanskas M, Kviklys D, Zymonė K, Raudonis R, Viškelis J, Uselis N, Janulis V. Detection and analysis of triterpenic compounds in apple extracts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1506478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurita Butkevičiūtė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Liaudanskas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Darius Kviklys
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Zymonė
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Raimondas Raudonis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Viškelis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Norbertas Uselis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Valdimaras Janulis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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125
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Qiu J, Wu D, Qiu M, Xie W, Tan Q. Co-expression of protease and pectinase in Bacillus subtilis using the herbal saponin extract as substrate. Int Microbiol 2018; 21:223-229. [PMID: 30810900 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-0019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study armed to determine the expression of protease and pectinase in Bacillus subtilis using the herbal saponin extract as the fermentation substrates and then characterize the fermentation broths. The saponin concentration in the crude extract from four herbs reached to 25% under the extraction conditions of 60 °C, with a pH 9 for 3 h at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:18. In direct fermentation of Bacillus subtilis in the saponin extract, the maximum activities of protease and pectinase in the cell supernatant reached 3984 and 227 U/ml, respectively. Correspondingly, when 5% glucose was added to this extract for the fermentation, the two maximum activities were up to 2451 and 1390 U/ml, respectively. When characterization of the two abovementioned fermentation broths was carried out, it was observed that the luminousness values were increased to 26.9 and 39.2% from 9.7% of the initial value after 32 h of fermentation, respectively, and there was no significant change in the saponin concentration during the fermentation processes. The evaluation values of washing performance were remarkably improved by 8.2 and 21.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Qiu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpei Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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126
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Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine a suitable solvent and extraction technique for recovery of important compounds, namely, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, and phenolics. The antioxidant capacity and total solids of derived extracts were also measured. Water with conventional extraction method gave the highest value of trypsin inhibitor activity (118.45 ± 4.90 mg trypsin g−1) while water-saturated n-butanol and methanol extracts were characterized by their highest content of saponins (40.75 ± 0.31 and 38.80 ± 2.82 mg AE g−1, respectively). Aqueous extract with microwave assistance achieved the highest phenolics (3.18 ± 0.04 mg GAE g−1). As a measure of antioxidant capacity, the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay gave highest value to the aqueous microwave extract (23.56 ± 0.82 μmol TE g−1) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay gave highest values to water-saturated n-butanol and 70% ethanol extracts (5.25 ± 0.04 and 4.71 ± 0.39 μmol TE g−1, respectively). The total solids value was highest using water with microwave assistance (141.5 g kg−1) while ultrasound treatment did not improve any extractions. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are suitably recovered using water while water-saturated n-butanol or methanol is for saponins, both using a conventional method. Microwave extraction is suitable for phenolics recovery. These conditions are recommended for an efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from defatted Gac seeds.
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127
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Bezerra KGO, Rufino RD, Luna JM, Sarubbo LA. Saponins and microbial biosurfactants: Potential raw materials for the formulation of cosmetics. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1482-1493. [PMID: 30051974 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cosmetic industry is currently one of the fasting growing sections of the economy in many countries. The recent tendency toward the use of cosmetics of a natural origin has driven the industry to seek alternatives to synthetic components in the formulation of products. Biosurfactants are natural compounds that have considerable potential for application in the formulation of safe, effective cosmetics as a replacement for commonly used chemical tensioactive agents. The present review provides essential information on the physicochemical and biological properties of saponins and microbial biosurfactants employed in cosmetic products, with a focus on the use of these natural compounds in shampoos, addressing the current state of research and patents involving biosurfactants for this purpose. The challenges and prospects of this cosmetic application are also discussed. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1482-1493, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Káren Gercyane O Bezerra
- Northeastern Network of Biotechnology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 52171-900, Brazil.,Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50070-280, Brazil.,Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50050-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel D Rufino
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50070-280, Brazil.,Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50050-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Luna
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50070-280, Brazil.,Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50050-900, Brazil
| | - Leonie A Sarubbo
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50070-280, Brazil.,Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50050-900, Brazil
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128
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Le AV, Parks SE, Nguyen MH, Roach PD. Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac ( Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030070. [PMID: 29970816 PMCID: PMC6165236 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain saponins that are reportedly medicinal. It was hypothesised that the extraction of saponins from powdered Gac seed kernels could be optimised using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with ethanol as the extraction solvent. The aim was to determine an appropriate ethanol concentration, ratio of solvent to seed powder and microwave power and time for extraction. Whether or not defatting the Gac seed powder had an impact on the extraction of saponins, was also determined. Methods: Ethanol concentrations ranged from 60–100% were used to compare total saponins content (TSC) extracted from full-fat and defatted Gac seeds. Ratios of solvent to Gac seeds ranged from 10 to 100 mL g−1 and microwave conditions ranged from 1–4 cycles at power levels ranged from 360–720 W, were examined successively to evaluate their efficiency in extracting saponins from full-fat Gac seeds. Results: A four-fold higher of TSC was obtained in extracts from full-fat Gac seed powder than from defatted powder (100 vs. 26 mg aescin equivalents (AE) per gram of Gac seeds). The optimal parameters for the extraction of saponins were a ratio of 30 mL of 100% absolute ethanol per g of full-fat Gac seed powder with the microwave set at 360 W for three irradiation cycles of 10 s power ON and 15 s power OFF per cycle. Conclusions: Gac seed saponins could be efficiently extracted using MAE. Full-fat powder of the seed kernels is recommended to be used for a better yield of saponins. The optimised MAE conditions are recommended for the extraction of enriched saponins from Gac seeds for potential application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh V Le
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Faculty of Bio-Food Technology and Environment, University of Technology (HUTECH), HCMC 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Sophie E Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Paul D Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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129
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Navarro Del Hierro J, Herrera T, García-Risco MR, Fornari T, Reglero G, Martin D. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and bioaccessibility of saponins from edible seeds: quinoa, lentil, fenugreek, soybean and lupin. Food Res Int 2018; 109:440-447. [PMID: 29803470 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The efficient production of saponin-rich extracts is of increasing interest due to the bioactive properties that have being demonstrated for these compounds. However, saponins have a poor bioavailability. In this respect, the knowledge about the bioaccessibility of saponins as a first step before bioavailability has been scarcely explored. In this study, the production of ultrasound-assisted extracts of saponins from edible seeds (quinoa, soybean, red lentil, fenugreek and lupin) was carried out with ethanol, ethanol:water or water. Extraction yield, total saponin (TSC), fat and total phenolics content (TPC) were determined. Then, the bioaccessibility of saponins after the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the extracts was determined and the effect of TPC and fat in the extracts on bioaccessibility was evaluated. The highest saponin-rich extracts were obtained by ethanol, being fenugreek and red lentil the richest extracts (12% and 10%, respectively). Saponins from ethanol:water extracts displayed variable bioaccessibility (from 13% for fenugreek to 83% for lentil), but a bioaccessibility closer to 100% was reached for all ethanol extracts. Correlation studies showed that TPC of the extracts negatively affected the bioaccessibility of saponins, whereas fat of the extracts enhanced this parameter. As summary, ultrasound-assisted extraction is shown as an efficient method for obtaining saponin-rich extracts from edible seeds, being ethanol the most advantageous solvent due to the richness of saponins and the successful bioaccessibility from these extracts, likely caused by the co-extracted fat with ethanol. Regardless of the extracts, phenolic compounds or fat may hinder or enhance the bioaccessibility of saponins, respectively. Additionally, an adequate balance between saponins to lipids has shown to be relevant on such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Navarro Del Hierro
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Herrera
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica R García-Risco
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Imdea-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Martin
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Rocha e Silva NMP, Meira HM, Almeida FCG, Soares da Silva RDCF, Almeida DG, Luna JM, Rufino RD, Santos VA, Sarubbo LA. Natural Surfactants and Their Applications for Heavy Oil Removal in Industry. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2018.1474477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Maria P. Rocha e Silva
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Hugo M. Meira
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Carolina G. Almeida
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia F. Soares da Silva
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Darne G. Almeida
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana M. Luna
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raquel D. Rufino
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Valdemir A. Santos
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Leonie A. Sarubbo
- Advanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centre for Sciences and Technology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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131
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Jiang X, Hansen HCB, Strobel BW, Cedergreen N. What is the aquatic toxicity of saponin-rich plant extracts used as biopesticides? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:416-424. [PMID: 29414366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Saponin-rich extracts from Quillaja saponaria and Chenopodium quinoa have been registered by US EPA as active ingredients in biopesticides, and extract from tea seed powder, Camellia oleifera has been proposed for biocidal use. If saponin-rich biopesticides are efficient against pests, they are most likely also bioactive in the aquatic environment against non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to conduct an effect assessment of saponin-rich plant extracts by using species sensitivity distributions based on acute toxicity tests. The maximal concentrations protecting 95% of the aquatic species (HC5) of saponins extracted from quillaja bark, tea seed coat and quinoa seed coat were 2.91 ± 1.00, 0.22 ± 0.11 and 22.9 ± 5.84 mg/L, respectively. The 100-fold difference in toxicity between the saponin-rich extracts from different plant species, indicate that saponin toxicity depends on the species it origins from, making "read-across" between saponins a dubious exercise. In addition, the predicted environmental concentrations of different saponins are close to or higher than their water quality standard, which means that the extracts might pose a risk to the aquatic environment if not used cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Jiang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Hans Chr Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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132
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Guo N, Tong T, Ren N, Tu Y, Li B. Saponins from seeds of Genus Camellia: Phytochemistry and bioactivity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:42-55. [PMID: 29459215 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Camellia seeds have been traditionally used as oil raw materials in Asia, and are known for a wide spectrum of applications. Oleanane-type triterpene saponins are the major specialised metabolites in Camellia seeds, and more than seventy saponins have been isolated and characterized. These natural compounds have caught much attention due to their various biological and pharmacological activities, including modulation of gastrointestinal system, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-microorganism, antioxidation, neuroprotection, hypolipidemic effects, foaming and detergence, as well as helping the accumulation of pollutants by plants. These compounds have a promising application in medicine, agriculture, industry and environmental protection. The present paper summarized the information from current publications on Camellia seed saponins, with a focus on the advances made in chemical structures, determination methods, bioactivities and toxicity. We hope this article will stimulate further investigations on these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tuantuan Tong
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ning Ren
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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133
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Yuan C, Li Y, Li Q, Jin R, Ren L. Purification of Tea Saponins and Evaluation of its Effect on Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:56-63. [PMID: 33817068 PMCID: PMC7874680 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea saponins, extracted from a Camellia oleifera cake, were found to have a potent effect on de-alcoholic activity. To obtain highly pure tea saponins, which can better maintain the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), this paper presents an extraction method for tea saponins using deionized water as the extraction agent and a two-stage precipitation method, including ethanol precipitation and CaO precipitation. The optimum conditions for ethanol precipitation were 95% alcohol, a duration of 1.5h and a solid/liquid ratio of 1:4; while the optimum conditions for CaO precipitation were a duration of 2h and an NH4HCO3/CaO ratio of 2:1. Under the optimum conditions, the content of saponins was 87.58%. The results showed that the greater the amount of tea saponins and the higher its purity, the more significant its activating effect on ADH. When the purity of tea saponins was above 75%, it activated ADH. It indicated that the de-alcoholic mechanism of tea saponins is associated with the activity of ADH. Furthermore, the study characterized the structure of tea saponins by UV absorption and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxun Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process (Hefei University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P.R, China
| | - Yan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process (Hefei University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P.R, China
| | - Qingchuan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process (Hefei University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P.R, China
| | - Risheng Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process (Hefei University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P.R, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process (Hefei University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P.R, China
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134
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Ligor M, Ratiu IA, Kiełbasa A, Al-Suod H, Buszewski B. Extraction approaches used for the determination of biologically active compounds (cyclitols, polyphenols and saponins) isolated from plant material. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1860-1874. [PMID: 29603754 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on the bioactive properties of certain compounds, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, an interesting subject of research are natural substances present in various parts of plants. The choice of the most appropriate method for separation and quantification of biologically active compounds from plants and natural products is a crucial step of any analytical procedure. The aim of this review article is to present an overview of a comprehensive literature study from the last 10 years (2007-2017), where relevant articles exposed the latest trends and the most appropriate methods applicable for separation and quantification of biologically active compounds from plant material and natural products. Consequently, various extraction methods have been discussed, together with the available procedures for purification and pre-concentration and dedicated methods used for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Anna Kiełbasa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Hossam Al-Suod
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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135
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Tzima K, Brunton NP, Rai DK. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Polyphenols in Lamiaceae Plants-A Review. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7020025. [PMID: 29587434 PMCID: PMC6027318 DOI: 10.3390/plants7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lamiaceae species are promising potential sources of natural antioxidants, owing to their high polyphenol content. In addition, increasing scientific and epidemiological evidence have associated consumption of foods rich in polyphenols with health benefits such as decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases mediated through anti-inflammatory effects. The complex and diverse nature of polyphenols and the huge variation in their levels in commonly consumed herbs make their analysis challenging. Innovative robust analytical tools are constantly developing to meet these challenges. In this review, we present advances in the state of the art for the identification and quantification of polyphenols in Lamiaceae species. Novel chromatographic techniques that have been employed in the past decades are discussed, ranging from ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography to hyphenated spectroscopic methods, whereas performance characteristics such as selectivity and specificity are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Tzima
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland.
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04V1W8, Ireland.
| | - Nigel P Brunton
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04V1W8, Ireland.
| | - Dilip K Rai
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland.
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136
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Singh D, Chaudhuri PK. Structural characteristics, bioavailability and cardioprotective potential of saponins. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:33-43. [PMID: 29629289 PMCID: PMC5884006 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death, accounting about 31% deaths globally in 2012. The major risk factors causing cardiovascular diseases are coronary atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The dominating cause of cardiovascular diseases is accredited to our modern lifestyle and diet. Medicinal plants have been used for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases from centuries. The in built chirality and chemical space of natural products have been playing an important role in providing leads and templates for pharmacophore synthesis. This review highlights one of the important naturally occurring class saponins and their role in cardioprotection along with structural characteristics and pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, Ca2+ ion regulation, antiapoptotic, antiatherosclerosis, antihyperlipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, angiogenic, vasodilatory, and hypotensive. The characteristic cholesterol lowering, hemolytic, and anticoagulant properties of the saponins prompted us to select as one of the natural products class for cardioprotection. This review covers the most updated information on saponins related to their cardioprotective effects, mechanism of action, bioavailability, and structure activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP-CSIR), Lucknow, India
| | - Prabir Kumar Chaudhuri
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP-CSIR), Lucknow, India
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137
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Liu C, Qu YH, Guo PT, Xu CC, Ma Y, Luo HL. Effects of dietary supplementation with alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) saponins on lamb growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and plasma parameters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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138
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Ngamwonglumlert L, Devahastin S, Chiewchan N. Natural colorants: Pigment stability and extraction yield enhancement via utilization of appropriate pretreatment and extraction methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3243-3259. [PMID: 26517806 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural colorants from plant-based materials have gained increasing popularity due to health consciousness of consumers. Among the many steps involved in the production of natural colorants, pigment extraction is one of the most important. Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and hydrodistillation are conventional methods that have been widely used in industry and laboratory for such a purpose. Recently, various non-conventional methods, such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed-electric field extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction have emerged as alternatives to conventional methods due to the advantages of the former in terms of smaller solvent consumption, shorter extraction time, and more environment-friendliness. Prior to the extraction step, pretreatment of plant materials to enhance the stability of natural pigments is another important step that must be carefully taken care of. In this paper, a comprehensive review of appropriate pretreatment and extraction methods for chlorophylls, carotenoids, betalains, and anthocyanins, which are major classes of plant pigments, is provided by using pigment stability and extraction yield as assessment criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxsika Ngamwonglumlert
- a Advanced Food Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi , Tungkru , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Sakamon Devahastin
- a Advanced Food Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi , Tungkru , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Naphaporn Chiewchan
- a Advanced Food Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi , Tungkru , Bangkok , Thailand
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139
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Araldi RP, Dos Santos MO, Barbon FF, Manjerona BA, Meirelles BR, de Oliva Neto P, da Silva PI, Dos Santos L, Camargo ICC, de Souza EB. Analysis of antioxidant, cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of Agave sisalana Perrine extracts using Vero cells, human lymphocytes and mice polychromatic erythrocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:873-885. [PMID: 29571258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazilian Northeast is the world's largest producer of Agave sisalana Perrine for the supply of the sisal fiber. About 95% of plant biomass, which comprise the mucilage and sisal juice, is considered a waste residual is discarded in the soil. However, the sisal juice is rich in steroidal saponins, which exhibits different pharmacological properties. Despite this, natural products are not necessarily safe. Based on this, this study analyzed the antioxidant, cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of three extracts derived from acid hydrolysis (AHAS), dried precipitate (DPAS) and hexanic of A. sisalana (HAS). These analyses were performed by in vitro and in vivo methods, using Vero cells, human lymphocytes and mice. Results showed that AHAS 50 and 100 can be considered a useful antineoplastic candidate due to their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, with no genotoxic/clastogenic potential in Vero cells and mice. Although the comet assay in human lymphocytes has showed that the AHAS 25, AHAS 50 and AHAS 100 can lead to DNA breaks, these extracts did not promote DNA damages in mice bone marrow. Considering the different mutagenic responses obtained with the different methods employed, this study suggest that the metabolizing pathways can produce by-products harmful to health. For this reason, it is mandatory to analyze the mutagenic potential by both in vitro and in vivo techniques, using cells derived from different species and origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Biotechnology Interunit Post-Graduation Program, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maristela Oliveira Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Faria Barbon
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Manjerona
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rosa Meirelles
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Oliva Neto
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ismael da Silva
- Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS/CEPID), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Cherici Camargo
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Edislane Barreiros de Souza
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP, Brazil.
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140
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Müller LE, Schiedeck G. Physical properties of botanical surfactants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1133-1137. [PMID: 28847133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some vegetal species have saponins in their composition with great potential to be used as natural surfactants in organic crops. This work aims to evaluate some surfactants physical properties of Quillaja brasiliensis and Agave angustifolia, based on different methods of preparation and concentration. The vegetal samples were prepared by drying and grinding, frozen and after chopped or used fresh and chopped. The neutral bar soap was used as a positive control. The drying and grinding of samples were the preparation method that resulted in higher foam column height in both species but Q. brasiliensis was superior to A. angustifolia in all comparisons and foam index was 2756 and 1017 respectively. Critical micelle concentration of Q. brasiliensis was 0.39% with the superficial tension of 54.40mNm-1 while neutral bar soap was 0.15% with 34.96mNm-1. Aspects such as genetic characteristics of the species, environmental conditions, and analytical methods make it difficult to compare the results with other studies, but Q. brasiliensis powder has potential to be explored as a natural surfactant in organic farming. Not only the surfactants physical properties of botanical saponins should be taken into account but also its effect on insects and diseases control when decided using them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Schiedeck
- Estação Experimental Cascata, Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, Brazil.
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141
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Singh B, Kaur A. Control of insect pests in crop plants and stored food grains using plant saponins: A review. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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142
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Akbari S, Abdurahman NH, Yunus RM, Fayaz F, Alara OR. Biosurfactants—a new frontier for social and environmental safety: a mini review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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143
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144
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Samal K, Das C, Mohanty K. Application of saponin biosurfactant and its recovery in the MEUF process for removal of methyl violet from wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 203:8-16. [PMID: 28778007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of saponin, a biosurfactant, in the micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) process was tested systematically for removal of methyl violet from wastewater. For this, the aqueous extract of reetha (Sapindus mukorossi) pericarp which contains saponin was used as the biosurfactant. First, the micellar solubilization of methyl violet in saponin micelles was investigated in terms of molar solubilization power (SP) of saponin. It was observed that the adsorption of methyl violet on the agglomerates of saponin micelles was mainly responsible for the enhanced solubilization. The Gibbs free energy of solubilization (calculated as -29.63 kJ mol-1) suggested that process was feasible and spontaneous. The MEUF experiments were performed in batch as well as continuous mode using saponin biosurfactant, and the effect of operating parameters on permeate flux and solute retention were evaluated. The removal of methyl violet in MEUF process was >99% achieved with 10 kDa polyethersulfone (PES) membrane for feed dye concentration of 250 mg L-1 at studied conditions. Finally, the saponin in permeate was recovered using n-heptane and n-butanol by solvent extraction process. The solvent n-butanol showed better extraction efficiency as compared to n-heptane for saponin extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulbhushan Samal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Chandan Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India.
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145
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Yan Z, Su M, Pan W, Su W, Wang Y. A simple method for extraction and purification of pedunculoside from the dried barks of Ilex rotunda and its inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase in vitro. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1375954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zenghao Yan
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Su
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Pan
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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146
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Yu JH, Wang Y, Sun J, Bian F, Chen G, Zhang Y, Bi YP, Wu YJ. Antioxidant activity of alcohol aqueous extracts of Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017. [DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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147
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Nguyen VT, Bowyer MC, Van Altena IA, Scarlett CJ. Microwave-assisted extraction as an advanced technique for optimization of saponin yield and antioxidant potential from Phyllanthus amarus. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1374972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Tang Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
| | - Michael C. Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian A. Van Altena
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
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148
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Konishi N, Shirahata T, Yokoyama M, Katsumi T, Ito Y, Hirata N, Nishino T, Makino K, Sato N, Nagai T, Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Kaji E, Kobayashi Y. Synthesis of Bisdesmosidic Oleanolic Acid Saponins via a Glycosylation-Deprotection Sequence under Continuous Microfluidic/Batch Conditions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6703-6719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naruki Konishi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirahata
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masaki Yokoyama
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsumi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nozomu Hirata
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishino
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuishi Makino
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kiyohara
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Haruki Yamada
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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149
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Böttcher S, Drusch S. Saponins - Self-assembly and behavior at aqueous interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 243:105-113. [PMID: 28285779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are interfacially active ingredients in plants consisting of a hydrophobic aglycone structure with hydrophilic sugar residues. Variations in aglycone structure as well as type and amount of sugar residues occur depending on the botanical origin. Saponins are a heterogeneous and broad class of natural substances and therefore the relationship between molecular structure and interfacial properties is complex and, yet, not completely understood. A wide range of research focused either on structural elucidation of saponins or interfacial properties. This review combines recent knowledge on structural features with interfacial properties and draws conclusions on how saponin structure affects interfacial properties. Fundamental understanding on interfacial configuration of individual saponin molecules at the interface distinctly increased. It was shown that interfacial configuration may differ depending on botanical origin and thus structure of the saponins. The formation of strong viscoelastic interfacial films by some saponins was attributed to hydrogen bonds between neighboring sugar residues. Few studies analyzed the relationship between botanical origin and interfacial rheology and derived main conclusions on important structural features. Saponins with a triterpenoid structure are most likely to form viscoelastic films, which result in stable foams and emulsions. The aglycone subtype may also affect interfacial properties as triterpenoid saponins of oleanane type formed most stable interfacial networks. But for more reliable conclusions more saponins from other aglycone subtypes (dammarane, ursolic) have to be analyzed. To-date only extracts from Quillaja saponaria Molina are approved for food products and many studies focused on these extracts. From experiments on interfacial rheology a reasonable model for supramolecular structure of Quillaja saponins was developed. It was further shown that Quillaja saponins may form micelles loaded with hydrophobic substances, nano-emulsions and stable foams. In combination proteins an increase in interfacial film stability may be observed but also negative phenomena like aggregation of oil droplets in emulsions may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Böttcher
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology and Food Material Science, Königin-Luise-Str.22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Drusch
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology and Food Material Science, Königin-Luise-Str.22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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150
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Alcázar M, Kind T, Gschaedler A, Silveria M, Arrizon J, Fiehn O, Vallejo A, Higuera I, Lugo E. Effect of steroidal saponins from Agave on the polysaccharide cell wall composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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