101
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Lodyga M, Hinz B. TGF-β1 - A truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:123-139. [PMID: 31879265 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
'Jack of all trades, master of everything' is a fair label for transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β) - a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is critical for the development and maturation of immune cells, maintains immune tolerance and homeostasis, and regulates various aspects of immune responses. Following acute tissue damages, TGF-β1 becomes a master regulator of the healing process with impacts on about every cell type involved. Divergence from the tight control of TGF-β1 actions, for instance caused by chronic injury, severe trauma, or infection can tip the balance from regulated physiological to excessive pathological repair. This condition of fibrosis is characterized by accumulation and stiffening of collagenous scar tissue which impairs organ functions to the point of failure. Fibrosis and dysregulated immune responses are also a feature of cancer, in which tumor cells escape immune control partly by manipulating TGF-β1 regulation and where immune cells are excluded from the tumor by fibrotic matrix created during the stroma 'healing' response. Despite the obvious potential of TGF-β-signalling therapies, globally targeting TGF-β1 receptor, downstream pathways, or the active growth factor have proven to be extremely difficult if not impossible in systemic treatment regimes. However, TGF-β1 binding to cell receptors requires prior activation from latent complexes that are extracellularly presented on the surface of immune cells or within the extracellular matrix. These different locations have led to some divergence in the field which is often either seen from the perspective of an immunologists or a fibrosis/matrix researcher. Despite these human boundaries, there is considerable overlap between immune and tissue repair cells with respect to latent TGF-β1 presentation and activation. Moreover, the mechanisms and proteins employed by different cells and spatiotemporal control of latent TGF-β1 activation provide specificity that is amenable to drug development. This review aims at synthesizing the knowledge on TGF-β1 extracellular activation in the immune system and in fibrosis to further stimulate cross talk between the two research communities in solving the TGF-β conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada.
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102
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Cheng AA, Li W, Hernandez LL. Transcriptomic analysis investigating the interaction between peripheral serotonin and high-fat diet feeding on mammary gene expression in midlactation mice. Physiol Genomics 2019; 52:47-55. [PMID: 31814535 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00073.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of peripheral serotonin and its interaction with diet in midlactation mammary gene expression, our study uses tryptophan hydroxylase 1 knockout (Tph1-KO) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). It has previously been demonstrated that HFD feeding increases inflammatory and immune pathways in peak lactation mammary glands of mice and increases pup mortality in wild-type (WT) mice compared with dams fed a low-fat diet (LFD). Peripheral serotonin inhibition has been associated with resistance to obesity in male mice fed an HFD. Little is known about the function of Tph1 and how peripheral serotonin affects mammary gland function during pregnancy and lactation. In this study, WT and Tph1-KO models were used to investigate global transcriptomic changes in peak lactation mammary glands when dams were fed either an HFD or LFD. WT and Tph1-KO female mice were assigned to either an LFD or HFD beginning at 3 wk of age (n = 4/group). Dams were euthanized on lactation day 11. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were first filtered by adjusted P value (cutoff ≤ 0.05) and fold-change (FC, cutoff ≥2). Genes were further filtered by mean normalized read count with a cutoff 310. We did not observe many differentially expressed genes in WT and Tph1-KO dams fed LFD. However, 3,529 DEGs were observed between WT-HFD and Tph1-KO-HFD mice, including cell cycle regulation and MAPK pathways being significantly enriched. Further research is required to completely understand the physiological significance of our results on peak lactation mammary physiology and the contribution of serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Cheng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - W Li
- United States Department of Agriculture Dairy Forage, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - L L Hernandez
- Department of Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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103
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Li X, Wei Z, Li B, Li J, Lv H, Wu L, Zhang H, Yang B, Zhu M, Jiang J. In vivo migration of Fe 3O 4@polydopamine nanoparticle-labeled mesenchymal stem cells to burn injury sites and their therapeutic effects in a rat model. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2861-2872. [PMID: 31070196 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for tissue regeneration and repair. However, efficient targeted delivery to specific tissues remains an open challenge. Here, we non-invasively monitored the migration of MSCs labeled with Fe3O4@polydopamine nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PDA NPs) toward laser burn injury sites in a living rat model and evaluated the effects of the labeled MSCs at the injury site. The Fe3O4@PDA NPs could be effectively incorporated into the MSCs without any negative effects on stem cell properties. Furthermore, they enhanced the migration ability of the MSCs by up-regulating the expression level of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4). They also increased the secretion of some cytokines and the expression of healing-related genes in comparison with unlabeled MSCs. Labeled MSCs were intravenously administered into injured rats, and live imaging was performed to monitor MSC migration. Fluorescent signals of the labeled MSCs appeared at burn injury lesions 1 day after injection and then gradually increased up to 7 days. After 7 days, the group injected with the labeled MSCs showed less inflammation compared with those injected with the unlabeled MSCs. Additionally, the labeled MSC group showed increased cytokines and reduced pro-inflammatory factors compared with the unlabeled MSC group. The Fe3O4@PDA NPs enhanced stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4-mediated MSC migration in vivo. Thus, we demonstrated the safety, feasibility, and potential efficacy of using the Fe3O4@PDA NPs for optimizing MSC-based therapeutic strategies for burn wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Li
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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104
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Ullm F, Riedl P, Machado de Amorim A, Patzschke A, Weiß R, Hauschildt S, Franke K, Anderegg U, Pompe T. 3D Scaffold-Based Macrophage Fibroblast Coculture Model Reveals IL-10 Dependence of Wound Resolution Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e1900220. [PMID: 32293120 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation and impaired repair in dermal wound healing are frequently associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix miscommunication. A direct coculture model of primary human myofibroblasts (MyoFB) and M-CSF-differentiated macrophages (M-Mɸ) in fibrillar three-dimensional Collagen I (Coll I) matrices is developed to study intercellular interactions. The coculture experiments reveal the number of M-Mɸ regulated MyoFB dedifferentiation in a dose-dependent manner. The amount of MyoFB decreases in dependence of the number of cocultured M-Mɸ, even in the presence of MyoFB-inducing transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1 ). Gene expression analysis of matrix proteins (collagen I, collagen III, ED-A-fibronectin) confirms the results of an altered MyoFB phenotype. Additionally, M-Mɸ is shown to be the main source of secreted cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), which is suggested to affect MyoFB dedifferentiation. These findings indicate a paracrine impact of IL-10 secretion by M-Mɸ on the MyoFB differentiation status counteracting the TGF-β1 -driven MyoFB activation. Hence, the in vitro coculture model simulates physiological situations during wound resolution and underlines the importance of paracrine IL-10 signals by M-Mɸ. In sum, the 3D Coll I-based matrices with a MyoFB-M-Mɸ coculture form a highly relevant biomimetic model of late stages of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ullm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Riedl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Aline Patzschke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Weiß
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sunna Hauschildt
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Franke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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105
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Sun X, Nkennor B, Mastikhina O, Soon K, Nunes SS. Endothelium-mediated contributions to fibrosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:78-86. [PMID: 31791693 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, characterized by abnormal and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, results in compromised tissue and organ structure. This can lead to reduced organ function and eventual failure. Although activated fibroblasts, called myofibroblasts, are considered the central players in fibrosis, the contribution of endothelial cells to the inception and progression of fibrosis has become increasingly recognized. Endothelial cells can contribute to fibrosis by acting as a source of myofibroblasts via endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), or by becoming senescent, by secretion of profibrotic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and exosomes, promoting the recruitment of immune cells, and by participating in vascular rarefaction and decreased angiogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the different aspects of fibrosis in which endothelial cells have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Sun
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada
| | - Blessing Nkennor
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada
| | - Olya Mastikhina
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Kayla Soon
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada; Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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106
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Rocher M, Robert PY, Desmoulière A. The myofibroblast, biological activities and roles in eye repair and fibrosis. A focus on healing mechanisms in avascular cornea. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:232-240. [PMID: 31767967 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue healing is one of the mysteries of modern medicine. Healing involves complex processes and many cellular types, amongst which the myofibroblast plays a major role. In the eye, when needed, myofibroblasts can be found from the cornea to the retina, derived from a wide variety of different cells, and aimed at effectively repairing tissue damage. Myofibroblast differentiation requires transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, the presence of specific extracellular matrix components such as the ED-A domain of fibronectin, and mechanical tension. Control of this process may, in some cases, be abnormal leading to development of fibrotic tissue, which alters and compromises the integrity of the original tissue. The eye is no exception to this rule with normal visual function, a highly demanding process, only possible in a fully integrated organ. The cornea, a transparent protective tissue and first dioptre of the eye, has the particularity of being entirely avascular and very richly innervated under normal physiological conditions. However, these anatomical features do not prevent it from developing myofibroblasts in the event of a deep corneal lesion. Activated by growth factors such as TGF-β1 and platelet-derived growth factor from the aqueous humour, tears or corneal epithelial cells, myofibroblasts can cause corneal scarring, sometimes with devastating consequences. Understanding the factors involved in healing and its signalling pathways, will potentially enable us to control corneal healing in the future, and thus avoid fibrotic ocular surface disease and the blindness that this may induce. Currently, this issue is the subject of very active research and development with the aim of discovering new antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rocher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Limoges University Hospital, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Robert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Limoges University Hospital, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Alexis Desmoulière
- Department of Physiology and EA 6309, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, F-87000, Limoges, France.
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107
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Nauroy P, Nyström A. Kallikreins: Essential epidermal messengers for regulation of the skin microenvironment during homeostasis, repair and disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 6-7:100019. [PMID: 33543017 PMCID: PMC7852331 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis is playing a major role in organism homeostasis providing the first barrier against external aggressions. Although considered as an extracellular matrix (ECM)-poor subtissue, the epidermal microenvironment is a key regulator of skin homeostasis and functionality. Among the proteins essential for upholding the epidermal microenvironment are the members of the kallikrein (KLK) family composed of 15 secreted serine proteases. Most of the members of these epithelial-specific proteins are present in skin and regulate skin desquamation and inflammation. However, although epidermal products, the consequences of KLK activities are not confined to the epidermis but widespread in the skin. In this review starting with the location and proteolytic activation cascade of KLKs, we present KLKs involvement in skin homeostasis, regeneration and pathology. KLKs have a large variety of substrates including ECM proteins, and evidence suggests that they are involved in the different steps of skin wound healing as discussed here. KLKs are also used as prognosis/diagnosis markers for many cancer types and we are focusing later on KLKs in cutaneous cancers, although their pathogenicity remains to be fully elucidated. Dysregulation of the KLK cascade is directly responsible for skin diseases with heavy inflammatory aspects, highlighting their involvement in skin immune homeostasis. Future studies will be needed to support the therapeutic potential of adjusting KLK activities for treatment of inflammatory skin diseases and wound healing pathologies. Regulation of the microenvironment even in an extracellular matrix-poor tissue can heavily impact organ function. Extracellular activities of kallikreins maintain skin homeostasis by regulating desquamation and inflammation. The activation of skin epidermal-specific kallikrein family of proteases is regulated by an intricate proteolytic cascade. Kallikreins are emerging as players during skin wound healing. Dysregulated kallikrein expression and activity occur in cancers and inflammatory skin diseases.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CDSN, corneodesmosin
- DSC1, desmocollin 1
- DSG1, desmoglein 1
- Diseases
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- Epidermal microenvironment
- Epidermis
- Inflammation
- KLKs, kallikreins
- Kallikrein
- LEKTI, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor
- NS, Netherton syndrome
- PAR1/2, protease activated-receptor 1/2
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- Wound healing
- tPA, tissue plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nauroy
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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108
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Deng D, Pei H, Lan T, Zhu J, Tang M, Xue L, Yang Z, Zheng S, Ye H, Chen L. Synthesis and discovery of new compounds bearing coumarin scaffold for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111790. [PMID: 31699535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by excess accumulation of extracellular matrix, involved in many chronic diseases or injuries, threatens human health greatly. We have reported a series of compounds bearing coumarin scaffold which potently inhibited TGF-β-induced total collagen accumulation in NRK-49F cell line and migration of macrophages. Compound 9d also suppressed the TGF-β-induced protein expression of COL1A1, α-SMA, and p-Smad3 in vitro. Meanwhile, 9d at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day through oral administrations for 4 weeks effectively alleviated infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung tissue and fibrotic degree in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, which may related to its inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and anti-inflammation efficacy. In addition, 9d demonstrated decent bioavailability (F = 39.88%) and suitable eliminated half-life time (T1/2 = 13.09 h), suggesting that 9d could be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingxuan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linlin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shoujun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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109
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Esposito D, Overall J, Grace MH, Komarnytsky S, Lila MA. Alaskan Berry Extracts Promote Dermal Wound Repair Through Modulation of Bioenergetics and Integrin Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31611784 PMCID: PMC6776586 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various wild berry species endemic to Alaska and the circumpolar North that exhibit unique medicinal properties have long been appreciated by indigenous Arctic communities. Traditional use of Alaskan berry preparations in the treatment of skin wounds is recorded but has not been scientifically evaluated. Alaskan wild berries feature diverse phytochemical compositions that contain a variety of bioactive polyphenols exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, making them ideal for wound healing interventions and natural anti-aging cosmeceutical formulations. Given increasing interest in identifying biologically active plant constituents for wound care and cosmeceutical applications, the objective of this study was to screen several wild berry species endemic to Alaska and the circumpolar Artic for wound healing and in the crude, polyphenol-enriched, and further fractionated extracts of: Empetrum nigrum (crowberry), Vaccinium uliginosum (bog blueberry), and V. vitis-idaea (low-bush cranberry or lingonberry). A cell migration assay with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) was performed to model promotion of wound closure, revealing that bog blueberry extract most actively promoted migration, whereas divergent effects observed with other berry extracts were related to compositional disparities. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response variables measured in RAW 264.7 macrophages [reactive oxygen species (ROS), NO production, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression] were suppressed by most extracts/fractions, but especially bog blueberry and proanthocyanidin (PAC) fractions. Wild berry germplasm contained abundant complex flavonoid structures such as PAC and anthocyanins (ANCs), associated with enhanced repair and inflammatory resolution in these models. Next, underlying mechanisms by which PACs and bioactive metabolites (B2 dimer and epicatechin) could influence wound repair and tissue regeneration were examined. PAC metabolites promoted scratch-wound closure and appeared to exert the highest impacts on early stages of wound healing through stimulating mitochondrial bioenergetics (basal respiration, ATP production, and maximum respiratory capacity) and upregulating expression of important extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (integrin-ß1 and collagen type I α2 chain). Targeting cellular bioenergetics and integrin-mediated cell–ECM signaling with bioactives from Alaskan wild berries shows considerable therapeutic promise to treat chronic skin wounds and inflammatory skin disorders, as well as more generally to support regenerative healing responses and restore function in a variety of tissue and organ settings after injury or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Esposito
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - John Overall
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mary H Grace
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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110
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Kim JE, Kim HJ, Jung JW, Song DG, Park D, Lee H, Um H, Park J, Nam SH, Cho M, Lee JW. TM4SF5-mediated CD44v8-10 splicing variant promotes survival of type II alveolar epithelial cells during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:645. [PMID: 31501417 PMCID: PMC6733838 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate cell fate, although signaling molecules that regulate ROS hormesis remain unclear. Here we show that transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) in lung epithelial cells induced the alternatively spliced CD44v8-10 variant via an inverse ZEB2/epithelial splicing regulatory proteins (ESRPs) linkage. TM4SF5 formed complexes with the cystine/glutamate antiporter system via TM4SF5- and CD44v8-10-dependent CD98hc plasma-membrane enrichment. Dynamic TM4SF5 binding to CD98hc required CD44v8-10 under ROS-generating inflammatory conditions. TM4SF5 and CD44v8-10 upregulated cystine/glutamate antiporter activity and intracellular glutathione levels, leading to ROS modulation for cell survival. Tm4sf5-null mice exhibited attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis with lower CD44v8-10 and ESRPs levels than wild-type mice. Primary mouse alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) revealed type II AECs (AECII), but not type I, to adapt the TM4SF5-mediated characteristics, suggesting TM4SF5-mediated AECII survival following AECI injury during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Thus, the TM4SF5-mediated CD44v8-10 splice variant could be targeted against IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasomi Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Um
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hee Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjae Cho
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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111
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Ko J, Mills T, Huang J, Chen NY, Mertens TCJ, Collum SD, Lee G, Xiang Y, Han L, Zhou Y, Lee CG, Elias JA, Jyothula SSK, Rajagopal K, Karmouty-Quintana H, Blackburn MR. Transforming growth factor β1 alters the 3'-UTR of mRNA to promote lung fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15781-15794. [PMID: 31488543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease characterized by the pathological remodeling of air sacs as a result of excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, but the mechanism governing the robust protein expression is poorly understood. Our recent findings demonstrate that alternative polyadenylation (APA) caused by NUDT21 reduction is important for the increased expression of fibrotic mediators and ECM proteins in lung fibroblasts by shortening the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of mRNAs and stabilizing their transcripts, therefore activating pathological signaling pathways. Despite the importance of NUDT21 reduction in the regulation of fibrosis, the underlying mechanisms for the depletion are unknown. We demonstrate here that NUDT21 is depleted by TGFβ1. We found that miR203, which is increased in IPF, was induced by TGFβ1 to target the NUDT21 3'-UTR, thus depleting NUDT21 in human and mouse lung fibroblasts. TGFβ1-mediated NUDT21 reduction was attenuated by the miR203 inhibitor antagomiR203 in fibroblasts. TGFβ1 transgenic mice revealed that TGFβ1 down-regulates NUDT21 in fibroblasts in vivo Furthermore, TGFβ1 promoted differential APA of fibrotic genes, including FGF14, RICTOR, TMOD2, and UCP5, in association with increased protein expression. This unique differential APA signature was also observed in IPF fibroblasts. Altogether, our results identified TGFβ1 as an APA regulator through NUDT21 depletion amplifying pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsuk Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tinne C J Mertens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Garam Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Jack A Elias
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Soma S K Jyothula
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Keshava Rajagopal
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030 .,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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112
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Chellini F, Tani A, Vallone L, Nosi D, Pavan P, Bambi F, Zecchi-Orlandini S, Sassoli C. Platelet-Rich Plasma and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Prevent TGF-β1-Induced Myofibroblast Generation but Are Not Synergistic when Combined: Morphological in vitro Analysis. Cells Tissues Organs 2019; 206:283-295. [PMID: 31382258 DOI: 10.1159/000501499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of activated myofibroblasts is a hallmark of fibrosis of many organs. Thus, the modulation of the generation/functionality of these cells may represent a strategical anti-fibrotic therapeutic option. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapy has shown promising clues, but some criticisms still limit the clinical use of these cells, including the need to avoid xenogeneic compound contamination for ex vivo cell amplification and the identification of appropriate growth factors acting as a pre-conditioning agent and/or cell delivery vehicle during transplantation, thus enabling the improvement of cell survival in the host tissue microenvironment. Many studies have demonstrated the ability of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a source of many biologically active molecules, to positively influence MSC proliferation, survival, and functionality, as well as its anti-fibrotic potential. Here we investigated the effects of PRP, murine and human bone marrow-derived MSCs, and of the combined treatment PRP/MSCs on in vitro differentiation of murine NIH/3T3 and human HDFα fibroblasts to myofibroblasts induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a well-known pro-fibrotic agent. The myofibroblastic phenotype was evaluated morphologically (cell shape and actin cytoskeleton assembly) and immunocytochemically (vinculin-rich focal adhesion clustering, α-smooth muscle actin and type-1 collagen expression). We found that PRP and MSCs, both as single treatments and in combination, were able to prevent the TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast transition. Unexpectedly, the combination PRP/MSCs had no synergistic effects. In conclusion, within the limitations related to an in vitro experimentation, our study may contribute to providing an experimental background for supporting the anti-fibrotic potential of the combination PRP/MSCs which, once translated "from bench to bedside," could potentially offer advantages over the single treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Tani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Larissa Vallone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Pavan
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Bambi
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,
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113
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Tendon tissue microdamage and the limits of intrinsic repair. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:68-79. [PMID: 31325483 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of mechanical muscle force to bone for musculoskeletal stability and movement is one of the most important functions of tendon. The load-bearing tendon core is composed of highly aligned collagen-rich fascicles interspersed with stromal cells (tenocytes). Despite being built to bear very high mechanical stresses, supra-physiological/repetitive mechanical overloading leads to tendon microdamage in fascicles, and potentially to tendon disease and rupture. To date, it is unclear to what extent intrinsic healing mechanisms of the tendon core compartment can repair microdamage. In the present study, we investigated the healing capacity of the tendon core compartment in an ex vivo tissue explant model. To do so, we isolated rat tail tendon fascicles, damaged them by applying a single stretch to various degrees of sub-rupture damage and longitudinally assessed downstream functional and structural changes over a period of several days. Functional damage was assessed by changes in the elastic modulus of the material stress-strain curves, and biological viability of the resident tenocytes. Structural damage was quantified using a fluorescent collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) to label mechanically disrupted collagen structures. While we observed functional mechanical damage for strains above 2% of the initial fascicle length, structural collagen damage was only detectable for 6% strain and beyond. Minimally loaded/damaged fascicles (2-4% strain) progressively lost elastic modulus over the course of tissue culture, despite their collagen structures remaining intact with high degree of maintained cell viability. In contrast, more severely overloaded fascicles (6-8% strain) with damage at the molecular/collagen level showed no further loss of the elastic modulus but markedly decreased cell viability. Surprisingly, in these heavily damaged fascicles the elastic modulus partially recovered, an effect also seen in further experiments on devitalized fascicles, implying the possibility of a non-cellular but matrix-driven mechanism of molecular repair. Overall, our findings indicate that the tendon core has very little capacity for self-repair of microdamage. We conclude that stromal tenocytes likely do not play a major role in anabolic repair of tendon matrix microdamage, but rather mediate catabolic matrix breakdown and communication with extrinsic cells that are able to effect tissue repair.
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114
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Kisling A, Lust RM, Katwa LC. What is the role of peptide fragments of collagen I and IV in health and disease? Life Sci 2019; 228:30-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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115
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Has C. Chronic tissue damage: a common pathomechanism of genodermatoses. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:440-441. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Has
- Faculty of Medicine Medical Center‐University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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116
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Yamada KM, Collins JW, Cruz Walma DA, Doyle AD, Morales SG, Lu J, Matsumoto K, Nazari SS, Sekiguchi R, Shinsato Y, Wang S. Extracellular matrix dynamics in cell migration, invasion and tissue morphogenesis. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:144-152. [PMID: 31179622 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes how direct visualization of the dynamic interactions of cells with different extracellular matrix microenvironments can provide novel insights into complex biological processes. Recent studies have moved characterization of cell migration and invasion from classical 2D culture systems into 1D and 3D model systems, revealing multiple differences in mechanisms of cell adhesion, migration and signalling-even though cells in 3D can still display prominent focal adhesions. Myosin II restrains cell migration speed in 2D culture but is often essential for effective 3D migration. 3D cell migration modes can switch between lamellipodial, lobopodial and/or amoeboid depending on the local matrix environment. For example, "nuclear piston" migration can be switched off by local proteolysis, and proteolytic invadopodia can be induced by a high density of fibrillar matrix. Particularly, complex remodelling of both extracellular matrix and tissues occurs during morphogenesis. Extracellular matrix supports self-assembly of embryonic tissues, but it must also be locally actively remodelled. For example, surprisingly focal remodelling of the basement membrane occurs during branching morphogenesis-numerous tiny perforations generated by proteolysis and actomyosin contractility produce a microscopically porous, flexible basement membrane meshwork for tissue expansion. Cells extend highly active blebs or protrusions towards the surrounding mesenchyme through these perforations. Concurrently, the entire basement membrane undergoes translocation in a direction opposite to bud expansion. Underlying this slowly moving 2D basement membrane translocation are highly dynamic individual cell movements. We conclude this review by describing a variety of exciting research opportunities for discovering novel insights into cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua W Collins
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David A Cruz Walma
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shaimar Gonzalez Morales
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jiaoyang Lu
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kazue Matsumoto
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shayan S Nazari
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rei Sekiguchi
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yoshinari Shinsato
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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117
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Peidl A, Perbal B, Leask A. Yin/Yang expression of CCN family members: Transforming growth factor beta 1, via ALK5/FAK/MEK, induces CCN1 and CCN2, yet suppresses CCN3, expression in human dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218178. [PMID: 31170244 PMCID: PMC6553774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the microenvironment in driving connective tissue disease is being increasingly appreciated. Matricellular proteins of the CCN family are signaling modifiers that are secreted by cells into the extracellular matrix microenvironment where they have profound, context-dependent effects on organ development, homeostasis and disease. Indeed, CCN proteins are emergent targets for therapeutic intervention. Recent evidence suggests that, in vivo, CCN3 has effects opposing CCN2. Moreover, when CCN3 expression is high, CCN2 expression is low. That is, they appear to be regulated in a yin/yang fashion, leading to the hypothesis that the CCN2:CCN3 ratio is important to control tissue homeostasis. To begin to test the hypothesis that alterations in CCN2:CCN3 expression might be important in skin biology in vivo, we evaluated the relative ex vivo effects of the profibrotic protein TGFbeta1 on dermal fibroblasts on protein and RNA expression of CCN3 and CCN2, as well as the related protein CCN1. We also used signal transduction inhibitors to begin to identify the signal transduction pathways controlling the ability of fibroblasts to respond to TGFbeta1. As anticipated, CCN1 and CCN2 protein and mRNA were induced by TGFbeta1 in human dermal fibroblasts. This induction was blocked by TAK1, FAK, YAP1 and MEK inhibition. Conversely, TGFbeta1 suppressed CCN3 mRNA expression in a fashion insensitive to FAK, MEK, TAK1 or YAP1 inhibition. Unexpectedly, CCN3 protein was not detected in human dermal fibroblasts basally. These data suggest that, in dermal fibroblasts, the profibrotic protein TGFbeta1 has a divergent effect on CCN3 relative to CCN2 and CCN1, both at the mRNA and protein level. Given that the major source in skin in vivo of CCN proteins are fibroblasts, our data are consistent that alterations in CCN2/CCN1: CCN3 ratios in response to profibrotic agents such as TGFbeta1 may play a role in connective tissue pathologies including fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Peidl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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118
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Karppinen SM, Heljasvaara R, Gullberg D, Tasanen K, Pihlajaniemi T. Toward understanding scarless skin wound healing and pathological scarring. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31231509 PMCID: PMC6556993 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18293.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient healing of skin wounds is crucial for securing the vital barrier function of the skin, but pathological wound healing and scar formation are major medical problems causing both physiological and psychological challenges for patients. A number of tightly coordinated regenerative responses, including haemostasis, the migration of various cell types into the wound, inflammation, angiogenesis, and the formation of the extracellular matrix, are involved in the healing process. In this article, we summarise the central mechanisms and processes in excessive scarring and acute wound healing, which can lead to the formation of keloids or hypertrophic scars, the two types of fibrotic scars caused by burns or other traumas resulting in significant functional or aesthetic disadvantages. In addition, we discuss recent developments related to the functions of activated fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix and mechanical forces in the wound environment as well as the mechanisms of scarless wound healing. Understanding the different mechanisms of wound healing is pivotal for developing new therapies to prevent the fibrotic scarring of large skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna-Maria Karppinen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center and Department of Dermatology, University of Oulu/Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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119
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DiPersio CM, Van De Water L. Integrin Regulation of CAF Differentiation and Function. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050715. [PMID: 31137641 PMCID: PMC6563118 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix, together with paracrine communication between tumor cells and stromal cells, contribute to an “activated” tumor microenvironment that supports malignant growth and progression. These stromal cells include inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Integrins are expressed on all tumor and stromal cell types where they regulate both cell adhesion and bidirectional signal transduction across the cell membrane. In this capacity, integrins control pro-tumorigenic cell autonomous functions such as growth and survival, as well as paracrine crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells. The myofibroblast-like properties of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), such as robust contractility and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, allow them to generate both chemical and mechanical signals that support invasive tumor growth. In this review, we discuss the roles of integrins in regulating the ability of CAFs to generate and respond to extracellular cues in the tumor microenvironment. Since functions of specific integrins in CAFs are only beginning to emerge, we take advantage of a more extensive literature on how integrins regulate wound myofibroblast differentiation and function, as some of these integrin functions are likely to extrapolate to CAFs within the tumor microenvironment. In addition, we discuss the roles that integrins play in controlling paracrine signals that emanate from epithelial/tumor cells to stimulate fibroblasts/CAFs.
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120
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Sala L, Franco-Valls H, Stanisavljevic J, Curto J, Vergés J, Peña R, Duch P, Alcaraz J, García de Herreros A, Baulida J. Abrogation of myofibroblast activities in metastasis and fibrosis by methyltransferase inhibition. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3064-3077. [PMID: 31032902 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are a population of highly contractile fibroblasts that express and require the activity of the transcription factor Snail1. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) correlate with low survival of cancer patients when present in the stroma of primary tumors. Remarkably, the presence of myofibroblastic CAFs (which express Snail1) creates mechanical properties in the tumor microenvironment that support metastasis. However, therapeutic blockage of fibroblast activity in patients with cancer is a double-edged sword, as normal fibroblast activities often restrict tumor cell invasion. We used fibroblasts depleted of Snail1 or protein arginine methyltransferases 1 and 4 (PRMT1/-4) to identify specific epigenetic modifications induced by TGFβ/Snail1. Furthermore, we analyzed the in vivo efficiency of methyltransferase inhibitors using mouse models of wound healing and metastasis, as well as fibroblasts isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Mechanistically, TGFβ-induced Snail1 promotes the epigenetic mark of asymmetrically dimethylated arginine. Critically, we found that inhibitors of methyltransferases prevent myofibroblast activity (but not regular fibroblast activity) in the extracellular matrix, both in cell culture and in vivo. In a mouse breast cancer model, the inhibitor sinefungin reduces both the myofibroblast activity in the tumor stroma and the metastatic burden in the lung. Two distinct inhibitors effectively blocked the exacerbated myofibroblast activity of patient-derived IPF fibroblasts. Our data reveal epigenetic regulation of myofibroblast transdifferentiation in both wound healing and in disease (fibrosis and breast cancer). Thus, methyltransferase inhibitors are good candidates as therapeutic reagents for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sala
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Franco-Valls
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Stanisavljevic
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josue Curto
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jordi Vergés
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Peña
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Duch
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut - Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alcaraz
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut - Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Baulida
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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121
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Dynamic fibroblast contractions attract remote macrophages in fibrillar collagen matrix. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1850. [PMID: 31015429 PMCID: PMC6478854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage (Mϕ)-fibroblast interactions coordinate tissue repair after injury whereas miscommunications can result in pathological healing and fibrosis. We show that contracting fibroblasts generate deformation fields in fibrillar collagen matrix that provide far-reaching physical cues for Mϕ. Within collagen deformation fields created by fibroblasts or actuated microneedles, Mϕ migrate towards the force source from several hundreds of micrometers away. The presence of a dynamic force source in the matrix is critical to initiate and direct Mϕ migration. In contrast, collagen condensation and fiber alignment resulting from fibroblast remodelling activities or chemotactic signals are neither required nor sufficient to guide Mϕ migration. Binding of α2β1 integrin and stretch-activated channels mediate Mϕ migration and mechanosensing in fibrillar collagen ECM. We propose that Mϕ mechanosense the velocity of local displacements of their substrate, allowing contractile fibroblasts to attract Mϕ over distances that exceed the range of chemotactic gradients. Macrophages play an important role in wound healing but the guidance cues driving macrophages to sites of repair are still not clear. Here the authors discover that macrophages are attracted to contracting fibroblasts by responding to locally sensed displacements of collagen fibres.
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122
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Quantitative proteomic profiling of extracellular matrix and site-specific collagen post-translational modifications in an in vitro model of lung fibrosis. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 1:100005. [PMID: 33543004 PMCID: PMC7852317 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), in particular collagens, by fibroblasts in the interstitium. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) alters the expression of many extracellular matrix (ECM) components produced by fibroblasts, but such changes in ECM composition as well as modulation of collagen post-translational modification (PTM) levels have not been comprehensively investigated. Here, we performed mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics analyses to assess changes in the ECM deposited by cultured lung fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients upon stimulation with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). In addition to the ECM changes commonly associated with lung fibrosis, MS-based label-free quantification revealed profound effects on enzymes involved in ECM crosslinking and turnover as well as multiple positive and negative feedback mechanisms of TGF-β1 signaling. Notably, the ECM changes observed in this in vitro model correlated significantly with ECM changes observed in patient samples. Because collagens are subject to multiple PTMs with major implications in disease, we implemented a new bioinformatic platform to analyze MS data that allows for the comprehensive mapping and site-specific quantitation of collagen PTMs in crude ECM preparations. These analyses yielded a comprehensive map of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylations as well as lysyl glycosylations for 15 collagen chains. In addition, site-specific PTM analysis revealed novel sites of prolyl-3-hydroxylation and lysyl glycosylation in type I collagen. Interestingly, the results show, for the first time, that TGF-β1 can modulate prolyl-3-hydroxylation and glycosylation in a site-specific manner. Taken together, this proof of concept study not only reveals unanticipated TGF-β1 mediated regulation of collagen PTMs and other ECM components but also lays the foundation for dissecting their key roles in health and disease. The proteomic data has been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the MassIVE partner repository with the data set identifier MSV000082958. Quantitative proteomics of TGF-β-induced changes in ECM composition and collagen PTM in pulmonary fibroblasts TGF-β promotes crosslinking and turnover as well as complex feedback mechanisms that alter fibroblast ECM homeostasis. A novel bioinformatic workflow for MS data analysis enabled global mapping and quantitation of known and novel collagen PTMs Quantitative assessment of prolyl-3-hydroxylation site occupancy and lysine-O-glycosylation microheterogeneity TGF-β1 modulates collagen PTMs in a site-specific manner that may favor collagen accumulation in lung fibrosis
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Key Words
- 3-HyP, 3-hydroxyproline
- 4-HyP, 4-hydroxyproline
- AGC, automatic gain control
- ANXA11, annexin A11
- BGN, biglycan
- COL1A1, collagen-I alpha 1 chain
- Collagen
- Collagen post-translational modifications
- DCN, decorin
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Extracellular matrix
- FN1, fibronectin 1
- G-HyK, galactosylhydroxylysine
- GG-HyK, glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine
- HyK, hydroxylysine
- HyP, hydroxyproline
- ILD, interstitial lung disease
- IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- LH, lysyl hydroxylase
- LOX(L), lysyl oxidase(-like)
- LTBP2, latent-transforming growth factor β -binding protein 2
- Lysyl glycosylation
- Lysyl hydroxylation
- P3H, prolyl-3-hydroxylase
- P4H, prolyl-4-hydroxylase
- PAI1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PLOD (LH), procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenases (lysyl hydroxylases)
- PTM, post-translational modification
- Prolyl hydroxylation
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- SEMA7A, semaphorin 7a
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TGM2, transglutaminase 1
- Transforming growth factor-β
- VCAN, versican
- Xaa, Xaa position in the Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat in triple-helical collagen
- Yaa, Yaa position in the Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat in triple-helical collagen
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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123
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Theocharis AD, Manou D, Karamanos NK. The extracellular matrix as a multitasking player in disease. FEBS J 2019; 286:2830-2869. [PMID: 30908868 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are highly specialized and dynamic three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds into which cells reside in tissues. ECM is composed of a variety of fibrillar components, such as collagens, fibronectin, and elastin, and non-fibrillar molecules as proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and glycoproteins including matricellular proteins. These macromolecular components are interconnected forming complex networks that actively communicate with cells through binding to cell surface receptors and/or matrix effectors. ECMs exert diverse roles, either providing tissues with structural integrity and mechanical properties essential for tissue functions or regulating cell phenotype and functions to maintain tissue homeostasis. ECM molecular composition and structure vary among tissues, and is markedly modified during normal tissue repair as well as during the progression of various diseases. Actually, abnormal ECM remodeling occurring in pathologic circumstances drives disease progression by regulating cell-matrix interactions. The importance of matrix molecules to normal tissue functions is also highlighted by mutations in matrix genes that give rise to genetic disorders with diverse clinical phenotypes. In this review, we present critical and emerging issues related to matrix assembly in tissues and the multitasking roles for ECM in diseases such as osteoarthritis, fibrosis, cancer, and genetic diseases. The mechanisms underlying the various matrix-based diseases are also discussed. Research focused on the highly dynamic 3D ECM networks will help to discover matrix-related causative abnormalities of diseases as well as novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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124
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Abebayehu D, Spence AJ, McClure MJ, Haque TT, Rivera KO, Ryan JJ. Polymer scaffold architecture is a key determinant in mast cell inflammatory and angiogenic responses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:884-892. [PMID: 30615257 PMCID: PMC6551205 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Implanted polymer scaffolds can induce inflammation leading to the foreign body response (FBR), fibrosis, and implant failure. Thus, it is important to understand how immune cells interact with scaffolds to mitigate inflammation and promote a regenerative response. We previously demonstrated that macrophage phenotype is modulated by fiber and pore diameters of an electrospun scaffold. However, it is unclear if this effect is consistent among other innate immune cells. Mast cells are inflammatory sentinels that play a vital role in the FBR of implanted biomaterials, as well as angiogenesis. We determined if altering electrospun scaffold architecture modulates mast cell responses, with the goal of promoting regenerative cell-scaffold interactions. Polydioxanone (PDO) scaffolds were made from 60 mg/mL or 140 mg/mL PDO solutions, yielding structures with divergent fiber and pore diameters. Mouse mast cells plated on these scaffolds were activated with IL-33 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Relative to the 60 mg/mL scaffold, 140 mg/mL scaffolds yielded less IL-6 and TNF, and greater VEGF secretion. Pores >4-6 μm elicited less IL-6 and TNF secretion. IL-33-induced VEGF regulation was more complex, showing effects of both pore size and fiber diameter. These data indicate parameters that can predict mast cell responses to scaffolds, informing biomaterial design to increase wound healing and diminish implant rejection. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 884-892, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Andrew J Spence
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012
| | - Michael J McClure
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Tamara T Haque
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012
| | - Kevin O Rivera
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012
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125
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Hinz B, McCulloch CA, Coelho NM. Mechanical regulation of myofibroblast phenoconversion and collagen contraction. Exp Cell Res 2019; 379:119-128. [PMID: 30910400 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activated fibroblasts promote physiological wound repair following tissue injury. However, dysregulation of fibroblast activation contributes to the development of fibrosis by enhanced production and contraction of collagen-rich extracellular matrix. At the peak of their activities, fibroblasts undergo phenotypic conversion into highly contractile myofibroblasts by developing muscle-like features, including formation of contractile actin-myosin bundles. The phenotype and function of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are mechanically regulated by matrix stiffness using a feedback control system that is integrated with the progress of tissue remodelling. The actomyosin contraction machinery and cell-matrix adhesion receptors are critical elements that are needed for mechanosensing by fibroblasts and the translation of mechanical signals into biological responses. Here, we focus on mechanical and chemical regulation of collagen contraction by fibroblasts and the involvement of these factors in their phenotypic conversion to myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | | | - Nuno M Coelho
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada.
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126
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Menko AS, Walker JL, Stepp MA. Fibrosis: Shared Lessons From the Lens and Cornea. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1689-1702. [PMID: 30768772 PMCID: PMC6697240 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative repair in response to wounding involves cell proliferation and migration. This is followed by the reestablishment of cell structure and organization and a dynamic process of remodeling and restoration of the injured cells' extracellular matrix microenvironment and the integration of the newly synthesized matrix into the surrounding tissue. Fibrosis in the lungs, liver, and heart can lead to loss of life and in the eye to loss of vision. Learning to control fibrosis and restore normal tissue function after injury repair remains a goal of research in this area. Here we use knowledge gained using the lens and the cornea to provide insight into how fibrosis develops and clues to how it can be controlled. The lens and cornea are less complex than other tissues that develop life‐threatening fibrosis, but they are well characterized and research using them as model systems to study fibrosis is leading toward an improved understanding of fibrosis. Here we summarize the current state of the literature and how it is leading to promising new treatments. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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127
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Guindolet D, Gabison EE. Role of CD147 (EMMPRIN/Basigin) in Tissue Remodeling. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1584-1589. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Guindolet
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild 25 rue Manin, 75019, Paris France
| | - Eric E. Gabison
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild 25 rue Manin, 75019, Paris France
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128
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Chen Z, Zhao R. Engineered Tissue Development in Biofabricated 3D Geometrical Confinement–A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3688-3702. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Ruogang Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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129
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Saccani M, Parisi L, Bergonzi C, Bianchera A, Galli C, Macaluso GM, Bettini R, Elviri L. Surface modification of chitosan films with a fibronectin fragment-DNA aptamer complex to enhance osteoblastic cell activity: A mass spectrometry approach probing evidence on protein behavior. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:336-342. [PMID: 30398689 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Saccani
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Bergonzi
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma Parco, Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Galli
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Guido Maria Macaluso
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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130
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Castro N, Gillespie SR, Bernstein AM. Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30829330 PMCID: PMC7641194 DOI: 10.3791/58562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileyma Castro
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University
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131
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Sheu CC, Chang WA, Tsai MJ, Liao SH, Chong IW, Kuo PL. Bioinformatic analysis of next‑generation sequencing data to identify dysregulated genes in fibroblasts of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1643-1656. [PMID: 30720061 PMCID: PMC6414167 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal fibrotic lung disease with an increasing global burden. It is hypothesized that fibroblasts have a number of functions that may affect the development and progression of IPF. However, the present understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with fibroblasts in IPF remains limited. The present study aimed to identify the dysregulated genes in IPF fibroblasts, elucidate their functions and explore potential microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA interactions. mRNA and miRNA expression profiles were obtained from IPF fibroblasts and normal lung fibroblasts using a next-generation sequencing platform, and bioinformatic analyses were performed in a step-wise manner. A total of 42 dysregulated genes (>2 fold-change of expression) were identified, of which 5 were verified in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database analysis, including the upregulation of neurotrimin (NTM), paired box 8 (PAX8) and mesoderm development LRP chaperone, and the downregulation of ITPR interacting domain containing 2 and Inka box actin regulator 2 (INKA2). Previous data indicated that PAX8 and INKA2 serve roles in cell growth, proliferation and survival. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the most significant function of these 42 dysregulated genes was associated with the composition and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM). A total of 60 dysregulated miRNAs were also identified, and 1,908 targets were predicted by the miRmap database. The integrated analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression data, combined with GEO verification, finally identified Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-1254-INKA2 and hsa-miR-766-3p-INKA2 as the potential miRNA-mRNA interactions in IPF fibroblasts. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that dysregulation of PAX8, hsa-miR-1254-INKA2 and hsa-miR-766-3p-INKA2 may promote the proliferation and survival of IPF fibroblasts. In the functional analysis of the dysregulated genes, a marked association between fibroblasts and the ECM was identified. These data improve the current understanding of fibroblasts as key cells in the pathogenesis of IPF. As a screening study using bioinformatics approaches, the results of the present study require additional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-Chyun Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-An Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Ju Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ssu-Hui Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
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132
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Lodyga M, Cambridge E, Karvonen HM, Pakshir P, Wu B, Boo S, Kiebalo M, Kaarteenaho R, Glogauer M, Kapoor M, Ask K, Hinz B. Cadherin-11-mediated adhesion of macrophages to myofibroblasts establishes a profibrotic niche of active TGF-β. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/564/eaao3469. [PMID: 30647145 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to the activation of fibroblastic cells into myofibroblasts, which secrete collagen and contract the collagen matrix to acutely repair injured tissue. Persistent myofibroblast activation leads to the accumulation of fibrotic scar tissue that impairs organ function. We investigated the key processes that turn acute beneficial repair into destructive progressive fibrosis. We showed that homotypic cadherin-11 interactions promoted the specific binding of macrophages to and persistent activation of profibrotic myofibroblasts. Cadherin-11 was highly abundant at contacts between macrophages and myofibroblasts in mouse and human fibrotic lung tissues. In attachment assays, cadherin-11 junctions mediated specific recognition and strong adhesion between macrophages and myofibroblasts. One functional outcome of cadherin-11-mediated adhesion was locally restricted activation of latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) between macrophage-myofibroblast pairs that was not observed in cocultures of macrophages and myofibroblasts that were not in contact with one another. Our data suggest that cadherin-11 junctions maintain latent TGF-β-producing macrophages and TGF-β-activating myofibroblasts in close proximity to one another. Inhibition of homotypic cadherin-11 interactions could be used to cause macrophage-myofibroblast separation, thereby destabilizing the profibrotic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Cambridge
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Henna M Karvonen
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada.,Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pardis Pakshir
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Brian Wu
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stellar Boo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Melanie Kiebalo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Riitta Kaarteenaho
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada. .,Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
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133
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Abstract
A growing body of research demonstrates modulation of autophagy by a variety of matrix constituents, including decorin, endorepellin, and endostatin. These matrix proteins are both pro-autophagic and anti-angiogenic. Here, we detail a series of methods to monitor matrix-induced autophagy and its concurrent effects on angiogenesis. We first discuss cloning and purifying proteoglycan fragment and core proteins in the laboratory and review relevant techniques spanning from cell culture to treatment with these purified proteoglycans in vitro and ex vivo. Further, we cover protocols in monitoring autophagic progression via morphological and microscopic characterization, biochemical western blot analysis, and signaling pathway investigation. Downstream angiogenic effects using in vivo approaches are then discussed using wild-type mice and the GFP-LC3 transgenic mouse model. Finally, we explore matrix-induced mitophagy via monitoring changes in mitochondrial DNA and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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134
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Myofibroblast in Kidney Fibrosis: Origin, Activation, and Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:253-283. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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135
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Mezzenga R, Mitsi M. The Molecular Dance of Fibronectin: Conformational Flexibility Leads to Functional Versatility. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:55-72. [PMID: 30403862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin, a large multimodular protein and one of the major fibrillar components of the extracellular matrix, has been the subject of study for many decades and plays critical roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Moreover, fibronectin has been implicated in the pathology of many diseases, including cancer, and abnormal depositions of fibronectin have been identified in a number of amyloid and nonamyloid lesions. The ability of fibronectin to carry all these diverse functionalities depends on interactions with a large number of molecules, including adhesive and signaling cell surface receptors, other components of the extracellular matrix, and growth factors and cytokines. The regulation and integration of such large number of interactions depends on the modular architecture of fibronectin, which allows a large number of conformations, exposing or destroying different binding sites. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the conformational flexibility of fibronectin, with an emphasis on how it regulates the ability of fibronectin to interact with various signaling molecules and cell-surface receptors and to form supramolecular assemblies and fibrillar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Mezzenga
- Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maria Mitsi
- Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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136
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Dolivo DM, Larson SA, Dominko T. Tryptophan metabolites kynurenine and serotonin regulate fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3663-3681. [PMID: 30027295 PMCID: PMC11105268 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological form of aberrant tissue repair, the complications of which account for nearly half of all deaths in the industrialized world. All tissues are susceptible to fibrosis under particular pathological sets of conditions. Though each type of fibrosis has characteristics and hallmarks specific to that particular condition, there appear to be common factors underlying fibrotic diseases. One of these ubiquitous factors is the paradigm of the activated myofibroblast in the promotion of fibrotic phenotypes. Recent research has implicated metabolic byproducts of the amino acid tryptophan, namely serotonin and kynurenines, in the pathology or potential pharmacologic therapy of fibrosis, in part through their effects on development of myofibroblast phenotypes. Here, we review literature underlying what is known mechanistically about the effects of these compounds and their respective pathways on fibrosis. Pharmacologic administration of kynurenine improves scarring outcomes in vivo likely not only through its well-characterized immunosuppressive properties but also via its demonstrated antagonism of fibroblast activation and of collagen deposition. In contrast, serotonin directly promotes activation of fibroblasts via activation of canonical TGF-β signaling, and overstimulation with serotonin leads to fibrotic outcomes in vivo. Recently discovered feedback inhibition between serotonin and kynurenine pathways also reveals more information about the cellular physiology of tryptophan metabolism and may also underlie possible paradigms for anti-fibrotic therapy. Together, understanding of the effects of tryptophan metabolism on modulation of fibrosis may lead to the development of new therapeutic avenues for treatment through exploitation of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Sara A Larson
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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137
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Chellini F, Tani A, Vallone L, Nosi D, Pavan P, Bambi F, Zecchi Orlandini S, Sassoli C. Platelet-Rich Plasma Prevents In Vitro Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Induced Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition: Involvement of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF Receptor-1-Mediated Signaling †. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090142. [PMID: 30235859 PMCID: PMC6162453 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifibrotic potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is controversial. This study examined the effects of PRP on in vitro transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, the main drivers of fibrosis, and the involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in mediating PRP-induced responses. The impact of PRP alone on fibroblast differentiation was also assessed. Myofibroblastic phenotype was evaluated by confocal fluorescence microscopy and western blotting analyses of α-smooth muscle actin (sma) and type-1 collagen expression, vinculin-rich focal adhesion clustering, and stress fiber assembly. Notch-1, connexin 43, and VEGF-A expression were also analyzed by RT-PCR. PRP negatively regulated fibroblast-myofibroblast transition via VEGF-A/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1-mediated inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling. Indeed TGF-β1/PRP co-treated fibroblasts showed a robust attenuation of the myofibroblastic phenotype concomitant with a decrease of Smad3 expression levels. The VEGFR-1 inhibition by KRN633 or blocking antibodies, or VEGF-A neutralization in these cells prevented the PRP-promoted effects. Moreover PRP abrogated the TGF-β1-induced reduction of VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 cell expression. The role of VEGF-A signaling in counteracting myofibroblast generation was confirmed by cell treatment with soluble VEGF-A. PRP as single treatment did not induce fibroblast myodifferentiation. This study provides new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning PRP antifibrotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessia Tani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Larissa Vallone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Paola Pavan
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Franco Bambi
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Sandra Zecchi Orlandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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138
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Zent J, Guo LW. Signaling Mechanisms of Myofibroblastic Activation: Outside-in and Inside-Out. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:848-868. [PMID: 30184544 DOI: 10.1159/000493217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are central mediators of fibrosis. Typically derived from resident fibroblasts, myofibroblasts represent a heterogeneous population of cells that are principally defined by acquired contractile function and high synthetic ability to produce extracellular matrix (ECM). Current literature sheds new light on the critical role of ECM signaling coupled with mechanotransduction in driving myofibroblastic activation. In particular, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and extra domain A containing fibronectin (EDA-FN) are thought to be the primary ECM signaling mediators that form and also induce positive feedback loops. The outside-in and inside-out signaling circuits are transmitted and integrated by TGF-β receptors and integrins at the cell membrane, ultimately perpetuating the abundance and activities of TGF-β1 and EDA-FN in the ECM. In this review, we highlight these conceptual advances in understanding myofibroblastic activation, in hope of revealing its therapeutic anti-fibrotic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Zent
- Medical Scientist Training Program, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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139
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Pakshir P, Hinz B. The big five in fibrosis: Macrophages, myofibroblasts, matrix, mechanics, and miscommunication. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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140
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March JT, Golshirazi G, Cernisova V, Carr H, Leong Y, Lu-Nguyen N, Popplewell LJ. Targeting TGFβ Signaling to Address Fibrosis Using Antisense Oligonucleotides. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030074. [PMID: 29941814 PMCID: PMC6164894 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis results from the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in chronically injured tissue. The fibrotic process is governed by crosstalk between many signaling pathways. The search for an effective treatment is further complicated by the fact that there is a degree of tissue-specificity in the pathways involved, although the process is not completely understood for all tissues. A plethora of drugs have shown promise in pre-clinical models, which is not always borne out translationally in clinical trial. With the recent approvals of two antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of the genetic diseases Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy, we explore here the potential of antisense oligonucleotides to knockdown the expression of pro-fibrotic proteins. We give an overview of the generalized fibrotic process, concentrating on key players and highlight where antisense oligonucleotides have been used effectively in cellular and animal models of different fibrotic conditions. Consideration is given to the advantages antisense oligonucleotides would have as an anti-fibrotic therapy alongside factors that would need to be addressed to improve efficacy. A prospective outlook for the development of antisense oligonucleotides to target fibrosis is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T March
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Golnoush Golshirazi
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Viktorija Cernisova
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Heidi Carr
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Yee Leong
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Ngoc Lu-Nguyen
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Linda J Popplewell
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
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141
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Schaefer L. Decoding fibrosis: Mechanisms and translational aspects. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:1-7. [PMID: 29679639 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, a complex process of abnormal tissue healing which inevitably leads to loss of physiological organ structure and function, is a worldwide leading cause of death. Despite a large body of research over the last two decades, antifibrotic approaches are mainly limited to organ replacement therapy generating high costs of medical care. In this translational issue, a unique group of basic and clinical researchers provide meaningful answers to a desperate call of society for effective antifibrotic treatments. Fortunately, a plethora of novel fibrogenic factors and biomarkers has been identified. Noninvasive diagnostic methods and drug delivery systems have been recently developed for the management of fibrosis. Consequently, a large number of exciting clinical trials addressing comprehensive, organ and stage-specific mechanisms of fibrogenesis are ongoing. By critically addressing previously unsuccessful and novel promising therapeutic strategies, we aim to spread hope for future treatments of the various forms of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
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