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Grabenstatter HL, Dudek FE. Effect of carbamazepine on spontaneous recurrent seizures recorded from the dentate gyrus in rats with kainate-induced epilepsy. Epilepsia 2019; 60:636-647. [PMID: 30815862 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal models of chronic epilepsy with spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) may be useful in the discovery and mechanistic analyses of antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Carbamazepine (CBZ), a widely used ASD with a well-defined mechanism, was analyzed in this proof-of-principle study to determine how a traditional ASD affects the properties of SRSs. METHODS The effects of CBZ on electrographic SRSs recorded from the dentate gyrus were studied in freely behaving rats using a repeated, low-dose kainate model of acquired epilepsy with a repeated-measures, crossover protocol. RESULTS Almost all seizure durations were >20 seconds. Both seizure likelihood and duration appeared to be similar between 1 and 8 hours after individual CBZ injections. CBZ-induced decreases in seizure frequency were not significant at 10 mg/kg; however, at 30 mg/kg, seizure frequency was significantly reduced for convulsive but not nonconvulsive seizures. At 100 mg/kg, CBZ strongly suppressed both convulsive and nonconvulsive seizures. Although CBZ had a dose-dependent effect on seizure frequency, CBZ did not affect seizure duration at any dose. The preceding interictal interval did not affect seizure duration; however, at 30 mg/kg CBZ, nearly all seizures were nonconvulsive when the interictal interval was <30 minutes (ie, during clusters). SIGNIFICANCE Increased doses of CBZ (10-100 mg/kg) suppressed the frequency but not the duration of convulsive and nonconvulsive seizures in the repeated, low-dose kainate model. The repeated-measures, crossover protocol, which requires relatively few animals and compensates for progressive increases in seizure frequency during epileptogenesis after status epilepticus, allowed quantitative analyses of clinically relevant and translatable properties of SRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Grabenstatter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - F Edward Dudek
- Departments of Physiology and Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Effect of Exercise Interventions on Kainate Induced Status Epilepticus and Associated Co-morbidities; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1005-1019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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103
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Calcium Channel Subunit α2δ4 Is Regulated by Early Growth Response 1 and Facilitates Epileptogenesis. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3175-3187. [PMID: 30792272 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1731-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient brain insults, including status epilepticus (SE), can trigger a period of epileptogenesis during which functional and structural reorganization of neuronal networks occurs resulting in the onset of focal epileptic seizures. In recent years, mechanisms that regulate the dynamic transcription of individual genes during epileptogenesis and thereby contribute to the development of a hyperexcitable neuronal network have been elucidated. Our own results have shown early growth response 1 (Egr1) to transiently increase expression of the T-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (VDCC) subunit CaV3.2, a key proepileptogenic protein. However, epileptogenesis involves complex and dynamic transcriptomic alterations; and so far, our understanding of the transcriptional control mechanism of gene regulatory networks that act in the same processes is limited. Here, we have analyzed whether Egr1 acts as a key transcriptional regulator for genes contributing to the development of hyperexcitability during epileptogenesis. We found Egr1 to drive the expression of the VDCC subunit α2δ4, which was augmented early and persistently after pilocarpine-induced SE. Furthermore, we show that increasing levels of α2δ4 in the CA1 region of the hippocampus elevate seizure susceptibility of mice by slightly decreasing local network activity. Interestingly, we also detected increased expression levels of Egr1 and α2δ4 in human hippocampal biopsies obtained from epilepsy surgery. In conclusion, Egr1 controls the abundance of the VDCC subunits CaV3.2 and α2δ4, which act synergistically in epileptogenesis, and thereby contributes to a seizure-induced "transcriptional Ca2+ channelopathy."SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The onset of focal recurrent seizures often occurs after an epileptogenic process induced by transient insults to the brain. Recently, transcriptional control mechanisms for individual genes involved in converting neurons hyperexcitable have been identified, including early growth response 1 (Egr1), which activates transcription of the T-type Ca2+ channel subunit CaV3.2. Here, we find Egr1 to regulate also the expression of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel subunit α2δ4, which was augmented after pilocarpine- and kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. In addition, we observed that α2δ4 affected spontaneous network activity and the susceptibility for seizure induction. Furthermore, we detected corresponding dynamics in human biopsies from epilepsy patients. In conclusion, Egr1 orchestrates a seizure-induced "transcriptional Ca2+ channelopathy" consisting of CaV3.2 and α2δ4, which act synergistically in epileptogenesis.
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Colangeli R, Di Maio R, Pierucci M, Deidda G, Casarrubea M, Di Giovanni G. Synergistic action of CB 1 and 5-HT 2B receptors in preventing pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:135-145. [PMID: 30716469 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) and serotonin (5-HT) play a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. Both eCBs and 5-HT regulate neuronal excitability and their pharmacological potentiation has been shown to control seizures in pre-clinical and human studies. Compelling evidence indicates that eCB and 5-HT systems interact to modulate several physiological and pathological brain functions, such as food intake, pain, drug addiction, depression, and anxiety. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of an eCB/5-HT interaction in experimental and human epilepsies, including status epilepticus (SE). Here, we performed video-EEG recording in behaving rats treated with the pro-convulsant agent pilocarpine (PILO), in order to study the effect of the activation of CB1/5-HT2 receptors and their interaction on SE. Synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) decreased behavioral seizure severity of PILO-induced SE at 2 mg/kg (but not at 1 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.), while 5-HT2B/2C receptor agonist RO60-0175 (RO; 1, 3, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was devoid of any effect. RO 3 mg/kg was instead capable of potentiating the effect of WIN 2 mg/kg on the Racine scale score. Surprisingly, neither WIN 2 mg/kg nor RO 3 mg/kg had any effect on the incidence and the intensity of EEG seizures when administered alone. However, WIN+RO co-administration reduced the incidence and the severity of EEG SE and increased the latency to SE onset after PILO injection. WIN+RO effects were blocked by the selective CB1R antagonist AM251 and the 5-HT2BR antagonist RS127445, but not by the 5-HT2CR antagonist SB242084 or the 5-HT2AR antagonist MDL11,939. These data revealed a synergistic interaction between CB1R/5-HT2BR in the expression of PILO-induced SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Colangeli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
| | - Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Inst. for Neurodegenerative Dis., Dept. of Neurology, Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Massimo Pierucci
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Gabriele Deidda
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Maurizio Casarrubea
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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105
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Ourdev D, Schmaus A, Kar S. Kainate Receptor Activation Enhances Amyloidogenic Processing of APP in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5095-5110. [PMID: 30484111 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA) is an analogue of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate that, when injected systemically into adult rats, can trigger seizures and progressive neuronal loss in a manner that mirrors the neuropathology of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. However, biomolecular mechanisms responsible for the neuronal loss that occurs as a consequence of this treatment remains elusive. We have recently reported that toxicity induced by KA can partly be mediated by astrocyte-derived amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which are critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, little is known how KA can influence amyloid precursor protein (APP) levels and processing in astrocytes. Thus, in the present study using human U-373 astrocytoma and rat primary astrocytes, we evaluated the role of KA on APP metabolism. Our results revealed that KA treatment increased the levels of APP and its cleaved products (α-/β-CTFs) in cultured U-373 astrocytoma and primary astrocytes, without altering the cell viability. The cellular and secretory levels of Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 were markedly increased in KA-treated astrocytes. We also demonstrated that the steady-state levels of APP-secretases were not altered but the activity of γ-secretase is enhanced in KA-treated U-373 astrocytoma. Furthermore, using selective receptor antagonists, we showed that the effects of KA is mediated by activation of kainate receptors and not NMDA or AMPA receptors. These results suggest that KA can enhance amyloidogenic processing of APP by activating its own receptor leading to increased production/secretion of Aβ-related peptides from activated astrocytes which may contribute to the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ourdev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Schmaus
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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106
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Liberato JL, Godoy LD, Cunha AOS, Mortari MR, de Oliveira Beleboni R, Fontana ACK, Lopes NP, Dos Santos WF. Parawixin2 Protects Hippocampal Cells in Experimental Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120486. [PMID: 30469496 PMCID: PMC6316435 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered as one of the major disabling neuropathologies. Almost one third of adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) do not respond to current antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Additionally, most AEDs do not have neuroprotective effects against the inherent neurodegenerative process underlying the hippocampal sclerosis on TLE. Dysfunctions in the GABAergic neurotransmission may contribute not only to the onset of epileptic activity but also constitute an important system for therapeutic approaches. Therefore, molecules that enhance GABA inhibitory effects could open novel avenues for the understanding of epileptic plasticity and for drug development. Parawixin2, a compound isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom, inhibits both GABA and glycine uptake and has an anticonvulsant effect against a wide range of chemoconvulsants. The neuroprotective potential of Parawixin2 was analyzed in a model of TLE induced by a long-lasting Status Epilepticus (SE), and its efficiency was compared to well-known neuroprotective drugs, such as riluzole and nipecotic acid. Neuroprotection was assessed through histological markers for cell density (Nissl), astrocytic reactivity (GFAP) and cell death labeling (TUNEL), which were performed 24 h and 72 h after SE. Parawixin2 treatment resulted in neuroprotective effects in a dose dependent manner at 24 h and 72 h after SE, as well as reduced reactive astrocytes and apoptotic cell death. Based on these findings, Parawixin2 has a great potential to be used as a tool for neuroscience research and as a probe to the development of novel GABAergic neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz Liberato
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory (LNP), Department of Biology, College of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 São Paulo, Brazil.
- Neuroscience Behavioral Institute (INEC), Av. do Café, 2450, Ribeirão Preto, 14050-220 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lívea Dornela Godoy
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory (LNP), Department of Biology, College of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 São Paulo, Brazil.
- Neuroscience Behavioral Institute (INEC), Av. do Café, 2450, Ribeirão Preto, 14050-220 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alexandra Olimpio Siqueira Cunha
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory (LNP), Department of Biology, College of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Renata Mortari
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, DF 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Rene de Oliveira Beleboni
- Department of Biotechnology/School of Medicine, University of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto, 14096-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Andréia C K Fontana
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- NPPNS, Department of Physics and Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, Av. do Cafe s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Ferreira Dos Santos
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory (LNP), Department of Biology, College of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 São Paulo, Brazil.
- Neuroscience Behavioral Institute (INEC), Av. do Café, 2450, Ribeirão Preto, 14050-220 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Toffa DH, Kpadonou C, Gams Massi D, Ouedraogo M, Sow AD, Ndiaye M, Samb A. Le magnésium et le calcium réduisent la sévérité des troubles de la mémoire spatiale pour le modèle kaïnique d’épilepsie mésiale temporale chez la souris. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:1132-1144. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dènahin Hinnoutondji Toffa
- Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada
- Neuroépilepsie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Laboratoire de physiologie et physiopathologie humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Carl Kpadonou
- Laboratoire de physiologie et physiopathologie humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Daniel Gams Massi
- Neurologie, Université de Douala - Faculté de Médecine et de Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Douala, Cameroun
- Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire National Fann, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Modeste Ouedraogo
- Laboratoire de physiologie et physiopathologie humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Adjaratou Dieynabou Sow
- Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire National Fann, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Moustapha Ndiaye
- Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire National Fann, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Abdoulaye Samb
- Laboratoire de physiologie et physiopathologie humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
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108
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Chong PN, Sangu M, Huat TJ, Reza F, Begum T, Yusoff AAM, Jaafar H, Abdullah JM. Trkb-IP3 Pathway Mediating Neuroprotection in Rat Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Culture Following Induction of Kainic Acid. Malays J Med Sci 2018; 25:28-45. [PMID: 30914877 PMCID: PMC6422567 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following brain injury, development of hippocampal sclerosis often led to the temporal lobe epilepsy which is sometimes resistant to common anti-epileptic drugs. Cellular and molecular changes underlying epileptogenesis in animal models were studied, however, the underlying mechanisms of kainic acid (KA) mediated neuronal damage in rat hippocampal neuron cell culture alone has not been elucidated yet. METHODS Embryonic day 18 (E-18) rat hippocampus neurons were cultured with poly-L-lysine coated glass coverslips. Following optimisation, KA (0.5 μM), a chemoconvulsant agent, was administered at three different time-points (30, 60 and 90 min) to induce seizure in rat hippocampal neuronal cell culture. We examined cell viability, neurite outgrowth density and immunoreactivity of the hippocampus neuron culture by measuring brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), γ-amino butyric acid A (GABAA) subunit α-1 (GABRA1), tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), and inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R/IP3) levels. RESULTS The results revealed significantly decreased and increased immunoreactivity changes in TrkB (a BDNF receptor) and IP3R, respectively, at 60 min time point. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest that TrkB and IP3 could have a neuroprotective role which could be a potential pharmacological target for anti-epilepsy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Nei Chong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muthuraju Sangu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Tee Jong Huat
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faruque Reza
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Tahamina Begum
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hasnan Jaafar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Centre for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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109
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Gorlewicz A, Kaczmarek L. Pathophysiology of Trans-Synaptic Adhesion Molecules: Implications for Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:119. [PMID: 30298130 PMCID: PMC6160742 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are specialized interfaces between neurons in the brain that transmit and modulate information, thereby integrating cells into multiplicity of interacting neural circuits. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) might form trans-synaptic complexes that are crucial for the appropriate identification of synaptic partners and further for the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses. When affected, trans-synaptic adhesion mechanisms play a role in synaptopathies in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy. This review recapitulates current understanding of trans-synaptic interactions in pathophysiology of interneuronal connections. In particular, we discuss here the possible implications of trans-synaptic adhesion dysfunction for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorlewicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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110
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Brandt C, Hillmann P, Noack A, Römermann K, Öhler LA, Rageot D, Beaufils F, Melone A, Sele AM, Wymann MP, Fabbro D, Löscher W. The novel, catalytic mTORC1/2 inhibitor PQR620 and the PI3K/mTORC1/2 inhibitor PQR530 effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and increase seizure threshold in a mouse model of chronic epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2018; 140:107-120. [PMID: 30081001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway has emerged as a possible therapeutic target for epilepsy. Clinical trials have shown that mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus reduce seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex patients with intractable epilepsy. Furthermore, accumulating preclinical data suggest that mTOR inhibitors may have anti-seizure or anti-epileptogenic actions in other types of epilepsy. However, the chronic use of rapalogs such as everolimus is limited by poor tolerability, particularly by immunosuppression, poor brain penetration and induction of feedback loops which might contribute to their limited therapeutic efficacy. Here we describe two novel, brain-permeable and well tolerated small molecule 1,3,5-triazine derivatives, the catalytic mTORC1/C2 inhibitor PQR620 and the dual pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PQR530. These derivatives were compared with the mTORC1 inhibitors rapamycin and everolimus as well as the anti-seizure drugs phenobarbital and levetiracetam. The anti-seizure potential of these compounds was determined by evaluating the electroconvulsive seizure threshold in normal and epileptic mice. Rapamycin and everolimus only poorly penetrated into the brain (brain:plasma ratio 0.0057 for rapamycin and 0.016 for everolimus). In contrast, the novel compounds rapidly entered the brain, reaching brain:plasma ratios of ∼1.6. Furthermore, they significantly decreased phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein in the hippocampus of normal and epileptic mice, demonstrating effective mTOR inhibition. PQR620 and PQR530 significantly increased seizure threshold at tolerable doses. The effect of PQR620 was more marked in epileptic vs. nonepileptic mice, matching the efficacy of levetiracetam. Overall, the novel compounds described here have the potential to overcome the disadvantages of rapalogs for treatment of epilepsy and mTORopathies directly connected to mutations in the mTOR signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Brandt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Noack
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leon A Öhler
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Denise Rageot
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Melone
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander M Sele
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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111
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Nascimento BPP, Bocco BMLC, Fernandes GW, Fonseca TL, McAninch EA, Cardoso CV, Bondan EF, Nassif RJ, Cysneiros RM, Bianco AC, Ribeiro MO. Induction of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase After Status Epilepticus Modifies Hippocampal Gene Expression in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3090-3104. [PMID: 29905787 PMCID: PMC6669821 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is an abnormally prolonged seizure that results from either a failure of mechanisms that terminate seizures or from initiating mechanisms that inherently lead to prolonged seizures. Here we report that mice experiencing a 3 hours of SE caused by pilocarpine exhibit a rapid increase in expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase gene (Dio2) and a decrease in the expression of type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase gene in hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in hippocampal sections was seen concentrated in the neuronal nuclei, typical of ischemic injury of the brain. An unbiased analysis of the hippocampal transcriptome of mice undergoing 3 hours of SE revealed a number of genes, including those involved with response to oxidative stress, cellular homeostasis, cell signaling, and mitochondrial structure. In contrast, in mice with targeted disruption of Dio2 in astrocytes (Astro D2KO mouse), the highly induced genes in the hippocampus were related to inflammation, apoptosis, and cell death. We propose that Dio2 induction caused by SE accelerates production of T3 in different areas of the central nervous system and modifies the hippocampal gene expression profile, affecting the balance between adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna P P Nascimento
- Graduate Program of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carolina V Cardoso
- Department of Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Bondan
- Department of Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Renata J Nassif
- Neuroscience Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta M Cysneiros
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Graduate Program of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Luiz Gomes A, Dimitrova Tchekalarova J, Atanasova M, da Conceição Machado K, de Sousa Rios MA, Paz MFCJ, Găman MA, Găman AM, Yele S, Shill MC, Khan IN, Islam MA, Ali ES, Mishra SK, Islam MT, Mubarak MS, da Silva Lopes L, de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante AA. Anticonvulsant effect of anacardic acid in murine models: Putative role of GABAergic and antioxidant mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1686-1695. [PMID: 30170356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease affecting people of all ages worldwide. Side effects of antiepileptic drugs and their association with oxidative stress stimulate the search for new drugs, which would be more affordable with fewer adverse effects. Accordingly, the aim of the present work is to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of anacardic acid (AA), a natural compound extracted from cashew liquid (Anacardium occidentalis), in murine models, as well as its antioxidant actions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AA (>90% purity) was tested, in vivo, in male Swiss mice (25-30 g) with four convulsive models, (1) pentylenetetrazole, (2) pilocarpine, (3) electroshock, and (4) kainic acid, at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, body weight (B.W.) Additionally, the effective dose, toxic dose, and protective index studies were also performed. Results revealed that AA exhibits anticonvulsive effects in models 1, 3, and 4, with a mean effective dose (ED50) of 39.64 (model 1) >100 mg/kg, B.W. (model 2), and 38.36 (model 3); furthermore, AA displays a protection index of 1.49 (model 1), <0.6 (model 2, and 1.54 (model 3). In addition, AA showed antioxidant activities in S. cerevisiae mutated for superoxide dismutases (SOD). In conclusion, these results show that AA exhibits significant anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities and may be used as a promising natural product for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Luiz Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Neuroquímica Experimental do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Piauí, CEP: 64.049-550, Teresina, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Piauí, CEP: 64.049-550, Teresina Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) da Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Atanasova
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Medica de Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Keylla da Conceição Machado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Neuroquímica Experimental do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Piauí, CEP: 64.049-550, Teresina, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Piauí, CEP: 64.049-550, Teresina Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) da Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Fernanda Correia Jardim Paz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Neuroquímica Experimental do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Piauí, CEP: 64.049-550, Teresina, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Piauí, CEP: 64.049-550, Teresina Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) da Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Amelia Maria Găman
- Department of Pathophysiology, Research Center of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; Department of Haematology, Filantropia City Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Santosh Yele
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, India
| | - Manik Chandra Shill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Ishaq N Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25100, Pakistan
| | - Md Amirul Islam
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Life Sciences, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Eunüs S Ali
- Gaco Pharmaceuticals and Research Laboratory, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia
| | - Siddhartha K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (Zoology), Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, 470003, M.P, India
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Mohammad S Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
| | - Luciano da Silva Lopes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Neuroquímica Experimental do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Piauí, CEP: 64.049-550, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Piauí, CEP: 64.049-550, Teresina Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) da Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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113
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Kodam A, Ourdev D, Maulik M, Hariharakrishnan J, Banerjee M, Wang Y, Kar S. A role for astrocyte-derived amyloid β peptides in the degeneration of neurons in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:28-44. [PMID: 29665128 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid, an analogue of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, can trigger seizures and neurotoxicity in the hippocampus and other limbic structures in a manner that mirrors the neuropathology of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, the underlying mechanisms associated with the neurotoxicity remain unclear. Since amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which are critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease, can mediate toxicity by activating glutamatergic NMDA receptors, it is likely that the enhanced glutamatergic transmission that renders hippocampal neurons vulnerable to kainic acid treatment may involve Aβ peptides. Thus, we seek to establish what role Aβ plays in kainic acid-induced toxicity using in vivo and in vitro paradigms. Our results show that systemic injection of kainic acid to adult rats triggers seizures, gliosis and loss of hippocampal neurons, along with increased levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the enhanced production of Aβ-related peptides. The changes in APP levels/processing were evident primarily in activated astrocytes, implying a role for astrocytic Aβ in kainic acid-induced toxicity. Accordingly, we showed that treating rat primary cultured astrocytes with kainic acid can lead to increased Aβ production/secretion without any compromise in cell viability. Additionally, we revealed that kainic acid reduces neuronal viability more in neuronal/astrocyte co-cultures than in pure neuronal culture, and this is attenuated by precluding Aβ production. Collectively, these results indicate that increased production/secretion of Aβ-related peptides from activated astrocytes can contribute to neurotoxicity in kainic acid-treated rats. Since kainic acid administration can lead to neuropathological changes resembling TLE, it is likely that APP/Aβ peptides derived from astrocytes may have a role in TLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kodam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - D Ourdev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - M Maulik
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - J Hariharakrishnan
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - M Banerjee
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
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114
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Baccus B, Auvin S, Dorandeu F. Electro-behavioral phenotype and cell injury following exposure to paraoxon-ethyl in mice: Effect of the genetic background. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 290:119-125. [PMID: 29800574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are irreversible inhibitors of both central and peripheral cholinesterases (ChE). They still represent a major health issue in some countries as well as a terrorist and military threat. In order to design appropriate medical counter-measures, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the poisoning is needed. Little to nothing is known regarding the impact of the genetic background on OP-induced seizures and seizure-related cell injury. Using two different mouse strains, Swiss and C57BL/6J, exposed to a convulsing dose of the OP pesticide paraoxon-ethyl (POX), our study focused on seizure susceptibility, especially the occurrence of SE and related mortality. We also evaluated the initial neuropathological response and SE-induced cell injury. Following the administration of 2.4 mg/kg POX, more Swiss mice experienced SE than C57BL/6J (55.6% versus 17.2%) but the duration of their SE, based on EEG recordings, was shorter (64.3 ± 19.5 min versus 180.8 ± 36.8 min). No significant difference was observed between strains regarding mortality (33% versus 14%). In both strains limited cell injury was observed in the medial temporal cortex, the dentate gyrus and the CA3 field without inter-strain differences (Fluorojade C-positive cells/mm2). Conversely, only C57BL/6J mice showed cell injury in the CA1 field. There was no obvious correlation between the number of Fluorojade C-positive cells and the duration of the EEG discharges. Our work suggests some differences between Swiss and C57BL/6J mice and lay ground to further studies on the impact of strains in the development of central nervous system toxicity of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Baccus
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (French armed forces biomedical research institute), 1 Place Général Valérie André, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France; Inserm U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Ecole du Val de Grâce, 1 Place Alphonse Laveran, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Inserm U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Dorandeu
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (French armed forces biomedical research institute), 1 Place Général Valérie André, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France; Ecole du Val de Grâce, 1 Place Alphonse Laveran, 75005 Paris, France
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115
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Khan AA, Shekh-Ahmad T, Khalil A, Walker MC, Ali AB. Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2097-2115. [PMID: 29574880 PMCID: PMC5979781 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose A non‐psychoactive phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), shows promising results as an effective potential antiepileptic drug in some forms of refractory epilepsy. To elucidate the mechanisms by which CBD exerts its anti‐seizure effects, we investigated its effects at synaptic connections and on the intrinsic membrane properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and two major inhibitory interneurons: fast spiking, parvalbumin (PV)‐expressing and adapting, cholecystokinin (CCK)‐expressing interneurons. We also investigated whether in vivo treatment with CBD altered the fate of CCK and PV interneurons using immunohistochemistry. Experimental Approach Electrophysiological intracellular whole‐cell recordings combined with neuroanatomy were performed in acute brain slices of rat temporal lobe epilepsy in in vivo (induced by kainic acid) and in vitro (induced by Mg2+‐free solution) epileptic seizure models. For immunohistochemistry experiments, CBD was administered in vivo (100 mg·kg−1) at zero time and 90 min post status epilepticus, induced with kainic acid. Key Results Bath application of CBD (10 μM) dampened excitability at unitary synapses between pyramidal cells but enhanced inhibitory synaptic potentials elicited by fast spiking and adapting interneurons at postsynaptic pyramidal cells. Furthermore, CBD restored impaired membrane excitability of PV, CCK and pyramidal cells in a cell type‐specific manner. These neuroprotective effects of CBD were corroborated by immunohistochemistry experiments that revealed a significant reduction in atrophy and death of PV‐ and CCK‐expressing interneurons after CBD treatment. Conclusions and Implications Our data suggest that CBD restores excitability and morphological impairments in epileptic models to pre‐epilepsy control levels through multiple mechanisms to reinstate normal network function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Afia B Ali
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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116
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Daanaa S, Abotsi WKM, Boakye-Gyasi E, Woode E. Anticonvulsant effect of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson in murine models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:384-394. [PMID: 29183747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson is a tropical medicinal plant used traditionally for the management of epilepsy. However, there is little scientific evidence to support its use. AIM OF STUDY The current study investigated the anticonvulsant properties of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Psydrax subcordata (PSE) in animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anticonvulsant effects were evaluated in mouse models of acute seizures (pentylenetetrazole-, picrotoxin-, 4-aminopyridine-, strychnine- and maximal electroshock-induced seizure tests) and status epilepticus (Lithium/pilocarpine-induced SE). The role of GABAergic mechanisms in the actions of the extract was also examined by pre-treatment of animals with flumazenil in the pentylenetetrazole test. RESULTS The extract (30, 100 and 300mg/kg, p.o.) significantly delayed the onset and decreased the duration and frequency of pentylenetetrazole- and picrotoxin-convulsions. PSE also reduced the duration of tonic hind limb extensions in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure test. Furthermore, PSE pre-treatment significantly delayed the onset of seizures and improved survival in the 4-aminopyridine-induced seizure test. In the strychnine-induced seizure test, PSE treatment did not significantly affect the latency to convulsions and time until death when compared to controls. PSE exhibited anticonvulsant effects in the lithium/pilocarpine test by delaying the onset of seizures and status epilepticus as well as reducing the severity of seizures and mortality of mice. Again, the anticonvulsant effect of PSE (100mg/kg, p.o.) was blocked by pre-treatment with flumazenil in the PTZ test. CONCLUSION PSE has anticonvulsant activity in animal models, and this effect may be mediated, at least partly, through GABAergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Daanaa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Wonder Kofi Mensah Abotsi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Eric Boakye-Gyasi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Eric Woode
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
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Cano A, Ettcheto M, Espina M, Auladell C, Calpena AC, Folch J, Barenys M, Sánchez-López E, Camins A, García ML. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate loaded PEGylated-PLGA nanoparticles: A new anti-seizure strategy for temporal lobe epilepsy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1073-1085. [PMID: 29454994 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate has aroused much interest because of its multiple therapeutic effects, but its instability compromises the potential effectiveness. PEGylated-PLGA nanoparticles of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate were designed to protect the drug and to increase the brain delivery. Nanoparticles were prepared by the double emulsion method and cytotoxicity, behavioral, Fluoro-Jade C, Iba1 and GFAP immunohistochemistry studies were carried out to determine their effectiveness. Nanoparticles showed an average size of 169 nm, monodisperse population, negative surface charge, encapsulation efficiency of 95% and sustained release profile. Cytotoxicity assays exhibited that these nanocarriers were non-toxic. Behavioral test showed that nanoparticles reduced most than free drug the number of epileptic episodes and their intensity. Neurotoxicity and immunohistochemistry studies confirmed a decrease in neuronal death and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate PEGylated-PLGA nanoparticles could be a suitable strategy for the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rovira i Virgili, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Auladell
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Unit of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rovira i Virgili, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Marta Barenys
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nutrition Research and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.
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Raveau M, Shimohata A, Amano K, Miyamoto H, Yamakawa K. DYRK1A-haploinsufficiency in mice causes autistic-like features and febrile seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 110:180-191. [PMID: 29223763 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and copy number variants affecting DYRK1A gene encoding the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A are among the most frequent genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) associated with microcephaly, febrile seizures and severe speech acquisition delay. Here we developed a mouse model harboring a frame-shift mutation in Dyrk1a resulting in a protein truncation and elimination of its kinase activity site. Dyrk1a+/- mice showed significant impairments in cognition and cognitive flexibility, communicative ultrasonic vocalizations, and social contacts. Susceptibility to hyperthermia-induced seizures was also significantly increased in these mice. The truncation leading to haploinsufficiency of DYRK1A in mice thus recapitulates the syndromic phenotypes observed in human patients and constitutes a useful model for further investigations of the mechanisms leading to ASD, speech delay and febrile seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Raveau
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimohata
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenji Amano
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Li Q, Han Y, Du J, Jin H, Zhang J, Niu M, Qin J. Recombinant human erythropoietin protects against brain injury through blunting the mTORC1 pathway in the developing brains of rats with seizures. Life Sci 2018; 194:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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120
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Tiwari D, Peariso K, Gross C. MicroRNA-induced silencing in epilepsy: Opportunities and challenges for clinical application. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:94-110. [PMID: 28850760 PMCID: PMC5740004 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are master regulators of gene expression. Single microRNAs influence multiple proteins within diverse molecular pathways and networks. Therefore, changes in levels or activity of microRNAs can have profound effects on cellular function. This makes dysregulated microRNA-induced silencing an attractive potential disease mechanism in complex disorders like epilepsy, where numerous cellular pathways and processes are affected simultaneously. Indeed, several years of research in rodent models have provided strong evidence that acute or recurrent seizures change microRNA expression and function. Moreover, altered microRNA expression has been observed in brain and blood from patients with various epilepsy disorders, such as tuberous sclerosis. MicroRNAs can be easily manipulated using sense or antisense oligonucleotides, opening up opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize studies using these techniques to identify microRNAs that modulate seizure susceptibility, describe protein targets mediating some of these effects, and discuss cellular pathways, for example neuroinflammation, that are controlled by epilepsy-associated microRNAs. We critically assess current gaps in knowledge regarding target- and cell-specificity of microRNAs that have to be addressed before clinical application as therapeutic targets or biomarkers. The recent progress in understanding microRNA function in epilepsy has generated strong momentum to encourage in-depth mechanistic studies to develop microRNA-targeted therapies. Developmental Dynamics 247:94-110, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Tiwari
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Katrina Peariso
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati, Ohio
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christina Gross
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati, Ohio
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Developmental Inflammation Takes a Toll: Early Immune Responses Increase Seizure Susceptibility via Astrocytic TLR4 Signaling. Epilepsy Curr 2017; 17:370-371. [PMID: 29217983 DOI: 10.5698/1535-7597.17.6.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Macrophage depletion by liposome-encapsulated clodronate suppresses seizures but not hippocampal damage after acute viral encephalitis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:192-205. [PMID: 29208406 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a major risk factor for the development of seizures and epilepsy, but the underlying mechanisms are only poorly understood. Mouse models such as viral encephalitis induced by intracerebral infection with Theiler's virus in C57BL/6 (B6) mice allow advancing our understanding of the immunological and virological aspects of infection-induced seizures and their treatment. Previous studies using the Theiler's virus model in B6 mice have indicated that brain-infiltrating inflammatory macrophages and the cytokines released by these cells are key to the development of acute seizures and hippocampal damage in this model. However, approaches used to prevent or reduce macrophage infiltration were not specific, so contribution of other mechanisms could not be excluded. In the present study, we used a more selective and widely used approach for macrophage depletion, i.e., systemic administration of clodronate liposomes, to study the contribution of macrophage infiltration to development of seizures and hippocampal damage. By this approach, almost complete depletion of monocytic cells was achieved in spleen and blood of Theiler's virus infected B6 mice, which was associated with a 70% decrease in the number of brain infiltrating macrophages as assessed by flow cytometry. Significantly less clodronate liposome-treated mice exhibited seizures than liposome controls (P<0.01), but the development of hippocampal damage was not prevented or reduced. Clodronate liposome treatment did not reduce the increased Iba1 and Mac3 labeling in the hippocampus of infected mice, indicating that activated microglia may contribute to hippocampal damage. The unexpected mismatch between occurrence of seizures and hippocampal damage is thought-provoking and suggests that the mechanisms involved in degeneration of specific populations of hippocampal neurons in encephalitis-induced epilepsy are more complex than previously thought.
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Magagna-Poveda A, Moretto JN, Scharfman HE. Increased gyrification and aberrant adult neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus in adult rats. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:4219-4237. [PMID: 28656372 PMCID: PMC5909844 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable example of maladaptive plasticity is the development of epilepsy after a brain insult or injury to a normal animal or human. A structure that is considered central to the development of this type of epilepsy is the dentate gyrus (DG), because it is normally a relatively inhibited structure and its quiescence is thought to reduce hippocampal seizure activity. This characteristic of the DG is also considered to be important for normal hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions. It has been suggested that the brain insults which cause epilepsy do so because they cause the DG to be more easily activated. One type of brain insult that is commonly used is induction of severe seizures (status epilepticus; SE) by systemic injection of a convulsant drug. Here we describe an alteration in the DG after this type of experimental SE that may contribute to chronic seizures that has not been described before: large folds or gyri that develop in the DG by 1 month after SE. Large gyri appeared to increase network excitability because epileptiform discharges recorded in hippocampal slices after SE were longer in duration when recorded inside gyri relative to locations outside gyri. Large gyri may also increase excitability because immature adult-born neurons accumulated at the base of gyri with time after SE, and previous studies have suggested that abnormalities in adult-born DG neurons promote seizures after SE. In summary, large gyri after SE are a common finding in adult rats, show increased excitability, and are associated with the development of an abnormal spatial distribution of adult-born neurons. Together these alterations may contribute to chronic seizures and associated cognitive comorbidities after SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Magagna-Poveda
- The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd. Bldg. 35, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Jillian N Moretto
- The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd. Bldg. 35, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd. Bldg. 35, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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124
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Minjarez B, Camarena H, Haramati J, Rodríguez-Yañez Y, Mena-Munguía S, Buriticá J, García-Leal O. Behavioral changes in models of chemoconvulsant-induced epilepsy: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:373-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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125
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Stover KR, Lim S, Zhou TL, Stafford PM, Chow J, Li H, Sivanenthiran N, Mylvaganam S, Wu C, Weaver DF, Eubanks J, Zhang L. Susceptibility to hippocampal kindling seizures is increased in aging C57 black mice. IBRO Rep 2017; 3:33-44. [PMID: 30135940 PMCID: PMC6084868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of seizures increases with old age. Stroke, dementia and brain tumors are recognized risk factors for new-onset seizures in the aging populations and the incidence of these conditions also increased with age. Whether aging is associated with higher seizure susceptibility in the absence of the above pathologies remains unclear. We used classic kindling to explore this issue as the kindling model is highly reproducible and allows close monitoring of electrographic and motor seizure activities in individual animals. We kindled male young and aging mice (C57BL/6 strain, 2-3 and 18-22 months of age) via daily hippocampal CA3 stimulation and monitored seizure activity via video and electroencephalographic recordings. The aging mice needed fewer stimuli to evoke stage-5 motor seizures and exhibited longer hippocampal afterdischarges and more frequent hippocampal spikes relative to the young mice, but afterdischarge thresholds and cumulative afterdischarge durations to stage 5 motor seizures were not different between the two age groups. While hippocampal injury and structural alterations at cellular and micro-circuitry levels remain to be examined in the kindled mice, our present observations suggest that susceptibility to hippocampal CA3 kindling seizures is increased with aging in male C57 black mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R. Stover
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Stellar Lim
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Terri-Lin Zhou
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Chow
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Haoyuan Li
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | | | | | - Chiping Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - James Eubanks
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
- Departments of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto Epilepsy Program, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto Epilepsy Program, Canada
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Bertoglio D, Amhaoul H, Van Eetveldt A, Houbrechts R, Van De Vijver S, Ali I, Dedeurwaerdere S. Kainic Acid-Induced Post-Status Epilepticus Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Diverging Seizure Phenotype and Neuropathology. Front Neurol 2017; 8:588. [PMID: 29163349 PMCID: PMC5681498 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of epilepsy models is to investigate disease ontogenesis and therapeutic interventions in a consistent and prospective manner. The kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (KASE) rat model is a widely used, well-validated model for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). As we noted significant variability within the model between labs potentially related to the rat strain used, we aimed to describe two variants of this model with diverging seizure phenotype and neuropathology. In addition, we evaluated two different protocols to induce status epilepticus (SE). Wistar Han (Charles River, France) and Sprague-Dawley (Harlan, The Netherlands) rats were subjected to KASE using the Hellier kainic acid (KA) and a modified injection scheme. Duration of SE and latent phase were characterized by video-electroencephalography (vEEG) in a subgroup of animals, while animals were sacrificed 1 week (subacute phase) and 12 weeks (chronic phase) post-SE. In the 12 weeks post-SE groups, seizures were monitored with vEEG. Neuronal loss (neuronal nuclei), microglial activation (OX-42 and translocator protein), and neurodegeneration (Fluorojade C) were assessed. First, the Hellier protocol caused very high mortality in WH/CR rats compared to SD/H animals. The modified protocol resulted in a similar SE severity for WH/CR and SD/H rats, but effectively improved survival rates. The latent phase was significantly shorter (p < 0.0001) in SD/H (median 8.3 days) animals compared to WH/CR (median 15.4 days). During the chronic phase, SD/H rats had more seizures/day compared to WH/CR animals (p < 0.01). However, neuronal degeneration and cell loss were overall more extensive in WH/CR than in SD/H rats; microglia activation was similar between the two strains 1 week post-SE, but higher in WH/CR rats 12 weeks post-SE. These neuropathological differences may be more related to the distinct neurotoxic effects of KA in the two rat strains than being the outcome of seizure burden itself. The divergences in disease progression and seizure outcome, in addition to the histopathological dissimilarities, further substantiate the existence of strain differences for the KASE rat model of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bertoglio
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Halima Amhaoul
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van Eetveldt
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ruben Houbrechts
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Idrish Ali
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Wang X, Tian X, Yang Y, Lu X, Li Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zheng F, Lu S, Xu D, Xu X, Wang W, Wang X. POSH participates in epileptogenesis by increasing the surface expression of the NMDA receptor: a promising therapeutic target for epilepsy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1083-1094. [PMID: 29057721 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1394456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinshi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanlin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanke Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangshuo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Demei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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128
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Schidlitzki A, Twele F, Klee R, Waltl I, Römermann K, Bröer S, Meller S, Gerhauser I, Rankovic V, Li D, Brandt C, Bankstahl M, Töllner K, Löscher W. A combination of NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists retards granule cell dispersion and epileptogenesis in a model of acquired epilepsy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12191. [PMID: 28939854 PMCID: PMC5610327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy may arise following acute brain insults, but no treatments exist that prevent epilepsy in patients at risk. Here we examined whether a combination of two glutamate receptor antagonists, NBQX and ifenprodil, acting at different receptor subtypes, exerts antiepileptogenic effects in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of epilepsy. These drugs were administered over 5 days following kainate. Spontaneous seizures were recorded by video/EEG at different intervals up to 3 months. Initial trials showed that drug treatment during the latent period led to higher mortality than treatment after onset of epilepsy, and further, that combined therapy with both drugs caused higher mortality at doses that appear safe when used singly. We therefore refined the combined-drug protocol, using lower doses. Two weeks after kainate, significantly less mice of the NBQX/ifenprodil group exhibited electroclinical seizures compared to vehicle controls, but this effect was lost at subsequent weeks. The disease modifying effect of the treatment was associated with a transient prevention of granule cell dispersion and less neuronal degeneration in the dentate hilus. These data substantiate the involvement of altered glutamatergic transmission in the early phase of epileptogenesis. Longer treatment with NBQX and ifenprodil may shed further light on the apparent temporal relationship between dentate gyrus reorganization and development of spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Schidlitzki
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Klee
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inken Waltl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Bröer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vladan Rankovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience at University Medical Center Göttingen & German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dandan Li
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Brandt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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129
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Neumann AR, Raedt R, Steenland HW, Sprengers M, Bzymek K, Navratilova Z, Mesina L, Xie J, Lapointe V, Kloosterman F, Vonck K, Boon PAJM, Soltesz I, McNaughton BL, Luczak A. Involvement of fast-spiking cells in ictal sequences during spontaneous seizures in rats with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 2017; 140:2355-2369. [PMID: 29050390 PMCID: PMC6248724 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
See Lenck-Santini (doi:10.1093/awx205) for a scientific commentary on this article. Epileptic seizures represent altered neuronal network dynamics, but the temporal evolution and cellular substrates of the neuronal activity patterns associated with spontaneous seizures are not fully understood. We used simultaneous recordings from multiple neurons in the hippocampus and neocortex of rats with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy to demonstrate that subsets of cells discharge in a highly stereotypical sequential pattern during ictal events, and that these stereotypical patterns were reproducible across consecutive seizures. In contrast to the canonical view that principal cell discharges dominate ictal events, the ictal sequences were predominantly composed of fast-spiking, putative inhibitory neurons, which displayed unusually strong coupling to local field potential even before seizures. The temporal evolution of activity was characterized by unique dynamics where the most correlated neuronal pairs before seizure onset displayed the largest increases in correlation strength during the seizures. These results demonstrate the selective involvement of fast spiking interneurons in structured temporal sequences during spontaneous ictal events in hippocampal and neocortical circuits in experimental models of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Neumann
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hendrik W Steenland
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
| | | | - Katarzyna Bzymek
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
| | - Zaneta Navratilova
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lilia Mesina
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
| | - Jeanne Xie
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
| | - Valerie Lapointe
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
| | - Fabian Kloosterman
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Brain and Cognition Research unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, and Stanford Neurosciences Institute,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L McNaughton
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California at
Irvine, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Artur Luczak
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural
Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4,
Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, and Stanford Neurosciences Institute,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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130
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Amakhin DV, Malkin SL, Ergina JL, Kryukov KA, Veniaminova EA, Zubareva OE, Zaitsev AV. Alterations in Properties of Glutamatergic Transmission in the Temporal Cortex and Hippocampus Following Pilocarpine-Induced Acute Seizures in Wistar Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:264. [PMID: 28912687 PMCID: PMC5584016 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of focal epilepsy in humans, and is often developed after an initial precipitating brain injury. This form of epilepsy is frequently resistant to pharmacological treatment; therefore, the prevention of TLE is the prospective approach to TLE therapy. The lithium-pilocarpine model in rats replicates some of the main features of TLE in human, including the pathogenic mechanisms of cell damage and epileptogenesis after a primary brain injury. In the present study, we investigated changes in the properties of glutamatergic transmission during the first 3 days after pilocarpine-induced acute seizures in Wistar rats (PILO-rats). Using RT-PCR and electrophysiological techniques, we compared the changes in the temporal cortex (TC) and hippocampus, brain areas differentially affected by seizures. On the first day, we found a transient increase in a ratio of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the excitatory synaptic response in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the TC. This was accompanied by an increase in the slope of input-output (I/O) curves for fEPSPs recorded in CA1, suggesting an enhanced excitability in AMPARs in this brain area. There was no difference in the AMPA/NMDA ratio in control rats on the third day. We also revealed the alterations in NMDA receptor subunit composition in PILO-rats. The GluN2B/GluN2A mRNA expression ratio increased in the dorsal hippocampus but did not change in the ventral hippocampus or the TC. The kinetics of NMDA-mediated evoked EPSCs in hippocampal neurons was slower in PILO-rats compared with control animals. Ifenprodil, a selective antagonist of GluN2B-containing NMDARs, diminished the area and amplitude of evoked EPSCs in CA1 pyramidal cells more efficiently in PILO-rats compared with control animals. These results demonstrate that PILO-induced seizures lead to more severe alterations in excitatory synaptic transmission in the dorsal hippocampus than in the TC. Seizures affect the relative contribution of AMPA and NMDA receptor conductances in the synaptic response and increase the proportion of GluN2B-containing NMDARs in CA1 pyramidal neurons. These alterations disturb normal circuitry functions in the hippocampus, may cause neuron damage, and may be one of the important pathogenic mechanisms of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Amakhin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey L Malkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia L Ergina
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill A Kryukov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Veniaminova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia.,Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, Institute of Experimental MedicineSaint Petersburg, Russia
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131
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Löscher W, Ferland RJ, Ferraro TN. The relevance of inter- and intrastrain differences in mice and rats and their implications for models of seizures and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 73. [PMID: 28651171 PMCID: PMC5909069 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the genetic background of mice and rats, even in inbred strains, can have a profound influence on measures of seizure susceptibility and epilepsy. These differences can be capitalized upon through genetic mapping studies to reveal genes important for seizures and epilepsy. However, strain background and particularly mixed genetic backgrounds of transgenic animals need careful consideration in both the selection of strains and in the interpretation of results and conclusions. For instance, mice with targeted deletions of genes involved in epilepsy can have profoundly disparate phenotypes depending on the background strain. In this review, we discuss findings related to how this genetic heterogeneity has and can be utilized in the epilepsy field to reveal novel insights into seizures and epilepsy. Moreover, we discuss how caution is needed in regards to rodent strain or even animal vendor choice, and how this can significantly influence seizure and epilepsy parameters in unexpected ways. This is particularly critical in decisions regarding the strain of choice used in generating mice with targeted deletions of genes. Finally, we discuss the role of environment (at vendor and/or laboratory) and epigenetic factors for inter- and intrastrain differences and how such differences can affect the expression of seizures and the animals' performance in behavioral tests that often accompany acute and chronic seizure testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Thomas N Ferraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
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132
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Iqbal M, Rahman MS, Zafar S, Chen XL, Liu JX, Liu Y. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of different exercise programs in pilocarpine induced status epilepticus models. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 73:256-267. [PMID: 28666249 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies testing exercise in animal models of pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (SE) and to compare the efficacy of different training strategies used in those studies. METHODS We searched 2 online databases (Pubmed and Web of Science) for studies analyzing the efficacy of different trainings in pilocarpine-induced SE models. Training was categorized into forced physical training (PT), voluntary PT and resistance PT. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study quality, behavioral seizures, and histological, chemical and cognitive outcomes. Data were pooled by means of a meta-analysis. RESULTS Among 17 selected studies; 174 animals from 8 studies with 10 comparison groups showed that exercise intervention after induction of SE significantly decreased spontaneous recurrent seizures with [mean difference (MD)=-1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): -3.22, -0.37, p=0.02] and 60 animals showed statistically significant decrease in latency in Morris water maze (standardized mean difference (SMD)=-2.57, 95% CI: -4.06, -1.08, p=0.0007). Although not statistically significant, still a remarkable increase in number of CA1 neurons and hippocampal BDNF level (MD=2.27, [95% CI: -1.20, 5.73], p=0.19, SMD=1.07, [95% CI: -0.36, 2.51], p=0.14 respectively) and a decrease in mossy fibers sprouting (SMD=-1.03, [95% CI: -3.06, 1.00], p=0.32) were observed. PT interventions in 72 animals before induction of SE showed favorable increase in latency to develop SE (MD=8.34, [95% CI: -3.10, 19.78], p=0.15) but no remarkable improvements in latency for the first motor sign and motor signs intensity. CONCLUSIONS PT after SE reduces the recurrent seizures and improves the morphological, biochemical and cognitive profiles of pilocarpine epileptic models. Resistance PT was identified as particularly effective in reducing behavioral seizures. The efficacy of training was also dependent upon duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb Iqbal
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Salman Zafar
- University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, 1 km Defence road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Xin-Lin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
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133
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Lösing P, Niturad CE, Harrer M, Reckendorf CMZ, Schatz T, Sinske D, Lerche H, Maljevic S, Knöll B. SRF modulates seizure occurrence, activity induced gene transcription and hippocampal circuit reorganization in the mouse pilocarpine epilepsy model. Mol Brain 2017; 10:30. [PMID: 28716058 PMCID: PMC5513048 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is hippocampal neuronal demise and aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. In addition, unrestrained neuronal activity in TLE patients induces gene expression including immediate early genes (IEGs) such as Fos and Egr1. We employed the mouse pilocarpine model to analyze the transcription factor (TF) serum response factor (SRF) in epileptogenesis, seizure induced histopathology and IEG induction. SRF is a neuronal activity regulated TF stimulating IEG expression as well as nerve fiber growth and guidance. Adult conditional SRF deficient mice (SrfCaMKCreERT2) were more refractory to initial status epilepticus (SE) acquisition. Further, SRF deficient mice developed more spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis uncovered a requirement of SRF for SE and SRS induced IEG induction (e.g. Fos, Egr1, Arc, Npas4, Btg2, Atf3). SRF was required for epilepsy associated neurodegeneration, mossy fiber sprouting and inflammation. We uncovered MAP kinase signaling as SRF target during epilepsy. Upon SRF ablation, seizure evoked induction of dual specific phosphatases (Dusp5 and Dusp6) was reduced. Lower expression of these negative ERK kinase regulators correlated with altered P-ERK levels in epileptic Srf mutant animals. Overall, this study uncovered an SRF contribution to several processes of epileptogenesis in the pilocarpine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lösing
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cristina Elena Niturad
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Merle Harrer
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Theresa Schatz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Sinske
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Snezana Maljevic
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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134
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Lee H, Jung S, Lee P, Jeong Y. Altered intrinsic functional connectivity in the latent period of epileptogenesis in a temporal lobe epilepsy model. Exp Neurol 2017; 296:89-98. [PMID: 28729114 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The latent period, a seizure-free phase, is the duration between brain injury and the onset of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) during epileptogenesis. The latent period is thought to involve several progressive pathophysiological events that lead to the evolution of the chronic epilepsy phase. Hence, it is vital to investigate the changes in the latent period during epileptogenesis in order to better understand temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and to achieve early diagnosis and appropriate management of the condition. Accordingly, recent studies with patients with TLE using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) have reported that alterations of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) during the chronic period are associated with some clinical manifestations, including learning and memory impairments, emotional instability, and social behavior deficits, in addition to repetitive seizure episodes. In contrast, the changes in the intrinsic rsFC during epileptogenesis, particularly during the latent period, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the alterations in intrinsic rsFC during the latent and chronic periods in a pilocarpine-induced TLE mouse model using intrinsic optical signal imaging (IOSI). This technique can monitor the changes in the local hemoglobin concentration according to neuronal activity and can help investigate large-scale brain intrinsic networks. After seeding on the anatomical regions of interest (ROIs) and calculating the correlation coefficients between each ROI, we established and compared functional correlation matrices and functional connectivity maps during the latent and chronic periods of epilepsy. We found a decrease in the interhemispheric rsFC at the frontal and temporal regions during both the latent and chronic periods. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the interhemispheric rsFC was observed in the somatosensory area during the chronic period. Changes in network configurations during epileptogenesis were examined by graph theoretical network analysis. Interestingly, increase in the power of low frequency oscillations was observed during the latent period. These results suggest that, even if there are no apparent ictal seizure events during the latent period, there are ongoing changes in the rsFC in the epileptic brain. Furthermore, these results suggest that the pathophysiology of epilepsy may be related to widespread altered intrinsic functional connectivity. These findings can help enhance our understanding of epileptogenesis, and accordingly, changes in intrinsic functional connectivity can serve as an early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoin Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KI for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmoon Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KI for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KI for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KI for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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135
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Brulet R, Zhu J, Aktar M, Hsieh J, Cho KO. Mice with conditional NeuroD1 knockout display reduced aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis but no change in epileptic seizures. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:190-198. [PMID: 28427858 PMCID: PMC5503142 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is significantly increased in the hippocampus of rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). These adult-generated neurons have recently been shown to play a contributing role in the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). In order to eventually target pro-epileptic adult neurogenesis in the clinical setting, it will be important to identify molecular players involved in the control of aberrant neurogenesis after seizures. Here, we focused on NeuroD1 (ND1), a member of the bHLH family of transcription factors previously shown to play an essential role in the differentiation and maturation of adult-generated neurons in the hippocampus. Wild-type mice treated with pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus (SE) showed a significant up-regulation of NeuroD1+ immature neuroblasts located in both the granule cell layer (GCL), and ectopically localized to the hilar region of the hippocampus. As expected, conditional knockout (cKO) of NeuroD1 in Nestin-expressing stem/progenitors and their progeny led to a reduction in the number of NeuroD1+ adult-generated neurons after pilocarpine treatment compared to WT littermates. Surprisingly, there was no change in SRS in NeuroD1 cKO mice, suggesting that NeuroD1 cKO fails to reduce aberrant neurogenesis below the threshold needed to impact SRS. Consistent with this conclusion, the total number of adult-generated neurons in the pilocarpine model, especially the total number of Prox1+ hilar ectopic granule cells were unchanged after NeuroD1 cKO, suggesting strategies to reduce SRS will need to achieve a greater removal of aberrant adult-generated neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Brulet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jingfei Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mahafuza Aktar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kyung-Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea.
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136
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Kienzler-Norwood F, Costard L, Sadangi C, Müller P, Neubert V, Bauer S, Rosenow F, Norwood BA. A novel animal model of acquired human temporal lobe epilepsy based on the simultaneous administration of kainic acid and lorazepam. Epilepsia 2017; 58:222-230. [PMID: 28157273 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kainic acid (KA) is a potent glutamate analog that is used to induce neurodegeneration and model temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rodents. KA reliably induces severe, prolonged seizures, that is, convulsive status epilepticus (cSE), which is typically fatal without pharmacologic intervention. Although the use of KA to model human epilepsy has proven unquestionably valuable for >30 years, significant variability and mortality continue to confound results. These issues are probably the consequence of cSE, an all-or-nothing response that is inherently capricious and uncontrollable. The relevance of cSE to the human condition is dubious, however, as most patients with epilepsy never experienced it. We sought to develop a simple, KA-based animal model of TLE that avoids cSE and its confounds. METHODS Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats received coincident subcutaneous injections of KA (5 mg) and lorazepam (0.25 mg), approximately 15.0 and 0.75 mg/kg, respectively. Continuous video-electroencephalography (EEG) was used to monitor acute seizure activity and detect spontaneous seizures. Immunocytochemistry, Fluoro-Jade B staining, and Timm staining were used to characterize both acute and chronic neuropathology. RESULTS Acutely, focal hippocampal seizures were induced, which began after about 30 min and were self-terminating after a few hours. Widespread hippocampal neurodegeneration was detected after 4 days. Spontaneous, focal hippocampal seizures began after an average of 12 days in all animals. Classic hippocampal sclerosis and mossy fiber sprouting characterized the long-term neuropathology. Morbidity and mortality rates were both 0%. SIGNIFICANCE We show here that the effects of systemic KA can be limited to the hippocampus simply with coadministration of a benzodiazepine at a low dose. This means that lorazepam can block convulsive seizures without truly stopping seizure activity. This novel, cSE-free animal model reliably mimics the defining characteristics of acquired mesial TLE: hippocampal sclerosis and spontaneous hippocampal-onset seizures after a prolonged seizure-free period, without significant morbidity, mortality, or nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kienzler-Norwood
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Frankfurt Rhein-Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Expesicor LLC, Kalispell, Montana, U.S.A
| | - Lara Costard
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Chinmaya Sadangi
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Neubert
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Frankfurt Rhein-Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Frankfurt Rhein-Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Braxton A Norwood
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center-Frankfurt Rhein-Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Expesicor LLC, Kalispell, Montana, U.S.A
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137
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Pitsch J, Becker AJ, Schoch S, Müller JA, de Curtis M, Gnatkovsky V. Circadian clustering of spontaneous epileptic seizures emerges after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2017; 58:1159-1171. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julika Pitsch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research; Department of Neuropathology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Albert J. Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research; Department of Neuropathology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research; Department of Neuropathology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Johannes Alexander Müller
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research; Department of Neuropathology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Unit of Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology; Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Milan Italy
| | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Unit of Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology; Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Milan Italy
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138
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Walker LE, Frigerio F, Ravizza T, Ricci E, Tse K, Jenkins RE, Sills GJ, Jorgensen A, Porcu L, Thippeswamy T, Alapirtti T, Peltola J, Brodie MJ, Park BK, Marson AG, Antoine DJ, Vezzani A, Pirmohamed M. Molecular isoforms of high-mobility group box 1 are mechanistic biomarkers for epilepsy. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2118-2132. [PMID: 28504645 PMCID: PMC5451237 DOI: 10.1172/jci92001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients do not respond to antiepileptic drugs, representing an unmet medical need. There is evidence that neuroinflammation plays a pathogenic role in drug-resistant epilepsy. The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/TLR4 axis is a key initiator of neuroinflammation following epileptogenic injuries, and its activation contributes to seizure generation in animal models. However, further work is required to understand the role of HMGB1 and its isoforms in epileptogenesis and drug resistance. Using a combination of animal models and sera from clinically well-characterized patients, we have demonstrated that there are dynamic changes in HMGB1 isoforms in the brain and blood of animals undergoing epileptogenesis. The pathologic disulfide HMGB1 isoform progressively increased in blood before epilepsy onset and prospectively identified animals that developed the disease. Consistent with animal data, we observed early expression of disulfide HMGB1 in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy, and its persistence was associated with subsequent seizures. In contrast with patients with well-controlled epilepsy, patients with chronic, drug-refractory epilepsy persistently expressed the acetylated, disulfide HMGB1 isoforms. Moreover, treatment of animals with antiinflammatory drugs during epileptogenesis prevented both disease progression and blood increase in HMGB1 isoforms. Our data suggest that HMGB1 isoforms are mechanistic biomarkers for epileptogenesis and drug-resistant epilepsy in humans, necessitating evaluation in larger-scale prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Elizabeth Walker
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Emanuele Ricci
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Tse
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme John Sills
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Jorgensen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Porcu
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tiina Alapirtti
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Peltola
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Brian Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Guy Marson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel James Antoine
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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139
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Ma Z. Neurophysiological Analysis of the Genesis Mechanism of EEG During the Interictal and Ictal Periods Using a Multiple Neural Masses Model. Int J Neural Syst 2017. [PMID: 28639464 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065717500277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important method to investigate the neurophysiological mechanism underlying epileptogenesis to identify new therapies for the treatment of epilepsy. The neurophysiologically based neural mass model (NMM) can build a bridge between signal processing and neurophysiology, which can be used as a platform to explore the neurophysiological mechanism of epileptogenesis. Most EEG signals cannot be regarded as the outputs of a single NMM with identical model parameters. The outputs of NMM are simple because the diversity of neural signals in the same NMM is ignored. To improve the simulation of EEG signals, a multiple NMM is proposed, the output of which is the linear combination of the outputs of all NMMs. The NMM number is not fixed and is minimized under the premise of guaranteeing the fitting effect. Orthogonal matching pursuit is used to solve a constrained [Formula: see text] norm minimization problem for NMM number and the strength of every NMM. The results showed that the NMM number was significantly lower during the ictal period than during the interictal period, and the strength of major NMMs increased. This indicates that neural masses fuse into fewer larger neural masses with greater strength. The distribution of excitatory and inhibitory strength during the ictal and interictal periods was similar, whereas the excitation/inhibition ratio was higher during the ictal period than during the interictal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- 1 Department of Information Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, P. R. China
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140
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Animal Models of Seizures and Epilepsy: Past, Present, and Future Role for the Discovery of Antiseizure Drugs. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1873-1888. [PMID: 28290134 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identification of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of epilepsy requires the use of seizure models. Except for some early treatments, including bromides and phenobarbital, the antiseizure activity of all clinically used drugs was, for the most part, defined by acute seizure models in rodents using the maximal electroshock and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole seizure tests and the electrically kindled rat. Unfortunately, the clinical evidence to date would suggest that none of these models, albeit useful, are likely to identify those therapeutics that will effectively manage patients with drug resistant seizures. Over the last 30 years, a number of animal models have been developed that display varying degrees of pharmacoresistance, such as the phenytoin- or lamotrigine-resistant kindled rat, the 6-Hz mouse model of partial seizures, the intrahippocampal kainate model in mice, or rats in which spontaneous recurrent seizures develops after inducing status epilepticus by chemical or electrical stimulation. As such, these models can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance and may provide a unique opportunity for identifying a truly novel antiseizure drug (ASD), but thus far clinical evidence for this hope is lacking. Although animal models of drug resistant seizures are now included in ASD discovery approaches such as the ETSP (epilepsy therapy screening program), it is important to note that no single model has been validated for use to identify potential compounds for as yet drug resistant seizures, but rather a battery of such models should be employed, thus enhancing the sensitivity to discover novel, highly effective ASDs. The present review describes the previous and current approaches used in the search for new ASDs and offers some insight into future directions incorporating new and emerging animal models of therapy resistance.
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141
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Connell P, Bayat A, Joshi S, Koubeissi MZ. Acute and spontaneous seizure onset zones in the intraperitoneal kainic acid model. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 68:66-70. [PMID: 28109992 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hippocampal monitoring is often used in the intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA) seizure model for detection and quantification of early ictal activity. Here, we investigated extra-hippocampal seizure onset zones (SOZs) in this model. METHODS Eight male Sprague Dawley rats implanted with depth electrodes were continuously recorded during intraperitoneal KA injections until status epilepticus (SE) was induced. Another group of four rats was monitored chronically up to two weeks after emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures. All rats had hippocampal electrodes. Other sampled brain regions included, among others, the claustrum, piriform cortex, and orbital cortex. Seizures recorded with video-EEG were visually analyzed. RESULTS In the 58 seizures recorded during KA injections, the SOZ was extrahippocampal in 7 (12%), diffuse in 29 (50%), and hippocampal in 22 (38%). Of the 14 spontaneous seizures recorded, none were solely extrahippocampal, 10 (71%) were diffuse, and 4 (29%) were of hippocampal onset. All extra-hippocampal seizures propagated to the hippocampus within 4 to 50s (mean=14, n=7). No distinctive semiological manifestations correlated with the SOZs. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that seizures can have multifocal SOZs in the KA model. This finding is important to consider when using this model, among other purposes, to screen for new therapies, study pharmacoresistance, or investigate comorbidities of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Connell
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Arezou Bayat
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sweta Joshi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mohamad Z Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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142
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Engel T, Martinez-Villarreal J, Henke C, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Alves M, Hernandez-Santana Y, Brennan GP, Kenny A, Campbell A, Lucas JJ, Henshall DC. Spatiotemporal progression of ubiquitin-proteasome system inhibition after status epilepticus suggests protective adaptation against hippocampal injury. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:21. [PMID: 28235423 PMCID: PMC5324261 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) is the major intracellular pathway leading to the degradation of unwanted and/or misfolded soluble proteins. This includes proteins regulating cellular survival, synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter signaling; processes controlling excitability thresholds that are altered by epileptogenic insults. Dysfunction of the UPS has been reported to occur in a brain region- and cell-specific manner and contribute to disease progression in acute and chronic brain diseases. Prolonged seizures, status epilepticus, may alter UPS function but there has been no systematic attempt to map when and where this occurs in vivo or to determine the consequences of proteasome inhibition on seizure-induced brain injury. METHOD To determine whether seizures lead to an impairment of the UPS, we used a mouse model of status epilepticus whereby seizures are triggered by an intra-amygdala injection of kainic acid. Status epilepticus in this model causes cell death in selected brain areas, in particular the ipsilateral CA3 subfield of the hippocampus, and the development of epilepsy after a short latent period. To monitor seizure-induced dysfunction of the UPS we used a UPS inhibition reporter mouse expressing the ubiquitin fusion degradation substrate ubiquitinG76V-green fluorescent protein. Treatment with the specific proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin was used to establish the impact of proteasome inhibition on seizure-induced pathology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that status epilepticus induced by intra-amygdala kainic acid causes select spatio-temporal UPS inhibition which is most evident in damage-resistant regions of the hippocampus, including CA1 pyramidal and dentate granule neurons then appears later in astrocytes. In support of this exerting a beneficial effect, injection of mice with the proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin protected the normally vulnerable hippocampal CA3 subfield from seizure-induced neuronal death in the model. These studies reveal brain region- and cell-specific UPS impairment occurs after seizures and suggest UPS inhibition can protect against seizure-induced brain damage. Identifying networks or pathways regulated through the proteasome after seizures may yield novel target genes for the treatment of seizure-induced cell death and possibly epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland.
| | - Jaime Martinez-Villarreal
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Christine Henke
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland.,Medical Clinic III, University Clinic Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Yasmina Hernandez-Santana
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Gary P Brennan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Aidan Kenny
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Aoife Campbell
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Jose J Lucas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 02 YN77, Ireland
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143
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Twele F, Schidlitzki A, Töllner K, Löscher W. The intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Lack of electrographic seizure-like events in sham controls. Epilepsia Open 2017; 2:180-187. [PMID: 29588947 PMCID: PMC5719860 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is an ongoing debate about definition of seizures in experimental models of acquired epilepsy and how important adequate sham controls are in this respect. For instance, several mouse and rat strains exhibit high-voltage rhythmic spike or spike-wave discharges in the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG), which has to be considered when using such strains for induction of epilepsy by status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, or other means. Mice developing spontaneous recurrent nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures after intrahippocampal injection of kainate are increasingly being used as a model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We performed a prospective study in which EEG alterations occurring in this model were compared with the EEGs in appropriate sham controls, using hippocampal electrodes and video-EEG monitoring. Methods Experiments with intrahippocampal kainate (or saline) injections started when mice were about 8 weeks of age. Continuous video-EEG recording via hippocampal electrodes was performed 6 weeks after surgery in kainate-injected mice and sham controls, that is, at an age of about 14 weeks. Three days of continuous video-EEG monitoring were compared between kainate-injected mice and experimental controls. Results As reported previously, kainate-injected mice exhibited two types of highly frequent electrographic seizures: high-voltage sharp waves, which were often monomorphic, and polymorphic hippocampal paroxysmal discharges. In addition, generalized convulsive clinical seizures were infrequently observed. None of these electrographic or electroclinical seizures were observed in sham controls. The only infrequently observed EEG abnormalities in sham controls were isolated spikes or spike clusters, which were also recorded in epileptic mice. Significance This study rigorously demonstrates, by explicit comparison with the EEGs of sham controls, that the nonconvulsive paroxysmal events observed in this model are consequences of the induced epilepsy and not features of the EEG expected to be seen in some experimental control mice or unintentionally induced by surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Twele
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and PharmacyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHanoverGermany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hanover Germany
| | - Alina Schidlitzki
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and PharmacyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHanoverGermany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hanover Germany
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and PharmacyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHanoverGermany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hanover Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and PharmacyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHanoverGermany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hanover Germany
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144
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Webster KM, Sun M, Crack P, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR, Semple BD. Inflammation in epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:10. [PMID: 28086980 PMCID: PMC5237206 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a common and debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Seizures contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and poor functional and psychosocial outcomes for TBI survivors, and epilepsy after TBI is often resistant to existing anti-epileptic drugs. The development of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) occurs in a complex neurobiological environment characterized by ongoing TBI-induced secondary injury processes. Neuroinflammation is an important secondary injury process, though how it contributes to epileptogenesis, and the development of chronic, spontaneous seizure activity, remains poorly understood. A mechanistic understanding of how inflammation contributes to the development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) after TBI is important to facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce or prevent seizures. Body We reviewed previous clinical and pre-clinical data to evaluate the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to seizures and epilepsy after TBI. Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common consequence of epileptic seizure activity, and also contributes to epileptogenesis as well as seizure initiation (ictogenesis) and perpetuation. Three key signaling factors implicated in both seizure activity and TBI-induced secondary pathogenesis are highlighted in this review: high-mobility group box protein-1 interacting with toll-like receptors, interleukin-1β interacting with its receptors, and transforming growth factor-β signaling from extravascular albumin. Lastly, we consider age-dependent differences in seizure susceptibility and neuroinflammation as mechanisms which may contribute to a heightened vulnerability to epileptogenesis in young brain-injured patients. Conclusion Several inflammatory mediators exhibit epileptogenic and ictogenic properties, acting on glia and neurons both directly and indirectly influence neuronal excitability. Further research is required to establish causality between inflammatory signaling cascades and the development of epilepsy post-TBI, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of pharmaceuticals targeting inflammatory pathways to prevent or mitigate the development of PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyria M Webster
- Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Peter Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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145
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Differential Activation of Calpain-1 and Calpain-2 following Kainate-Induced Seizure Activity in Rats and Mice. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0088-15. [PMID: 27622212 PMCID: PMC5011686 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0088-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic injection of kainate produces repetitive seizure activity in both rats and mice. It also results in short-term synaptic modifications as well as delayed neurodegeneration. The signaling cascades involved in both short-term and delayed responses are not clearly defined. The calcium-dependent protease calpain is activated in various brain structures following systemic kainate injection, although the precise involvement of the two major brain calpain isoforms, calpain-1 and calpain-2, remains to be defined. It has recently been reported that calpain-1 and calpain-2 play opposite roles in NMDA receptor-mediated neuroprotection or neurodegeneration, with calpain-1 being neuroprotective and calpain-2 being neurodegenerative. In the present study, we determined the activation pattern of calpain-1 and calpain-2 by analyzing changes in levels of different calpain substrates, including spectrin, drebrin, and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog; a specific calpain-2 substrate) in both rats, and wild-type and calpain-1 knock-out mice. The results indicate that, while calpain-2 is rapidly activated in pyramidal cells throughout CA1 and CA3, rapid calpain-1 activation is restricted to parvalbumin-positive and to a lesser extent CCK-positive, but not somatostatin-positive, interneurons. In addition, calpain-1 knock-out mice exhibit increased long-term neurodegeneration in CA1, reinforcing the notion that calpain-1 activation is neuroprotective.
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146
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The Search for New Screening Models of Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy: Is Induction of Acute Seizures in Epileptic Rodents a Suitable Approach? Neurochem Res 2016; 42:1926-1938. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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147
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The pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy: Marked intrastrain differences in female Sprague-Dawley rats and the effect of estrous cycle. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 61:141-152. [PMID: 27344503 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rat strains such as Sprague-Dawley (SD) or Wistar are widely used in epilepsy research, including popular models of temporal lobe epilepsy in which spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), hippocampal damage, and behavioral alterations develop after status epilepticus (SE). Such rats are randomly outbred, and outbred strains are known to be genetically heterogeneous populations with a high intrastrain variation. Intrastrain differences may be an important reason for discrepancies between studies from different laboratories, but the extent to which such differences affect the development of seizures, neurodegeneration, and psychopathology in post-SE models of epilepsy has received relatively little attention. In the present study, we induced SE by systemic administration of pilocarpine (following pretreatment with lithium) in SD rats from different breeders (Harlan, Charles River [CRL], Taconic) as well as different breeding locations of the same breeder (Harlan-Winkelmann [HW] in Germany vs. Harlan Laboratories [HL] in the Netherlands). Some experiments were also performed in Wistar rats. Pilocarpine was administered by a ramp-up dosing protocol that allows determining interindividual differences in susceptibility to the convulsant. Marked intrastrain differences in induction of SE and its long-term consequences were found. Sprague-Dawley rats from HW were significantly more sensitive to SE induction than all other SD substrains. The majority of SD rats from different vendors developed SRS after SE except SD rats from HL. The CRL-SD rats markedly differed in basal behavior and SE-induced behavioral alterations from other SD substrains. Susceptibility to pilocarpine was hardly affected by the estrous cycle. The marked intrastrain differences provide an interesting tool to study the impact of genetic and environmental factors on seizure susceptibility, epileptogenesis, and relationship between behavior and epilepsy and vice versa.
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148
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Baba S, Onga K, Kakizawa S, Ohyama K, Yasuda K, Otsubo H, Scott BW, Burnham WM, Matsuo T, Nagata I, Mori N. Involvement of the neuronal phosphotyrosine signal adaptor N-Shc in kainic acid-induced epileptiform activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27511. [PMID: 27273072 PMCID: PMC4897738 DOI: 10.1038/srep27511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF-TrkB signaling is implicated in experimental seizures and epilepsy. However, the downstream signaling involved in the epileptiform activity caused by TrkB receptor activation is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine whether TrkB-mediated N-Shc signal transduction was involved in kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptiform activity. We investigated KA-induced behavioral seizures, epileptiform activities and neuronal cell loss in hippocampus between N-Shc deficient and control mice. There was a significant reduction in seizure severity and the frequency of epileptiform discharges in N-Shc deficient mice, as compared with wild-type and C57BL/6 mice. KA-induced neuronal cell loss in the CA3 of hippocampus was also inhibited in N-Shc deficient mice. This study demonstrates that the activation of N-Shc signaling pathway contributes to an acute KA-induced epileptiform activity and neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus. We propose that the N-Shc-mediated signaling pathway could provide a potential target for the novel therapeutic approaches of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Baba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kazuko Onga
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sho Kakizawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyoji Ohyama
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Yasuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian W Scott
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W McIntyre Burnham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Takayuki Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nozomu Mori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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149
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Alexander A, Maroso M, Soltesz I. Organization and control of epileptic circuits in temporal lobe epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:127-54. [PMID: 27323941 PMCID: PMC5140277 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When studying the pathological mechanisms of epilepsy, there are a seemingly endless number of approaches from the ultrastructural level-receptor expression by EM-to the behavioral level-comorbid depression in behaving animals. Epilepsy is characterized as a disorder of recurrent seizures, which are defined as "a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain" (Fisher et al., 2005). Such abnormal activity typically does not occur in a single isolated neuron; rather, it results from pathological activity in large groups-or circuits-of neurons. Here we choose to focus on two aspects of aberrant circuits in temporal lobe epilepsy: their organization and potential mechanisms to control these pathological circuits. We also look at two scales: microcircuits, ie, the relationship between individual neurons or small groups of similar neurons, and macrocircuits, ie, the organization of large-scale brain regions. We begin by summarizing the large body of literature that describes the stereotypical anatomical changes in the temporal lobe-ie, the anatomical basis of alterations in microcircuitry. We then offer a brief introduction to graph theory and describe how this type of mathematical analysis, in combination with computational neuroscience techniques and using parameters obtained from experimental data, can be used to postulate how microcircuit alterations may lead to seizures. We then zoom out and look at the changes which are seen over large whole-brain networks in patients and animal models, and finally we look to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alexander
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - M Maroso
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - I Soltesz
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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150
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Eyo UB, Murugan M, Wu LJ. Microglia-Neuron Communication in Epilepsy. Glia 2016; 65:5-18. [PMID: 27189853 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy has remained a significant social concern and financial burden globally. Current therapeutic strategies are based primarily on neurocentric mechanisms that have not proven successful in at least a third of patients, raising the need for novel alternative and complementary approaches. Recent evidence implicates glial cells and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of epilepsy with the promise of targeting these cells to complement existing strategies. Specifically, microglial involvement, as a major inflammatory cell in the epileptic brain, has been poorly studied. In this review, we highlight microglial reaction to experimental seizures, discuss microglial control of neuronal activities, and propose the functions of microglia during acute epileptic phenotypes, delayed neurodegeneration, and aberrant neurogenesis. Future research that would help fill in the current gaps in our knowledge includes epilepsy-induced alterations in basic microglial functions, neuro-microglial interactions during chronic epilepsy, and microglial contribution to developmental seizures. Studying the role of microglia in epilepsy could inform therapies to better alleviate the disease. GLIA 2016;65:5-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukpong B Eyo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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