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Sánchez-Salguero E, Mondragón-Ramírez GK, Alcántara-Montiel JC, Cérbulo-Vázquez A, Villegas-Domínguez X, Contreras-Vargas VM, Thompson-Bonilla MDR, Romero-Ramírez H, Santos-Argumedo L. Infectious episodes during pregnancy, at particular mucosal sites, increase specific IgA1 or IgA2 subtype levels in human colostrum. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2019; 5:9. [PMID: 31205733 PMCID: PMC6558797 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-019-0104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colostrum is the primary source of maternal immunoglobulin A (IgA) for the newborn. IgA participates in protection and regulation mechanisms of the immune response at the neonate’s mucosa. Several studies have evaluated infectious diseases and vaccine protocols effects during pregnancy on maternal milk IgA levels, with the aim to understand lactation protecting effect on newborn. However, most of their results demonstrated that there were no differences in the total IgA levels. In humans, IgA has two subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2), they have an anatomical distribution among mucosal compartments, their levels vary after antigen stimulation and are also seen to describe differential affinities in colostrum. Although there are differences between IgA subclasses in several compartments, these studies have excluded specific colostrum IgA1 and IgA2 determination. Methods We analyzed data from 900 women in Mexico City. With Pearson correlation, we compared the number of infectious episodes during their pregnancy that was associated with mucosal compartments (skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts) and colostrum IgA subclasses. Results We show a correlation between increased colostrum IgA1 levels and the number of infectious episodes at respiratory tract and the skin. In contrast, infections at the gastrointestinal tract correlated with increased IgA2 amounts. Conclusions Infections present during pregnancy at certain mucosal site increase specific IgA subclasses levels in human colostrum. These results will help in understanding infections and immunizations effects on maternal IgA at the mammary gland, and their impact on the development and protection of the newborn. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40748-019-0104-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Sánchez-Salguero
- 1Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Geovanni Kaleb Mondragón-Ramírez
- 1Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,2Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Milpa Alta Unit (CICSUMA), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio C Alcántara-Montiel
- School of Higher Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Regional Hospital of High Specialty of Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Cérbulo-Vázquez
- 4Faculty of Medicine, Plan of Combined Studies in Medicine (PECEM), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.,5Women's Hospital, Ministry of Health (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Manuel Contreras-Vargas
- 6Departments of Gynecology and Genomic Medicine, Regional Hospital 1° de Octubre, Institute of Security and Social Services of State Workers (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Del Rocío Thompson-Bonilla
- 6Departments of Gynecology and Genomic Medicine, Regional Hospital 1° de Octubre, Institute of Security and Social Services of State Workers (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Romero-Ramírez
- 1Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- 1Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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102
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Huda MN, Ahmad SM, Kalanetra KM, Taft DH, Alam MJ, Khanam A, Raqib R, Underwood MA, Mills DA, Stephensen CB. Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation and Vitamin A Status Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Composition in Bangladeshi Infants in Early Infancy and at 2 Years of Age. J Nutr 2019; 149:1075-1088. [PMID: 31006815 PMCID: PMC6543205 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infancy is a crucial period for establishing the intestinal microbiome. This process may be influenced by vitamin A (VA) status because VA affects intestinal immunity and epithelial integrity, factors that can, in turn, modulate microbiome development. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if neonatal VA supplementation (VAS) affected the abundance of Bifidobacterium, a beneficial commensal, or of Proteobacteria, a phylum containing enteric pathogens, in early (6-15 wk) or late (2 y) infancy. Secondary objectives were to determine if VAS affected the abundance of other bacterial taxa, and to determine if VA status assessed by measuring plasma retinol was associated with bacterial abundance. METHODS Three hundred and six Bangladeshi infants were randomized by sex and birthweight status (above/below median) to receive 1 VA dose (50,000 IU) or placebo within 48 h of birth. Relative abundance at the genus level and above was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A terminal restriction fragment-length polymorphism assay was used to identify Bifidobacterium species and subspecies at 6 wk. RESULTS Linear regression showed that Bifidobacterium abundance in early infancy was lower in boys (median, 1st/3rd quartiles; 0.67, 0.52/0.78) than girls (0.73, 0.60/0.80; P = 0.003) but that boys receiving VAS (0.69, 0.55/0.78) had higher abundance than boys receiving placebo (0.65, 0.44/0.77; P = 0.039). However this difference was not seen in girls (VAS 0.71, 0.54/0.80; placebo 0.75, 0.63/0.81; P = 0.25). VAS did not affect Proteobacteria abundance. Sex-specific associations were also seen for VA status, including positive associations of plasma retinol with Actinobacteria (the phylum containing Bifidobacterium) and Akkermansia, another commensal with possible health benefits, for girls in late infancy. CONCLUSIONS Better VA status in infancy may influence health both in infancy and later in life by promoting the establishment of a healthy microbiota. This postulated effect of VA may differ between boys and girls. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02027610.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazmul Huda
- Nutrition Department
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Shaikh M Ahmad
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md J Alam
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Khanam
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Nutrition Department
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
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103
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Gao J, Li T, Lu Z, Wang X, Zhao X, Ma Y. Proteomic Analyses of Mammary Glands Provide Insight into the Immunity and Metabolism Pathways Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Meat Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060309. [PMID: 31159303 PMCID: PMC6617192 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Clinical mastitis is one of the most common diseases in sheep and is of major economic concern due to treatment costs, inadequate lamb growth and premature eliminate of ewes. To preliminarily explore possible regulatory roles of proteins involved in the host-pathogen interactions during intramammary infection triggered by this disease in meat sheep, mammary tissues were harvested from sheep with healthy and clinical mastitis caused by natural infection, and the differentially expressed proteins were identified in an infected group when compared to a healthy group, using comparative proteomics based on two-dimensional electrophoresis. Further enrichment analyses indicated that most of the differentially expressed proteins mainly engaged in regulating immune responses and metabolisms. These findings offer candidate proteins for further studies on molecular mechanisms of host defense response and metabolism in sheep cases. Abstract Clinical mastitis is still an intractable problem for sheep breeding. The natural immunologic mechanisms of the mammary gland against infections are not yet understood. For a better understanding of the disease-associated proteins during clinical mastitis in meat sheep, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE)-based comparative proteomic analyses of mammary tissues, including from healthy mammary tissues (HMTs) and from mammary tissues with clinical mastitis (CMMTs). The 2-DE results showed that a total of 10 up-regulated and 16 down-regulated proteins were identified in CMMTs when compared to HMTs. Of these, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that most proteins were associated with immune responses or metabolisms. The results of qRT-PCR and Western blot for randomly selected four differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) including superoxide dismutase [Mn] (SOD2), annexin A2 (ANAX2), keratin 10 (KRT10) and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 29 (ERP29) showed that their expression trends were consistent with 2-DE results except ANXA2 mRNA levels. This is an initial report describing the 2-DE-based proteomics study of the meat sheep mammary gland with clinical mastitis caused by natural infection, which provides additional insight into the immune and metabolic mechanisms during sheep mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Taotao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Sheep Breeding Biotechnology Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Minqin 733300, China.
| | - Zengkui Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Sheep Breeding Biotechnology Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Minqin 733300, China.
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104
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Hine BC, Hunt PW, Colditz IG. Production and active transport of immunoglobulins within the ruminant mammary gland. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 211:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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105
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Leonard A, Hittson Boal L, Pary P, Mo YD, Jacquot C, Luban NL, Darbari DS, Webb J. Identification of red blood cell antibodies in maternal breast milk implicated in prolonged hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Transfusion 2019; 59:1183-1189. [PMID: 30720868 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloantibodies against more than 50 non-ABO blood group antigens have been implicated in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) and are expected to wane within weeks after delivery. Persistent anemia leads to the hypothesis of continued exposure to red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies via breast milk, which has been shown in a murine model and suggested in rare case reports. CASE REPORT We report three cases of prolonged HDFN in two neonates with anti-D HDFN and one with anti-Jka HDFN. Patient 1 demonstrated 4+ anti-D serologic testing beyond 2 months; therefore, antibody testing was performed on maternal breast milk. METHODS Maternal serum samples were tested for the presence of unexpected antibodies using standard Ortho gel card and 37 °C 60 minutes with anti-human globulin (AHG) tube saline methods. Antibody titrations were performed using the standard 37 °C 60 minutes to AHG tube saline method. Fresh breast milk samples were tested using the standard 37 °C 60 minutes to AHG tube saline method for both unexpected antibodies and titration study. Fresh breast milk from an O-positive, antibody-negative donor was used as control for any reactivity that may have been due to milk solids or proteins alone. RESULTS Using a known methodology applied in a novel way to test breast milk for RBC alloantibodies, antibodies against fetal RBCs were identified in the maternal breast milk of three patients. CONCLUSION Maternal RBC alloantibodies are present in breast milk and may be clinically significant in patients with prolonged recovery from HDFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Leonard
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Lauren Hittson Boal
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Philippe Pary
- Divisions of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Y Delores Mo
- Divisions of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Cyril Jacquot
- Divisions of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Naomi L Luban
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
- Divisions of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Deepika S Darbari
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jennifer Webb
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
- Divisions of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
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106
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Ranjbar S, Seyednejad SA, Azimi H, Rezaeizadeh H, Rahimi R. Emerging Roles of Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Their Therapeutic Potential. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1-12. [PMID: 30686054 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1557221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Need for novel preventive and curative approaches with more safety than the present one seems inevitable. This review is devoted to potentially favorable role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of breast cancer as well as their alleviating role regarding chemotherapy-induced side effects. Literature was searched for human, animal, and in vitro studies about the role of probiotics in breast cancer. In vitro studies showed that probiotic intervention induces cancer cells apoptosis and inhibits their proliferation. In animal models, treatment with probiotics inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor size; also, the immunomodulatory, antiangiogenesis and antimetastatic activities of probiotics were illustrated. Human studies showed that intake of Lactobacillus casei shirota reduced the breast cancer incidence and consumption of fermented milk products and yogurt was inversely associated with breast cancer incidence; however, no study regarding the curative role of probiotics in breast cancer is available. Studies on the effect of probiotics on chemotherapy-induced side effects in breast cancer were contradictory but showed potential for more investigation. Probiotics seem to have a potential role in both prevention and treatment of breast cancer. However, more clinical studies are needed to elucidate their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Ranjbar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Afshin Seyednejad
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Haniye Azimi
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hossein Rezaeizadeh
- c Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- d Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Evidence-Based Medicine Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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107
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Colostrum Antibodies, Egg Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Providing Passive Immunity for Animals. NUTRACEUTICALS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123268 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies including from colostrum, avian eggs, and monoclonal sources. These antibodies have been shown protect production and companion animals from a number of pathogens. This chapter reviews the immune system for the principles of immune response to antigens and the synthesis of immunoglobulins of the five classes of antibodies in the body. Colostrum antibodies are described for passive immunity protection in animals such as calves. Chicken egg antibodies are another source of antibodies for passive immunity. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are also used to provide passive immunity in the veterinary field.
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108
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Liu Y, Ji P. Dietary Factors in Prevention of Pediatric Escherichia coli Infection: A Model Using Domestic Piglets. ILAR J 2018; 59:338-351. [PMID: 31095688 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the major etiological agent causing acute watery diarrhea that is most frequently seen in young children in lower-income countries. The duration of diarrheal symptom may be shortened by antibiotic treatment, but ETEC is relative refractory to common antibiotics. Burgeoning evidence suggests bioactive components that naturally occur in human milk (e.g., lysozyme and oligosaccharides) and plants (e.g., nondigestible carbohydrates and phytochemicals) contain antimicrobial functions are promising preventive measures to control ETEC infection. Although the exact protective mechanisms may vary for each compound and are still not completely understood, they generally act to (1) competitively inhibit the binding of pathogenic bacteria and toxins to gut epithelium; (2) directly kill pathogens; and (3) stimulate and/or enhance host mucosal and systemic immune defense against pathogenic microorganisms. An appropriate ETEC-challenge animal model is critical to evaluate the effect and unveil the mechanism of bioactive compounds in prevention of enteric infection. Despite wide application in biomedical research, rodents do not usually manifest typical clinical signs of enteric infections. The remarkable differences in digestive physiology, immune response, and gut microbiota between rodents and human beings necessitate the use of alternative animal models. Pigs are closely related to humans in terms of genomes, physiology, anatomy of gastrointestinal tracts, digestive enzymes, components of immune system, and gut microbiota. Like human infants and young children, nursing and nursery piglets are more susceptible to ETEC infection and reproduce the clinical signs as observed in humans. Hence, the ETEC-challenge piglet represents a valuable translational model to study pathogenesis and evaluate dietary factors (e.g., milk bioactive compounds, nondigestible carbohydrates, and phytochemicals) as preventive measures for ETEC infection in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
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109
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Sinha S, Patro N, Patro IK. Maternal Protein Malnutrition: Current and Future Perspectives of Spirulina Supplementation in Neuroprotection. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:966. [PMID: 30618587 PMCID: PMC6305321 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition has been widely recognized as a grave burden restricting the progress of underdeveloped and developing countries. Maternal, neonatal and postnatal nutritional immunity provides an effective approach to decrease the risk of malnutrition associated stress in adulthood. Particularly, maternal nutritional status is a critical contributor for determining the long-term health aspects of an offspring. Maternal malnutrition leads to increased risk of life, poor immune system, delayed motor development and cognitive dysfunction in the children. An effective immunomodulatory intervention using nutraceutical could be used to enhance immunity against infections. The immune system in early life possesses enormous dynamic capacity to manage both genetic and environment driven processes and can adapt to rapidly changing environmental exposures. These immunomodulatory stimuli or potent nutraceutical strategy can make use of early life plasticity to target pathways of immune ontogeny, which in turn could increase the immunity against infectious diseases arising from malnutrition. This review provides appreciable human and animal data showing enduring effects of protein deprivation on CNS development, oxidative stress and inflammation and associated behavioral and cognitive impairments. Relevant studies on nutritional supplementation and rehabilitation using Spirulina as a potent protein source and neuroprotectant against protein malnutrition (PMN) induced deleterious changes have also been discussed. However, there are many futuristic issues that need to be resolved for proper modulation of these therapeutic interventions to prevent malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrstha Sinha
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Ishan K Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
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110
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Swartwout B, Luo XM. Implications of Probiotics on the Maternal-Neonatal Interface: Gut Microbiota, Immunomodulation, and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2840. [PMID: 30559747 PMCID: PMC6286978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are being investigated for the treatment of autoimmune disease by re-balancing dysbiosis induced changes in the immune system. Pregnancy is a health concern surrounding autoimmune disease, both for the mother and her child. Probiotics for maternity are emerging on the market and have gained significant momentum in the literature. Thus far, evidence supports that probiotics alter the structure of the normal microbiota and the microbiota changes significantly during pregnancy. The interaction between probiotics-induced changes and normal changes during pregnancy is poorly understood. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence that the maternal gut microbiota influences the microbiota of offspring, leading to questions on how maternal probiotics may influence the health of neonates. Underpinning the development and balance of the immune system, the microbiota, especially that of the gut, is significantly important, and dysbiosis is an agent of immune dysregulation and autoimmunity. However, few studies exist on the implications of maternal probiotics for the outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune disease. Is it helpful or harmful for mother with autoimmune disease to take probiotics, and would this be protective or pathogenic for her child? Controversy surrounds whether probiotics administered maternally or during infancy are healthful for allergic disease, and their use for autoimmunity is relatively unexplored. This review aims to discuss the use of maternal probiotics in health and autoimmune disease and to investigate their immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Swartwout
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Xin M. Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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111
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Cheng AA, Li W, Hernandez LL. Effect of high-fat diet feeding and associated transcriptome changes in the peak lactation mammary gland in C57BL/6 dams. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:1059-1070. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00052.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy has established adverse effects on the developing neonate. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of an HFD on the murine mammary gland during midlactation. Female C57BL/6J mice were placed on either a low-fat diet (LFD/10% fat) or HFD (60% fat) from 3 wk of age through peak lactation (lactation day 11/L11). After 4 wk of consuming either the LFD or HFD, female mice were bred. There were no significant differences in milk yield between treatment groups, which was measured from L1 to L9. On L10, mice were subjected to an overnight fast and then euthanized on the morning of L11. Total RNA was isolated from inguinal mammary glands for whole transcriptome sequencing. We found 628 genes that were differentially expressed between the treatment groups. Notably, HFD feeding resulted in expression alterations of genes involved in collagen and cytoplasmic components. Additionally, genes related to inflammatory and immune responses were also impacted. Differential expression in gene transcript isoforms between the treatment groups was detected in three genes related to mammary duct development. This study sheds light as to how an HFD may affect the mammary gland transcriptome during midlactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Cheng
- Department of Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - W. Li
- United States Department of Agriculture Dairy Forage, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - L. L. Hernandez
- Department of Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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112
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Derakhshani H, Plaizier JC, De Buck J, Barkema HW, Khafipour E. Association of bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) gene polymorphism with colostrum and milk microbiota of dairy cows during the first week of lactation. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:203. [PMID: 30419937 PMCID: PMC6233267 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between host genotype and commensal microbiota at different body sites can have important implications for health and disease. In dairy cows, polymorphism of bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) gene has been associated with susceptibility to several infectious diseases, most importantly mastitis. However, mechanisms underlying this association are yet poorly understood. In the present study, we sought to explore the association of BoLA gene polymorphism with the dynamics of mammary microbiota during the first week of lactation. RESULTS Colostrum and milk samples were collected from multiparous Holstein dairy cows at the day of calving and days 1 and 6 after calving. Microbiota profiling was performed using high-throughput sequencing of the V1-V2 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and ITS2 region of the fungal ribosomal DNA. Polymorphism of BoLA genes was determined using PCR-RFLP of exon 2 of the BoLA-DRB3. In general, transition from colostrum to milk resulted in increased species richness and diversity of both bacterial and fungal communities. The most dominant members of intramammary microbiota included Staphylococcus, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiales within the bacterial community and Alternaria, Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus within the fungal community. Comparing the composition of intramammary microbiota between identified BoLA-DRB3.2 variants (n = 2) revealed distinct clustering pattern on day 0, whereas this effect was not significant on the microbiota of milk samples collected on subsequent days. On day 0, proportions of several non-aureus Staphylococcus (NAS) OTUs, including those aligned to Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, were enriched within the microbiota of one of the BoLA-DRB3.2 variants, whereas lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including Lactobacillus and Enterococcus were enriched within the colostrum microbiota of the other variant. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a potential role for BoLA-gene polymorphism in modulating the composition of colostrum microbiota in dairy cows. Determining whether BoLA-mediated shifts in the composition of colostrum microbiota are regulated directly by immune system or indirectly by microbiota-derived colonization resistant can have important implications for future development of preventive/therapeutic strategies for controlling mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Derakhshani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jan C Plaizier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 225 Animal Science Bldg., Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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113
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Remes S, Kulmala P. The interplay between risk and preventive factors explains why some children develop allergies to certain foods and others show tolerance. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:1677-1683. [PMID: 29751365 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM A number of studies have clarified the tolerance mechanisms and risk factors for food allergies. Our aim was to explore food allergy symptoms by target organs, together with the risk factors and how to prevent food allergies and induce tolerance. METHODS We carried out a thorough review of studies on paediatric food allergies published in the last decade. RESULTS Food allergy symptoms may affect the skin, nasal and oral mucosa, conjunctivae, gastrointestinal tract or, in severe cases, the respiratory tract and cardiovascular organs. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated symptoms appear rapidly after exposure to the offending allergen, whereas non-IgE-mediated symptoms are typically delayed. The immunological processes involved in non-IgE-mediated allergic reactions are poorly understood, but T-cell activation is probably involved. There are several factors that influence the food sensitisation process: genetic predisposition, disruption of oral tolerance development, impaired skin barriers in atopic eczema and the influence of microbiomes. CONCLUSION The symptoms and intensity of reactions vary considerably with regard to food allergies, and these depend on the individual's concomitant immunological and regulatory mechanisms. There is strong evidence that dietary diversity is important for children, even when they come from families with high allergy risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Remes
- Department of Paediatrics; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Petri Kulmala
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center (MRC) Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
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114
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Betts CB, Pennock ND, Caruso BP, Ruffell B, Borges VF, Schedin P. Mucosal Immunity in the Female Murine Mammary Gland. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:734-746. [PMID: 29884705 PMCID: PMC6036228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is not classically considered a mucosal organ, although it exhibits some features common to mucosal tissues. Notably, the mammary epithelium is contiguous with the external environment, is exposed to bacteria during lactation, and displays antimicrobial features. Nonetheless, immunological hallmarks predictive of mucosal function have not been demonstrated in the mammary gland, including immune tolerance to foreign Ags under homeostasis. This inquiry is important, as mucosal immunity in the mammary gland may assure infant and women's health during lactation. Further, such mucosal immune programs may protect mammary function at the expense of breast cancer promotion via decreased immune surveillance. In this study, using murine models, we evaluated mammary specific mucosal attributes focusing on two reproductive states at increased risk for foreign and self-antigen exposure: lactation and weaning-induced involution. We find a baseline mucosal program of RORγT+ CD4+ T cells that is elevated within lactating and involuting mammary glands and is extended during involution to include tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotypes, barrier-supportive antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells. Further, we demonstrate suppression of Ag-dependent CD4+ T cell activation, data consistent with immune tolerance. We also find Ag-independent accumulation of memory RORγT+ Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells specifically within the involution mammary gland consistent with an active immune process. Overall, these data elucidate strong mucosal immune programs within lactating and involuting mammary glands. Our findings support the classification of the mammary gland as a temporal mucosal organ and open new avenues for exploration into breast pathologic conditions, including compromised lactation and breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Lactation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/physiology
- Mammary Glands, Human/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Nathan D Pennock
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Breanna P Caruso
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Brian Ruffell
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239;
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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115
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Zhang C, Peng Y, Mu C, Zhu W. Ileum terminal antibiotic infusion affects jejunal and colonic specific microbial population and immune status in growing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29988607 PMCID: PMC6027559 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compared with oral antibiotics (primarily disrupt foregut microbiota), the present study used antibiotics with ileum terminal infusion to disrupt the hindgut microbiota, and investigated the changes in specific bacterial composition and immune indexes in the jejunum and colon, and serum of growing pigs. Twelve barrows (45 d of age, 12.08 ± 0.28 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum, were randomly assigned to two groups and infused either saline without antibiotics (Control) or with antibiotics (Antibiotic) at the terminal ileum. After 25 d experiment, all pigs were euthanized for analyzing bacterial composition and immune status. Results Ileum terminal antibiotic infusion (ITAI) altered dominant bacteria counts, with a decrease in Bifidobacterium, Clostridium cluster IV and Clostridium cluster IV in the colon (P < 0.05), and an increase in Escherichia coli in the jejunum (P < 0.05). ITAI decreased (P < 0.05) short-chain fatty acids concentrations in the colon. ITAI decreased interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-10 and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations, and down-regulated IL-10, Mucin-1 (MUC1), Mucin-2 (MUC2) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA expression in the colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). In the jejunal mucosa, ITAI decreased interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), sIgA and IgG levels together with down-regulation of IFN-γ, TNF-α, MUC2 and ZO-1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ITAI decreased IL-10, INF-γ, TNF-α, IgA and IgG concentrations in serum (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the change in intestinal microbiota was correlated with alterations of Ig and cytokines. Conclusions ITAI affected jejunal and colonic specific bacteria counts, and altered some immune markers levels in the jejunal and colonic mucosa and serum. These findings implicate the potential contribution of hindgut bacteria to immune response in the intestinal mucosa and serum of growing pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0265-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yu Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing, 210095 China
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116
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Ulfman LH, Leusen JHW, Savelkoul HFJ, Warner JO, van Neerven RJJ. Effects of Bovine Immunoglobulins on Immune Function, Allergy, and Infection. Front Nutr 2018; 5:52. [PMID: 29988421 PMCID: PMC6024018 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide an in depth overview of the current knowledge of the effects of bovine immunoglobulins on the human immune system. The stability and functional effects of orally ingested bovine immunoglobulins in milk products are described and potential mechanisms of action are discussed. Orally ingested bovine IgG (bovine IgG) can be recovered from feces, ranging from very low levels up to 50% of the ingested IgG that has passed through the gastrointestinal tract. In infants the recovered levels are higher than in adults most likely due to differences in stomach and intestinal conditions such as pH. This indicates that bovine IgG can be functionally active throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, a large number of studies in infants and adults have shown that bovine IgG (or colostrum as a rich source thereof) can prevent gastrointestinal tract infections, upper respiratory tract infections, and LPS-induced inflammation. These studies vary considerably in target group, design, source of bovine IgG, dosage, and endpoints measured making it hard to draw general conclusions on effectiveness of bovine immunoglobulin rich preparations. Typical sources of bovine IgG used in human studies are serum-derived IgG, colostrum, colostrum-derived IgG, or milk-derived immunoglobulins. In addition, many studies have used IgG from vaccinated cows, but studies using IgG from nonimmunized animals have also been reported to be effective. Mechanistically, bovine IgG binds to many human pathogens and allergens, can neutralize experimental infection of human cells, and limits gastrointestinal inflammation. Furthermore, bovine IgG binds to human Fc receptors which, enhances phagocytosis, killing of bacteria and antigen presentation and bovine IgG supports gastrointestinal barrier function in in vitro models. These mechanisms are becoming more and more established and explain why bovine IgG can have immunological effects in vivo. The inclusion of oral bovine immunoglobulins in specialized dairy products and infant nutrition may therefore be a promising approach to support immune function in vulnerable groups such as infants, children, elderly and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Wageningen University & Research, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Allergy Consortium Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - John O Warner
- National Institute of Health Research, Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care for NW London, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - R J Joost van Neerven
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands.,Wageningen University & Research, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen, Netherlands
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117
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Drewniak M, Waterhouse CCM, Lyon AW, Fenton TR. Immunoglobulin A and Protein Content of Low-Fat Human Milk Prepared for the Treatment of Chylothorax. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33:667-670. [PMID: 29730893 DOI: 10.1177/0884533617722762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several case studies report successful recovery from chylothorax while infants were fed low-fat human milk. The reported growth rates were inadequate despite milk supplementation with added medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). The objective was to determine the effect that various human milk fat separating methods, refrigerated centrifuge, room temperature centrifuge, and refrigeration have on the loss of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and protein in the preparation of low-fat human milk. METHODS Protein and IgA were measured in 31 samples of reduced-fat human milk. Reduced-fat breastmilk samples were prepared by separating the fat using 3 methods (refrigerated centrifuge, room temperature centrifuge, and a refrigeration method), followed by lower fat milk extraction by syringe. RESULTS The refrigeration method decreased IgA concentration by 17% (P = .035) while centrifugation and fat removal from the human milk samples led to a 38% decline in IgA concentration in both the nonrefrigerated and refrigerated centrifuge samples (P < .0001 for both). Protein declined by 11% with refrigeration and fat removal (P < .0001) while centrifugation and fat removal decreased protein concentration by 31% (P < .0001) in both nonrefrigerated centrifuge and refrigerated centrifuge samples. CONCLUSIONS Preparing low-fat human milk for patients with chylothorax decreased the IgA and protein contents. As well as fat (in the form of MCTs), protein likely needs to be supplemented for infants fed low-fat human milk to support adequate growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris C M Waterhouse
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew W Lyon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tanis R Fenton
- Nutrition Services, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Community Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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118
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Niimi K, Usami K, Fujita Y, Abe M, Furukawa M, Suyama Y, Sakai Y, Kamioka M, Shibata N, Park EJ, Sato S, Kiyono H, Yoneyama H, Kitazawa H, Watanabe K, Nochi T, Aso H. Development of immune and microbial environments is independently regulated in the mammary gland. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:643-653. [PMID: 29346344 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is important for mammals, providing immunological and microbiological advantages to neonates, together with the nutritional supply from the mother. However, the mechanisms of this functional diversity in the mammary gland remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that, similar to the gastrointestinal tract, the mammary gland develops immune and microbial environments consisting of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and the microflora, respectively, both of which are important for protecting neonates and the mother from infectious diseases. The IgA production and microflora development are coordinated in the gastrointestinal tract but seem to be independently regulated in the mammary gland. In particular, the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28 and poly-Ig receptor, crucial molecules for the IgA production in milk, were expressed normally in germ-free lactating mice but were almost undetectable in postweaning mothers, regardless of the microflora presence. Our findings offer insights into potentially improving the quality of breastfeeding, using both immunological and microbiological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Niimi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - K Usami
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Y Fujita
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - M Abe
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - M Furukawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Y Suyama
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Y Sakai
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - M Kamioka
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Shibata
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E J Park
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - S Sato
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Mucosal Vaccine and Adjuvant Project, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - H Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Yoneyama
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - H Kitazawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - T Nochi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Aso
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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119
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Pereira QLC, Hara CDCP, Fernandes RTS, Fagundes DLG, França-Botelho ADC, Gomes MA, França EL, Honorio-França AC. Human colostrum action against Giardia lamblia infection influenced by hormones and advanced maternal age. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1783-1791. [PMID: 29656328 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Children are more susceptible to Giardia lamblia infection. Cells and hormones contained in human colostrum have an immunoprotective action against giardiasis, but the effects of advanced maternal age on these components are poorly understood. This study analyzed the colostrum of older women to determine melatonin and cortisol levels besides the participation of these hormones on the functional activity of phagocytes against G. lamblia. Colostrum samples were collected from younger (18 to 35 years old) and older (over 36 years old) lactating women. Colostrum samples were subjected to melatonin and cortisol determination, immunophenotyping, quantification of superoxide release, and assessment of phagocytic rate and microbicidal activity of phagocytes treated with hormones and in the presence of G. lamblia. Colostrum from mothers of advanced age contained higher melatonin and cortisol levels and a lower rate of cells expressing CD14+ and CD15+. In the colostru of these older mothers, melatonin increased superoxide release by phagocytes. In both groups, superoxide release by phagocytes treated with cortisol was higher in the presence of G. lamblia. In colostrum from mothers of advanced age, mononuclear (MN) phagocytes treated with melatonin showed higher phagocytosis of G. lamblia and higher microbicidal index. In younger mothers, MN and polymorphonuclear (PMN) colostrum phagocytes exhibited higher rates of G. lamblia elimination when treated with both melatonin and cortisol. In older mothers, cortisol and melatonin regulation for the functional activity of colostrum phagocytes against G. lamblia may represent an additional defense mechanism, relevant for the protection and treatment of parasitic infections in breastfed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queli Lisiane Castro Pereira
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Danny Laura Gomes Fagundes
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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120
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Jahnsen FL, Bækkevold ES, Hov JR, Landsverk OJ. Do Long-Lived Plasma Cells Maintain a Healthy Microbiota in the Gut? Trends Immunol 2018; 39:196-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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121
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Le Doare K, Holder B, Bassett A, Pannaraj PS. Mother's Milk: A Purposeful Contribution to the Development of the Infant Microbiota and Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:361. [PMID: 29599768 PMCID: PMC5863526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution. In addition to providing a source of nutrition, breast milk contains a diverse array of microbiota and myriad biologically active components that are thought to guide the infant’s developing mucosal immune system. It is believed that bacteria from the mother’s intestine may translocate to breast milk and dynamically transfer to the infant. Such interplay between mother and her infant is a key to establishing a healthy infant intestinal microbiome. These intestinal bacteria protect against many respiratory and diarrheal illnesses, but are subject to environmental stresses such as antibiotic use. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the synthesis of which are partially determined by the maternal genotype. HMOs are thought to play a role in preventing pathogenic bacterial adhesion though multiple mechanisms, while also providing nutrition for the microbiome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, carry a diverse cargo, including mRNA, miRNA, and cytosolic and membrane-bound proteins, and are readily detectable in human breast milk. Strongly implicated in cell–cell signaling, EVs could therefore may play a further role in the development of the infant microbiome. This review considers the emerging role of breast milk microbiota, bioactive HMOs, and EVs in the establishment of the neonatal microbiome and the consequent potential for modulation of neonatal immune system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Le Doare
- Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Beth Holder
- Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha Bassett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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122
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Rodríguez-Camejo C, Puyol A, Fazio L, Rodríguez A, Villamil E, Andina E, Cordobez V, Díaz H, Lemos M, Siré G, Carroscia L, Castro M, Panizzolo L, Hernández A. Antibody Profile of Colostrum and the Effect of Processing in Human Milk Banks: Implications in Immunoregulatory Properties. J Hum Lact 2018; 34:137-147. [PMID: 28586632 DOI: 10.1177/0890334417706359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When feeding preterm infants, donor milk is preferred if the mother's own milk is unavailable. Pasteurization may have detrimental effects on bioactivity, but more information is needed about its effects on the immunological compounds. Research aim: This work has two main aims: evaluate the antibody profile of colostrum and study the quantitative variations in the antibodies' level and specific reactivity after undergoing Holder pasteurization. The authors focused on immunoregulatory components of colostrum (antidietary antibodies and TGF-β2) in the neonatal gut. METHODS This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 67 donated colostrum samples at different days after delivery, both raw and pasteurized. Antibody profiles were analyzed at different times during breastfeeding, and total and specific antibodies (IgM, IgA, and IgG subclasses) were compared with tetanus toxoid and ovalbumin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The processing effect on total and specific antibodies, as well as TGF-β2, was evaluated by paired analyses. RESULTS No variations in immunological compounds were observed throughout the colostrum stage. The TGF-β2, antibodies' concentrations, and antibodies' specific reactivity after pasteurization did not vary significantly as days of lactation varied. Changes in antibody levels were dependent on isotype and IgG subclass, and IgG4 showed remarkable resistance to heating. Moreover, the effect of the pasteurization on specific reactivity was antigen dependent. CONCLUSION The supply of relevant immunological components is stable throughout the colostrum stage. The effects of pasteurization on antibodies depend on isotype, subclass, and specificity. This information is relevant to improving the immunological quality of colostrum, especially for preterm newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Rodríguez-Camejo
- 1 Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Arturo Puyol
- 2 Banco de Leche "Ruben Panizza," Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Fazio
- 2 Banco de Leche "Ruben Panizza," Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Analía Rodríguez
- 3 Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emilia Villamil
- 1 Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eliana Andina
- 3 Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vanira Cordobez
- 3 Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hernán Díaz
- 3 Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mary Lemos
- 2 Banco de Leche "Ruben Panizza," Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Siré
- 2 Banco de Leche "Ruben Panizza," Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lilián Carroscia
- 2 Banco de Leche "Ruben Panizza," Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mara Castro
- 2 Banco de Leche "Ruben Panizza," Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis Panizzolo
- 3 Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Hernández
- 1 Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Escuder-Vieco D, Espinosa-Martos I, Rodríguez JM, Fernández L, Pallás-Alonso CR. Effect of HTST and Holder Pasteurization on the Concentration of Immunoglobulins, Growth Factors, and Hormones in Donor Human Milk. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2222. [PMID: 30319659 PMCID: PMC6170621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor human milk (DHM) is submitted to Holder pasteurization (HoP) to ensure its microbiological safety in human milk banks but this treatment affects some of its bioactive compounds. The objective of this work was to compare the effects of HoP and high temperature short time (HTST) treatments on some bioactive compounds found in DHM. A total of 24 DHM batches were processed in a continuous HTST system (70, 72, and 75°C for 5-25 s) and by HoP (62.5°C for 30 min). The concentrations of immunoglobulins (Igs) A, G, and M, transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), adiponectine, ghrelin, and leptin were measured using a multiplex system, whereas the concentration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was determined by ELISA. In relation to Igs, IgG showed the highest preservation rates (87-101%) after HTST treatments, followed by IgA (54-88%) and IgM (25-73%). Ig retention after any of the HTST treatments was higher than after HoP (p < 0.001). Treatment times required to reduce the concentration of IgM by 90% (D-value) were 130, 88, and 49 s at 70, 72, and 75°C, while the number of degrees Celsius required to change the D-value by one factor of 10 (z-value) was 11.79°C. None of the heat treatments had a significant effect on the concentrations of TGF-β2, EGF, adiponectin, and ghrelin. In contrast, leptin was detected only in 4 of the samples submitted to HoP, whereas it was present in all samples after the different HTST treatments, with retention rates ranging between 34 and 68%. Globally, the concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, and leptin in DHM was significantly higher after HTST pasteurization performed in a continuous system designed to be used in human milk banks than after the HoP procedure that is routinely applied at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Escuder-Vieco
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Diana Escuder-Vieco
| | | | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rosa Pallás-Alonso
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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124
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Henrick BM, Yao XD, Nasser L, Roozrogousheh A, Rosenthal KL. Breastfeeding Behaviors and the Innate Immune System of Human Milk: Working Together to Protect Infants against Inflammation, HIV-1, and Other Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1631. [PMID: 29238342 PMCID: PMC5712557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of infants’ breastfeeding from their HIV-infected mothers do not acquire HIV-1 infection despite exposure to cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in HIV-infected breast milk. Paradoxically, exclusive breastfeeding regardless of the HIV status of the mother has led to a significant decrease in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) compared with non-exclusive breastfeeding. Although it remains unclear how these HIV-exposed infants remain uninfected despite repeated and prolonged exposure to HIV-1, the low rate of transmission is suggestive of a multitude of protective, short-lived bioactive innate immune factors in breast milk. Indeed, recent studies of soluble factors in breast milk shed new light on mechanisms of neonatal HIV-1 protection. This review highlights the role and significance of innate immune factors in HIV-1 susceptibility and infection. Prevention of MTCT of HIV-1 is likely due to multiple factors, including innate immune factors such as lactoferrin and elafin among many others. In pursuing this field, our lab was the first to show that soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) directly inhibits HIV infection, integration, and inflammation. More recently, we demonstrated that sTLR2 directly binds to selective HIV-1 proteins, including p17, gp41, and p24, leading to significantly reduced NFκB activation, interleukin-8 production, CCR5 expression, and HIV infection in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, a clearer understanding of soluble milk-derived innate factors with known antiviral functions may provide new therapeutic insights to reduce vertical HIV-1 transmission and will have important implications for protection against HIV-1 infection at other mucosal sites. Furthermore, innate bioactive factors identified in human milk may serve not only in protecting infants against infections and inflammation but also the elderly; thus, opening the door for novel innate immune therapeutics to protect newborns, infants, adults, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Henrick
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laila Nasser
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ava Roozrogousheh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth L Rosenthal
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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125
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Gómez M, Moles L, Espinosa-Martos I, Bustos G, de Vos WM, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM, Fuentes S, Jiménez E. Bacteriological and Immunological Profiling of Meconium and Fecal Samples from Preterm Infants: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1293. [PMID: 29186903 PMCID: PMC5748744 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An abnormal colonization pattern of the preterm gut may affect immune maturation and exert a long-term influence on the intestinal bacterial composition and host health. However, follow-up studies assessing the evolution of the fecal microbiota of infants that were born preterm are very scarce. In this work, the bacterial compositions of fecal samples, obtained from sixteen 2-year-old infants were evaluated using a phylogenetic microarray; subsequently, the results were compared with those obtained in a previous study from samples of meconium and feces collected from the same infants while they stayed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In parallel, the concentration of a wide range of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and immunoglobulins were determined in meconium and fecal samples. Globally, a higher bacterial diversity and a lower interindividual variability were observed in 2-year-olds' feces, when compared to the samples obtained during their first days of life. Hospital-associated fecal bacteria, that were dominant during the NICU stay, seemed to be replaced, two years later, by genera, which are usually predominant in the healthy adult microbiome. The immune profile of the meconium and fecal samples differed, depending on the sampling time, showing different immune maturation statuses of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gómez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Servicio de Pediatría Hospital Francesc de Borja, 46702 Gandía, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura Moles
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Gerardo Bustos
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain, Red SAMID.
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Probisearch, SLU, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Probisearch, SLU, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Fuentes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Probisearch, SLU, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
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126
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Abstract
Maternal immunity plays a pivotal role in swine health and production because piglets are born agammaglobulinemic and with limited cell-mediated immunity, i.e. few peripheral lymphoid cells, immature lymphoid tissues, and no effector and memory T-lymphocytes. Swine do not become fully immunologically competent until about 4 weeks of age, which means that their compromised ability to respond to infectious agents during the first month of life must be supplemented by maternal immune components: (1) circulating antibodies derived from colostrum; (2) mucosal antibodies from colostrum and milk; and (3) immune cells provided in mammary secretions. Because maternal immunity is highly effective at protecting piglets against specific pathogens, strengthening sow herd immunity against certain diseases through exposure or vaccination is a useful management tool for ameliorating clinical effects in piglets and delaying infection until the piglets' immune system is better prepared to respond. In this review, we discuss the anatomy and physiology of lactation, the immune functions of components provided to neonatal swine in mammary secretion, the importance of maternal immunity in the prevention and control of significant pathogens.
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127
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature regarding the association between breastfeeding and childhood otitis media (OM), with focus on the literature published within the past 5 years. The review comprises original articles and recent reviews. RECENT FINDINGS The effect of a protective effect of breastfeeding on the risk of OM is still being discussed. Within the past 5 years, 6 reviews and 15 original articles have been published. No randomized controlled trials have been published, and the diversity of exposure and outcome measures in the studies was significant. Also, we provide a summary of the recent literature on cost-benefit of breastfeeding and believed mechanism of protection against OM. Breastfeeding for more than 6 months seems to protect against OM during the first 6 years of life. Exclusive breastfeeding may have a more protective effect than non-exclusive breastfeeding. Introduction of formula feeding before the age of 6 months increased the risk of OM.
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128
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Takiishi T, Fenero CIM, Câmara NOS. Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: Shaping our immune responses throughout life. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1373208. [PMID: 28956703 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1373208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is considered the largest immunological organ in the body having a central role in regulating immune homeostasis. Contrary to earlier belief, the intestinal epithelial barrier is not a static physical barrier but rather strongly interacts with the gut microbiome and cells of the immune system. This intense communication between epithelial cells, immune cells and microbiome will shape specific immune responses to antigens, balancing tolerance and effector immune functions. Recent studies indicate that composition of the gut microbiome affects immune system development and modulates immune mediators, which in turn affect the intestinal barrier. Moreover, dysbiosis may favor intestinal barrier disruption and could be related to increased susceptibility to certain diseases. This review will be focused on the development of the intestinal barrier and its function in host immune defense and how gut microbiome composition throughout life can affect this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Takiishi
- a Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo - SP , Brazil
| | - Camila Ideli Morales Fenero
- a Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo - SP , Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- a Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo - SP , Brazil
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129
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Marcellini V, Piano Mortari E, Fedele G, Gesualdo F, Pandolfi E, Midulla F, Leone P, Stefanelli P, Tozzi AE, Carsetti R. Protection against Pertussis in Humans Correlates to Elevated Serum Antibodies and Memory B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1158. [PMID: 28966622 PMCID: PMC5605623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis that may be particularly severe and even lethal in the first months of life when infants are still too young to be vaccinated. Adults and adolescents experience mild symptoms and are the source of infection for neonates. Adoptive maternal immunity does not prevent pertussis in the neonate. We compared the specific immune response of mothers of neonates diagnosed with pertussis and mothers of control children. We show that women have pre-existing pertussis-specific antibodies and memory B cells and react against the infection with a recall response increasing the levels specific serum IgG, milk IgA, and the frequency of memory B cells of all isotypes. Thus, the maternal immune system is activated in response to pertussis and effectively prevents the disease indicating that the low levels of pre-formed serum antibodies are insufficient for protection. For this reason, memory B cells play a major role in the adult defense. The results of this study suggest that new strategies for vaccine design should aim at increasing long-lived plasma cells and their antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marcellini
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gesualdo
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pandolfi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Leone
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Eugenio Tozzi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy.,Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
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130
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Human Milk and Allergic Diseases: An Unsolved Puzzle. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080894. [PMID: 28817095 PMCID: PMC5579687 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence on the protective role of breastfeeding in relation to the development of allergic sensitisation and allergic disease. Studies vary in methodology and definition of outcomes, which lead to considerable heterogeneity. Human milk composition varies both within and between individuals, which may partially explain conflicting data. It is known that human milk composition is very complex and contains variable levels of immune active molecules, oligosaccharides, metabolites, vitamins and other nutrients and microbial content. Existing evidence suggests that modulation of human breast milk composition has potential for preventing allergic diseases in early life. In this review, we discuss associations between breastfeeding/human milk composition and allergy development.
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131
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Bardanzellu F, Fanos V, Reali A. "Omics" in Human Colostrum and Mature Milk: Looking to Old Data with New Eyes. Nutrients 2017; 9:E843. [PMID: 28783113 PMCID: PMC5579636 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Milk (HM) is the best source for newborn nutrition until at least six months; it exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-infective functions, promotes immune system formation and supports organ development. Breastfeeding could also protect from obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, human colostrum (HC) presents a peculiar role in newborn support as a protective effect against allergic and chronic diseases, in addition to long-term metabolic benefits. In this review, we discuss the recent literature regarding "omics" technologies and growth factors (GF) in HC and the effects of pasteurization on its composition. Our aim was to provide new evidence in terms of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, also in relation to maternal metabolic diseases and/or fetal anomalies and to underline the functions of GF. Since HC results are so precious, particularly for the vulnerable pre-terms category, we also discuss the importance of HM pasteurization to ensure donated HC even to neonates whose mothers are unable to provide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review analyzing in detail the molecular pattern, microbiota, bioactive factors, and dynamic profile of HC, finding clinical correlations of such mediators with their possible in vivo effects and with the consequent impact on neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, AOU and University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, AOU and University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Reali
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, AOU and University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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132
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Tamburini S, Shen N, Wu HC, Clemente JC. The microbiome in early life: implications for health outcomes. Nat Med 2017; 22:713-22. [PMID: 27387886 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 739] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have characterized how host genetics, prenatal environment and delivery mode can shape the newborn microbiome at birth. Following this, postnatal factors, such as antibiotic treatment, diet or environmental exposure, further modulate the development of the infant's microbiome and immune system, and exposure to a variety of microbial organisms during early life has long been hypothesized to exert a protective effect in the newborn. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that factors that alter bacterial communities in infants during childhood increase the risk for several diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding early-life microbiome composition. In this review, we describe how prenatal and postnatal factors shape the development of both the microbiome and the immune system. We also discuss the prospects of microbiome-mediated therapeutics and the need for more effective approaches that can reconfigure bacterial communities from pathogenic to homeostatic configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tamburini
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan Shen
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Han Chih Wu
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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133
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Ruiz L, Espinosa-Martos I, García-Carral C, Manzano S, McGuire MK, Meehan CL, McGuire MA, Williams JE, Foster J, Sellen DW, Kamau-Mbuthia EW, Kamundia EW, Mbugua S, Moore SE, Kvist LJ, Otoo GE, Lackey KA, Flores K, Pareja RG, Bode L, Rodríguez JM. What's Normal? Immune Profiling of Human Milk from Healthy Women Living in Different Geographical and Socioeconomic Settings. Front Immunol 2017; 8:696. [PMID: 28713365 PMCID: PMC5492702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk provides a very wide range of nutrients and bioactive components, including immune factors, human milk oligosaccharides, and a commensal microbiota. These factors are essential for interconnected processes including immunity programming and the development of a normal infant gastrointestinal microbiome. Newborn immune protection mostly relies on maternal immune factors provided through milk. However, studies dealing with an in-depth profiling of the different immune compounds present in human milk and with the assessment of their natural variation in healthy women from different populations are scarce. In this context, the objective of this work was the detection and quantification of a wide array of immune compounds, including innate immunity factors (IL1β, IL6, IL12, INFγ, TNFα), acquired immunity factors (IL2, IL4, IL10, IL13, IL17), chemokines (IL8, Groα, MCP1, MIP1β), growth factors [IL5, IL7, epidermal growth factor (EGF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, TGFβ2], and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), in milk produced by healthy women of different ethnicities living in different geographic, dietary, socioeconomic, and environmental settings. Among the analyzed factors, IgA, IgG, IgM, EGF, TGFβ2, IL7, IL8, Groα, and MIP1β were detected in all or most of the samples collected in each population and, therefore, this specific set of compounds might be considered as the "core" soluble immune factors in milk produced by healthy women worldwide. This approach may help define which immune factors are (or are not) common in milk produced by women living in various conditions, and to identify host, lifestyle, and environmental factors that affect the immunological composition of this complex biological fluid. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02670278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Espinosa-Martos
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Probisearch S.L., C/Santiago Grisolía, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Carral
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Manzano
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelle K. McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Courtney L. Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mark A. McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Janet E. Williams
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - James Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Daniel W. Sellen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Samwel Mbugua
- Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Sophie E. Moore
- Division of Women’s Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit, Serekunda, Gambia
| | | | - Gloria E. Otoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kimberly A. Lackey
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Katherine Flores
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, and Mother Milk Infant Center of Research Excellence (MoMICoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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134
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Hodgkinson AJ, Cakebread J, Callaghan M, Harris P, Brunt R, Anderson RC, Armstrong KM, Haigh B. Comparative innate immune interactions of human and bovine secretory IgA with pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:21-25. [PMID: 27845173 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) from milk contributes to early colonization and maintenance of commensal/symbiotic bacteria in the gut, as well as providing defence against pathogens. SIgA binds bacteria using specific antigenic sites or non-specifically via its glycans attached to α-heavy-chain and secretory component. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that human and bovine SIgA have similar innate-binding activity for bacteria. SIgAs, isolated from human and bovine milk, were incubated with a selection of commensal, pathogenic and probiotic bacteria. Using flow cytometry, we measured numbers of bacteria binding SIgA and their level of SIgA binding. The percentage of bacteria bound by human and bovine SIgA varied from 30 to 90% depending on bacterial species and strains, but was remarkably consistent between human and bovine SIgA. The level of SIgA binding per bacterial cell was lower for those bacteria that had a higher percentage of SIgA-bound bacteria, and higher for those bacteria that had lower percentage of SIgA-bound bacteria. Overall, human and bovine SIgA interacted with bacteria in a comparable way. This contributes to longer term research about the potential benefits of bovine SIgA for human consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Hodgkinson
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Julie Cakebread
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Megan Callaghan
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Paul Harris
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Brunt
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Rachel C Anderson
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kelly M Armstrong
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Brendan Haigh
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
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135
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Gsdma3 is required for mammary gland development in mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:575-583. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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136
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Alterations in the Immune Cell Composition in Premalignant Breast Tissue that Precede Breast Cancer Development. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3945-3952. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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137
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Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Cohen N, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction: Evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that maintain allostasis in an ever-changing environment. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:2-23. [PMID: 27296493 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It has now become accepted that the immune system and neuroendocrine system form an integrated part of our physiology. Immunological defense mechanisms act in concert with physiological processes like growth and reproduction, energy intake and metabolism, as well as neuronal development. Not only are psychological and environmental stressors communicated to the immune system, but also, vice versa, the immune response and adaptation to a current pathogen challenge are communicated to the entire body, including the brain, to evoke adaptive responses (e.g., fever, sickness behavior) that ensure allocation of energy to fight the pathogen. This phenomenon is evolutionarily conserved. Hence it is both interesting and important to consider the evolutionary history of this bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune communication to reveal phylogenetically ancient or relatively recently acquired mechanisms. Indeed, such considerations have already disclosed an extensive "common vocabulary" of information pathways as well as molecules and their receptors used by both the neuroendocrine and immune systems. This review focuses on the principal mechanisms of bi-directional communication and the evidence for evolutionary conservation of the important physiological pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicholas Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
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138
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He Y, Wen Q, Yao F, Xu D, Huang Y, Wang J. Gut-lung axis: The microbial contributions and clinical implications. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:81-95. [PMID: 27781554 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1176988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota interacts with host immune system in ways that influence the development of disease. Advances in respiratory immune system also broaden our knowledge of the interaction between host and microbiome in the lung. Increasing evidence indicated the intimate relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. Exacerbations of chronic gut and lung disease have been shown to share key conceptual features with the disorder and dysregulation of the microbial ecosystem. In this review, we discuss the impact of gut and lung microbiota on disease exacerbation and progression, and the recent understanding of the immunological link between the gut and the lung, the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- a Department of Cancer Center, Union Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qu Wen
- a Department of Cancer Center, Union Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Fangfang Yao
- a Department of Cancer Center, Union Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Dong Xu
- b Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yuancheng Huang
- b Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Junshuai Wang
- c Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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139
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Palmeira P, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Immunology of breast milk. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2016; 62:584-593. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.62.06.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary In the critical phase of immunological immaturity of the newborn, particularly for the immune system of mucous membranes, infants receive large amounts of bioactive components through colostrum and breast milk. Colostrum is the most potent natural immune booster known to science. Breastfeeding protects infants against infections mainly via secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies, but also via other various bioactive factors. It is striking that the defense factors of human milk function without causing inflammation; some components are even anti-inflammatory. Protection against infections has been well evidenced during lactation against, e.g., acute and prolonged diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, including otitis media, urinary tract infection, neonatal septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. The milk’s immunity content changes over time. In the early stages of lactation, IgA, anti-inflammatory factors and, more likely, immunologically active cells provide additional support for the immature immune system of the neonate. After this period, breast milk continues to adapt extraordinarily to the infant’s ontogeny and needs regarding immune protection and nutrition. The need to encourage breastfeeding is therefore justifiable, at least during the first 6 months of life, when the infant’s secretory IgA production is insignificant.
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140
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Temporal Changes of Protein Composition in Breast Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers and Impact of Caesarean Section Delivery. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080504. [PMID: 27548208 PMCID: PMC4997417 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (BM) protein composition may be impacted by lactation stage or factors related to geographical location. The present study aimed at assessing the temporal changes of BM major proteins over lactation stages and the impact of mode of delivery on immune factors, in a large cohort of urban mothers in China. 450 BM samples, collected in three Chinese cities, covering 8 months of lactation were analyzed for α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, serum albumin, total caseins, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG) and transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and β2 content by microfluidic chip- or ELISA-based quantitative methods. Concentrations and changes over lactation were aligned with previous reports. α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, IgA, IgM and TGF-β1 contents followed similar variations characterized by highest concentrations in early lactation that rapidly decreased before remaining stable up to end of lactation. TGF-β2 content displayed same early dynamics before increasing again. Total caseins followed a different pattern, showing initial increase before decreasing back to starting values. Serum albumin and IgG levels appeared stable throughout lactation. In conclusion, BM content in major proteins of urban mothers in China was comparable with previous studies carried out in other parts of the world and C-section delivery had only very limited impact on BM immune factors.
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141
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Hibel LC, Schiltz H. Maternal and Infant Secretory Immunoglobulin A across the Peripartum Period. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:NP44-51. [PMID: 26467670 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415610578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations change over early infancy. The primary immunoglobulin in breast milk is sIgA, however, no study has examined the role of maternal sIgA in relation to infant salivary sIgA. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine within-source associations and mean level changes of maternal and infant sIgA across the first 6 months of life, to examine the interrelations between maternal and infant sIgA across the first 6 months of life, and to determine the association between breastfeeding and infant sIgA. METHODS Participants were a convenience sample of 51 mother-infant dyads. Salivary sIgA was collected from the mother in the third trimester. Infant and maternal salivary and maternal breast milk sIgA was collected at approximately 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. RESULTS Maternal salivary sIgA showed no mean level change across the visits, and levels were moderately associated over time. Breast milk sIgA was moderately associated over time; infant salivary sIgA was weakly associated over time. Both breast milk and infant sIgA levels decreased from 1 to 3 months postpartum. Maternal salivary sIgA was not related to infant or breast milk sIgA. Breastfed infants had lower levels of salivary sIgA. Likewise, higher concentrations of breast milk sIgA were related to lower concentrations of infant sIgA. CONCLUSION Maternal salivary sIgA is highly stable over the peripartum period, whereas breast milk and infant salivary sIgA was variable. Infant secretory IgA development does not depend positively on maternal salivary or breast milk sIgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Hibel
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hillary Schiltz
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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142
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Sanosyan A, Rutagwera DG, Molès JP, Bollore K, Peries M, Kankasa C, Mwiya M, Tylleskär T, Nagot N, Van De Perre P, Tuaillon E. Increased Epstein-Barr virus in breast milk occurs with subclinical mastitis and HIV shedding. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4005. [PMID: 27399077 PMCID: PMC5058806 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in breast milk and subclinical mastitis (SCM) are both associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) shedding and possibly with postnatal HIV transmission. The objective of this nested case-control study was to investigate the interplay between SCM and EBV replication in breast milk of HIV-infected mothers.The relationships between EBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) shedding, HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) level, and SCM were explored in breast milk samples of Zambian mothers participating in the ANRS 12174 trial. Mammary gland inflammation was defined as a breast milk sodium to potassium ratio (Na/K) greater than 0.6 and further subclassified as either "possible SCM" (Na/K ratio 0.6-1.0) or SCM (Na/K ratio ≥ 1.0). Breast milk interleukin 8 (IL-8) was measured as a surrogate marker of mammary gland inflammation.EBV DNA was detected in breast milk samples from 42 out of 83 (51%) participants and was associated with HIV-1 shedding in breast milk (P = 0.006). EBV DNA levels were higher in samples with SCM and "possible SCM" compared to non-SCM breast milk samples (P = 0.06; P = 0.007). An EBV DNA level of >200 copies/mL was independently associated with SCM and "possible SCM" (OR: 2.62; 95%: 1.13-6.10). In patients with SCM, higher EBV replication in the mammary gland was associated with a lower induction of IL-8 (P = 0.013). Resistance to DNase treatment suggests that EBV DNA in lactoserum is encapsidated.SCM and decreased IL-8 responses are associated with an increased EBV shedding in breast milk which may in turn facilitate HIV replication in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Sanosyan
- UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David G. Rutagwera
- UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Paediatrics and Child health, University Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jean-Pierre Molès
- UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Bollore
- UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marianne Peries
- UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child health, University Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mwiya Mwiya
- Department of Paediatrics and Child health, University Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Nicolas Nagot
- UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van De Perre
- UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: Edouard Tuaillon, CHU Montpellier and UMR 1058, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (e-mail: )
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143
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Esser ES, Romanyuk A, Vassilieva EV, Jacob J, Prausnitz MR, Compans RW, Skountzou I. Tetanus vaccination with a dissolving microneedle patch confers protective immune responses in pregnancy. J Control Release 2016; 236:47-56. [PMID: 27327766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal and neonatal tetanus claim tens of thousands lives every year in developing countries, but could be prevented by hygienic practices and improved immunization of pregnant women. This study tested the hypothesis that skin vaccination can overcome the immunologically transformed state of pregnancy and enhance protective immunity to tetanus in mothers and their newborns. To achieve this goal, we developed microneedle patches (MNPs) that efficiently delivered unadjuvanted tetanus toxoid to skin of pregnant mice and demonstrated that this route induced superior immune responses in female mice conferring 100% survival to tetanus toxin challenge when compared to intramuscular vaccination. Mice born to MNP-vaccinated mothers showed detectable tetanus-specific IgG antibodies up to 12weeks of age and complete protection to tetanus toxin challenge up at 6weeks of age. In contrast, none of the 6-week old mice born to intramuscularly vaccinated mothers survived challenge. Although pregnant mice vaccinated with unadjuvanted tetanus toxoid had 30% lower IgG and IgG1 titers than mice vaccinated intramuscularly with Alum®-adjuvanted tetanus toxoid vaccine, IgG2a titers and antibody affinity maturation were similar between these groups. We conclude that skin immunization with MNPs containing unadjuvanted tetanus toxoid can confer potent protective efficacy to mothers and their offspring using a delivery method well suited for expanding vaccination coverage in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stein Esser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - AndreyA Romanyuk
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, Georgia
| | - Elena V Vassilieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, Georgia
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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144
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Zhou P, Luo Y, Zhang L, Li J, Zhang B, Xing S, Zhu Y, Gao F, Zhou G. Effects of cysteamine supplementation on the intestinal expression of amino acid and peptide transporters and intestinal health in finishing pigs. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:314-321. [PMID: 27245869 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cysteamine supplementation on the expression of jejunal amino acid and peptide transporters and intestinal health in finishing pigs. Sixty barrows were allocated into two experimental diets consisting of a basal control diet supplemented with 0 or 142 mg/kg cysteamine. After 41 days, 10 pigs per treatment were slaughtered. The results showed that cysteamine supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) and the trypsin activity in jejunal digesta (P < 0.01). Cysteamine supplementation also increased the messenger RNA abundance of SLC7A7, SLC7A9 and SLC15A1, occludin, claudin-1 and zonula occludens protein-1 (P < 0.001) in the jejunum mucosa. Increased glutathione content (P < 0.01) and glutathione peroxidase activity (P < 0.05) and decreased malondialdehyde content (P < 0.01) were observed in pigs receiving cysteamine. Additionally, cysteamine supplementation increased the concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) (P < 0.05), IgM (P < 0.001) and IgG (P < 0.001) in the jejunal mucosa. It is concluded that cysteamine supplementation could influence protein digestion and absorption via increasing trypsin activity, enhancing the digestibility of CP, and promoting the expression of jejunal amino acid and peptide transporters. Moreover, cysteamine improved intestinal integrity, antioxidant capacity and immune function in the jejunum, which were beneficial for intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiqiu Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bolin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shen Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuping Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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145
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Development of the gut microbiota and mucosal IgA responses in twins and gnotobiotic mice. Nature 2016; 534:263-6. [PMID: 27279225 PMCID: PMC4902178 DOI: 10.1038/nature17940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), the major class of antibody secreted by the gut mucosa, is an important contributor to gut barrier function1–3. The repertoire of IgA bound to gut bacteria reflects both T cell-dependent and -independent pathways4,5, plus glycans present on the antibody’s secretory component6. Human gut bacterial taxa targeted by IgA in the setting of intestinal barrier dysfunction are capable of producing intestinal pathology when isolated and transferred to gnotobiotic mice7,8. A complex reorientation of gut immunity occurs as infants transition from passively acquired IgA present in breast milk to host-derived IgA9–11. How IgA responses co-develop with assembly of the microbiota during this period remains poorly understood. Here, we (i) identify a set of age-discriminatory bacterial taxa whose representations define a program of microbiota assembly/maturation during the first 2 postnatal years that is shared across 40 healthy USA twin pairs; (ii) describe a pattern of progression of gut mucosal IgA responses to bacterial members of the microbiota that is highly distinctive for family members (twin pairs) during the first several postnatal months then generalizes across pairs in the second year; and (iii) assess the effects of zygosity, birth mode and breast feeding. Age-associated differences in these IgA responses can be recapitulated in young germ-free mice, colonized with fecal microbiota obtained from two twin pairs at 6 and 18 months of age, and fed a sequence of human diets that simulate the transition from milk feeding to complementary foods. The majority of these responses were robust to diet suggesting that ‘intrinsic’ properties of community members play a dominant role in dictating IgA responses. The approach described can be used to define gut mucosal immune development in health and disease states and help discover ways for repairing or preventing perturbations in this facet of host immunity.
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146
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Hedegaard CJ, Heegaard PMH. Passive immunisation, an old idea revisited: Basic principles and application to modern animal production systems. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 174:50-63. [PMID: 27185263 PMCID: PMC7127230 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunisation by administration of antibodies (immunoglobulins) has been known for more than one hundred years as a very efficient means of obtaining immediate, short-lived protection against infection and/or against the disease-causing effects of toxins from microbial pathogens and from other sources. Thus, due to its rapid action, passive immunisation is often used to treat disease caused by infection and/or toxin exposure. However immunoglobulins may also be administered prior to exposure to infection and/or toxin, although they will not provide long-lasting protection as is seen with active immunisation (vaccination) in which an immunological memory is established by controlled exposure of the host to the pathogen in question. With multi-factorial infectious diseases in production animals, especially those that have proven hard to control by vaccination, the potential of passive immunisation remains big. This review highlights a number of examples on the use of passive immunisation for the control of infectious disease in the modern production of a range of animals, including pigs, cattle, sheep, goat, poultry and fish. Special emphasis is given on the enablement of passive immunisation strategies in these production systems through low cost and ease of use as well as on the sources, composition and purity of immunoglobulin preparations used and their benefits as compared to current measures, including vaccination (also comprising maternal vaccination), antibiotics and feed additives such as spray-dried plasma. It is concluded that provided highly efficient, relatively low-price immunoglobulin products are available, passive immunisation has a clear role in the modern animal production sector as a means of controlling infectious diseases, importantly with a very low risk of causing development of bacterial resistance, thus constituting a real and widely applicable alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Hedegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, The innate immunology Group, Denmark.
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, The innate immunology Group, Denmark
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147
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Pabst O, Cerovic V, Hornef M. Secretory IgA in the Coordination of Establishment and Maintenance of the Microbiota. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:287-296. [PMID: 27066758 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Starting at birth, the intestinal microbiota changes dramatically from a highly individual collection of microorganisms, dominated by comparably few species, to a mature, competitive, and diverse microbial community. Microbial colonization triggers and accompanies the maturation of the mucosal immune system and ultimately results in a mutually beneficial host-microbe interrelation in the healthy host. Here, we discuss the role of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) during the establishment of the infant microbiota and life-long host-microbial homeostasis. We critically review the published literature on how SIgA affects the enteric microbiota and highlight the accessibility of the infant microbiota to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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148
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a 10 % cocoa (C10) diet, containing polyphenols and fibre among others, modifies intestinal and systemic Ig production. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of C10 on IgA and IgM production in the intestinal and extra-intestinal mucosal compartments, establishing the involvement of cocoa fibre (CF) in such effects. Mechanisms by which C10 intake may affect IgA synthesis in the salivary glands were also studied. To this effect, rats were fed either a standard diet, a diet containing C10, CF or inulin. Intestinal (the gut wash (GW), Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)) and extra-intestinal (salivary glands) mucosal tissues and blood samples were collected for IgA and IgM quantification. The gene expressions of IgA production- and homing-related molecules were studied in the salivary glands. The C10 diet decreased intestinal IgA and IgM production. Although the CF diet decreased the GW IgA concentration, it increased PP, MLN and serum IgA concentrations. Both the C10 and the CF diets produced a down-regulatory effect on IgA secretion in the extra-intestinal tissues. The C10 diet interacted with the mechanisms involved in IgA synthesis, whereas the CF showed particular effects on the homing and transcytosis of IgA across the salivary glands. Overall, CF was able to up-regulate IgA production in the intestinal-inductor compartments, whereas it down-regulated its production at the mucosal-effector ones. Further studies must be directed to ascertain the mechanisms involved in the effect of particular cocoa components on gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
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149
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Natural Pig Plasma Immunoglobulins Have Anti-Bacterial Effects: Potential for Use as Feed Supplement for Treatment of Intestinal Infections in Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147373. [PMID: 26824607 PMCID: PMC4744083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for non-antibiotics solutions to control infectious disease in intensive pig production. Here, one such alternative, namely pig antibodies purified from slaughterhouse blood was investigated in order to elucidate its potential usability to control post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD), which is one of the top indications for antibiotics usage in the pig production. A very cost-efficient and rapid one-step expanded bed adsorption (EBA) chromatography procedure was used to purify pig immunoglobulin G from slaughterhouse pig plasma (more than 100 litres), resulting in >85% pure pig IgG (ppIgG). The ppIgG thus comprised natural pig immunoglobulins and was subsequently shown to contain activity towards four pig-relevant bacterial strains (three different types of Escherichia coli and one type of Salmonella enterica) but not towards a fish pathogen (Yersinia ruckeri), and was demonstrated to inhibit the binding of the four pig relevant bacteria to a pig intestinal cell line (IPEC-J2). Finally it was demonstrated in an in vivo weaning piglet model for intestinal colonization with an E. coli F4+ challenge strain that ppIgG given in the feed significantly reduced shedding of the challenge strain, reduced the proportion of the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae, increased the proportion of families Enterococcoceae and Streptococcaceae and generally increased ileal microbiota diversity. Conclusively, our data support the idea that natural IgG directly purified from pig plasma and given as a feed supplement can be used in modern swine production as an efficient and cost-effective means for reducing both occurrence of PWD and antibiotics usage and with a potential for the prevention and treatment of other intestinal infectious diseases even if the causative agent might not be known.
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Wilson RM, Messaoudi I. The impact of maternal obesity during pregnancy on offspring immunity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 2:134-42. [PMID: 26232506 PMCID: PMC4674375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, approximately 64% of women of childbearing age are either overweight or obese. Maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with a greater risk for adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. Adverse health outcomes for the offspring can persist into adulthood, increasing the incidence of several chronic conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and asthma. Since these diseases have a significant inflammatory component, these observations are indicative of perturbation of the normal development and maturation of the immune system of the offspring in utero. This hypothesis is strongly supported by data from several rodent studies. Although the mechanisms of these perturbations are not fully understood, it is thought that increased placental inflammation due to obesity may directly affect neonatal development through alterations in nutrient transport. In this review we examine the impact of maternal obesity on the neonatal immune system, and potential mechanisms for the changes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall M Wilson
- Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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