101
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Ceramides in Alzheimer's Disease: Key Mediators of Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress and Aβ Accumulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:346783. [PMID: 26090071 PMCID: PMC4458271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/346783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) and intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau (phospho-tau) protein. Ceramides, the major molecules of sphingolipid metabolism and lipid second messengers, have been associated with AD progression and pathology via Aβ generation. Enhanced levels of ceramides directly increase Aβ through stabilization of β-secretase, the key enzyme in the amyloidogenic processing of Aβ precursor protein (APP). As a positive feedback loop, the generated oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ induces a further increase in ceramide levels by activating sphingomyelinases that catalyze the catabolic breakdown of sphingomyelin to ceramide. Evidence also supports important role of ceramides in neuronal apoptosis. Ceramides may initiate a cascade of biochemical alterations, which ultimately leads to neuronal death by diverse mechanisms, including depolarization and permeabilization of mitochondria, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytochrome c release, Bcl-2 depletion, and caspase-3 activation, mainly by modulating intracellular signalling, particularly along the pathways related to Akt/PKB kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of ceramides in oxidative stress-driven neuronal apoptosis and interplay with Aβ in the cascade of events ending in neuronal degeneration.
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102
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Mota SI, Costa RO, Ferreira IL, Santana I, Caldeira GL, Padovano C, Fonseca AC, Baldeiras I, Cunha C, Letra L, Oliveira CR, Pereira CMF, Rego AC. Oxidative stress involving changes in Nrf2 and ER stress in early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1428-41. [PMID: 25857617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. In this study we analyzed whether oxidative stress involving changes in Nrf2 and ER stress may constitute early events in AD pathogenesis by using human peripheral blood cells and an AD transgenic mouse model at different disease stages. Increased oxidative stress and increased phosphorylated Nrf2 (p(Ser40)Nrf2) were observed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Moreover, we observed impaired ER Ca2+ homeostasis and increased ER stress markers in PBMCs from MCI individuals and mild AD patients. Evidence of early oxidative stress defense mechanisms in AD was substantiated by increased p(Ser40)Nrf2 in 3month-old 3xTg-AD male mice PBMCs, and also with increased nuclear Nrf2 levels in brain cortex. However, SOD1 protein levels were decreased in human MCI PBMCs and in 3xTg-AD mice brain cortex; the latter further correlated with reduced SOD1 mRNA levels. Increased ER stress was also detected in the brain cortex of young female and old male 3xTg-AD mice. We demonstrate oxidative stress and early Nrf2 activation in AD human and mouse models, which fails to regulate some of its targets, leading to repressed expression of antioxidant defenses (e.g., SOD-1), and extending to ER stress. Results suggest markers of prodromal AD linked to oxidative stress associated with Nrf2 activation and ER stress that may be followed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Mota
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui O Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ildete L Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Neurology Unit of Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gladys L Caldeira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carmela Padovano
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fonseca
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cunha
- Neurology Unit of Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Letra
- Neurology Unit of Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina R Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M F Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cristina Rego
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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103
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Hu WY, He ZY, Yang LJ, Zhang M, Xing D, Xiao ZC. The Ca(2+) channel inhibitor 2-APB reverses β-amyloid-induced LTP deficit in hippocampus by blocking BAX and caspase-3 hyperactivation. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2273-85. [PMID: 25521332 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE At the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers disturbs intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and disrupts synaptic plasticity of brain neurons. Prevention of Aβ-induced synaptic failure remains an unsolved problem for the treatment of AD. Here, the effects of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), a non-specific, but moderately potent Ca(2+) channel inhibitor, on Aβ-induced deficit of synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) and the underlying molecular mechanisms were explored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used hippocampal slices and primary cultures of hippocampal neurons from C57BL/6 mice. Methods applied in our study included electrophysiological recording, membrane protein extraction, Western blot assay and Ca(2+) imaging. KEY RESULTS 2-APB at 10 μM effectively reversed suppression by oligomeric Aβ1-42 (500 nM) of LTP in hippocampal slices. 2-APB also restored phosphorylation and trafficking of the glutamate receptor subunit GluA1 in Aβ-treated hippocampal slices, supporting its protective action on synaptic function. Aβ-mediated abnormal neuronal [Ca(2+) ]i elevation and hyperactivation of the mitochondrial apoptotic proteins BAX, caspase-3, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, were blocked by 2-APB pretreatment. Moreover, the defict in long term potentiation deficit in hippocampal slices from APPswe /PS1ΔE 9 gene mutant mice was rescued by 2-APB at 10 μM. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION These data demonstrate that 2-APB is a potentially useful chemical to protect synaptic plasticity against neurotoxic effects of Aβ in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Shunxi-Monash Immune Regeneration and Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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104
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Ferreira IL, Ferreiro E, Schmidt J, Cardoso JM, Pereira CM, Carvalho AL, Oliveira CR, Rego AC. Aβ and NMDAR activation cause mitochondrial dysfunction involving ER calcium release. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:680-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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105
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Wasiak T, Marcinkowska M, Pieszynski I, Zablocka M, Caminade AM, Majoral JP, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Cationic phosphorus dendrimers and therapy for Alzheimer's disease. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cationic phosphorus dendrimers show a weak antioxidant potential, reduce the level of TNF-alpha and mimic partial noncompetitive inhibitors of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasiak
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- Poland
| | - Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- Poland
| | | | - Maria Zablocka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Poland
| | | | | | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- Poland
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
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106
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Wang D, Liu L, Zhu X, Wu W, Wang Y. Hesperidin Alleviates Cognitive Impairment, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1209-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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107
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The 37kDa/67kDa laminin receptor acts as a receptor for Aβ42 internalization. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5556. [PMID: 24990253 PMCID: PMC4080222 DOI: 10.1038/srep05556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss is a major neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The associations between soluble Aβ oligomers and cellular components cause this neurotoxicity. The 37 kDa/67 kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR) has recently been implicated in Aβ pathogenesis. In this study the mechanism underlying the pathological role of LRP/LR was elucidated. Försters Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) revealed that LRP/LR and Aβ form a biologically relevant interaction. The ability of LRP/LR to form stable associations with endogenously shed Aβ was confirmed by pull down assays and Aβ-ELISAs. Antibody blockade of this association significantly lowered Aβ42 induced apoptosis. Furthermore, antibody blockade and shRNA mediated downregulation of LRP/LR significantly hampered Aβ42 internalization. These results suggest that LRP/LR is a receptor for Aβ42 internalization, mediating its endocytosis and contributing to the cytotoxicity of the neuropeptide by facilitating intra-cellular Aβ42 accumulation. These findings recommend anti-LRP/LR specific antibodies and shRNAs as potential therapeutic tools for AD treatment.
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108
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Fonseca AC, Oliveira CR, Pereira CF, Cardoso SM. Loss of proteostasis induced by amyloid beta peptide in brain endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1150-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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109
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Fonseca ACRG, Moreira PI, Oliveira CR, Cardoso SM, Pinton P, Pereira CF. Amyloid-beta disrupts calcium and redox homeostasis in brain endothelial cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:610-22. [PMID: 24833600 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain occurs in the parenchyma and cerebrovasculature. Several evidences support that the neuronal demise is potentiated by vascular alterations in the early stages of the disease, but the mechanisms responsible for the dysfunction of brain endothelial cells that underlie these cerebrovascular changes are unknown. Using rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, we found that short-term treatment with a toxic dose of Aβ1-40 inhibits the Ca(2+) refill and retention ability of the endoplasmic reticulum and enhances the mitochondrial and cytosolic response to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-stimulated endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release. Upon prolonged Aβ1-40 exposure, Ca(2+) homeostasis was restored concomitantly with a decrease in the levels of proteins involved in its regulation operating at the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Along with perturbations in Ca(2+) regulation, an early increase in the levels of oxidants and a decrease in the ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione were observed in Aβ1-40-treated endothelial cells. Under these conditions, the nuclear levels of oxidative stress-related transcription factors, namely, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2, were enhanced as well as the protein levels of target genes. In conclusion, Aβ1-40 affects several mechanisms involved in Ca(2+) homeostasis and impairs the redox homeostasis simultaneously with stimulation of protective stress responses in brain endothelial cells. However, the imbalance between cell death and survival pathways leads to endothelial dysfunction that in turn contributes to cerebrovascular impairment in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina R G Fonseca
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
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110
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Oseki KT, Monteforte PT, Pereira GJS, Hirata H, Ureshino RP, Bincoletto C, Hsu YT, Smaili SS. Apoptosis induced by Aβ25-35 peptide is Ca2+-IP3signaling-dependent in murine astrocytes. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2471-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Oseki
- Department of Pharmacology; EPM; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Rua Três de Maio 100 CEP: 04044-020 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - P. T. Monteforte
- Department of Pharmacology; EPM; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Rua Três de Maio 100 CEP: 04044-020 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - G. J. S. Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology; EPM; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Rua Três de Maio 100 CEP: 04044-020 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - H. Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology; EPM; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Rua Três de Maio 100 CEP: 04044-020 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - R. P. Ureshino
- Department of Pharmacology; EPM; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Rua Três de Maio 100 CEP: 04044-020 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - C. Bincoletto
- Department of Pharmacology; EPM; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Rua Três de Maio 100 CEP: 04044-020 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Y.-T. Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - S. S. Smaili
- Department of Pharmacology; EPM; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Rua Três de Maio 100 CEP: 04044-020 São Paulo SP Brazil
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111
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Dai DF, Chiao YA, Marcinek DJ, Szeto HH, Rabinovitch PS. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and healthspan. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:6. [PMID: 24860647 DOI: 10.1201/b21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced accumulation of damage to cellular macromolecules is a primary driving force of aging and a major determinant of lifespan. Although this theory is one of the most popular explanations for the cause of aging, several experimental rodent models of antioxidant manipulation have failed to affect lifespan. Moreover, antioxidant supplementation clinical trials have been largely disappointing. The mitochondrial theory of aging specifies more particularly that mitochondria are both the primary sources of ROS and the primary targets of ROS damage. In addition to effects on lifespan and aging, mitochondrial ROS have been shown to play a central role in healthspan of many vital organ systems. In this article we review the evidence supporting the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in aging and healthspan, including cardiac aging, age-dependent cardiovascular diseases, skeletal muscle aging, neurodegenerative diseases, insulin resistance and diabetes as well as age-related cancers. The crosstalk of mitochondrial ROS, redox, and other cellular signaling is briefly presented. Potential therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function in aging and healthspan are reviewed, with a focus on mitochondrial protective drugs, such as the mitochondrial antioxidants MitoQ, SkQ1, and the mitochondrial protective peptide SS-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, HSB-K081, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ying Ann Chiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, HSB-K081, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, HSB-K081, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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112
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Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and healthspan. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:6. [PMID: 24860647 PMCID: PMC4013820 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced accumulation of damage to cellular macromolecules is a primary driving force of aging and a major determinant of lifespan. Although this theory is one of the most popular explanations for the cause of aging, several experimental rodent models of antioxidant manipulation have failed to affect lifespan. Moreover, antioxidant supplementation clinical trials have been largely disappointing. The mitochondrial theory of aging specifies more particularly that mitochondria are both the primary sources of ROS and the primary targets of ROS damage. In addition to effects on lifespan and aging, mitochondrial ROS have been shown to play a central role in healthspan of many vital organ systems. In this article we review the evidence supporting the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in aging and healthspan, including cardiac aging, age-dependent cardiovascular diseases, skeletal muscle aging, neurodegenerative diseases, insulin resistance and diabetes as well as age-related cancers. The crosstalk of mitochondrial ROS, redox, and other cellular signaling is briefly presented. Potential therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function in aging and healthspan are reviewed, with a focus on mitochondrial protective drugs, such as the mitochondrial antioxidants MitoQ, SkQ1, and the mitochondrial protective peptide SS-31.
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113
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:383-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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114
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Markham A, Bains R, Franklin P, Spedding M. Changes in mitochondrial function are pivotal in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders: how important is BDNF? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2206-29. [PMID: 24720259 PMCID: PMC3976631 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is at the very limit of its energy supply and has evolved specific means of adapting function to energy supply, of which mitochondria form a crucial link. Neurotrophic and inflammatory processes may not only have opposite effects on neuroplasticity, but also involve opposite effects on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic processes, respectively, modulated by stress and glucocorticoids, which also have marked effects on mood. Neurodegenerative processes show marked disorders in oxidative metabolism in key brain areas, sometimes decades before symptoms appear (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases). We argue that brain-derived neurotrophic factor couples activity to changes in respiratory efficiency and these effects may be opposed by inflammatory cytokines, a key factor in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Markham
- Department of Pharmacy, Health & Well Being, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of SunderlandSunderland, UK
| | - R Bains
- University of PortsmouthPortsmouth, UK
| | - P Franklin
- Department of Pharmacy, Health & Well Being, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of SunderlandSunderland, UK
| | - M Spedding
- Spedding Research Solutions SARLLe Vesinet, France
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115
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Gomes S, Martins I, Fonseca ACRG, Oliveira CR, Resende R, Pereira CMF. Protective effect of leptin and ghrelin against toxicity induced by amyloid-β oligomers in a hypothalamic cell line. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:176-85. [PMID: 24528254 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In addition to cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients also exhibit an unexplained weight loss that correlates with disease progression. In young and middle-aged AD patients, large amounts of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits were observed in the hypothalamus, a brain region involved in the control of feeding and body weight through the action of peripheral metabolic peptides, which have recently been shown to have neuroprotective effects. Moreover, levels of peripheral metabolic peptides, such as leptin and ghrelin, are changed in AD patients. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Aβ peptide in the survival of hypothalamic cells and to explore the receptor-mediated protective effect of leptin and ghrelin against Aβ-induced toxicity in these cells. Using the mHypoE-N42 cell line, we demonstrated for the first time that oligomeric Aβ is toxic to hypothalamic cells, leading to cell death. It was also demonstrated that leptin and ghrelin protect these cells against AβO-induced cell death through the activation of the leptin and ghrelin receptors, respectively. Furthermore, ghrelin and leptin prevented superoxide production, calcium rise and mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by AβO. Taken together, these results suggest that peripheral metabolic peptides, in particular leptin and ghrelin, might be considered as preventive strategies for ameliorating hypothalamic alterations in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gomes
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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116
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Jensen LE, Bultynck G, Luyten T, Amijee H, Bootman MD, Roderick HL. Alzheimer's disease-associated peptide Aβ42 mobilizes ER Ca(2+) via InsP3R-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:36. [PMID: 24204331 PMCID: PMC3817845 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis is considered to contribute to the toxic action of the Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ). Ca2+ fluxes across the plasma membrane and release from intracellular stores have both been reported to underlie the Ca2+ fluxes induced by Aβ42. Here, we investigated the contribution of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the effects of Aβ42 upon Ca2+ homeostasis and the mechanism by which Aβ42 elicited these effects. Consistent with previous reports, application of soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ42 induced an elevation in intracellular Ca2+. The Aβ42-stimulated Ca2+ signals persisted in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ indicating a significant contribution of Ca2+ release from the ER Ca2+ store to the generation of these signals. Moreover, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) signaling contributed to Aβ42-stimulated Ca2+ release. The Ca2+ mobilizing effect of Aβ42 was also observed when applied to permeabilized cells deficient in InsP3 receptors, revealing an additional direct effect of Aβ42 upon the ER, and a mechanism for induction of toxicity by intracellular Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Jensen
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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117
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Infection of Prions and Treatment of PrP106–126 Alter the Endogenous Status of Protein 14-3-3 and Trigger the Mitochondrial Apoptosis Possibly via Activating Bax Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:840-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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118
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Down-regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in Ca2+ store-depleted rat insulinoma RINm5F cells. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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119
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Fonseca ACRG, Ferreiro E, Oliveira CR, Cardoso SM, Pereira CF. Activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response by the amyloid-beta 1-40 peptide in brain endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2191-203. [PMID: 23994613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurovascular dysfunction arising from endothelial cell damage is an early pathogenic event that contributes to the neurodegenerative process occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction are not fully elucidated, this study was aimed to explore the hypothesis that brain endothelial cell death is induced upon the sustained activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response by amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, which deposits in the cerebral vessels in many AD patients and transgenic mice. Incubation of rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4 cell line) with Aβ1-40 increased the levels of several markers of ER stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR), in a time-dependent manner, and affected the Ca(2+) homeostasis due to the release of Ca(2+) from this intracellular store. Finally, Aβ1-40 was shown to activate both mitochondria-dependent and -independent apoptotic cell death pathways. Enhanced release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of the downstream caspase-9 were observed in cells treated with Aβ1-40 concomitantly with caspase-12 activation. Furthermore, Aβ1-40 activated the apoptosis effectors' caspase-3 and promoted the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to the nucleus demonstrating the involvement of caspase-dependent and -independent mechanisms during Aβ-induced endothelial cell death. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ER stress plays a significant role in Aβ1-40-induced apoptotic cell death in brain endothelial cells suggesting that ER stress-targeted therapeutic strategies might be useful in AD to counteract vascular defects and ultimately neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina R G Fonseca
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
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120
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Crosstalk between Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Protein Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/256404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a central subcellular compartment for protein quality control in the secretory pathway that prevents protein misfolding and aggregation. Instrumental in protein quality control in the ER is the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated upon ER stress to reestablish homeostasis through a sophisticated transcriptionally and translationally regulated signaling network. However, this response can lead to apoptosis if the stress cannot be alleviated. The presence of abnormal protein aggregates containing specific misfolded proteins is recognized as the basis of numerous human conformational disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Here, I will highlight the overwhelming evidence that the presence of specific aberrant proteins in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), prion diseases, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is intimately associated with perturbations in the ER protein quality control machinery that become incompetent to restore protein homeostasis and shift adaptive programs toward the induction of apoptotic signaling to eliminate irreversibly damaged neurons. Increasing our understanding about the deadly crosstalk between ER dysfunction and protein misfolding in these neurodegenerative diseases may stimulate the development of novel therapeutic strategies able to support neuronal survival and ameliorate disease progression.
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121
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Song Z, Zhao D, Yang L. Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration mediated by dysfunctional subcellular organelles in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:452-64. [PMID: 23439666 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies refer to a group of infectious neurodegenerative diseases with an entirely novel mechanism of transmission and pathophysiology including synaptic damage, dendritic atrophy, vacuolization, and microglial activation. Extensive neuronal loss is the main cause of chronic brain deterioration and fatal outcome of prion diseases. As the final outcome of pathological alterations, neuronal death is a prominent feature of all prion diseases. The mechanisms responsible for prion diseases are not well understood. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of neuronal damage is essential for the development of an effective therapy for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and other neurodegenerative diseases sharing similar features. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated neuronal death, which play crucial roles in the pathogenisis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Song
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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122
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Pinto M, Pickrell AM, Fukui H, Moraes CT. Mitochondrial DNA damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease decreases amyloid beta plaque formation. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2399-2407. [PMID: 23702344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species have been associated with and implicated in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. To study how mtDNA damage affects reactive oxygen species and amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology in vivo, we generated an Alzheimer's disease mouse model expressing an inducible mitochondrial-targeted endonuclease (Mito-PstI) in the central nervous system. Mito-PstI cleaves mtDNA causing mostly an mtDNA depletion, which leads to a partial oxidative phosphorylation defect when expressed during a short period in adulthood. We found that a mild mitochondrial dysfunction in adult neurons did not exacerbate Aβ accumulation and decreased plaque pathology. Mito-PstI expression altered the cleavage pathway of amyloid precursor protein without increasing oxidative stress in the brain. These data suggest that mtDNA damage is not a primary cause of Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Pinto
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alicia M Pickrell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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123
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Kamynina AV, Filatova MP, Koroev DO, Abramov AY, Volpina OM. Antibodies to synthetic fragment 95–123 of the prion protein protect neurons and astrocytes from beta-amyloid toxicity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013; 39:131-40. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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124
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Protective Effects of Hesperidin Against Amyloid-β (Aβ) Induced Neurotoxicity Through the Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 1 (VDAC1)-Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway in PC12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1034-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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125
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Inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase potentiates Aβ-induced ER stress and cell death in cortical neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 52:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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126
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Costa RO, Lacor PN, Ferreira IL, Resende R, Auberson YP, Klein WL, Oliveira CR, Rego AC, Pereira CMF. Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs downstream of GluN2B subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in mature hippocampal cultures treated with amyloid-β oligomers. Aging Cell 2012; 11:823-33. [PMID: 22708890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting both the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Reduced synaptic density that occurs early in the disease process seems to be partially due to the overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) leading to excitotoxicity. Recently, we demonstrated that amyloid-beta oligomers (AβO), the species implicated in synaptic loss during the initial disease stages, induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cultured neurons. Here, we investigated whether AβO trigger ER stress by an NMDAR-dependent mechanism leading to neuronal dysfunction and analyzed the contribution of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of this glutamate receptor. Our data revealed that AβO induce ER stress in mature hippocampal cultures, activating ER stress-associated sensors and increasing the levels of the ER chaperone GRP78. We also showed that AβO induce NADPH oxidase (NOX)-mediated superoxide production downstream of GluN2B and impairs ER and cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. These events precede changes in cell viability and activation of the ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway, which was associated with translocation of the transcription factor GADD153 / CHOP to the nucleus and occurred by a caspase-12-independent mechanism. Significantly, ER stress took place after AβO interaction with GluN2B subunits. In addition, AβO-induced ER stress and hippocampal dysfunction were prevented by ifenprodil, an antagonist of GluN2B subunits, while the GluN2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 only slightly attenuated AβO-induced neurotoxicity. Taken together, our results highlight the role of GluN2B subunit of NMDARs on ER stress-mediated hippocampal dysfunction caused by AβO suggesting that it might be a potential therapeutic target during the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui O Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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127
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de Souza L, Smaili SS, Ureshino RP, Sinigaglia-Coimbra R, Andersen ML, Lopes GS, Tufik S. Effect of chronic sleep restriction and aging on calcium signaling and apoptosis in the hippocampus of young and aged animals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:23-30. [PMID: 22343009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging leads to progressive deterioration of physiological function and diminished responses to environmental stress. Organic and functional alterations are frequently observed in elderly subjects. Although chronic sleep loss is observed during senescence, little is known about the impact of insufficient sleep on cellular function in aging neurons. Disruption of neuronal calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling is related to impaired neuronal function and cell death. It has been hypothesized that sleep deprivation may compromise neuronal stability and induce cell death in young neurons; however, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of aging on this process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic sleep restriction (CSR) on Ca²⁺ signaling and cell death in the hippocampus of young and aged animals. We found that glutamate and carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) induced a greater elevation in cytosolic Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺](c)) in hippocampal slices from aged rats subjected to CSR compared to age-matched controls. Interestingly, aged-matched controls showed a reduced Ca²⁺ response to glutamate and FCCP, relative to both CSR and control young animals. Apoptotic nuclei were observed in aged rats from both treatment groups; however, the profile of apoptotic nuclei in aged CSR rats was highly variable. Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression did not change with aging in the CSR groups. Our study indicates that aging promotes changes in Ca²⁺ signaling, which may also be affected by CSR. These age-dependent changes in Ca²⁺ signaling may increase cellular vulnerability during CSR and contribute to Ca²⁺ signaling dysregulation, which may ultimately induce cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane de Souza
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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128
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Liu FF, Liu Z, Bai S, Dong XY, Sun Y. Exploring the inter-molecular interactions in amyloid-β protofibril with molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area free energy calculations. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:145101. [PMID: 22502547 DOI: 10.1063/1.3702195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides correlates with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. However, the inter-molecular interactions between Aβ protofibril remain elusive. Herein, molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area analysis based on all-atom molecular dynamics simulations was performed to study the inter-molecular interactions in Aβ(17-42) protofibril. It is found that the nonpolar interactions are the important forces to stabilize the Aβ(17-42) protofibril, while electrostatic interactions play a minor role. Through free energy decomposition, 18 residues of the Aβ(17-42) are identified to provide interaction energy lower than -2.5 kcal/mol. The nonpolar interactions are mainly provided by the main chain of the peptide and the side chains of nine hydrophobic residues (Leu17, Phe19, Phe20, Leu32, Leu34, Met35, Val36, Val40, and Ile41). However, the electrostatic interactions are mainly supplied by the main chains of six hydrophobic residues (Phe19, Phe20, Val24, Met35, Val36, and Val40) and the side chains of the charged residues (Glu22, Asp23, and Lys28). In the electrostatic interactions, the overwhelming majority of hydrogen bonds involve the main chains of Aβ as well as the guanidinium group of the charged side chain of Lys28. The work has thus elucidated the molecular mechanism of the inter-molecular interactions between Aβ monomers in Aβ(17-42) protofibril, and the findings are considered critical for exploring effective agents for the inhibition of Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Feng Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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129
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Basu U, Almeida LM, Dudas S, Graham CE, Czub S, Moore SS, Guan LL. Gene expression alterations in Rocky Mountain elk infected with chronic wasting disease. Prion 2012; 6:282-301. [PMID: 22561165 DOI: 10.4161/pri.19915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an invariably fatal neurologic disease that naturally infects mule deer, white tailed deer and elk. The understanding of CWD neurodegeneration at a molecular level is very limited. In this study, microarray analysis was performed to determine changes in the gene expression profiles in six different tissues including brain, midbrain, thalamus, spleen, RPLN and tonsil of CWD-infected elk in comparison to non-infected healthy elk, using 24,000 bovine specific oligo probes. In total, 329 genes were found to be differentially expressed (> 2.0-fold) between CWD negative and positive brain tissues, with 132 genes upregulated and 197 genes downregulated. There were 249 DE genes in the spleen (168 up- and 81 downregulated), 30 DE genes in the retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) (18 up- and 12 downregulated), and 55 DE genes in the tonsil (21 up- and 34 downregulated). Using Gene Ontology (GO), the DE genes were assigned to functional groups associated with cellular process, biological regulation, metabolic process, and regulation of biological process. For all brain tissues, the highest ranking networks for DE genes identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were associated with neurological disease, cell morphology, cellular assembly and organization. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validated the expression of DE genes primarily involved in different regulatory pathways, including neuronal signaling and synapse function, calcium signaling, apoptosis and cell death and immune cell trafficking and inflammatory response. This is the first study to evaluate altered gene expression in multiple organs including brain from orally infected elk and the results will improve our understanding of CWD neurodegeneration at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Basu
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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130
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Kost GC, Selvaraj S, Lee YB, Kim DJ, Ahn CH, Singh BB. Clavulanic acid inhibits MPP⁺-induced ROS generation and subsequent loss of dopaminergic cells. Brain Res 2012; 1469:129-35. [PMID: 22750587 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Clavulanic acid is a psychoactive compound that has been shown to modulate central nervous system activity. Importantly, in neurotoxin-induced animal models, clavulanic acid has been shown to improve motor function (Huh et al., 2010) suggesting that it can be neuroprotective; however, the mechanism as how clavulanic acid can induce neuroprotection is not known. We demonstrate here that clavulanic acid abrogates the effects of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) which mimics Parkinson's disease (PD) by inducing neurodegeneration. To further establish the mechanism we identified that clavulanic acid inhibits neurotoxin-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production. Consistent with these results, neurotoxin-induced increase in Bax levels was also decreased in clavulanic acid treated cells. Importantly, neurotoxin-induced release of cytochrome c levels as well as caspase activation was also inhibited in clavulanic acid treated cells. In addition, Bcl-xl levels were also restored and the Bcl-xl/Bax ratio that is critical for inducing apoptosis was increased in clavulanic acid treated cells. Overall, these results suggest that clavulanic acid is intimately involved in inhibiting neurotoxin-induced loss of mitochondrial function and induction of apoptosis that contributes towards neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chun Kost
- Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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131
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Piaceri I, Rinnoci V, Bagnoli S, Failli Y, Sorbi S. Mitochondria and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2012; 322:31-4. [PMID: 22694975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in cerebral metabolism sufficient to impair cognition in normal individuals also occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). FDG PET studies have shown that decreased glucose metabolism in AD precedes clinical diagnosis and the degree of clinical disability in AD correlates closely to the magnitude of the reduction in brain metabolism. This suggests that the clinical deterioration and metabolic impairment in AD are related closely. Diminished metabolism can lead to the hyperphosphorylation of tau and increased production of amyloid beta peptide, hallmarks of AD. These observations suggest also that early mitochondrially therapeutic interventions may be an important target in delaying AD progression in elderly individuals and in treating AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Piaceri
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, DENOTHE Excellence Centre, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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132
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Ferreiro E, Baldeiras I, Ferreira IL, Costa RO, Rego AC, Pereira CF, Oliveira CR. Mitochondrial- and endoplasmic reticulum-associated oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: from pathogenesis to biomarkers. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:735206. [PMID: 22701485 PMCID: PMC3373122 DOI: 10.1155/2012/735206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting several million of people worldwide. Pathological changes in the AD brain include the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of neurons and synapses, and oxidative damage. These changes strongly associate with mitochondrial dysfunction and stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mitochondrial dysfunction is intimately linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial-driven apoptosis, which appear to be aggravated in the brain of AD patients. Concomitantly, mitochondria are closely associated with ER, and the deleterious crosstalk between both organelles has been shown to be involved in neuronal degeneration in AD. Stimuli that enhance expression of normal and/or folding-defective proteins activate an adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) that, if unresolved, can cause apoptotic cell death. ER stress also induces the generation of ROS that, together with mitochondrial ROS and decreased activity of several antioxidant defenses, promotes chronic oxidative stress. In this paper we discuss the critical role of mitochondrial and ER dysfunction in oxidative injury in AD cellular and animal models, as well as in biological fluids from AD patients. Progress in developing peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers related to oxidative stress will also be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferreiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. Baldeiras
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- University Coimbra Hospital, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. L. Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R. O. Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. C. Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. F. Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. R. Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
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133
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Calì T, Ottolini D, Brini M. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) and neurodegeneration. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:73-85. [PMID: 22608276 PMCID: PMC3396847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for ensuring numerous fundamental physiological processes such as cellular energy, redox balance, modulation of Ca2+ signaling and important biosynthetic pathways. They also govern the cell fate by participating in the apoptosis pathway. The mitochondrial shape, volume, number and distribution within the cells are strictly controlled. The regulation of these parameters has an impact on mitochondrial function, especially in the central nervous system, where trafficking of mitochondria is critical to their strategic intracellular distribution, presumably according to local energy demands. Thus, the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial population is essential to avoid the impairment of the processes they regulate: for this purpose, cells have developed mechanisms involving a complex system of quality control to remove damaged mitochondria, or to renew them. Defects of these processes impair mitochondrial function and lead to disordered cell function, i.e., to a disease condition. Given the standard role of mitochondria in all cells, it might be expected that their dysfunction would give rise to similar defects in all tissues. However, damaged mitochondrial function has pleiotropic effects in multicellular organisms, resulting in diverse pathological conditions, ranging from cardiac and brain ischemia, to skeletal muscle myopathies to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between mitochondrial (and cellular) derangements and Ca2+ dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the evidence obtained in genetic models. Common patterns, that recognize the derangement of Ca2+ and energy control as a causative factor, have been identified: advances in the understanding of the molecular regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, and on the ways in which it could become perturbed in neurological disorders, may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies that modulate neuronal Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Calì
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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134
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Coskun P, Wyrembak J, Schriner S, Chen HW, Marciniack C, LaFerla F, Wallace DC. A mitochondrial etiology of Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1820:553-64. [PMID: 21871538 PMCID: PMC3270155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetics and pathophysiology of Alzheimer Disease (AD) and Parkinson Disease (PD) appears complex. However, mitochondrial dysfunction is a common observation in these and other neurodegenerative diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW We argue that the available data on AD and PD can be incorporated into a single integrated paradigm based on mitochondrial genetics and pathophysiology. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Rare chromosomal cases of AD and PD can be interpreted as affecting mitochondrial function, quality control, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity. mtDNA lineages, haplogroups, such haplogroup H5a which harbors the mtDNA tRNA(Gln) A8336G variant, are important risk factors for AD and PD. Somatic mtDNA mutations are elevated in AD, PD, and Down Syndrome and Dementia (DSAD) both in brains and also systemically. AD, DS, and DSAD brains also have reduced mtDNA ND6 mRNA levels, altered mtDNA copy number, and perturbed Aβ metabolism. Classical AD genetic changes incorporated into the 3XTg-AD (APP, Tau, PS1) mouse result in reduced forebrain size, life-long reduced mitochondrial respiration in 3XTg-AD males, and initially elevated respiration and complex I and IV activities in 3XTg-AD females which markedly declines with age. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction provides a unifying genetic and pathophysiology explanation for AD, PD, and other neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Coskun
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, 3212 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545
| | - Joanne Wyrembak
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
| | - Sam Schriner
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
| | - Hsiao-Wen Chen
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
| | - Christine Marciniack
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
| | - Frank LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, 3212 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545
| | - Douglas C. Wallace
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
- Center of Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, CTRB 6060, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4302
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135
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Kaddour-Djebbar I, Choudhary V, Lakshmikanthan V, Shirley R, El Gaish M, Al-Shabrawey M, Al-Husein B, Zhong R, Davis M, Dong Z, Bollag WB, Kumar MV. Diltiazem enhances the apoptotic effects of proteasome inhibitors to induce prostate cancer cell death. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:646-55. [PMID: 22393247 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.188151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker used to treat cardiovascular ailments. In addition, reports suggest that diltiazem induces cell death, which could make it a drug of choice for the treatment of cancer associated with hypertension. The goal of this research was to determine whether diltiazem is capable of inducing apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, either alone or in combination with the proteasome inhibitors, lactacystin and bortezomib (Velcade). Bortezomib is approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma; unfortunately, it has side effects that limit its utility. Presumably these side effects could be decreased by reducing its dose in combination with another drug. We have previously shown that lactacystin induces apoptosis in LNCaP cells; here, we show that this effect was enhanced by diltiazem. Furthermore, in proteasome inhibitor-resistant DU145 cells, diltiazem alone did not induce apoptosis but decreased cytosolic calcium levels and induced mitochondrial fission; likewise, lactacystin did not induce apoptosis but up-regulated the proapoptotic protein Bik. However, increasing concentrations of diltiazem in combination with lactacystin or bortezomib induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent and synergistic manner. The combination of diltiazem and lactacystin also up-regulated the levels of Bik and released Bak from Bcl-xL, indicating the involvement of the Bcl2 family pathway in this apoptosis. In addition, the drug combination up-regulated GRP78, suggesting also the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the apoptotic response. Thus, our results demonstrate a potential therapeutic advantage of combining a frequently used calcium channel blocker with proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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136
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Ferreiro E, Pereira CMF. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a new playER in tauopathies. J Pathol 2012; 226:687-92. [PMID: 22190226 DOI: 10.1002/path.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which involves a set of protein signalling pathways and transcription factors that re-establish homeostasis and normal ER function, adapting cells to ER stress. If this adaptive response is insufficient, the UPR triggers an apoptotic program to eliminate irreversibly damaged cells. Recent observations suggest that ER stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau in susceptible brain regions. Moreover, several studies demonstrate that Aβ induces UPR activation, which in turn promotes tau phosphorylation. In the study by Nijholt and colleagues, reported in the current issue of The Journal of Pathology, the association between UPR activation and tau pathology was investigated in the brain of patients diagnosed with sporadic or familial tauopathies in which Abeta deposits are absent. The authors described that increased levels of UPR activation markers are predominantly observed in neurons within the hippocampus, being correlated with early tau phosphorylation. These findings suggest that UPR activation, which occurs in an Abeta-independent manner, is an early event during tau pathology and point to a functional crosstalk between these molecular mechanisms in tauopathies. A better understanding of UPR activation in tauopathies can thus contribute to the design of new therapeutic strategies with the purpose of promoting neuronal cell survival in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Ferreiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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137
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Johnson JD, Bround MJ, White SA, Luciani DS. Nanospaces between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as control centres of pancreatic β-cell metabolism and survival. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 1:S49-S58. [PMID: 22105567 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanometre-scale spaces between organelles represent focused nodes for signal transduction and the control of cellular decisions. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria form dynamic quasi-synaptic interaction nanodomains in all cell types examined, but the functional role of these junctions in cellular metabolism and cell survival remains to be fully understood. In this paper, we review recent evidence that ER Ca(2+) channels, such as the RyR and IP(3)R, can signal specifically across this nanodomain to the adjacent mitochondria to pace basal metabolism, with focus on the pancreatic β-cell. Blocking these signals in the basal state leads to a form of programmed cell death associated with reduced ATP and the induction of calpain-10 and hypoxia-inducible factors. On the other hand, the hyperactivity of this signalling domain plays a deleterious role during classical forms of apoptosis. Thus, the nanospace between ER and mitochondria represents a critical rheostat controlling both metabolism and programmed cell death. Many aspects of the mechanisms underlying this control system remain to be uncovered, and new nanotechnologies are required understand these domains at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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138
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Torres M, Encina G, Soto C, Hetz C. Abnormal calcium homeostasis and protein folding stress at the ER: A common factor in familial and infectious prion disorders. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:258-61. [PMID: 21980554 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.3.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion-related disorders (PrDs) are caused by the accumulation of a misfolded and protease-resistant form of the cellular prion, leading to neuronal dysfunction and massive neuronal loss. In humans, PrDs have distinct etiologies including sporadic, infectious and familial forms, which present common clinical features; however, the possible existence of common neuropathogenic events are not known. Several studies suggest that alterations in protein folding and quality control mechanisms at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are a common factor involved in PrDs. However, the mechanism underlying ER dysfunction in PrDs remains unknown. We have recently reported that alterations in ER calcium homeostasis are common pathological events observed in both infectious and familial PrD models. Perturbation in calcium homeostasis directly correlated with the occurrence of ER stress and higher susceptibility to protein folding stress. We envision a model where alterations in ER function are central and common events underlying prion pathogenesis, leading to general alterations on protein homeostasis networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Torres
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
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139
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Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening is involved in the protective effects of mortalin overexpression against beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:94-102. [PMID: 22001761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mortalin (mtHsp70) is a mitochondrial heat shock protein critical for maintaining the functional integrity of mitochondrial proteins. Our previous study demonstrated that mortalin overexpression protected against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity through a mitochondria-dependent mechanism, but the molecular details remained unclear. Recent biochemical studies implicate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in Aβ-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study investigated the effect of mortalin overexpression on Aβ-induced mPTP activation and ensuing neuronal apoptosis. Mortalin overexpression inhibited mPTP activation and protected SH-SY5Y neurons against Aβ-induced apoptosis. Compared to controls, neurons overexpressing mortalin also demonstrated superior intracellular free calcium regulation, lower mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, and decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios in response to Aβ treatment. Mortalin overexpression suppressed activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic cascade as demonstrated by inhibition of cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Our results indicate that the cytoprotective efficacy of mortalin under Aβ-induced stress is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of mPTP opening. Demonstration of the neuroprotective action of mortalin provides additional insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of Aβ toxicity and defines possible molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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140
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Doyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Healy SJM, Samali A. Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:2025-39. [PMID: 21722302 PMCID: PMC4394214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimuli for neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative disorders are multi-factorial and may include genetic predisposition, environmental factors, cellular stressors such as oxidative stress and free radical production, bioenergy failure, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, disruption of Ca(2+) -regulating systems, mitochondrial dysfunction and misfolded protein accumulation. Cellular stress disrupts functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a critical organelle for protein quality control, leading to induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress may contribute to neurodegeneration in a range of neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the molecular events occurring during ER stress and the unfolded protein response and it specifically evaluates the evidence suggesting the ER stress response plays a role in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna Kennedy
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Center, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Center, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- School of Medicine, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Center, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Sandra J M Healy
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Center, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Afshin Samali
- School of Medicine, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
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141
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Costa RO, Ferreiro E, Martins I, Santana I, Cardoso SM, Oliveira CR, Pereira CMF. Amyloid β-induced ER stress is enhanced under mitochondrial dysfunction conditions. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:824.e5-16. [PMID: 21704433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria crosstalk is involved in amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced apoptosis. Now we show that mitochondrial dysfunction affects the ER stress response triggered by Aβ using cybrids that recreate the defect in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity detected in platelets from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. AD and control cybrids were treated with Aβ or classical ER stressors and the ER stress-mediated apoptotic cell death pathway was accessed. Upon treatment, we found increased glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) levels and caspase-4 activation (ER stress markers) which were more pronounced in AD cybrids. Treated AD cybrids also exhibited decreased cell survival as well as increased caspase-3-like activity, poli-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) levels and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells. Finally, we showed that Aβ-induced caspase-3 activation in both cybrid cell lines was prevented by dantrolene, thus implicating ER Ca(2+) release in ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction occurring in AD patients due to COX inhibition potentiates cell susceptibility to Aβ-induced ER stress. This study further supports the close communication between ER and mitochondria during apoptosis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui O Costa
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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142
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Mairuae N, Hall Ii EC, Cheepsunthorn P, Lee SY, Connor JR. The H63D HFE gene variant promotes activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via mitochondria dysfunction following β-amyloid peptide exposure. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3079-89. [PMID: 20734416 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that the expression of the HFE allelic variant H63D may be a risk factor or genetic modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The H63D variant alters cellular iron homeostasis and increases baseline oxidative stress. The elevated cellular stress milieu, we have proposed, may alter cellular responses to genetic and environmental determinants of AD. Accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) is one of the most prominent pathogenic characteristics of AD. Several studies have demonstrated that Aβ can induce neuronal cell death through apoptosis. In this study, we provide evidence that an Aβ(25-35) fragment, which contains the cytotoxic sequence of the amyloid peptide, activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells expressing the HFE allelic variant H63D to a greater extent than in cells with wild-type (WT) HFE. Specifically, Aβ(25-35) peptide exposure significantly induced Bax translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria in H63D-expressing cells compared with WT cells. This translocation was associated with increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria and an increase in active caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity in H63D cells. Consequently, there is increased apoptosis in cells expressing the H63D variant as opposed to cells expressing WT HFE. We also found increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ(1-42) peptide in the mitochondrial compartment as well as increased mitochondrial stress in H63D-expressing cells compared with WT. These findings support our hypothesis that the presence of the HFE H63D allele enables factors that trigger neurodegenerative processes associated with AD and predisposes cells to cytotoxcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nootchanat Mairuae
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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143
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Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are lethal neurodegenerative disorders caused by the infectious agent named prion, whose main constituent is an aberrant conformational isoform of the cellular prion protein, PrP(C) . The mechanisms of prion-associated neurodegeneration and the physiologic function of PrP(C) are still unclear, although it is now increasingly acknowledged that PrP(C) plays a role in cell differentiation and survival. PrP(C) thus exhibits dichotomic attributes, as it can switch from a benign function under normal conditions to the triggering of neuronal death during disease. By reviewing data from models of prion infection and PrP-knockout paradigms, here we discuss the possibility that Ca(2+) is the hidden factor behind the multifaceted behavior of PrP(C) . By featuring in almost all processes of cell signaling, Ca(2+) might explain diverse aspects of PrP(C) pathophysiology, including the recently proposed one in which PrP(C) acts as a mediator of synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
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144
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Ren R, Zhang Y, Li B, Wu Y, Li B. Effect of β-amyloid (25-35) on mitochondrial function and expression of mitochondrial permeability transition pore proteins in rat hippocampal neurons. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1450-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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145
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Tillement L, Lecanu L, Papadopoulos V. Further Evidence on Mitochondrial Targeting of β-Amyloid and Specificity of β-Amyloid-Induced Mitotoxicity in Neurons. NEURODEGENER DIS 2011; 8:331-44. [DOI: 10.1159/000323264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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146
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Torres M, Castillo K, Armisén R, Stutzin A, Soto C, Hetz C. Prion protein misfolding affects calcium homeostasis and sensitizes cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15658. [PMID: 21209925 PMCID: PMC3012133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion-related disorders (PrDs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive neuronal impairment as well as the accumulation of an abnormally folded and protease resistant form of the cellular prion protein, termed PrPRES. Altered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is associated with the occurrence of neurodegeneration in sporadic, infectious and familial forms of PrDs. The ER operates as a major intracellular calcium store, playing a crucial role in pathological events related to neuronal dysfunction and death. Here we investigated the possible impact of PrP misfolding on ER calcium homeostasis in infectious and familial models of PrDs. Neuro2A cells chronically infected with scrapie prions showed decreased ER-calcium content that correlated with a stronger upregulation of UPR-inducible chaperones, and a higher sensitivity to ER stress-induced cell death. Overexpression of the calcium pump SERCA stimulated calcium release and increased the neurotoxicity observed after exposure of cells to brain-derived infectious PrPRES. Furthermore, expression of PrP mutants that cause hereditary Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or fatal familial insomnia led to accumulation of PrPRES and their partial retention at the ER, associated with a drastic decrease of ER calcium content and higher susceptibility to ER stress. Finally, similar results were observed when a transmembrane form of PrP was expressed, which is proposed as a neurotoxic intermediate. Our results suggest that alterations in calcium homeostasis and increased susceptibility to ER stress are common pathological features of both infectious and familial PrD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Torres
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Castillo
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Armisén
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Stutzin
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CH); (CS)
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CH); (CS)
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147
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Tillement L, Lecanu L, Papadopoulos V. Alzheimer's disease: effects of β-amyloid on mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2010; 11:13-21. [PMID: 20817045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of the respiratory chain or defects in the detoxification system can decrease electron transfer efficiency, reduce ATP production, and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondria. Accumulation of ROS results in oxidative stress, a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-amyloid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, and its accumulation may lead to degeneration of neuronal or non-neuronal cells. There is evidence that β-amyloid interacts with mitochondria but little is known concerning the significance of this interaction in the physiopathology of AD. This review explores possible mechanisms of β-amyloid-induced mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tillement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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148
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Ruiz A, Matute C, Alberdi E. Intracellular Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptors contributes to AMPA receptor-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in oligodendrocytes. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e54. [PMID: 21364659 PMCID: PMC3032558 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Overactivation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in oligodendrocytes induces cytosolic Ca(2+) overload and excitotoxic death, a process that contributes to demyelination and multiple sclerosis. Excitotoxic insults cause well-characterized mitochondrial alterations and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction, which is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of ER-Ca(2+) release through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol triphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) to excitotoxicity in oligodendrocytes in vitro. First, we observed that oligodendrocytes express all previously characterized RyRs and IP(3)Rs. Blockade of Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release by TMB-8 following α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor-mediated insults attenuated both oligodendrocyte death and cytosolic Ca(2+) overload. In turn, RyR inhibition by ryanodine reduced as well the Ca(2+) overload whereas IP(3)R inhibition was ineffective. Furthermore, AMPA-triggered mitochondrial membrane depolarization, oxidative stress and activation of caspase-3, which in all instances was diminished by RyR inhibition. In addition, we observed that AMPA induced an ER stress response as revealed by α subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α phosphorylation, overexpression of GRP chaperones and RyR-dependent cleavage of caspase-12. Finally, attenuating ER stress with salubrinal protected oligodendrocytes from AMPA excitotoxicity. Together, these results show that Ca(2+) release through RyRs contributes to cytosolic Ca(2+) overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress and cell death following AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
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149
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XU SJ, LIU GL. Recent Progress of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by β-Amyloid Protein*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2010.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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150
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Unlocking the Door to Neuronal Woes in Alzheimer's Disease: Aβ and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1936-1948. [PMID: 27713335 PMCID: PMC4033960 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid-β peptide has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and contributes to energy failure, respiratory chain impairment, neuronal apoptosis, and generation of reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer’s disease. The mechanisms underlying amyloid-β induced mitochondrial stress remain unclear. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial permeability transition pore is important for maintenance of mitochondrial and neuronal function in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Cyclophilin D (Cyp D) plays a central role in opening mitochondrial permeability transition pore, ultimately leading to cell death. Interaction of amyloid-β with cyclophilin D triggers or enhances the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, consequently exacerbating mitochondrial and neuronal dysfunction, as shown by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial respiration function, and increased oxidative stress and cytochrome c release. Blockade of cyclophilin D by genetic abrogation or pharmacologic inhibition protects mitochondria and neurons from amyloid-β induced toxicity, suggesting that cyclophilin D dependent mitochondrial transition pore is a therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease.
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