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Nilsson PM, Magnusson M. Metabolomic signatures in atherosclerotic disease: what is the potential use? Hypertens Res 2016; 39:576-7. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Deveaux A, Fouillet H, Petzke KJ, Hermier D, André E, Bunouf P, Lantoine-Adam F, Benamouzig R, Mathé V, Huneau JF, Mariotti F. A Slow- Compared with a Fast-Release Form of Oral Arginine Increases Its Utilization for Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Overweight Adults with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in a Randomized Controlled Study. J Nutr 2016; 146:1322-9. [PMID: 27281799 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral l-arginine supplements can have a beneficial effect on nitric oxide (NO)-related functions when subjects have cardiovascular disease risk factors. OBJECTIVE The study was designed to determine the utilization for NO synthesis of oral l-arginine as a function of the cardiometabolic risk and the speed of absorption by comparing immediate-release arginine (IR-Arg), as in supplements, and sustained-release arginine (SR-Arg), which mimics the slow release of dietary arginine. METHODS In a randomized, single-blind, 2-period crossover, controlled trial (1 wk of treatment, >2 wk of washout), using [(15)N-(15)N-(guanidino)]-arginine for the first morning dose, we compared the bioavailability (secondary outcome) and utilization for NO synthesis (primary outcome) of 1.5 g IR- and SR-Arg 3 times/d in 12 healthy overweight [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 25-30] adults with the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype [HTW; plasma triglycerides (TGs): >150 mg/dL; waist circumference: >94 cm (men) or >80 cm (women)] and 15 healthy control adults (CON; BMI: 18.5-25; no elevated TGs and waist circumference). RESULTS Plasma oral arginine areas under the curve were lower after supplementation with SR-Arg than with IR-Arg (112 ± 52.3 and 142 ± 50.8 μmol ⋅ h/L; P < 0.01). The utilization of oral arginine for NO synthesis was 58% higher in HTW subjects than in CON subjects and higher with SR-Arg than with IR-Arg (P < 0.05 both), particularly in HTW subjects (group-by-treatment interaction, P < 0.05). In HTW subjects administered the SR form, utilization for NO synthesis was 32% higher than with the IR form and 87% higher than in CON subjects who were administered the SR form. CONCLUSION In overweight adults with the HTW phenotype, a slow- compared with a fast-release form of oral arginine markedly favors the utilization of arginine for NO synthesis. The utilization of low-dose, slow-release arginine for NO synthesis is higher in overweight adults with the HTW phenotype than in healthy controls, suggesting that the sensitivity of NO synthesis to the dietary arginine supply increases with cardiometabolic risk. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02352740.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Deveaux
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Fouillet
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Klaus J Petzke
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; and
| | - Dominique Hermier
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Etienne André
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Pierre Bunouf
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Robert Benamouzig
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Mathé
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Huneau
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - François Mariotti
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France;
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Marcinkiewicz-Siemion M, Ciborowski M, Kretowski A, Musial WJ, Kaminski KA. Metabolomics - A wide-open door to personalized treatment in chronic heart failure? Int J Cardiol 2016; 219:156-63. [PMID: 27323342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome representing a final stage of various cardiovascular diseases. Despite significant improvement in the diagnosis and treatment (e.g. ACE-inhibitors, β-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, cardiac resynchronization therapy) of the disease, prognosis of optimally treated patients remains very serious and HF mortality is still unacceptably high. Therefore there is a strong need for further exploration of novel analytical methods, predictive and prognostic biomarkers and more personalized treatment. The metabolism of the failing heart being significantly impaired from its baseline state may be a future target not only for biomarker discovery but also for the pharmacologic intervention. However, an assessment of a particular, isolated metabolite or protein cannot be fully informative and makes a correct interpretation difficult. On the other hand, metabolites profile analysis may greatly assist investigator in an interpretation of the altered pathway dynamics, especially when combined with other lines of evidence (e.g. metabolites from the same pathway, transcriptomics, proteomics). Despite many prior studies on metabolism, the knowledge of peripheral and cardiac pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the metabolic imbalance and progression of the disease is still insufficient. Metabolomics enabling comprehensive characterization of low molecular weight metabolites (e.g. lipids, sugars, organic acids, amino acids) that reflects the complete metabolic phenotype seems to be the key for further potential improvement in HF treatment (diet-based or biochemical-based). Will this -omics technique one day open a door to easy patients identification before they have a heart failure onset or its decompensation?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - A Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - W J Musial
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Bialystok, Poland
| | - K A Kaminski
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Population Medicine and Civilization Disease Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
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El Assar M, Angulo J, Santos-Ruiz M, Ruiz de Adana JC, Pindado ML, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Hernández A, Rodríguez-Mañas L. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) elevation and arginase up-regulation contribute to endothelial dysfunction related to insulin resistance in rats and morbidly obese humans. J Physiol 2016; 594:3045-60. [PMID: 26840628 PMCID: PMC4887698 DOI: 10.1113/jp271836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The presence of insulin resistance (IR) is determinant for endothelial dysfunction associated with obesity. Although recent studies have implicated the involvement of mitochondrial superoxide and inflammation in the defective nitric oxide (NO)-mediated responses and subsequent endothelial dysfunction in IR, other mechanisms could compromise this pathway. In the present study, we assessed the role of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and arginase with respect to IR-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in human morbid obesity and in a non-obese rat model of IR. We show that both increased ADMA and up-regulated arginase are determinant factors in the alteration of the l-arginine/NO pathway associated with IR in both models and also that acute treatment of arteries with arginase inhibitor or with l-arginine significantly alleviate endothelial dysfunction. These results help to expand our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction that are related to obesity and IR and establish potential therapeutic targets for intervention. ABSTRACT Insulin resistance (IR) is determinant for endothelial dysfunction in human obesity. Although we have previously reported the involvement of mitochondrial superoxide and inflammation, other mechanisms could compromise NO-mediated responses in IR. We evaluated the role of the endogenous NOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and arginase with respect to IR-induced impairment of l-arginine/NO-mediated vasodilatation in human morbid obesity and in a non-obese rat model of IR. Bradykinin-induced vasodilatation was evaluated in microarteries derived from insulin-resistant morbidly obese (IR-MO) and non-insulin-resistant MO (NIR-MO) subjects. Defective endothelial vasodilatation in IR-MO was improved by l-arginine supplementation. Increased levels of ADMA were detected in serum and adipose tissue from IR-MO. Serum ADMA positively correlated with IR score and negatively with pD2 for bradykinin. Gene expression determination by RT-PCR revealed not only the decreased expression of ADMA degrading enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH)1/2 in IR-MO microarteries, but also increased expression of arginase-2. Arginase inhibition improved endothelial vasodilatation in IR-MO. Analysis of endothelial vasodilatation in a non-obese IR model (fructose-fed rat) confirmed an elevation of circulating and aortic ADMA concentrations, as well as reduced DDAH aortic content and increased aortic arginase activity in IR. Improvement of endothelial vasodilatation in IR rats by l-arginine supplementation and arginase inhibition provided functional corroboration. These results demonstrate that increased ADMA and up-regulated arginase contribute to endothelial dysfunction as determined by the presence of IR in human obesity, most probably by compromising arginine availability. The results provide novel insights regarding the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction related to obesity and IR and establish potential therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam El Assar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Angulo
- Unidad de Investigación Cardiovascular (IRYCIS/UFV), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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105
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Patel JJ, Miller KR, Rosenthal C, Rosenthal MD. When Is It Appropriate to Use Arginine in Critical Illness? Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 31:438-44. [PMID: 27252277 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616652576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In health, arginine is considered a nonessential amino acid but can become an essential amino acid (ie, conditionally essential amino acid) during periods of metabolic or traumatic stress as endogenous arginine supply is inadequate to meet physiologic demands. Arginine depletion in critical illness is associated with impairments in microcirculatory blood flow, impaired wound healing, and T-cell dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to (1) describe arginine metabolism and role in health and critical illness, (2) describe the relationship between arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine, and (3) review studies of supplemental arginine in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshil J Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Keith R Miller
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cameron Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Bakshi N, Morris CR. The role of the arginine metabolome in pain: implications for sickle cell disease. J Pain Res 2016; 9:167-75. [PMID: 27099528 PMCID: PMC4821376 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s55571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hemoglobinopathy in the US, affecting approximately 100,000 individuals in the US and millions worldwide. Pain is the hallmark of SCD, and a subset of patients experience pain virtually all of the time. Of interest, the arginine metabolome is associated with several pain mechanisms highlighted in this review. Since SCD is an arginine deficiency syndrome, the contribution of the arginine metabolome to acute and chronic pain in SCD is a topic in need of further attention. Normal arginine metabolism is impaired in SCD through various mechanisms that contribute to endothelial dysfunction, vaso-occlusion, pulmonary complications, risk of leg ulcers, and early mortality. Arginine is a semiessential amino acid that serves as a substrate for protein synthesis and is the precursor to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, proline, glutamate, creatine, and agmatine. Since arginine is involved in multiple metabolic processes, a deficiency of this amino acid has the potential to disrupt many cellular and organ functions. NO is a potent vasodilator that is depleted in SCD and may contribute to vaso-occlusive pain. As the obligate substrate for NO production, arginine also plays a mechanistic role in SCD-related pain, although its contribution to pain pathways likely extends beyond NO. Low global arginine bioavailability is associated with pain severity in both adults and children with SCD as well as other non-SCD pain syndromes. Preliminary clinical studies of arginine therapy in SCD demonstrate efficacy in treating acute vaso-occlusive pain, as well as leg ulcers and pulmonary hypertension. Restoration of arginine bioavailability through exogenous supplementation of arginine is, therefore, a promising therapeutic target. Phase II clinical trials of arginine therapy for sickle-related pain are underway and a Phase III randomized controlled trial is anticipated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Bakshi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claudia R Morris
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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107
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Bersani FS, Wolkowitz OM, Lindqvist D, Yehuda R, Flory J, Bierer LM, Makotine I, Abu-Amara D, Coy M, Reus VI, Epel ES, Marmar C, Mellon SH. Global arginine bioavailability, a marker of nitric oxide synthetic capacity, is decreased in PTSD and correlated with symptom severity and markers of inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:153-160. [PMID: 26515034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychiatric, physical and biological aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with dysfunctions in several cellular processes including nitric oxide (NO) production. NO is synthesized from arginine in a reaction carried out by NO synthase (NOS) enzymes. The recently introduced "global arginine bioavailability ratio" (GABR; ratio of arginine to [ornithine+citrulline]) has been proposed as a reliable approximation of NO synthetic capacity in vivo. The objectives of the present study were to test the hypotheses that (i) subjects with combat-related PTSD have lower GABR scores than combat controls, (ii) GABR score is inversely associated with the severity of psychopathological measures, (iii) GABR score is inversely associated with markers of inflammation. METHODS Metabolic profiling for plasma samples (i.e. arginine, citrulline and ornithine) and inflammation markers (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interferon [IFN]-γ and C-reactive protein [CRP]) were assessed in 56 combat-exposed males with PTSD and 65 combat-exposed males without PTSD. We assessed severity of PTSD (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale [CAPS]) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]) as well as history of early life trauma (Early Trauma Inventory [ETI]) and affectivity (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS]). RESULTS The GABR value was (i) significantly lower in PTSD subjects compared to controls (p=0.001), (ii) significantly inversely correlated with markers of inflammation including IL6 (p=0.04) and TNFα (p=0.02), and (iii) significantly inversely correlated with CAPS current (p=0.001) and lifetime (p<0.001) subscales, ETI (p=0.045) and PANAS negative (p=0.006). Adding antidepressant use or MDD diagnosis as covariates led to similar results. Adding age and BMI as covariates also led to similar results, with the exception of IL6 and ETI losing their significant association with GABR. DISCUSSION This study provides the first evidence that global arginine bioavailability, a marker of NO synthetic capacity in vivo, is lower in veterans with PTSD and is negatively associated with some markers of inflammation as well as with measures of PTSD symptom severity, negative affectivity and childhood adverse experiences. These findings add to the accumulating evidence that specific cellular dysfunction may be associated with the symptomatology of PTSD and may help to explain the higher burden of cardio-metabolic disturbances seen in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saverio Bersani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Janine Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Linda M Bierer
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Iouri Makotine
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Duna Abu-Amara
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Center for Posttraumatic Stress and TBI, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michelle Coy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Victor I Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Center for Posttraumatic Stress and TBI, New York, NY, United States
| | - Synthia H Mellon
- Department of OB/GYN and Reproductive Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Genome-wide association study and targeted metabolomics identifies sex-specific association of CPS1 with coronary artery disease. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10558. [PMID: 26822151 PMCID: PMC4740183 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites derived from dietary choline and L-carnitine, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and betaine, have recently been identified as novel risk factors for atherosclerosis in mice and humans. We sought to identify genetic factors associated with plasma betaine levels and determine their effect on risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). A two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified two significantly associated loci on chromosomes 2q34 and 5q14.1. The lead variant on 2q24 (rs715) localizes to carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1), which encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses the first committed reaction and rate-limiting step in the urea cycle. Rs715 is also significantly associated with decreased levels of urea cycle metabolites and increased plasma glycine levels. Notably, rs715 yield a strikingly significant and protective association with decreased risk of CAD in only women. These results suggest that glycine metabolism and/or the urea cycle represent potentially novel sex-specific mechanisms for the development of atherosclerosis. Dietary choline metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and betaine, have been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Here, Hartiala et al. identify two genetic loci for betaine levels on chromosomes 2q34 and 5q14.1 and find that the 2q34 locus was also associated with other pathway intermediates, and decreased risk of CAD in women.
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Bennett BJ, Davis RC, Civelek M, Orozco L, Wu J, Qi H, Pan C, Packard RRS, Eskin E, Yan M, Kirchgessner T, Wang Z, Li X, Gregory JC, Hazen SL, Gargalovic PS, Lusis AJ. Genetic Architecture of Atherosclerosis in Mice: A Systems Genetics Analysis of Common Inbred Strains. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005711. [PMID: 26694027 PMCID: PMC4687930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Common forms of atherosclerosis involve multiple genetic and environmental factors. While human genome-wide association studies have identified numerous loci contributing to coronary artery disease and its risk factors, these studies are unable to control environmental factors or examine detailed molecular traits in relevant tissues. We now report a study of natural variations contributing to atherosclerosis and related traits in over 100 inbred strains of mice from the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP). The mice were made hyperlipidemic by transgenic expression of human apolipoprotein E-Leiden (APOE-Leiden) and human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). The mice were examined for lesion size and morphology as well as plasma lipid, insulin and glucose levels, and blood cell profiles. A subset of mice was studied for plasma levels of metabolites and cytokines. We also measured global transcript levels in aorta and liver. Finally, the uptake of acetylated LDL by macrophages from HMDP mice was quantitatively examined. Loci contributing to the traits were mapped using association analysis, and relationships among traits were examined using correlation and statistical modeling. A number of conclusions emerged. First, relationships among atherosclerosis and the risk factors in mice resemble those found in humans. Second, a number of trait-loci were identified, including some overlapping with previous human and mouse studies. Third, gene expression data enabled enrichment analysis of pathways contributing to atherosclerosis and prioritization of candidate genes at associated loci in both mice and humans. Fourth, the data provided a number of mechanistic inferences; for example, we detected no association between macrophage uptake of acetylated LDL and atherosclerosis. Fifth, broad sense heritability for atherosclerosis was much larger than narrow sense heritability, indicating an important role for gene-by-gene interactions. Sixth, stepwise linear regression showed that the combined variations in plasma metabolites, including LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), arginine, glucose and insulin, account for approximately 30 to 40% of the variation in atherosclerotic lesion area. Overall, our data provide a rich resource for studies of complex interactions underlying atherosclerosis. While recent genetic association studies in human populations have succeeded in identifying genetic loci that contribute to coronary artery disease (CAD) and related phenotypes, these loci explain only a small fraction of the genetic variation in CAD and associated traits. Here, we present a complementary approach using association analysis of atherosclerotic traits among inbred strains of mice. A strength of this approach is that it enables in-depth phenotypic characterization including gene expression and metabolic profiling across a variety of tissues, and integration of these molecular phenotypes with coronary artery disease itself. A striking finding was the large fraction of atherosclerosis that was explained by genetic interactions. Association analysis allowed us to identify genetic loci for atherosclerotic lesion area as well as transcript, cytokine and metabolite levels, and relationships among the traits were examined by correlation and network modeling. The plasma metabolites associated with atherosclerosis in mice, namely, LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, TMAO, arginine, glucose and insulin, overlapped with those observed in humans and accounted for approximately 30 to 40% of the observed variation in atherosclerotic lesion area. In summary, our data provide a detailed overview of the genetic architecture of atherosclerosis in mice and a rich resource for studies of the complex genetic and metabolic interactions that underlie the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Bennett
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Davis
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mete Civelek
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Luz Orozco
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Judy Wu
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Qi
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - René R. Sevag Packard
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mujing Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Todd Kirchgessner
- Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jill C. Gregory
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Gargalovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Baranyi A, Amouzadeh-Ghadikolai O, Rothenhäusler HB, Theokas S, Robier C, Baranyi M, Koppitz M, Reicht G, Hlade P, Meinitzer A. Nitric Oxide-Related Biological Pathways in Patients with Major Depression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143397. [PMID: 26581044 PMCID: PMC4651499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major depression is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and increased mortality following myocardial infarction. However, biomarkers of depression and increased cardiovascular risk are still missing. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate, whether nitric-oxide (NO) related factors for endothelial dysfunction, such as global arginine bioavailability, arginase activity, L-arginine/ADMA ratio and the arginine metabolites asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) might be biomarkers for depression-induced cardiovascular risk. Methods In 71 in-patients with major depression and 48 healthy controls the Global Arginine Bioavailability Ratio (GABR), arginase activity (arginine/ornithine ratio), the L-arginine/ADMA ratio, ADMA, and SDMA were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Psychiatric and laboratory assessments were obtained at baseline at the time of in-patient admittance and at the time of hospital discharge. Results The ADMA concentrations in patients with major depression were significantly elevated and the SDMA concentrations were significantly decreased in comparison with the healthy controls. Even after a first improvement of depression, ADMA and SDMA levels remained nearly unchanged. In addition, after a first improvement of depression at the time of hospital discharge, a significant decrease in arginase activity, an increased L-arginine/ADMA ratio and a trend for increased global arginine bioavailability were observed. Conclusions Our study results are evidence that in patients with major depression ADMA and SDMA might be biomarkers to indicate an increased cardiovascular threat due to depression-triggered NO reduction. GABR, the L-arginine/ADMA ratio and arginase activity might be indicators of therapy success and increased NO production after remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baranyi
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for International Management Practice at ARU Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Simon Theokas
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Robier
- Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God, Graz, Austria
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Baranyi
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Koppitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Reicht
- Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hlade
- Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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111
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death and disability worldwide. Therefore, great importance has been placed on the discovery of novel risk factors and metabolic pathways relevant in the prevention and management of CVD. Such research is ongoing and may continue to lead to better risk stratification of individuals and/or the development of new intervention targets and treatment options. This review highlights emerging biomarkers related to lipid metabolism, glycemia, inflammation, and cardiac damage, some of which show promising associations with CVD risk and provide further understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. However, their measurement methodology and assays will require validation and standardization, and it will take time to accumulate evidence of their role in CVD in various population settings in order to fully assess their clinical utility. Several of the novel biomarkers represent intriguing, potentially game-changing targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Cahill
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, B3H 1V7, Canada.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Monica L Bertoia
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Sarah A Aroner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1309 Beacon Street, 2nd Floor, Brookline, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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112
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Abstract
Metabonomic techniques have considerable potential in the field of clinical diagnostics, typifying the application of a translational research paradigm. Care must be taken at all stages to apply appropriate methodology with accurate patient selection and profiling, and rigorous data acquisition and handling, to ensure clinical validity.An ever-increasing number of publications in a wide range of diseases and diverse patient groups suggest a variety of potential clinical uses; prospective studies in large validation cohorts are required to bring metabonomics into routine clinical practice. In this chapter, the utility of metabonomics as a diagnostic tool will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Hicks
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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113
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Lee J, Jung Y, Park JY, Lee SH, Ryu DH, Hwang GS. LC/MS-based polar metabolite profiling reveals gender differences in serum from patients with myocardial infarction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:475-86. [PMID: 26299524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), a leading cause of death worldwide, results from prolonged myocardial ischemia with necrosis of myocytes due to a blood supply obstruction to an area of the heart. Many studies have reported gender-related differences in the clinical features of MI, but the reasons for these differences remain unclear. In this study, we applied ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) and various statistical methods-such as multivariate, pathway, and correlation analyses-to identify gender-specific metabolic patterns in polar metabolites in serum from healthy individuals and patients with MI. Patients with diagnosed MI (n=68), and age- and body mass index-matched healthy individuals (n=68), were included in this study. The partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was generated from metabolic profiling data, and the score plots showed a significant gender-related difference in patients with MI. Many pathways were associated with amino acids and purines; amino acids, acylcarnitines, and purines differed significantly between male and female patients with MI. This approach could be utilized to observe gender-specific metabolic pattern differences between healthy controls and patients with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Lee
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 120-140,Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngae Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 120-140,Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Park
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 120-140,Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hak Lee
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 120-140,Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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114
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Lundberg JO, Gladwin MT, Weitzberg E. Strategies to increase nitric oxide signalling in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:623-41. [PMID: 26265312 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signalling molecule in the cardiovascular, immune and central nervous systems, and crucial steps in the regulation of NO bioavailability in health and disease are well characterized. Although early approaches to therapeutically modulate NO bioavailability failed in clinical trials, an enhanced understanding of fundamental subcellular signalling has enabled a range of novel therapeutic approaches to be identified. These include the identification of: new pathways for enhancing NO synthase activity; ways to amplify the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway; novel classes of NO-donating drugs; drugs that limit NO metabolism through effects on reactive oxygen species; and ways to modulate downstream phosphodiesterases and soluble guanylyl cyclases. In this Review, we discuss these latest developments, with a focus on cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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115
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Zagura M, Kals J, Kilk K, Serg M, Kampus P, Eha J, Soomets U, Zilmer M. Metabolomic signature of arterial stiffness in male patients with peripheral arterial disease. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:840-6. [PMID: 26134123 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is an independent determinant of cardiovascular risk and a marker of subclinical organ damage. Metabolomics may facilitate identification of novel low-molecular cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present study was to compare metabolic signatures and functional-biochemical characteristics of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and clinically healthy subjects. We studied 42 men with symptomatic PAD (aged 66±7 years) and 46 healthy men (aged 66±8 years). Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) was assessed by applanation tonometry using the Sphygmocor device. Metabolic profiling was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The aPWV as well as serum levels of lactate, free carnitine and 11 amino acids including tyrosine were higher among the patients with PAD. In contrast, serum levels of pyruvate, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, aconitate and cysteine were higher in the control group. In multiple regression models, aPWV was independently determined by log-tyrosine and log-oxLDL in the patients (R(2)=0.61; P<0.001) and by age, log-pyruvate and log-oxLDL in the controls (R(2)=0.52; P<0.001). Our study describes for the first time significant differences in metabolomic signature of patients with advanced atherosclerosis compared with clinically healthy controls. The aPWV is independently associated with serum levels of tyrosine and oxLDL in the patients with PAD and is related to pyruvate and oxLDL levels in the control group. The measurement of low-molecular metabolites, which are related to changes in vascular phenotypes, may lead to identification of novel vascular risk markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Zagura
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Kals
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalle Kilk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Serg
- Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kampus
- Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Eha
- Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ursel Soomets
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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116
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a critical unsolved question; and although recent studies have demonstrated a strong association between altered brain immune responses and disease progression, the mechanistic cause of neuronal dysfunction and death is unknown. We have previously described the unique CVN-AD mouse model of AD, in which immune-mediated nitric oxide is lowered to mimic human levels, resulting in a mouse model that demonstrates the cardinal features of AD, including amyloid deposition, hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau, behavioral changes, and age-dependent hippocampal neuronal loss. Using this mouse model, we studied longitudinal changes in brain immunity in relation to neuronal loss and, contrary to the predominant view that AD pathology is driven by proinflammatory factors, we find that the pathology in CVN-AD mice is driven by local immune suppression. Areas of hippocampal neuronal death are associated with the presence of immunosuppressive CD11c(+) microglia and extracellular arginase, resulting in arginine catabolism and reduced levels of total brain arginine. Pharmacologic disruption of the arginine utilization pathway by an inhibitor of arginase and ornithine decarboxylase protected the mice from AD-like pathology and significantly decreased CD11c expression. Our findings strongly implicate local immune-mediated amino acid catabolism as a novel and potentially critical mechanism mediating the age-dependent and regional loss of neurons in humans with AD.
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117
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Genome-wide association study identifies novel genetic variants contributing to variation in blood metabolite levels. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7208. [PMID: 26068415 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites are small molecules involved in cellular metabolism, which can be detected in biological samples using metabolomic techniques. Here we present the results of genome-wide association and meta-analyses for variation in the blood serum levels of 129 metabolites as measured by the Biocrates metabolomic platform. In a discovery sample of 7,478 individuals of European descent, we find 4,068 genome- and metabolome-wide significant (Z-test, P < 1.09 × 10(-9)) associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolites, involving 59 independent SNPs and 85 metabolites. Five of the fifty-nine independent SNPs are new for serum metabolite levels, and were followed-up for replication in an independent sample (N = 1,182). The novel SNPs are located in or near genes encoding metabolite transporter proteins or enzymes (SLC22A16, ARG1, AGPS and ACSL1) that have demonstrated biomedical or pharmaceutical importance. The further characterization of genetic influences on metabolic phenotypes is important for progress in biological and medical research.
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118
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Morris CR, Kim HY, Klings ES, Wood J, Porter JB, Trachtenberg F, Sweeters N, Olivieri NF, Kwiatkowski JL, Virzi L, Hassell K, Taher A, Neufeld EJ, Thompson AA, Larkin S, Suh JH, Vichinsky EP, Kuypers FA. Dysregulated arginine metabolism and cardiopulmonary dysfunction in patients with thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 169:887-98. [PMID: 25907665 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) commonly develops in thalassaemia syndromes, but is poorly characterized. The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of the cardiopulmonary and biological profile of patients with thalassaemia at risk for PH. A case-control study of thalassaemia patients at high versus low PH-risk was performed. A single cross-sectional measurement for variables reflecting cardiopulmonary status and biological pathophysiology were obtained, including Doppler-echocardiography, 6-min-walk-test, Borg Dyspnoea Score, New York Heart Association functional class, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest-computerized tomography, pulmonary function testing and laboratory analyses targeting mechanisms of coagulation, inflammation, haemolysis, adhesion and the arginine-nitric oxide pathway. Twenty-seven thalassaemia patients were evaluated, 14 with an elevated tricuspid-regurgitant-jet-velocity (TRV) ≥ 2·5 m/s. Patients with increased TRV had a higher frequency of splenectomy, and significantly larger right atrial size, left atrial volume and left septal-wall thickness on echocardiography and/or MRI, with elevated biomarkers of abnormal coagulation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and arginase concentration, and lower arginine-bioavailability compared to low-risk patients. Arginase concentration correlated significantly to several echocardiography/MRI parameters of cardiovascular function in addition to global-arginine-bioavailability and biomarkers of haemolytic rate, including LDH, haemoglobin and bilirubin. Thalassaemia patients with a TRV ≥ 2·5 m/s have additional echocardiography and cardiac-MRI parameters suggestive of right and left-sided cardiac dysfunction. In addition, low arginine bioavailability may contribute to cardiopulmonary dysfunction in β-thalassaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Children's Centre for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- New England Research Institutes Watertown, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Klings
- The Pulmonary Centre, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Wood
- Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy Sweeters
- Hematology/Oncology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Virzi
- New England Research Institutes Watertown, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Hassell
- Division of Blood Diseases and Resources, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ali Taher
- American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Alexis A Thompson
- Haematology, Oncology & Stem Cell Transplant, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Larkin
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Elliott P Vichinsky
- Hematology/Oncology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Frans A Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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119
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Serum concentrations of l-arginine and l-homoarginine in male patients with intermittent claudication: A cross-sectional and prospective investigation in the CAVASIC Study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:607-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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120
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Zhang R, Kubo M, Murakami I, Setiawan H, Takemoto K, Inoue K, Fujikura Y, Ogino K. l-Arginine administration attenuates airway inflammation by altering l-arginine metabolism in an NC/Nga mouse model of asthma. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 56:201-7. [PMID: 26060350 PMCID: PMC4454082 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in l-arginine metabolism, including increased arginase levels and decreased nitric oxide production, are involved in the pathophysiology of asthma. In this study, using an intranasal mite-induced NC/Nga mouse model of asthma, we examined whether administration of l-arginine ameliorated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation by altering l-arginine metabolism. Experimental asthma was induced in NC/Nga mice via intranasal administration of mite crude extract (50 µg/day) on 5 consecutive days (days 0-4, sensitization) and on day 11 (challenge). Oral administration of l-arginine (250 mg/kg) was performed twice daily on days 5-10 for prevention or on days 11-13 for therapy. On day 14, we evaluated the inflammatory airway response (airway hyperresponsiveness, the number of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the changes in pathological inflammation of the lung), arginase expression and activity, l-arginine bioavailability, and the concentration of NOx, the end products of nitric oxide. Treatment with l-arginine ameliorated the mite-induced inflammatory airway response. Furthermore, l-arginine administration attenuated the increases in arginase expression and activity and elevated the NOx levels by enhancing l-arginine bioavailability. These findings indicate that l-arginine administration may contribute to the improvement of asthmatic symptoms by altering l-arginine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kubo
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ikuo Murakami
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan ; Third Institute of New Drug Discovery, Biomedical Innovation, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Heri Setiawan
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kei Takemoto
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Inoue
- Public Health Care Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe Tokiwa University, 2-6-2 Otani-cho, Kobe 653-0838, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujikura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Keiki Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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121
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Johnson FK, Peyton KJ, Liu XM, Azam MA, Shebib AR, Johnson RA, Durante W. Arginase promotes endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obese rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:383-90. [PMID: 25557182 PMCID: PMC4310823 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether arginase contributes to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obese rats. METHODS Endothelial function and arginase expression were examined in skeletal muscle arterioles from lean and obese Zucker rats (ZRs). Arginase activity, arginine bioavailability, and blood pressure were measured in lean and obese animals. RESULTS Arginase activity and expression was increased while global arginine bioavailability decreased in obese ZRs. Acetylcholine or luminal flow caused dilation of isolated skeletal muscle arterioles, but this was reduced or absent in vessels from obese ZRs. Treatment of arterioles with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blocked dilation in lean arterioles and eliminated differences among lean and obese vessels. In contrast, arginase inhibitors or l-arginine enhanced vasodilation in obese ZRs and abolished differences between lean and obese animals, while d-arginine had no effect. Finally, mean arterial blood pressure was significantly increased in obese ZRs. However, administration of l-arginine or arginase inhibitors lowered blood pressure in obese but not lean animals, and this was associated with an improvement in systemic arginine bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS Arginase promotes endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in obesity by reducing arginine bioavailability. Therapeutic approaches targeting arginase represent a promising approach in treating obesity-related vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina K. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN
| | - Kelly J. Peyton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Xiao-ming Liu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Mohammed A. Azam
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Ahmad R. Shebib
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Robert A. Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN
| | - William Durante
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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122
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Morris CR. Alterations of the arginine metabolome in sickle cell disease: a growing rationale for arginine therapy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2014; 28:301-21. [PMID: 24589268 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Low global arginine bioavailability (GAB) is associated with numerous complications of SCD including early mortality. Mechanisms of arginine dysregulation involve a complex paradigm of excess activity of the arginine-consuming enzyme arginase, elevated levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, altered intracellular arginine transport, and nitric oxide synthase dysfunction. Restoration of GAB through exogenous supplementation is therefore, a promising therapeutic target. Studies of arginine therapy demonstrate efficacy in treating patients with leg ulcers, pulmonary hypertension risk, and pain. Co-administration with hydroxyurea increases levels of nitrite and fetal hemoglobin. Addressing the alterations in the arginine metabolome may result in new strategies for treatment of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Morris
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, 1645 Tullie Circle Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Montecucco F, Carbone F, Dini FL, Fiuza M, Pinto FJ, Martelli A, Palombo D, Sambuceti G, Mach F, De Caterina R. Implementation strategies of Systems Medicine in clinical research and home care for cardiovascular disease patients. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:785-94. [PMID: 25283057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insights from the "-omics" science have recently emphasized the need to implement an overall strategy in medical research. Here, the development of Systems Medicine has been indicated as a potential tool for clinical translation of basic research discoveries. Systems Medicine also gives the opportunity of improving different steps in medical practice, from diagnosis to healthcare management, including clinical research. The development of Systems Medicine is still hampered however by several challenges, the main one being the development of computational tools adequate to record, analyze and share a large amount of disparate data. In addition, available informatics tools appear not yet fully suitable for the challenge because they are not standardized, not universally available, or with ethical/legal concerns. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a very promising area for translating Systems Medicine into clinical practice. By developing clinically applied technologies, the collection and analysis of data may improve CV risk stratification and prediction. Standardized models for data recording and analysis can also greatly broaden data exchange, thus promoting a uniform management of CVD patients also useful for clinical research. This advance however requires a great organizational effort by both physicians and health institutions, as well as the overcoming of ethical problems. This narrative review aims at providing an update on the state-of-art knowledge in the area of Systems Medicine as applied to CVD, focusing on current critical issues, providing a road map for its practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Montecucco
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Federico Carbone
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Frank Lloyd Dini
- Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Azienda Universitaria-Ospedaliera Pisana, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Fiuza
- Serviço de Cardiologia 1, Hospital de Santa Maria (CHLN), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fausto J Pinto
- Serviço de Cardiologia 1, Hospital de Santa Maria (CHLN), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonietta Martelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Domenico Palombo
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, San Martino Hospital, 10 Largo Rosanna Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - François Mach
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University - Chieti-Pescara, Italy; G. Monasterio Foundation, Pisa, Italy
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Masaki N, Hakuno D, Toya T, Shiraishi Y, Kujiraoka T, Namba T, Yada H, Kimura K, Miyazaki K, Adachi T. Association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and the ratio of l-arginine to asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Cardiol 2014; 65:311-7. [PMID: 25043133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction causes vasomotor dysregulation and vascular stiffening in addition to structural changes. By influencing NO synthesis, deficiency of l-arginine relative to asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which is an l-arginine derivative that acts as a competitive NO synthase inhibitor, may lead to the promotion of arterial stiffness. This study investigated the relationship between the l-arginine/ADMA ratio and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), an indicator of arterial stiffness. METHODS AND RESULTS This cross-sectional study enrolled 74 patients (62 men, 12 women; mean age, 67±10 years) undergoing elective coronary angiography. A total of 54 (73%) patients had coronary artery disease. Serum l-arginine and ADMA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The ratio of l-arginine to ADMA and the serum l-arginine level was associated with baPWV in univariate regression analysis (l-arginine/ADMA ratio: β=-0.323, p=0.005; l-arginine: β=-0.247, p=0.034). In addition, baPWV was related to blood hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, brain natriuretic peptide level, symmetric dimethylarginine, renal function, blood pressure, and heart rate. In multivariate analysis, the l-arginine/ADMA ratio was a significant predictor of baPWV (β=-0.310, p<0.001). In subgroup analyses, the l-arginine/ADMA ratio was associated with baPWV in elderly patients (n=46, β=-0.359, p=0.004), and in younger patients (n=28, β=-0.412, p=0.006). CONCLUSION A low l-arginine/ADMA ratio may be associated with high baPWV in patients undergoing coronary angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Masaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Daihiko Hakuno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Toya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yasunaga Shiraishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kujiraoka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Namba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Koji Miyazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Adachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Effect of arginase inhibition on pulmonary L-arginine metabolism in murine Pseudomonas pneumonia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90232. [PMID: 24595185 PMCID: PMC3940779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Infection of the lung with Pseudomonas aeruginosa results in upregulation of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and arginase expression, and both enzymes compete for L-arginine as substrate. Nitric oxide (NO) production may be regulated by arginase as it controls L-arginine availability for NOS. We here studied the effect of systemic arginase inhibition on pulmonary L-arginine metabolism in Pseudomonas pneumonia in the mouse. Methods Mice (C57BL/6, 8–10 weeks old, female) underwent direct tracheal instillation of Pseudomonas (PAO-1)-coated agar beads and were treated by repeated intra-peritoneal injections of the arginase inhibitor 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) or PBS until lungs were harvested on day 3 of the infection. L-arginine metabolites were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, NO metabolites nitrate and nitrite by Griess reagent and cytokines by ELISA. Results NO metabolite concentrations (48.5±2.9 vs. 10.9±2.3 µM, p<0.0001), as well as L-ornithine (29.6±1.7 vs 2.3±0.4 µM, p<0.0001), the product of arginase activity, were increased in Pseudomonas infected lungs compared to naïve controls. Concentrations of the NOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were also increased (0.44±0.02 vs. 0.16±0.01 µM, p<0.0001). Arginase inhibition in the infected animals resulted in a significant decrease in L-ornithine (14.6±1.6 µM, p<0.0001) but increase in L-arginine concentration (p<0.001), L-arginine/ADMA ratio (p<0.001), L-arginine availability for NOS (p<0.001), and NO metabolite concentrations (67.3±5.7 µM, p<0.05). Arginase inhibitor treatment also resulted in an increase in NO metabolite levels in animals following intratracheal injection of LPS (p = 0.015). Arginase inhibition was not associated with an increase in inflammatory markers (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-2, KC or TNF-α) in lung. Concentrations of the L-ornithine-dependent polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine were increased in Pseudomonas infected lungs (p<0.001, respectively) but were unaffected by ABH treatment. Conclusions Systemic arginase inhibition with ABH during Pseudomonas pneumonia in mice results in an increase in pulmonary NO formation but no pro-inflammatory effect.
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Tang WHW, Shrestha K, Wang Z, Troughton RW, Klein AL, Hazen SL. Diminished global arginine bioavailability as a metabolic defect in chronic systolic heart failure. J Card Fail 2013; 19:87-93. [PMID: 23384633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic alterations in arginine bioavailability occur in heart failure (HF) patients with more advanced myocardial dysfunction and poorer clinical outcomes, and they improve with beta-blocker therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured fasting plasma levels of L-arginine and related biogenic amine metabolites in 138 stable symptomatic HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% and comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation. Long-term adverse clinical outcomes (death and cardiac transplantation) were followed for 5 years. Lower global arginine bioavailability ratio (GABR; ratio of L-arginine to L-ornithine + L-citrulline) was associated with higher plasma natriuretic peptide levels, more advanced left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and more severe right ventricular systolic dysfunction (all P < .001). Patients taking beta-blockers had significantly higher GABR than those not taking beta-blockers (0.86 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.68-1.17] vs 0.61 [0.44-0.89]; P < .001). Subjects with higher GABR experienced fewer long-term adverse clinical events (hazard ratio 0.61 [95% confidence interval 0.43-0.84]; P = .002). In an independent beta-blocker naïve patient cohort, GABR increased following long-term (6 month) beta-blocker therapy (0.89 [IQR 0.52-1.07] to 0.97 [0.81-1.20]; P = .019). CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic systolic heart failure, diminished global L-arginine bioavailability is associated with more advanced myocardial dysfunction and poorer long-term adverse clinical outcomes. GABR levels improved with beta-blocker therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Lu Y, Wang W, Wang J, Yang C, Mao H, Fu X, Wu Y, Cai J, Han J, Xu Z, Zhuang Z, Liu Z, Hu H, Chen B. Overexpression of arginine transporter CAT-1 is associated with accumulation of L-arginine and cell growth in human colorectal cancer tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73866. [PMID: 24040099 PMCID: PMC3765253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that L-arginine (Arg) accumulates in colorectal cancer tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which Arg accumulates and determine its biological significance. The concentration of Arg and Citrulline (Cit) in sera and tumor tissues from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The expression of Arg transporters was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarray. We also transfected the colon cancer cell line HCT-116 with siRNA specific for the Arg transporter CAT-1 and measured the induction of apoptosis by flow cytometry and cell proliferation by MTT assay. Consistent with our previous results, serum Arg and Cit concentrations in colorectal cancer patients were significantly lower than those in normal volunteers, while Arg and Cit concentrations in colorectal cancer tissues were significantly higher than in matched adjacent normal colon tissues. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the CAT-1 gene was highly overexpressed in 70.5% of colorectal cancer tissue samples relative to adjacent normal colon tissues in all 122 patients with colorectal cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarray confirmed that the expression of CAT-1 was higher in all 25 colorectal cancer tissues tested. CAT-1 siRNA significantly induced apoptosis of HCT-116 cells and subsequently inhibited cell growth by 20–50%. Our findings indicate that accumulation of L-Arg and Cit and cell growth in colorectal cancer tissues is associated with over-expression of the Arg transporter gene CAT-1. Our results may be useful for the development of molecular diagnostic tools and targeted therapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Junchen Wang
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huiming Mao
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xuelian Fu
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jingping Cai
- Department of Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Junyi Han
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zengguang Xu
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hai Hu
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (HH); (BC)
| | - Bingguan Chen
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (HH); (BC)
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Dupont M, Tang WHW. Right ventricular afterload and the role of nitric oxide metabolism in left-sided heart failure. J Card Fail 2013; 19:712-21. [PMID: 24125109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Awareness has grown in recent years that right ventricular (RV) function is equally important as left ventricular (LV) function in the setting of left-sided heart disease. RV dysfunction can be the consequence of an increased afterload imposed by the failing LV. The concept of "afterload" is physically most correctly described by vascular input impedance. However, for clinical purposes, afterload is most often modeled to consist of 3 components; pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary arterial compliance (PAC), and characteristic impedance. Whereas PVR is historically most described, PAC (which represents the distensibility of the vasculature) has rapidly gained recognition for its prognostic ability in both pulmonary arterial hypertension and left-sided heart disease. Owing to the specific anatomy of the pulmonary circulation, PVR and PAC have an inverse hyperbolic relationship, which position can be shifted by varying wedge pressures. Knowledge of the afterload components helps one to understand how elevated left-sided filling pressures increase pulsatile load on the RV. An increase in resistive load (known as "reactive" or "out-of-proportion" pulmonary hypertension) ultimately complements the increase in pulsatile load. Perturbations in nitric oxide metabolism are thought to be crucial in this evolution and have therefore been sought as a major therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dupont
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
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Nitric oxide synthetic pathway in red blood cells is impaired in coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66945. [PMID: 23940508 PMCID: PMC3734222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background All the enzymatic factors/cofactors involved in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism have been recently found in red blood cells. Increased oxidative stress impairs NO bioavailability and has been described in plasma of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The aim of the study was to highlight a potential dysfunction of the metabolic profile of NO in red blood cells and in plasma from CAD patients compared with healthy controls. Methods We determined L-arginine/NO pathway by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography methods. The ratio of oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione, as index of oxidative stress, was measured by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. NO synthase expression and activity were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and ex-vivo experiments of L-[15N2]arginine conversion to L-[15N]citrulline respectively. Results Increased amounts of asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines were found both in red blood cells and in plasma of CAD patients in respect to controls. Interestingly NO synthase expression and activity were reduced in CAD red blood cells. In contrast, oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio was increased in CAD and was associated to arginase activity. Conclusion Our study analyzed for the first time the whole metabolic pathway of L-arginine/NO, both in red blood cells and in plasma, highlighting an impairment of NO pathway in erythrocytes from CAD patients, associated with decreased NO synthase expression/activity and increased oxidative stress.
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Chan CX, Khan AA, Choi JH, Ng CD, Cadeiras M, Deng M, Ping P. Technology platform development for targeted plasma metabolites in human heart failure. Clin Proteomics 2013; 10:7. [PMID: 23826926 PMCID: PMC3708771 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure is a multifactorial disease associated with staggeringly high morbidity and motility. Recently, alterations of multiple metabolites have been implicated in heart failure; however, the lack of an effective technology platform to assess these metabolites has limited our understanding on how they contribute to this disease phenotype. We have successfully developed a new workflow combining specific sample preparation with tandem mass spectrometry that enables us to extract most of the targeted metabolites. 19 metabolites were chosen ascribing to their biological relevance to heart failure, including extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, insulin resistance, renal dysfunction, and cardioprotection against ischemic injury. Results In this report, we systematically engineered, optimized and refined a protocol applicable to human plasma samples; this study contributes to the methodology development with respect to deproteinization, incubation, reconstitution, and detection with mass spectrometry. The deproteinization step was optimized with 20% methanol/ethanol at a plasma:solvent ratio of 1:3. Subsequently, an incubation step was implemented which remarkably enhanced the metabolite signals and the number of metabolite peaks detected by mass spectrometry in both positive and negative modes. With respect to the step of reconstitution, 0.1% formic acid was designated as the reconstitution solvent vs. 6.5 mM ammonium bicarbonate, based on the comparable number of metabolite peaks detected in both solvents, and yet the signal detected in the former was higher. By adapting this finalized protocol, we were able to retrieve 13 out of 19 targeted metabolites from human plasma. Conclusions We have successfully devised a simple albeit effective workflow for the targeted plasma metabolites relevant to human heart failure. This will be employed in tandem with high throughput liquid chromatography mass spectrometry platform to validate and characterize these potential metabolic biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic development of heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cy X'avia Chan
- NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjum A Khan
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Jh Howard Choi
- NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cm Dominic Ng
- NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Martin Cadeiras
- Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mario Deng
- Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Sailer M, Dahlhoff C, Giesbertz P, Eidens MK, de Wit N, Rubio-Aliaga I, Boekschoten MV, Müller M, Daniel H. Increased plasma citrulline in mice marks diet-induced obesity and may predict the development of the metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63950. [PMID: 23691124 PMCID: PMC3653803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, plasma amino acid concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and aromatic amino acids (AAA) increase in states of obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. We here assessed whether these putative biomarkers can also be identified in two different obesity and diabetic mouse models. C57BL/6 mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) mimic the metabolic impairments of obesity in humans characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce insulin deficiency were used as a type 1 diabetes model. Plasma amino acid profiling of two high fat (HF) feeding trials revealed that citrulline and ornithine concentrations are elevated in obese mice, while systemic arginine bioavailability (ratio of plasma arginine to ornithine + citrulline) is reduced. In skeletal muscle, HF feeding induced a reduction of arginine levels while citrulline levels were elevated. However, arginine or citrulline remained unchanged in their key metabolic organs, intestine and kidney. Moreover, the intestinal conversion of labeled arginine to ornithine and citrulline in vitro remained unaffected by HF feeding excluding the intestine as prime site of these alterations. In liver, citrulline is mainly derived from ornithine in the urea cycle and DIO mice displayed reduced hepatic ornithine levels. Since both amino acids share an antiport mechanism for mitochondrial import and export, elevated plasma citrulline may indicate impaired hepatic amino acid handling in DIO mice. In the insulin deficient mice, plasma citrulline and ornithine levels also increased and additionally these animals displayed elevated BCAA and AAA levels like insulin resistant and diabetic patients. Therefore, type 1 diabetic mice but not DIO mice show the “diabetic fingerprint” of plasma amino acid changes observed in humans. Additionally, citrulline may serve as an early indicator of the obesity-dependent metabolic impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sailer
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christoph Dahlhoff
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- PhD Graduate School ‘Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition’, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Mena K. Eidens
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nicole de Wit
- Netherlands Nutrigenomics Centre, TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Mark V. Boekschoten
- Netherlands Nutrigenomics Centre, TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Netherlands Nutrigenomics Centre, TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Morris CR, Kuypers FA, Lavrisha L, Ansari M, Sweeters N, Stewart M, Gildengorin G, Neumayr L, Vichinsky EP. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of arginine therapy for the treatment of children with sickle cell disease hospitalized with vaso-occlusive pain episodes. Haematologica 2013; 98:1375-82. [PMID: 23645695 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.086637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful episodes of vaso-occlusion are the leading cause of hospitalizations and emergency department visits in sickle cell disease, and are associated with increased mortality. Low nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to vasculopathy in sickle cell disease. Since arginine is the obligate substrate for nitric oxide production, and an acute deficiency is associated with pain, we hypothesized that arginine may be a beneficial treatment for pain related to sickle cell disease. Thirty-eight children with sickle cell disease hospitalized for 56 episodes of pain were randomized into this double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Patients received L-arginine (100 mg/kg tid) or placebo for 5 days or until discharge. A significant reduction in total parenteral opioid use by 54% (1.9 ± 2.0 mg/kg versus 4.1 ± 4.1 mg/kg, P=0.02) and lower pain scores at discharge (1.9 ± 2.4 versus 3.9 ± 2.9, P=0.01) were observed in the treatment arm compared to the placebo one. There was no significant difference in hospital length of stay (4.1 ± 01.8 versus 4.8 ± 2.5 days, P=0.34), although a trend favored the arginine arm, and total opioid use was strongly correlated with the duration of the admission (r=0.86, P<0.0001). No drug-related adverse events were observed. Arginine therapy represents a novel intervention for painful vaso-occlusive episodes. A reduction of narcotic use by >50% is remarkable. Arginine is a safe and inexpensive intervention with narcotic-sparing effects that may be a beneficial adjunct to standard therapy for sickle cell-related pain in children. A large multi-center trial is warranted in order to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Emory-Children's Center for Developmental Lung Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Morris CR, Kim HY, Wood J, Porter JB, Klings ES, Trachtenberg FL, Sweeters N, Olivieri NF, Kwiatkowski JL, Virzi L, Singer ST, Taher A, Neufeld EJ, Thompson AA, Sachdev V, Larkin S, Suh JH, Kuypers FA, Vichinsky EP. Sildenafil therapy in thalassemia patients with Doppler-defined risk of pulmonary hypertension. Haematologica 2013; 98:1359-67. [PMID: 23585527 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.082065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a common but often overlooked complication associated with thalassemia syndromes. There are limited data on the safety and efficacy of selective pulmonary vasodilators in this at-risk population. We, therefore, designed a 12-week, open-label, phase 1/2, pilot-scale, proof-of-principle trial of sildenafil therapy in 10 patients with β-thalassemia and at increased risk of pulmonary hypertension based on an elevated tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity >2.5 m/s on Doppler-echocardiography. Variables compared at baseline and after 12 weeks of sildenafil treatment included Doppler-echocardiographic parameters, 6-minute walked distance, Borg Dyspnea Score, New York Heart Association functional class, pulmonary function, and laboratory parameters. Treatment with sildenafil resulted in a significant decrease in tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity by 13.3% (3.0±0.7 versus 2.6±0.5 m/s, P=0.04), improved left ventricular end systolic/diastolic volume, and a trend towards a improved New York Heart Association functional class. No significant change in 6-minute walked distance was noted. Sildenafil was well tolerated, although minor expected adverse events were commonly reported. The total dose of sildenafil (mg) was strongly correlated with percent change in nitric oxide metabolite concentration in the plasma (ρ=0.80, P=0.01). There were also significant increases in plasma and erythrocyte arginine concentrations. Our study suggests that sildenafil is safe and may improve pulmonary hemodynamics in patients at risk of pulmonary hypertension; however, it was not demonstrated to improve the distance walked in 6 minutes. Clinical trials are needed to identify the best treatment strategy for pulmonary hypertension in patients with β-thalassemia. (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00872170).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Emory-Children’s Center for Developmental Lung Biology,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Li XM, Tang WHW, Mosior MK, Huang Y, Wu Y, Matter W, Gao V, Schmitt D, Didonato JA, Fisher EA, Smith JD, Hazen SL. Paradoxical association of enhanced cholesterol efflux with increased incident cardiovascular risks. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1696-705. [PMID: 23520163 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diminished cholesterol efflux activity of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-depleted serum is associated with prevalent coronary artery disease, but its prognostic value for incident cardiovascular events is unclear. We investigated the relationship of cholesterol efflux activity with both prevalent coronary artery disease and incident development of major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke). APPROACH AND RESULTS Cholesterol efflux activity from free cholesterol-enriched macrophages was measured in 2 case-control cohorts: (1) an angiographic cohort (n=1150) comprising stable subjects undergoing elective diagnostic coronary angiography and (2) an outpatient cohort (n=577). Analysis of media from cholesterol efflux assays revealed that the high-density lipoprotein fraction (1.063<d<1.21) contained only a minority (≈ 40%) of [(14)C]cholesterol released, with the majority found within the lipoprotein particle-depleted fraction, where ≈ 60% was recovered after apolipoprotein A1 immunoprecipitation. Albumin immunoprecipitation recovered another ≈ 30% of radiolabeled cholesterol within this fraction. Enhanced cholesterol efflux activity from ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-stimulated macrophages was associated with reduced risk of prevalent coronary artery disease in unadjusted models within both cohorts; however, the inverse risk relationship remained significant after adjustment for traditional coronary artery disease risk factors only within the outpatient cohort. Surprisingly, higher cholesterol efflux activity was associated with increase in prospective (3 years) risk of myocardial infarction/stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-4.74) and major adverse cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.06). CONCLUSIONS Heightened cholesterol efflux to apoB-depleted serum was paradoxically associated with increased prospective risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. The majority of released radiolabeled cholesterol from macrophages in cholesterol efflux activity assays does not reside within a high-density lipoprotein particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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135
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Schuster A, Thakur A, Wang Z, Borowski AG, Thomas JD, Tang WHW. Increased exhaled nitric oxide levels after exercise in patients with chronic systolic heart failure with pulmonary venous hypertension. J Card Fail 2013; 18:799-803. [PMID: 23040116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.08.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) is recognized as a marker of pulmonary endothelial function. Oxidative stress is associated with systemic endothelial nitric oxide production, but its correlation with eNO in heart failure (HF) patients has not been described. Previous studies have reported increased eNO levels after exercise in symptomatic HF patients but decreased levels with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Our objective was to prospectively examine the potential myocardial and functional determinants of exercise-induced rise of eNO in HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-four consecutive ambulatory patients with chronic systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤45%) underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary stress testing and echocardiography. eNO was determined immediately after exercise. Systemic endothelial dysfunction was assessed by asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and the L-arginine/ADMA ratio. In our study cohort (mean age 53 ± 13 years, 76% male, median LVEF 31%, interquartile range [IQR] 25%-40%), the mean eNO was 23 ± 9 ppb. eNO levels were higher in patients with diastolic dysfunction stages 2 or 3 than stage 1 or normal diastology (26.1 ± 9 vs 19.5 ± 7 ppb; P = .013). eNO had a positive correlation with estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.57; P = .0009) and indexed left atrium volume (r = 0.43; P = .014), but it did not correlate with cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters, ADMA, or symptom score. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to earlier reports, the increase in postexercise eNO observed in stable chronic systolic HF patients may be attributed to the presence of underlying pulmonary venous hypertension probably secondary to advanced diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Schuster
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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136
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Luiking YC, Ten Have GAM, Wolfe RR, Deutz NEP. Arginine de novo and nitric oxide production in disease states. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1177-89. [PMID: 23011059 PMCID: PMC3517635 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00284.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arginine is derived from dietary protein intake, body protein breakdown, or endogenous de novo arginine production. The latter may be linked to the availability of citrulline, which is the immediate precursor of arginine and limiting factor for de novo arginine production. Arginine metabolism is highly compartmentalized due to the expression of the enzymes involved in arginine metabolism in various organs. A small fraction of arginine enters the NO synthase (NOS) pathway. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential and rate-limiting cofactor for the production of NO. Depletion of BH4 in oxidative-stressed endothelial cells can result in so-called NOS3 "uncoupling," resulting in production of superoxide instead of NO. Moreover, distribution of arginine between intracellular transporters and arginine-converting enzymes, as well as between the arginine-converting and arginine-synthesizing enzymes, determines the metabolic fate of arginine. Alternatively, NO can be derived from conversion of nitrite. Reduced arginine availability stemming from reduced de novo production and elevated arginase activity have been reported in various conditions of acute and chronic stress, which are often characterized by increased NOS2 and reduced NOS3 activity. Cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, ischemic heart disease, and hypertension are characterized by NOS3 uncoupling. Therapeutic applications to influence (de novo) arginine and NO metabolism aim at increasing substrate availability or at influencing the metabolic fate of specific pathways related to NO bioavailability and prevention of NOS3 uncoupling. These include supplementation of arginine or citrulline, provision of NO donors including inhaled NO and nitrite (sources), NOS3 modulating agents, or the targeting of endogenous NOS inhibitors like asymmetric dimethylarginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Luiking
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA
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137
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Shah SH, Kraus WE, Newgard CB. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel biomarkers and mechanisms related to common cardiovascular diseases: form and function. Circulation 2012; 126:1110-20. [PMID: 22927473 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svati H Shah
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Independence Park Facility, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Durham, NC 27704, USA.
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Suh JH, Kim RY, Lee DS. A new metabolomic assay to examine inflammation and redox pathways following LPS challenge. J Inflamm (Lond) 2012; 9:37. [PMID: 23036094 PMCID: PMC3507808 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Shifts in intracellular arginine (Arg) and sulfur amino acid (SAA) redox metabolism modulate macrophage activation, polarization and phenotype. Despite their importance in inflammation and redox regulatory pathways, comprehensive analysis of these metabolic networks was not previously possible with existing analytical methods. METHODS The Arg/thiol redox LC-MS/MS metabolomics assay permits simultaneous assessment of amino acids and derivative products generated from Arg and SAA metabolism. Using this assay, LPS-induced changes in macrophage amino acid metabolism were monitored to identify pathway shifts during activation and their linkage to cellular redox regulation. RESULTS Metabolite concentrations most significantly changed after treatment of a macrophage-like cell line (RAW) with LPS for 24 hrs were citrulline (Cit) (48-fold increase), ornithine (Orn) (8.5-fold increase), arginine (Arg) (66% decrease), and aspartic acid (Asp) (73% decrease). The ratio Cit + Orn/Arg + Asp (CO/AA) was more sensitive to LPS stimulation than other amino acid ratios commonly used to measure LPS-dependent inflammation (e.g., SAM/SAH, GSH/GSSG) and total media NOx. The CO/AA ratio was also the first ratio to change significantly after LPS treatment (4 hrs). Changes in the overall metabolomic profile over time indicated that metabolic pathways shifted from Arg catabolism to thiol oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous quantification of Arg and SAA metabolic pathway shifts following LPS challenge of macrophage indicate that, in this system, the Arg-Citrulline/NO cycle and arginase pathways are the amino acid metabolic pathways most sensitive to LPS-challenge. The cellular (Cit + Orn)/(Arg + Asp) ratio, which summarizes this pathway, was more responsive to lower concentrations of LPS and responded earlier than other metabolic biomarkers of macrophage activation including GSH redox. It is suggested that the CO/AA ratio is a redox- independent early biomarker of macrophage activation. The ability to measure both the CO/AA and GSH-redox ratios simultaneously permits quantification of the relative effects of LPS challenge on macrophage inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. The use of this assay in humans is discussed, as are clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Suh
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Robert Y Kim
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Lee
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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Abstract
Metabolomics is the systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints of small molecules or metabolite profiles that are related to a variety of cellular metabolic processes in a cell, organ, or organism. Although messenger RNA gene expression data and proteomic analyses do not tell the whole story of what might be happening in a cell, metabolic profiling provides direct and indirect physiologic insights that can potentially be detectable in a wide range of biospecimens. Although not specific to cardiac conditions, translating metabolomics to cardiovascular biomarkers has followed the traditional path of biomarker discovery from identification and confirmation to clinical validation and bedside testing. With technological advances in metabolomic tools (such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) and more sophisticated bioinformatics and analytical techniques, the ability to measure low-molecular-weight metabolites in biospecimens provides a unique insight into established and novel metabolic pathways. Systemic metabolomics may provide physiologic understanding of cardiovascular disease states beyond traditional profiling and may involve descriptions of metabolic responses of an individual or population to therapeutic interventions or environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Senn
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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140
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Tripolt NJ, Meinitzer A, Eder M, Wascher TC, Pieber TR, Sourij H. Multifactorial risk factor intervention in patients with Type 2 diabetes improves arginine bioavailability ratios. Diabet Med 2012; 29:e365-8. [PMID: 22803961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Endothelial dysfunction is defined by reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide and has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular risk. The global arginine bioavailability ratio and the arginine to ornithine ratio have recently been shown to be associated with cardiovascular outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of a multifactorial risk factor intervention in subjects with Type 2 diabetes on these two potential new cardiovascular surrogate parameters. METHODS In a single-centre and prospective study, we investigated 41 patients with Type 2 diabetes not reaching treatment targets according to current local diabetes guidelines in two out of three of the following measurements: HbA(1c) LDL cholesterol 2.6 or blood pressure. Within 3 months, therapy was intensified according to current guidelines aiming to reach the treatment targets. At baseline and 3 months, arginine, ornithine and citrulline were chromatographically determined after pre-column-derivatization followed by fluorescent detection, and arginine bioavailability ratios were calculated. RESULTS Intensified risk factor management significantly improved the global arginine bioavailability ratio (0.33 ± 0.12 at baseline vs. 0.38 ± 0.14 after 3 months; P = 0.018). A significant improvement was only seen in patients with short diabetes duration (< 5 years), whereas in patients with longer diabetes duration improvement did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION In patients with Type 2 diabetes, intensified risk factor management improves arginine bioavailability ratios. Duration of diabetes seems to be an important factor influencing the capacity of the global arginine bioavailability ratio improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Tripolt
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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141
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Toda N, Tanabe S, Nakanishi S. Nitric oxide-mediated coronary flow regulation in patients with coronary artery disease: recent advances. Int J Angiol 2012; 20:121-34. [PMID: 22942627 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1283220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) formed via endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) plays crucial roles in the regulation of coronary blood flow through vasodilatation and decreased vascular resistance, and in inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion, leading to the prevention of coronary circulatory failure, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Endothelial function is impaired by several pathogenic factors including smoking, chronic alcohol intake, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. The mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction include reduced NO synthase (NOS) expression and activity, decreased NO bioavailability, and increased production of oxygen radicals and endogenous NOS inhibitors. Atrial fibrillation appears to be a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction is an important predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans. Penile erectile dysfunction, associated with impaired bioavailability of NO produced by eNOS and neuronal NOS, is also considered to be highly predictive of ischemic heart disease. There is evidence suggesting an important role of nitrergic innervation in coronary blood flow regulation. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures to eliminate pathogenic factors inducing endothelial and nitrergic nerve dysfunction would be quite important in preventing the genesis and development of CAD.
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142
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Mietus-Snyder ML, Shigenaga MK, Suh JH, Shenvi SV, Lal A, McHugh T, Olson D, Lilienstein J, Krauss RM, Gildengoren G, McCann JC, Ames BN. A nutrient-dense, high-fiber, fruit-based supplement bar increases HDL cholesterol, particularly large HDL, lowers homocysteine, and raises glutathione in a 2-wk trial. FASEB J 2012; 26:3515-27. [PMID: 22549511 PMCID: PMC3405270 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake modulates disease risk, but little is known how components within food mixtures affect pathophysiology. A low-calorie, high-fiber, fruit-based nutrient-dense bar of defined composition (e.g., vitamins and minerals, fruit polyphenolics, β-glucan, docosahexaenoic acid) appropriate for deconstruction and mechanistic studies is described and evaluated in a pilot trial. The bar was developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Changes in cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk biomarkers were measured after 2 wk twice-daily consumption of the bar, and compared against baseline controls in 25 healthy adults. Plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) increased 6.2% (P=0.001), due primarily to a 28% increase in large HDL (HDL-L; P<0.0001). Total plasma homocysteine (Hcy) decreased 19% (P=0.017), and glutathione (GSH) increased 20% (P=0.011). The changes in HDL and Hcy are in the direction associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline; increased GSH reflects improved antioxidant defense. Changes in biomarkers linked to insulin resistance and inflammation were not observed. A defined food-based supplement can, within 2 wk, positively impact metabolic biomarkers linked to disease risk. These results lay the groundwork for mechanistic/deconstruction experiments to identify critical bar components and putative synergistic combinations responsible for observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L. Mietus-Snyder
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
| | - Mark K. Shigenaga
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
| | - Jung H. Suh
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
| | - Swapna V. Shenvi
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
| | - Ashutosh Lal
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
| | - Tara McHugh
- Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service–Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Don Olson
- Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service–Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | | | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
| | - Ginny Gildengoren
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
| | - Joyce C. McCann
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
| | - Bruce N. Ames
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; and
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143
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Shao Z, Wang Z, Shrestha K, Thakur A, Borowski AG, Sweet W, Thomas JD, Moravec CS, Hazen SL, Tang WHW. Pulmonary hypertension associated with advanced systolic heart failure: dysregulated arginine metabolism and importance of compensatory dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:1150-8. [PMID: 22440215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine the hemodynamic determinants of dysregulated arginine metabolism in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and to explore possible mechanisms of arginine dysregulation in human heart failure. BACKGROUND Accumulating methylated arginine metabolites and impaired arginine bioavailability have been associated with heart failure, but the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. METHODS This study prospectively determined plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and global arginine bioavailability ratio [GABR = arginine/(ornithine + citrulline)] by tandem mass spectrometry in subjects with advanced decompensated heart failure in the intensive care unit (n = 68) and with stable chronic heart failure (n = 57). RESULTS Compared with chronic heart failure subjects, plasma ADMA was significantly higher (median [interquartile range]: 1.29 [1.04 to 1.77] μmol/l vs. 0.87 [0.72 to 1.05] μmol/l, p < 0.0001), and global arginine bioavailability ratio significantly lower (median [interquartile range]: 0.90 [0.69 to 1.22] vs. 1.13 [0.92 to 1.37], p = 0.002) in advanced decompensated heart failure subjects. Elevated ADMA and diminished global arginine bioavailability ratio were associated with higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and higher central venous pressure, but not with other clinical or hemodynamic indices. We further observed myocardial levels of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 were increased in chronic heart failure without elevated sPAP (<50 mm Hg), but diminished with elevated sPAP (≥50 mm Hg, difference with sPAP <50 mm Hg, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated arginine metabolism was observed in advanced decompensated heart failure, particularly with pulmonary hypertension and elevated intracardiac filling pressures. Compared with hearts of control subjects, we observed higher amounts of ADMA-degradation enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (but similar amounts of ADMA-producing enzyme, protein methyltransferase-1) in the human failing myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Shao
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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144
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many physiologic and pathophysiologic processes are modulated by arginine availability, which can be regulated by arginase. An understanding of the conditions that result in elevated arginase activity as well as the consequences of arginine deficiency is essential for design of effective nutritional support for disease. This review will emphasize recent findings regarding effects of plasma arginase and arginine deficiencies in disease. RECENT FINDINGS Elevations in plasma arginase, derived primarily from hemolysis of red blood cells or liver damage, that are associated with arginine deficiency have been identified in an increasing number of diseases and conditions. Arginine insufficiency not only can activate a stress kinase pathway that impairs function of T lymphocytes but it also can inhibit the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway required for macrophage production of cytokines in response to bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide. SUMMARY There are at least two broad categories of arginine deficiency syndromes, involving either T-cell dysfunction or endothelial dysfunction, depending on the disease context in which arginine deficiency occurs. There is limited information regarding the safety and efficacy of supplementation with arginine or its precursor citrulline in ameliorating arginine deficiency in specific diseases, indicating the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney M Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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145
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Cox SE, Makani J, Komba AN, Soka D, Newton CR, Kirkham FJ, Prentice AM. Global arginine bioavailability in Tanzanian sickle cell anaemia patients at steady-state: a nested case control study of deaths versus survivors. Br J Haematol 2011; 155:522-4. [PMID: 21595648 PMCID: PMC3592384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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146
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Down syndrome patients with pulmonary hypertension have elevated plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine. Eur J Pediatr 2011; 170:859-63. [PMID: 21120524 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) patients have an increased risk of developing pulmonary hypertension (PH). Increased plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) may contribute to vascular dysfunction in adults with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that DS patients with PH have higher plasma levels of ADMA than DS patients without PH. DS patients with definitive PH (n = 6) and DS patients with no evidence of PH (n = 12) were studied. Plasma levels of arginine, ADMA, and nitrite/nitrate (NOx; stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NO)) were measured. Plasma arginine concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in PH patients (23 ± 11 μM) versus non-PH patients (46 ± 24 μM). Plasma ADMA concentration was higher (p < 0.005) in PH patients (18.0 ± 4.2 μM) versus non-PH patients (8.6 ± 5.9 μM). Plasma NOx was lower (p < 0.05) in PH patients (4.5 ± 1.7 μM) versus non-PH patients (8.5 ± 7.3 μM). These results are consistent with ADMA contributing to lower NO production in DS patients with PH and suggest that ADMA levels may be a potential biomarker for PH in DS patients.
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147
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148
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Sourij H, Meinitzer A, Pilz S, Grammer TB, Winkelmann BR, Boehm BO, März W. Arginine bioavailability ratios are associated with cardiovascular mortality in patients referred to coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:220-5. [PMID: 21632053 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arginine is the only source for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. The bioavailability of NO plays a pivotal role in endothelial function and consequently in cardiovascular disease. The aim of the current study is to investigate the association of arginine bioavailability ratios with markers of endothelial function and cardiovascular mortality in patients referred to coronary angiography. METHODS We investigated 2236 patients recruited within the LUdwigshafen RIsk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study that were followed up for a median of 7.7 years. Arginine, ornithine and citrulline were chromatographically determined after precolumn-derivatisation followed by postcolumn continuous reaction with ninhydrin. Global arginine bioavailability (GABR) was calculated by arginine divided by the sum of ornithine plus citrulline. RESULTS We observed a significant rise in cardiovascular mortality with decreasing GABR and arginine to ornithine ratio quartiles. The adjusted Cox proportional HRs for GABR were 1.27 (0.88-1.83), 1.27 (0.89-1.80) and 1.75 (1.24-2.45) for the 3rd, the 2nd and the 1st quartile respectively in comparison to the 4th quartile. The HRs for the quartiles of the arginine to ornithine ratio were 1.83 (1.25-2.67), 2.17 (1.50-3.20) and 2.02 (1.39-2.92) respectively. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had a significantly lower GABR than persons without diabetes (0.88 ± 0.23 vs. 0.94 ± 0.24, p<0.001). GABR was found to be inversely correlated with endothelial markers as VCAM-1 (r=-0.301, p<0.001) or ICAM-1 (r=-0.136, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS GABR and the arginine to ornithine ratio are associated with markers of endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the pathobiology and clinical relevance of the arginine bioavailability ratios in cardio-metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Sourij
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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The swollen joint, the thickened artery, and the smoking gun: tobacco exposure, citrullination and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:567-72. [PMID: 21136261 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases result from an interplay between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. These interacting etiopathogenetic components converge in a critical step preceding disease, the loss of tolerance to self. In this review, we examine the evidences linking tobacco smoking with the initiation and perpetuation of inflammation affecting both the synovial membrane and the endothelial lining in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This disease is a compelling argument for the decisive role of environment in the triggering of a human autoimmune disease in genetically prone individuals.
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Erdely A, Kepka-Lenhart D, Salmen-Muniz R, Chapman R, Hulderman T, Kashon M, Simeonova PP, Morris SM. Arginase activities and global arginine bioavailability in wild-type and ApoE-deficient mice: responses to high fat and high cholesterol diets. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15253. [PMID: 21151916 PMCID: PMC2997799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased catabolism of arginine by arginase is increasingly viewed as an important pathophysiological factor in cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis induced by high cholesterol diets. Whereas previous studies have focused primarily on effects of high cholesterol diets on arginase expression and arginine metabolism in specific blood vessels, there is no information regarding the impact of lipid diets on arginase activity or arginine bioavailability at a systemic level. We, therefore, evaluated the effects of high fat (HF) and high fat-high cholesterol (HC) diets on arginase activity in plasma and tissues and on global arginine bioavailability (defined as the ratio of plasma arginine to ornithine + citrulline) in apoE−/− and wild-type C57BL/6J mice. HC and HF diets led to reduced global arginine bioavailability in both strains. The HC diet resulted in significantly elevated plasma arginase in both strains, but the HF diet increased plasma arginase only in apoE−/− mice. Elevated plasma arginase activity correlated closely with increased alanine aminotransferase levels, indicating that liver damage was primarily responsible for elevated plasma arginase. The HC diet, which promotes atherogenesis, also resulted in increased arginase activity and expression of the type II isozyme of arginase in multiple tissues of apoE−/− mice only. These results raise the possibility that systemic changes in arginase activity and global arginine bioavailability may be contributing factors in the initiation and/or progression of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Erdely
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America.
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