101
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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102
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Roy HA, Green AL. The Central Autonomic Network and Regulation of Bladder Function. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:535. [PMID: 31263396 PMCID: PMC6585191 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involved in the regulation of physiologic and homeostatic parameters relating particularly to the visceral organs and the co-ordination of physiological responses to threat. Blood pressure and heart rate, respiration, pupillomotor reactivity, sexual function, gastrointestinal secretions and motility, and urine storage and micturition are all under a degree of ANS control. Furthermore, there is close integration between the ANS and other neural functions such as emotion and cognition, and thus brain regions that are known to be important for autonomic control are also implicated in emotional functions. In this review we explore the role of the central ANS in the control of the bladder, and the implications of this for bladder dysfunction in diseases of the ANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Ann Roy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander L Green
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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103
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Meng L, Yuan X, Cao X, Zhang Z. The gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2019.9050009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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104
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Parrella E, Bellucci A, Porrini V, Benarese M, Lanzillotta A, Faustini G, Longhena F, Abate G, Uberti D, Pizzi M. NF-κB/c-Rel deficiency causes Parkinson's disease-like prodromal symptoms and progressive pathology in mice. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:16. [PMID: 31139367 PMCID: PMC6530198 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, is characterized by dopaminergic nigrostriatal neuron loss and brain accumulation of Lewy bodies, protein aggregates mainly composed of α-synuclein. We reported that mice deficient for NF-κB/c-Rel (c-rel-/-) develop a late-onset parkinsonism. At 18 months of age, c-rel-/- mice showed nigrostriatal degeneration and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates associated with a motor impairment responsive to L-DOPA administration. Being c-Rel protein a transcriptional regulator for mitochondrial anti-oxidant and antiapoptotic factors, it has been inferred that its deficiency may affect the resilience of “energy demanding” nigral dopaminergic neurons to the aging process. PD patients manifest a prodromal syndrome that includes olfactory and gastrointestinal dysfunctions years before the frank degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons and appearance of motor symptoms. According to the Braak staging, the onset of non-motor and motor symptoms relates to progressive ascendant diffusion of α-synuclein pathology in the brain. The aim of this study was to identify whether c-rel-/- deficiency is associated with the onset of premotor signs of PD and spatio-temporal progression of cerebral α-synuclein deposition. Methods Intestinal and olfactory functions, intestine and brain α-synuclein deposition as well as striatal alterations, were assessed in c-rel-/- and control mice from 2 to 18 months of age. Results From 2 months of age, c-rel-/- mice displayed intestinal constipation and increasing olfactory impairment. At 2 months, c-rel-/- mice exhibited a mild α-synuclein accumulation in the distal colon. Moreover, they developed an age-dependent deposition of fibrillary α-synuclein that, starting at 5 months from the olfactory bulbs, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and locus coeruleus, reached the substantia nigra at 12 months. At this age, the α-synuclein pathology associated with a drop of dopamine transporter in the striatum that anticipated by 6 months the axonal degeneration. From 12 months onwards oxidative/nitrosative stress developed in the striatum in parallel with altered expression of mitochondrial homeostasis regulators in the substantia nigra. Conclusions In c-rel-/- mice, reproducing a parkinsonian progressive pathology with non-motor and motor symptoms, a Braak-like pattern of brain ascending α-synuclein deposition occurs. The peculiar phenotype of c-rel-/- mice envisages a potential contribution of c-Rel dysregulation to the pathogenesis of PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-019-0154-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Parrella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Benarese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lanzillotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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105
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Parkinson's disease and the gastrointestinal microbiome. J Neurol 2019; 267:2507-2523. [PMID: 31041582 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a surge in awareness of the gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) and its role in health and disease. Of particular note is an association between the GM and Parkinson's disease (PD) and the realisation that the GM can act via a complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Compelling evidence suggests that a shift in GM composition may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD by facilitating the characteristic ascending neurodegenerative spread of α-synuclein aggregates from the enteric nervous system to the brain. Here, we review evidence linking GM changes with PD, highlighting mechanisms supportive of pathological α-synuclein spread and intestinal inflammation in PD. We summarise existing patterns and correlations seen in clinical studies of the GM in PD, together with the impacts of non-motor symptoms, medications, lifestyle, diet and ageing on the GM. Roles of GM modulating therapies including probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation are discussed. Encouragingly, alterations in the GM have repeatedly been observed in PD, supporting a biological link and highlighting it as a potential therapeutic target.
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106
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What is the Evidence That Parkinson's Disease is a Prion Disorder, Which Originates in the Gut? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113573. [PMID: 30424585 PMCID: PMC6274907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). PD is characterized by motor dysfunctions as well as gastrointestinal symptoms and mental impairment. The pathological hallmark of PD is an accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein aggregates within the brain. The etiology of PD and related synucleinopathy is poorly understood, but recently, the hypothesis that α-synuclein pathology spreads in a prion-like fashion originating in the gut has gained much scientific attention. A crucial clue was the appearance of constipation before the onset of motor symptoms, gut dysbiosis and synucleinopathy in PD patients. Another line of evidence, demonstrating accumulation of α-synuclein within the peripheral autonomic nervous system (PANS), including the enteric nervous system (ENS), and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) support the concept that α-synuclein can spread from the ENS to the brain by the vagus nerve. The decreased risk of PD following truncal vagotomy supports this. The convincing evidence of the prion-like behavior of α-synuclein came from postmortem observations that pathological α-synuclein inclusions appeared in healthy grafted neurons. In this review, we summarize the available data from human subjects’ research and animal experiments, which seem to be the most suggestive for explaining the hypotheses.
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107
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Solari P, Maccioni R, Marotta R, Catelani T, Debellis D, Baroli B, Peddio S, Muroni P, Kasture S, Solla P, Stoffolano JG, Liscia A. The imbalance of serotonergic circuitry impairing the crop supercontractile muscle activity and the mitochondrial morphology of PD PINK1 B9Drosophila melanogaster are rescued by Mucuna pruriens. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 111:32-40. [PMID: 30393142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite its great potentiality, little attention has been paid to modelling gastrointestinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Drosophila melanogaster (Dm). Our previous studies on standardized Mucuna pruriens extract (Mpe) have shown usefulness in the Drosophila model of PD. In this communication, we provide new information on the effect of Mpe on basal and serotonin treated contractions in the crop (i.e., an important and essential part of the gut) in Drosophila PD mutant for PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1B9) gene. The effect of Mpe on PINK1B9 supplied with standard diet to larvae and/or adults, were assayed on 10-15 days old flies. Conversely from what we observed in the wild type flies, recordings demonstrated that exogenous applications of serotonin on crop muscles of untreated PINK1B9 affect neither the frequency nor the amplitude of the crop contraction, while the same muscle parameters are enhanced following brain injections of serotonin, thus suggesting that PINK1B9 mutants may likely have an impairment in the serotonergic pathways. Also, the mitochondrial morphology in the crop muscles is strongly compromised, as demonstrated by the transmission electron microscopy analysis. The Mpe treatment rescued the crop muscle parameters and also the mitochondrial morphology when supplied to both larvae and adults. Overall, this study strengthens the relevance of using PINK1B9 Dm as a translational model to study the gastrointestinal symptoms in PD and also confirms the useful employment of M. pruriens for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Solari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Riccardo Maccioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Doriana Debellis
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Baroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Peddio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Patrizia Muroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Anna Liscia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
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108
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Troncoso-Escudero P, Parra A, Nassif M, Vidal RL. Outside in: Unraveling the Role of Neuroinflammation in the Progression of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:860. [PMID: 30459700 PMCID: PMC6232883 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most important processes involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The current concept of neuroinflammation comprises an inflammation process, which occurs in the central nervous system due to molecules released from brain-resident and/or blood-derived immune cells. Furthermore, the evidence of the contribution of systemic delivered molecules to the disease pathogenesis, such as the gut microbiota composition, has been increasing during the last years. Under physiological conditions, microglia and astrocytes support the well-being and well-function of the brain through diverse functions, including neurotrophic factor secretion in both intact and injured brain. On the other hand, genes that cause PD are expressed in astrocytes and microglia, shifting their neuroprotective role to a pathogenic one, contributing to disease onset and progression. In addition, growth factors are a subset of molecules that promote cellular survival, differentiation and maturation, which are critical signaling factors promoting the communication between cells, including neurons and blood-derived immune cells. We summarize the potential targeting of astrocytes and microglia and the systemic contribution of the gut microbiota in neuroinflammation process archived in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Parra
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Nassif
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rene L Vidal
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.,Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile
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109
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He R, Yan X, Guo J, Xu Q, Tang B, Sun Q. Recent Advances in Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:305. [PMID: 30364199 PMCID: PMC6193101 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the common progressive neurodegenerative disorders with several motor and non-motor symptoms. Most of the motor symptoms may appear at a late stage where most of the dopaminergic neurons have been already damaged. In order to provide better clinical intervention and treatment at the onset of disease, it is imperative to find accurate biomarkers for early diagnosis, including prodromal diagnosis and preclinical diagnosis. At the same time, these reliable biomarkers can also be utilized to monitor the progress of the disease. In this review article, we will discuss recent advances in the development of PD biomarkers from different aspects, including clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and genetic aspects. Although various biomarkers for PD have been developed so far, their specificity and sensitivity are not ideal when applied individually. So, the combination of multimodal biomarkers will greatly improve the diagnostic accuracy and facilitate the implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runcheng He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Parkinson’s Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Parkinson’s Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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110
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Chalazonitis A, Rao M. Enteric nervous system manifestations of neurodegenerative disease. Brain Res 2018; 1693:207-213. [PMID: 29360466 PMCID: PMC6003851 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders cause gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms that are debilitating and markedly diminish quality of life in patients. The enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic nervous system of the GI tract that is often referred to as "the second brain", shares many features with the central nervous system. The ENS plays an essential role in regulating many GI functions including motility and fluid secretion. Enteric neuronal degeneration could therefore be responsible for the GI symptoms commonly observed in neurological conditions. Here we describe the organization and functions of the ENS and then review the evidence for ENS involvement in two common neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data from patients as well as animal models suggest that PD affects distinct subsets of neurons and glia in the ENS, and that the ENS may participate in the pathogenesis of this disorder. While there has been great enthusiasm for the possibility of sampling the ENS for diagnosis or therapeutic monitoring of PD, further work is needed to determine which enteric neurons are most affected and how ENS function could be modulated to ameliorate GI symptoms in patients. Although AD is far more common than PD and AD patients also experience GI symptoms, understanding of ENS dysfunction in AD is in its infancy. Much work remains to be done in both of these fields to determine how the ENS contributes to and/or is altered by these disorders, and how to target the ENS for more effective treatment of GI comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcmène Chalazonitis
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, P&S 11-511, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH 17, New York, NY, USA.
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111
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Lee HJ, Jung KW, Chung SJ, Hong SM, Kim J, Lee JH, Hwang SW, Ryu HS, Kim MJ, Lee HS, Seo M, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Choe J, Jung HY, Yang SK, Myung SJ. Relation of Enteric α-Synuclein to Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Patients With Parkinson's Disease and in Neurologically Intact Subjects. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:469-478. [PMID: 29969861 PMCID: PMC6034677 DOI: 10.5056/jnm17141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims α-Synucleinopathy in the brain is the neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the functional impact of α-synucleinopathy in the enteric nervous system remains unknown. We aim to evaluate the association between gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction and α-synuclein (αSYN) pathology in the stomach and colon of PD patients and controls, as well as to investigate the association between the αSYN pathology in GI tract and future PD risk. Methods A total of 35 PD patients and 52 neurologically intact subjects were enrolled in this study. Endoscopic biopsies were performed, and then immunohistochemical staining for αSYN was performed. All subjects completed the validated Rome III questionnaire for the assessment of GI symptoms. The association between GI symptoms and the αSYN pathology in GI mucosa was evaluated. Incident PD cases were assessed during a median follow-up of 46 months. Results The proportion of self-reported constipation and functional constipation through the Rome III questionnaire was significantly higher in PD patients than in controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.015). However, no significant association was found between the αSYN pathology in the stomach and colon mucosa and constipation, as well as other GI symptoms including dyspepsia symptoms and abdominal discomfort or pain, regardless of the presence or absence of clinical PD (P > 0.05). No incident PD cases were diagnosed during study period. Conclusions Our present study suggests that the deposition of αSYN in the mucosal enteric nervous system may not be reflected by functional impairment of the affected segment of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Lee
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Wook Jung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juyeon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Sung Ryu
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Su Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeongsook Seo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyoung Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaewon Choe
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwoon-Yong Jung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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112
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Emergence of breath testing as a new non-invasive diagnostic modality for neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2018; 1691:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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113
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Claus I, Suttrup J, Muhle P, Suntrup‐Krueger S, Siemer M, Lenze F, Dziewas R, Warnecke T. Subtle Esophageal Motility Alterations in Parkinsonian Syndromes: Synucleinopathies vs. Tauopathies. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2018; 5:406-412. [PMID: 30363410 PMCID: PMC6174416 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal dysfunction is a frequent phenomenon in Parkinson's disease during all disease stages, but data about esophageal involvement in atypical parkinsonian syndromes as well as possible differences between alpha-synucleinopathies and tauopathies, including causative links to the origin of the dysfunction, are lacking so far. OBJECTIVE To describe esophageal alternation patterns in different parkinsonian syndromes and to look for differences supporting the hypothesis of alpha-synuclein aggregation being linked to gastrointestinal impairment in parkinsonian syndromes. METHODS We performed an analysis and comparison of esophageal high-resolution manometry examination parameters in n = 10 patients with Parkinson's disease, n = 10 patients with multiple system atrophy (both alpha-synucleinopathies), n = 10 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (tauopathy), and n = 10 age-matched controls. Additionally, pharyngeal dysphagia was evaluated by an endoscopic examination of swallowing in all three patient groups. RESULTS Statistically significant lower values for esophageal peristalsis and distal contractile integral were found for both groups of alpha-synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy) in comparison to the patients with tauopathy (progressive supranuclear palsy group), as well as the age-matched controls, where pathological pharyngeal findings were similar in all patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Subtle esophageal motility alterations in parkinsonian syndromes seem to be limited to alpha-synucleinopathies, but are not measurable in tauopathies, indicating a causative connection between pathological alpha-synuclein aggregation in gastrointestinal tissues and esophageal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Claus
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of MünsterAlbert‐Schweitzer‐Campus 1, D‐ 48149, MünsterGermany
| | - Judith Suttrup
- Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Paul Muhle
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of MünsterAlbert‐Schweitzer‐Campus 1, D‐ 48149, MünsterGermany
| | - Sonja Suntrup‐Krueger
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of MünsterAlbert‐Schweitzer‐Campus 1, D‐ 48149, MünsterGermany
| | - Marie‐Luise Siemer
- Department of GastroenterologyUniversity Hospital of MünsterAlbert‐Schweitzer‐Campus 1, D‐ 48149, MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Lenze
- Department of GastroenterologyUniversity Hospital of MünsterAlbert‐Schweitzer‐Campus 1, D‐ 48149, MünsterGermany
| | - Rainer Dziewas
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of MünsterAlbert‐Schweitzer‐Campus 1, D‐ 48149, MünsterGermany
| | - Tobias Warnecke
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of MünsterAlbert‐Schweitzer‐Campus 1, D‐ 48149, MünsterGermany
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114
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Chen Y, Shao Q, Yuan YH, Chen NH. Prion-like propagation of α-synuclein in the gut-brain axis. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:341-346. [PMID: 29894766 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system, which is characterized by movement disorders, such as static tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia in advanced patients. Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, such as gastric dysmotility, constipation, and anorectic dysfunction, is common non-motor symptom in the early stage of PD. The progression of PD includes the degenerative loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and aggregation of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra (SN). Interestingly, both of them are also present in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of PD patients. In this review, we describe the relationship between non-motor symptoms particularly GI dysfunction and the pathogenesis of PD, aiming to show the powerful evidences about the prion-like propagation of α-synuclein and support the hypothesis of gut-brain axis in PD. We then summarize the mechanism of the gut-brain axis and confirm α-synuclein as a potential target for drug design or new clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qianhang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
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115
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Peripheral and central autonomic nervous system: does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system bear the brunt of the pathology during the course of sporadic PD? Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:267-286. [PMID: 29869180 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is a well-established fact that the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems are affected at early stages in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is not yet clarified whether the earliest pathological events preferentially occur in any of these three divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Significant involvement of the peripheral autonomic nervous system of the heart and gastrointestinal tract has been documented in PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that the PD pathology spreads centripetally from the peripheral to central nervous system through autonomic nerve fibers, implicating the ANS as a major culprit in PD pathogenesis and a potential target for therapy. This study begins with a brief overview of the structures of the central and peripheral autonomic nervous system and then outlines the major clinicopathological manifestations of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disturbances in PD.
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116
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Henrich MT, Geibl FF, Lee B, Chiu WH, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Timmermann L, Decher N, Matschke LA, Oertel WH. A53T-α-synuclein overexpression in murine locus coeruleus induces Parkinson's disease-like pathology in neurons and glia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:39. [PMID: 29747690 PMCID: PMC5946574 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons occurs during the prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease and contributes to a variety of non-motor symptoms, e.g. depression, anxiety and REM sleep behavior disorder. This study was designed to establish the first locus coeruleus α-synucleinopathy mouse model, which should provide sufficient information about the time-course of noradrenergic neurodegeneration, replicate cardinal histopathological features of the human Parkinson's disease neuropathology and finally lead to robust histological markers, which are sufficient to assess the pathological changes in a quantitative and qualitative way. We show that targeted viral vector-mediated overexpression of human mutant A53T-α-synuclein in vivo in locus coeruleus neurons of wild-type mice resulted in progressive noradrenergic neurodegeneration over a time frame of 9 weeks. Observed neuronal cell loss was accompanied by progressive α-synuclein phosphorylation, formation of proteinase K-resistant α-synuclein-aggregates, accumulation of Ubi-1- and p62-positive inclusions in microglia and induction of progressive micro- and astrogliosis. Apart from this local pathology, abundant α-synuclein-positive axons were found in locus coeruleus output regions, indicating rapid anterograde axonal transport of A53T-α-synuclein. Taken together, we present the first model of α-synucleinopathy in the murine locus coeruleus, replicating essential morphological features of human Parkinson's disease pathology. This new model may contribute to the research on prodromal Parkinson's disease, in respect to pathophysiology and the development of disease-modifying therapy.
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117
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Harnessing the Power of Microbiome Assessment Tools as Part of Neuroprotective Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine Interventions. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020035. [PMID: 29693607 PMCID: PMC6027349 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive body of evidence documents the importance of the gut microbiome both in health and in a variety of human diseases. Cell and animal studies describing this relationship abound, whilst clinical studies exploring the associations between changes in gut microbiota and the corresponding metabolites with neurodegeneration in the human brain have only begun to emerge more recently. Further, the findings of such studies are often difficult to translate into simple clinical applications that result in measurable health outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to appraise the literature on a select set of faecal biomarkers from a clinician’s perspective. This practical review aims to examine key physiological processes that influence both gastrointestinal, as well as brain health, and to discuss how tools such as the characterisation of commensal bacteria, the identification of potential opportunistic, pathogenic and parasitic organisms and the quantification of gut microbiome biomarkers and metabolites can help inform clinical decisions of nutrition and lifestyle medicine practitioners.
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118
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Pedrosa Carrasco AJ, Timmermann L, Pedrosa DJ. Management of constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2018; 4:6. [PMID: 29560414 PMCID: PMC5856748 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-018-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable body of research has recently emerged around nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and their substantial impact on patients' well-being. A prominent example is constipation which occurs in up to two thirds of all PD-patients thereby effecting psychological and social distress and consequently reducing quality of life. Despite the significant clinical relevance of constipation, unfortunately little knowledge exists on effective treatments. Therefore this systematic review aims at providing a synopsis on clinical effects and safety of available treatment options for constipation in PD. For this purpose, three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO) were searched for experimental and quasi-experimental studies investigating the efficacy/effectiveness of interventions in the management of PD-associated constipation. Besides, adverse events were analyzed as secondary outcome. In total, 18 publications were identified involving 15 different interventions, of which none can be attributed sufficient evidence to derive strong recommendations. Nevertheless, some evidence indicates that dietetic interventions with probiotics and prebiotics may reduce symptom burden while providing a very favorable side-effects profile. Furthermore, the use of lubiprostone, macrogol and in the specific case of isolated or prominent outlet obstruction constipation injections of botulinum neurotoxin A into the puborectal muscles may as well be moderately supported. In summary, too little attention has been paid to treatment options for constipation in PD leaving abundant room for further research addressing this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. Pedrosa Carrasco
- Sir Michael Sobell House, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- King’s College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Gießen and Marburg, Gießen, Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - David J. Pedrosa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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119
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Smith LM, Parr-Brownlie LC. A neuroscience perspective of the gut theory of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:817-823. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Smith
- Department of Anatomy; Brain Health Research Centre, and Brain Research New Zealand; University of Otago; PO Box 913 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Louise C. Parr-Brownlie
- Department of Anatomy; Brain Health Research Centre, and Brain Research New Zealand; University of Otago; PO Box 913 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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120
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Nair AT, Ramachandran V, Joghee NM, Antony S, Ramalingam G. Gut Microbiota Dysfunction as Reliable Non-invasive Early Diagnostic Biomarkers in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:30-42. [PMID: 29291606 PMCID: PMC5753901 DOI: 10.5056/jnm17105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations suggest that gut microbiota affects the brain activity through the microbiota-gut-brain axis under both physiological and pathological disease conditions like Parkinson's disease. Further dopamine synthesis in the brain is induced by dopamine producing enzymes that are controlled by gut microbiota via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Also alpha synuclein deposition and the associated neurodegeneration in the enteric nervous system that increase intestinal permeability, oxidative stress, and local inflammation, accounts for constipation in Parkinson's disease patients. The trigger that causes blood brain barrier leakage, immune cell activation and inflammation, and ultimately neuroinflammation in the central nervous system is believed to be due to the chronic low-grade inflammation in the gut. The non-motor symptoms that appear years before motor symptoms could be reliable early biomarkers, if they could be correlated with the established and reliable neuroimaging techniques or behavioral indices. The future directions should therefore, focus on the exploration of newer investigational techniques to identify these reliable early biomarkers and define the specific gut microbes that contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease. This ultimately should pave the way to safer and novel therapeutic approaches that avoid the complications of the drugs delivered today to the brain of Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun T Nair
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ootacamund, Tamilnadu,
India
| | - Vadivelan Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ootacamund, Tamilnadu,
India
- Correspondence: Vadivelan Ramachandran, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy ((JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ootacamund, Tamilnadu 643001, India Tel: +91-9047539532, Fax: +91-423-2442937,
| | - Nanjan M Joghee
- JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ootacamund, Tamilnadu,
India
| | - Shanish Antony
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala,
India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ootacamund, Tamilnadu,
India
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121
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Titova N, Martinez-Martin P, Katunina E, Chaudhuri KR. Advanced Parkinson's or "complex phase" Parkinson's disease? Re-evaluation is needed. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1529-1537. [PMID: 29116411 PMCID: PMC5686262 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Holistic management of Parkinson's disease, now recognised as a combined motor and nonmotor disorder, remains a key unmet need. Such management needs relatively accurate definition of the various stages of Parkinson's from early untreated to late palliative as each stage calls for personalised therapies. Management also needs to have a robust knowledge of the progression pattern and clinical heterogeneity of the presentation of Parkinson's which may manifest in a motor dominant or nonmotor dominant manner. The "advanced" stages of Parkinson's disease qualify for advanced treatments such as with continuous infusion or stereotactic surgery yet the concept of "advanced Parkinson's disease" (APD) remains controversial in spite of growing knowledge of the natural history of the motor syndrome of PD. Advanced PD is currently largely defined on the basis of consensus opinion and thus with several caveats. Nonmotor aspects of PD may also reflect advancing course of the disorder, so far not reflected in usual scale based assessments which are largely focussed on motor symptoms. In this paper, we discuss the problems with current definitions of "advanced" PD and also propose the term "complex phase" Parkinson's disease as an alternative which takes into account a multimodal symptoms and biomarker based approach in addition to patient preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Titova
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education « N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University » of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pablo Martinez-Martin
- National Center of Epidemiology and CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Katunina
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education « N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University » of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, Kings College Hospital and The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Kings College, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE59RT, UK.
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122
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Anselmi L, Toti L, Bove C, Hampton J, Travagli RA. A Nigro-Vagal Pathway Controls Gastric Motility and Is Affected in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1581-1593. [PMID: 28912019 PMCID: PMC5705565 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In most patients with Parkinson's disease, gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions, such as gastroparesis and constipation, are prodromal to the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease. Sporadic Parkinson's disease has been proposed to develop after ingestion of neurotoxicants that affect the brain-gut axis via the vagus nerve, and then travel to higher centers, compromising the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and, later, the cerebral cortex. We aimed to identify the pathway that connects the brainstem vagal nuclei and the SNpc, and to determine whether this pathway is compromised in a rat model of Parkinsonism. METHODS To study this neural pathway in rats, we placed tracers in the dorsal vagal complex or SNpc; brainstem and midbrain were examined for tracer distribution and neuronal neurochemical phenotype. Rats were given injections of paraquat once weekly for 3 weeks to induce features of Parkinsonism, or vehicle (control). Gastric tone and motility were recorded after N-methyl-d-aspartate microinjection in the SNpc and/or optogenetic stimulation of nigro-vagal terminals in the dorsal vagal complex. RESULTS Stimulation of the SNpc increased gastric tone and motility via activation of dopamine 1 receptors in the dorsal vagal complex. In the paraquat-induced model of Parkinsonism, this nigro-vagal pathway was compromised during the early stages of motor deficit development. CONCLUSIONS We identified and characterized a nigro-vagal monosynaptic pathway in rats that controls gastric tone and motility. This pathway might be involved in the prodromal gastric dysmotility observed in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anselmi
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Luca Toti
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Cecilia Bove
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Hampton
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - R Alberto Travagli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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Anselmi L, Toti L, Bove C, Travagli RA. Vagally mediated effects of brain stem dopamine on gastric tone and phasic contractions of the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G434-G441. [PMID: 28729246 PMCID: PMC5792220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00180.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA)-containing fibers and neurons are embedded within the brain stem dorsal vagal complex (DVC); we have shown previously that DA modulates the membrane properties of neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) via DA1 and DA2 receptors. The vagally dependent modulation of gastric tone and phasic contractions, i.e., motility, by DA, however, has not been characterized. With the use of microinjections of DA in the DVC while recording gastric tone and motility, the aims of the present study were 1) assess the gastric effects of brain stem DA application, 2) identify the DA receptor subtype, and, 3) identify the postganglionic pathway(s) activated. Dopamine microinjection in the DVC decreased gastric tone and motility in both corpus and antrum in 29 of 34 rats, and the effects were abolished by ipsilateral vagotomy and fourth ventricular treatment with the selective DA2 receptor antagonist L741,626 but not by application of the selective DA1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390. Systemic administration of the cholinergic antagonist atropine attenuated the inhibition of corpus and antrum tone in response to DA microinjection in the DVC. Conversely, systemic administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-l-arginine methyl ester did not alter the DA-induced decrease in gastric tone and motility. Our data provide evidence of a dopaminergic modulation of a brain stem vagal neurocircuit that controls gastric tone and motility.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dopamine administration in the brain stem decreases gastric tone and phasic contractions. The gastric effects of dopamine are mediated via dopamine 2 receptors on neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The inhibitory effects of dopamine are mediated via inhibition of the postganglionic cholinergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Anselmi
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - L. Toti
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - C. Bove
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - R. A. Travagli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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124
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Wollmer E, Klein S. A review of patient-specific gastrointestinal parameters as a platform for developing in vitro models for predicting the in vivo performance of oral dosage forms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:298-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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125
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Lerner A, Neidhöfer S, Matthias T. The Gut Microbiome Feelings of the Brain: A Perspective for Non-Microbiologists. Microorganisms 2017; 5:E66. [PMID: 29023380 PMCID: PMC5748575 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To comprehensively review the scientific knowledge on the gut-brain axis. Methods: Various publications on the gut-brain axis, until 31 July 2017, were screened using the Medline, Google, and Cochrane Library databases. The search was performed using the following keywords: "gut-brain axis", "gut-microbiota-brain axis", "nutrition microbiome/microbiota", "enteric nervous system", "enteric glial cells/network", "gut-brain pathways", "microbiome immune system", "microbiome neuroendocrine system" and "intestinal/gut/enteric neuropeptides". Relevant articles were selected and reviewed. Results: Tremendous progress has been made in exploring the interactions between nutrients, the microbiome, and the intestinal, epithelium-enteric nervous, endocrine and immune systems and the brain. The basis of the gut-brain axis comprises of an array of multichannel sensing and trafficking pathways that are suggested to convey the enteric signals to the brain. These are mediated by neuroanatomy (represented by the vagal and spinal afferent neurons), the neuroendocrine-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (represented by the gut hormones), immune routes (represented by multiple cytokines), microbially-derived neurotransmitters, and finally the gate keepers of the intestinal and brain barriers. Their mutual and harmonious but intricate interaction is essential for human life and brain performance. However, a failure in the interaction leads to a number of inflammatory-, autoimmune-, neurodegenerative-, metabolic-, mood-, behavioral-, cognitive-, autism-spectrum-, stress- and pain-related disorders. The limited availability of information on the mechanisms, pathways and cause-and-effect relationships hinders us from translating and implementing the knowledge from the bench to the clinic. Implications: Further understanding of this intricate field might potentially shed light on novel preventive and therapeutic strategies to combat these disorders. Nutritional approaches, microbiome manipulations, enteric and brain barrier reinforcement and sensing and trafficking modulation might improve physical and mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat Galim, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, 55234 Wendelsheim, Germany.
| | - Sandra Neidhöfer
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, 55234 Wendelsheim, Germany.
| | - Torsten Matthias
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, 55234 Wendelsheim, Germany.
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Zhong CB, Chen QQ, Haikal C, Li W, Svanbergsson A, Diepenbroek M, Li JY. Age-Dependent Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation and Phosphorylation in the Enteric Nervous System in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:483-492. [PMID: 28924920 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls the function of the gastrointestinal tract and has been implicated in various diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a neurodegenerative disease with Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) as the main pathological features. In addition to the typical motor symptoms in PD, attention has been drawn to non-motor symptoms, such as constipation, implying dysfunction of the ENS. In the present study, we characterized the age-dependent morphological alterations and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn), the primary protein component in LBs and LNs, in the ENS in an α-syn transgenic mouse model. We found that the expression and accumulation of α-syn increased gradually in neurons of Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses of the gastrointestinal tract with age (from 1 week to 2 years). In addition, α-syn was increasingly phosphorylated at the serine 129 residue, reflecting pathological alterations of the protein over time. Furthermore, α-syn was present in different subtypes of neurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, or calretinin. The results indicated that BAC-α-Syn-GFP transgenic mice provide a unique model in which to study the relationship between ENS and PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Bin Zhong
- Institute of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Qian-Qian Chen
- Institute of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Svanbergsson
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Meike Diepenbroek
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China. .,Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
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Song N, Wang W, Jia F, Du X, Xie A, He Q, Shen X, Zhang J, Rogers JT, Xie J, Jiang H. Assessments of plasma ghrelin levels in the early stages of parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1487-1491. [PMID: 28681931 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal symptoms are early events in Parkinson's disease (PD). The gastrointestinal hormone ghrelin was neuroprotective in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. The objective of this study was to assess ghrelin levels in the early stages of PD. METHODS Plasma was collected in the fasting state in 291 PD patients in stages 1-3 and 303 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Additional samples were taken in the glucose response test to assess nutrition-related ghrelin levels in 20 PD patients and 20 healthy controls. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure total and active plasma ghrelin levels. RESULTS We reported that total and active plasma ghrelin levels were decreased in PD, although there was no difference across progressive PD stages. Postprandial ghrelin suppression and preprandial peak responses were both attenuated in PD. CONCLUSIONS Plasma ghrelin levels were decreased in PD; however, this event might be irrelevant to PD progression. Ghrelin responses to meals were also impaired in PD. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengjv Jia
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Masssachusetts, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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The Gut and Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 134:787-809. [PMID: 28805583 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are one of the most common nonmotor symptoms (NMS) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) involving the whole GI tract (GIT) and being evident throughout the whole course of the disease. Furthermore, constipation serves as a risk factor for PD as well as an early prodromal NMS of PD. The gut as gateway to the environment with its enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a crucial role in the neurodegenerative process that leads to PD. Alpha-synucleinopathy as the pathological hallmark of PD could be found within the whole GIT in a rostrocaudal gradient interacting with the ENS, the gut microbiome, and enteric glial cells. Bidirectional interactions between the ENS and the central nervous system (CNS) via a brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis have been reported. As well as there is evidence out of animal, autopsy, and epidemiological studies that α-synuclein spreads via rostrocranial transmission by transsynaptic cell-to-cell transfer via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system to the CNS causing the typical neuropathological changes of PD. Recognition of GI NMS as prodromal markers of PD as well as a better understanding of the brain-gut connection offers new insights in the pathophysiology of PD and might provide the opportunity of PD diagnosis before CNS involvement. Hereby the opportunity for development of neuroprotective and disease-modifying therapeutics, respectively, seem to be promising. This chapter covers the variety of GI NMS and its consequences in PD as well as the important role of the gut as part of the pathological process in PD.
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A practical review of gastrointestinal manifestations in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 39:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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130
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Parashar A, Udayabanu M. Gut microbiota: Implications in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 38:1-7. [PMID: 28202372 PMCID: PMC7108450 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) can influence various neurological outcomes, like cognition, learning, and memory. Commensal GM modulates brain development and behavior and has been implicated in several neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anxiety, stress and much more. A recent study has shown that Parkinson's disease patients suffer from GM dysbiosis, but whether it is a cause or an effect is yet to be understood. In this review, we try to connect the dots between GM and PD pathology using direct and indirect evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Parashar
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, District- Solan, Himachal Pradesh, PIN-173234, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, District- Solan, Himachal Pradesh, PIN-173234, India.
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131
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Borghammer P, Knudsen K, Fedorova TD, Brooks DJ. Imaging Parkinson's disease below the neck. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 28649615 PMCID: PMC5460119 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a systemic disorder with widespread and early α-synuclein pathology in the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, which is present throughout the gastrointestinal canal prior to diagnosis. Gastrointestinal and genitourinary autonomic symptoms often predate clinical diagnosis by several years. It has been hypothesized that progressive α-synuclein aggregation is initiated in hyperbranched, non-myelinated neuron terminals, and may subsequently spread via retrograde axonal transport. This would explain why autonomic nerves are so prone to formation of α-synuclein pathology. However, the hypothesis remains unproven and in vivo imaging methods of peripheral organs may be essential to study this important research field. The loss of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminal function in Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated using radiotracers such as 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidin, 18F-dopamine, and 11C-donepezil. Other radiotracer and radiological imaging methods have shown highly prevalent dysfunction of pharyngeal and esophageal motility, gastric emptying, colonic transit time, and anorectal function. Here, we summarize the methodology and main findings of radio-isotope and radiological modalities for imaging peripheral pathology in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tatyana D. Fedorova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J. Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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132
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Rietdijk CD, Perez-Pardo P, Garssen J, van Wezel RJA, Kraneveld AD. Exploring Braak's Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2017; 8:37. [PMID: 28243222 PMCID: PMC5304413 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Most patients suffer from sporadic PD, which is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Braak’s hypothesis states that sporadic PD is caused by a pathogen that enters the body via the nasal cavity, and subsequently is swallowed and reaches the gut, initiating Lewy pathology (LP) in the nose and the digestive tract. A staging system describing the spread of LP from the peripheral to the central nervous system was also postulated by the same research group. There has been criticism to Braak’s hypothesis, in part because not all patients follow the proposed staging system. Here, we review literature that either supports or criticizes Braak’s hypothesis, focused on the enteric route, digestive problems in patients, the spread of LP on a tissue and a cellular level, and the toxicity of the protein αSynuclein (αSyn), which is the major constituent of LP. We conclude that Braak’s hypothesis is supported by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence. However, we also conclude that the staging system of Braak only describes a specific subset of patients with young onset and long duration of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen D Rietdijk
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard J A van Wezel
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
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The gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis? NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017. [PMID: 28649603 PMCID: PMC5445611 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-016-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The state of the intestinal environment can have profound effects on the activity of the central nervous system through the physiological contributions of the microbiota, regulation of intestinal barrier function, and altered activity of peripheral neurons. The common language employed for much of the gut-brain communication is the modulation of immune activity. Chronic proinflammatory immune activity is increasingly being recognized as a fundamental element of neurodegenerative disorders, and in Parkinson's disease, inflammation in the intestine appears particularly relevant in pathogenesis. We review the evidence that intestinal dysfunction is present in Parkinson's disease and that it may reflect the earliest manifestations of Parkinson's disease pathology, and we link these findings to dysregulated immune activity. Based on this, we present a model for Parkinson's disease pathogenesis in which the disorder originates in the intestine and progresses with inflammation as its underlying mechanism. More in-depth investigations into the physiological mechanisms underlying peripheral pre-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease are expected to lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic measures that can slow or limit progression of the disease to more advanced stages involving debilitating motor and cognitive symptoms.
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134
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The Contribution of α-Synuclein Spreading to Parkinson's Disease Synaptopathy. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5012129. [PMID: 28133550 PMCID: PMC5241463 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5012129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathies are diseases with synapse defects as shared pathogenic features, encompassing neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In sporadic PD, the most common age-related neurodegenerative movement disorder, nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficits are responsible for the onset of motor symptoms that have been related to α-synuclein deposition at synaptic sites. Indeed, α-synuclein accumulation can impair synaptic dopamine release and induces the death of nigrostriatal neurons. While in physiological conditions the protein can interact with and modulate synaptic vesicle proteins and membranes, numerous experimental evidences have confirmed that its pathological aggregation can compromise correct neuronal functioning. In addition, recent findings indicate that α-synuclein pathology spreads into the brain and can affect the peripheral autonomic and somatic nervous system. Indeed, monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillary α-synuclein can move from cell to cell and can trigger the aggregation of the endogenous protein in recipient neurons. This novel “prion-like” behavior could further contribute to synaptic failure in PD and other synucleinopathies. This review describes the major findings supporting the occurrence of α-synuclein pathology propagation in PD and discusses how this phenomenon could induce or contribute to synaptic injury and degeneration.
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135
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Dysphagia in Parkinson’s Disease. Dysphagia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/174_2017_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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136
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Salari M, Fayyazi E, Mirmosayyeb O. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinsonism: A narrative review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:126. [PMID: 28331512 PMCID: PMC5348835 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.196608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease (PD) are well-recognized problems and are known to be the initial symptoms in the pathological process that eventually results in PD. Many types of PD-associated GI dysfunctions have been identified, including weight loss, nausea, hypersalivation, dysphagia, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, constipation, defecatory dysfunction, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. These symptoms can influence on other PD symptoms and are the second most significant predictor of the quality of life of these patients. Recognition of GI symptoms requires vigilance on the part of clinicians. Health-care providers should routinely ask direct questions about GI symptoms during office visits so that efforts can be directed at appropriate management of these distressing manifestations. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy are two forms of neurodegenerative Parkinsonism. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunctions such as GI dysfunction are common in patients with parkinsonian disorders. Despite recent progress in the recognition of GI dysfunctions, there are a few reviews on the management of GI dysfunction and GI symptoms in idiopathic Parkinsonism. In this review, the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of each GI symptom in PD, MSA, and prostate-specific antigen will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Salari
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Emad Fayyazi
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Medical Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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137
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Gastrointestinal Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: Symptoms and Treatments. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:6762528. [PMID: 28050310 PMCID: PMC5168460 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6762528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is classically established after the manifestation of motor symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor. However, a growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that nonmotor symptoms, especially gastrointestinal dysfunctions, could be considered as early biomarkers since they are ubiquitously found among confirmed patients and occur much earlier than their motor manifestations. According to Braak's hypothesis, the disease is postulated to originate in the intestine and then spread to the brain via the vagus nerve, a phenomenon that would involve other neuronal types than the well-established dopaminergic population. It has therefore been proposed that peripheral nondopaminergic impairments might precede the alteration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system and, ultimately, the emergence of motor symptoms. Considering the growing interest in the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease, this review aims at providing a comprehensive picture of the multiple gastrointestinal features of the disease, along with the therapeutic approaches used to reduce their burden. Moreover, we highlight the importance of gastrointestinal symptoms with respect to the patients' responses towards medical treatments and discuss the various possible adverse interactions that can potentially occur, which are still poorly understood.
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138
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Schwab AJ, Ebert AD. Neurite Aggregation and Calcium Dysfunction in iPSC-Derived Sensory Neurons with Parkinson's Disease-Related LRRK2 G2019S Mutation. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 5:1039-1052. [PMID: 26651604 PMCID: PMC4682343 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most-common genetic determinants of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The G2019S mutation is detected most frequently and is associated with increased kinase activity. Whereas G2019S mutant dopamine neurons exhibit neurite elongation deficits, the effect of G2019S on other neuronal subtypes is unknown. As PD patients also suffer from non-motor symptoms that may be unrelated to dopamine neuron loss, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to assess morphological and functional properties of peripheral sensory neurons. LRRK2 G2019S iPSC-derived sensory neurons exhibited normal neurite length but had large microtubule-containing neurite aggregations. Additionally, LRRK2 G2019S iPSC-derived sensory neurons displayed altered calcium dynamics. Treatment with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors resulted in significant, but not complete, morphological and functional rescue. These data indicate a role for LRRK2 kinase activity in sensory neuron structure and function, which when disrupted, may lead to sensory neuron deficits in PD. LRRK2 iPSC sensory neurons show neurite aggregations and abnormal calcium dynamics LRRK2 iPSC sensory neuron defects are distinct from the dopamine neuron defects Kinase inhibition of LRRK2 partially restored sensory neuron structure and function Abnormal sensory neuron phenotypes may relate to non-motor symptoms observed in PD
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schwab
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, an increasing interest to nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) has shown. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a prominent nonmotor manifestation of PD and precedes motor symptoms for several years. Neuropathologic studies show early accumulation of α-synuclein (α-SYN) in Lewy neurites and Lewy body in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in PD. Our study aims to investigate relationship between α-SYN deposition in ENS and gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a study in Neurology Department of Charles Nicolle Hospital of Tunis during 2 years (2013 to 2014) including PD patients. Clinical data were analyzed. Digestive endoscopy with biopsies of upper digestive tract (UDT) and immunohistochemistry study were performed. RESULTS Thirty patients (16♂/14♀) and 13 (7♂/6♀) controls were included. Average age was 65 years for patients and 63.5 years for controls. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the most frequent nonmotor symptoms occurring in 73%. Endoscopy showed motor dysfunction of upper digestive tract in 5 patients. Lesion load in α-SYN was significantly correlated with frequency and severity of gastrointestinal dysfunction and PD motor disability. CONCLUSIONS Gastrointestinal disturbances are frequent in PD. ENS's synucleinopathy could entirely explain pathophysiology of digestive dysfunction and is correlated with severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in PD. Biopsies may show α-SYN aggregates in immunoreactive Lewy neurites in the submucosal and myenteric plexus. Thus, endoscopic and immunohistochemical exploration of ENS may be a biomarker for Parkinson enteropathy and for PD overall.
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Neuroinvasion of α-Synuclein Prionoids after Intraperitoneal and Intraglossal Inoculation. J Virol 2016; 90:9182-93. [PMID: 27489279 PMCID: PMC5044858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a soluble, cellular protein that in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy, forms pathological deposits of protein aggregates. Because misfolded α-synuclein has some characteristics that resemble those of prions, we investigated its potential to induce disease after intraperitoneal or intraglossal challenge injection into bigenic Tg(M83+/−:Gfap-luc+/−) mice, which express the A53T mutant of human α-synuclein and firefly luciferase. After a single intraperitoneal injection with α-synuclein fibrils, four of five mice developed paralysis and α-synuclein pathology in the central nervous system, with a median incubation time of 229 ± 17 days. Diseased mice accumulated aggregates of Sarkosyl-insoluble and phosphorylated α-synuclein in the brain and spinal cord, which colocalized with ubiquitin and p62 and were accompanied by gliosis. In contrast, only one of five mice developed α-synuclein pathology in the central nervous system after intraglossal injection with α-synuclein fibrils, after 285 days. These findings are novel and important because they show that, similar to prions, α-synuclein prionoids can neuroinvade the central nervous system after intraperitoneal or intraglossal injection and can cause neuropathology and disease.
IMPORTANCE Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by the pathological presence of aggregated α-synuclein in cells of the nervous system. Previous studies have shown that α-synuclein aggregates made of recombinant protein or derived from brains of patients can spread in the central nervous system in a spatiotemporal manner when inoculated into the brains of animals and can induce pathology and neurologic disease, suggesting that misfolded α-synuclein can behave similarly to prions. Here we show that α-synuclein inoculation into the peritoneal cavity or the tongue in mice overexpressing α-synuclein causes neurodegeneration after neuroinvasion from the periphery, which further corroborates the prionoid character of misfolded α-synuclein.
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Xiao WD, Peng K, Yang H. Enteric glial cells: An emerging key player in intestinal homeostasis modulation under physiological and pathological conditions. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3657-3665. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i25.3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine contains multiple components including epithelial cells, microbiome as well as various neuroendocrine pathways, all of which are essential for maintaining dynamic mucosal homeostasis through complex interactions among different components in the gastrointestinal tract. Beyond the basic neurosupportive and neurotrophic effects, growing evidence reveals the key role of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the modulation of bowel movement, nutrient absorption and secretion, intestinal immunity as well as barrier function. As well, abnormally activated EGCs are believed to be a vital player in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal barrier dysfunction and infections. Here we provide a brief overview of recent research progress about the precise role and the molecule mechanisms of EGCs in modulating intestinal homeostasis, and highlight the critical role of EGC in various intestinal diseases.
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142
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Targeting the ecology within: The role of the gut–brain axis and human microbiota in drug addiction. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:77-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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High-resolution Anorectal Manometry in Parkinson Disease With Defecation Disorder: A Comparison With Functional Defecation Disorder. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50:566-71. [PMID: 26756106 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GOAL To investigate the characteristics of high-resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) in Parkinson disease (PD) patients with defecation disorder (DD) compared with patients with functional defecation disorder (FDD). BACKGROUND DD is a common gastrointestinal symptom in PD. HR-ARM is a relatively new and reliable method for detecting DD. STUDY A cohort of PD patients with DD was matched with FDD patients. Defecatory symptoms were investigated by questionnaire. Anorectal motility and sensation were evaluated by HR-ARM. Differences in defecatory symptoms, sensorimotor parameters, and DD type were analyzed. Defecatory symptoms and manometric variables obtained in early-stage PD were compared with advanced stage, and relationships between manometric parameters and evacuatory symptoms explored. RESULTS Straining and sensation of blockage was experienced significantly more in PD than FDD, and stool consistency more severely affected. Maximum squeeze and intrarectal pressure during defecation in PD was lower than in FDD. Anal resting and residual pressures, duration of sustained squeeze, threshold volumes for first sensation, urgency, and maximum discomfort were similar between groups. PD patients presented predominantly with inadequate propulsive forces, whereas FDD patients showed dyssynergic defecation. Defecatory symptoms and manometric parameters did not differ between stages of PD. CONCLUSIONS PD patients with DD experienced more straining and sensation of blockage than FDD patients, possibly related to inadequate anorectal motility and paradoxical anal contraction of pelvic floor. Impaired squeeze response and inadequate propulsive forces are specific to anorectal function of PD patients with DD, compared with FDD, with abnormalities unchanged between early and advanced PD.
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Mukherjee A, Biswas A, Das SK. Gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5742-5752. [PMID: 27433087 PMCID: PMC4932209 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early involvement of gut is observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and symptoms such as constipation may precede motor symptoms. α-Synuclein pathology is extensively evident in the gut and appears to follow a rostrocaudal gradient. The gut may act as the starting point of PD pathology with spread toward the central nervous system. This spread of the synuclein pathology raises the possibility of prion-like propagation in PD pathogenesis. Recently, the role of gut microbiota in PD pathogenesis has received attention and some phenotypic correlation has also been shown. The extensive involvement of the gut in PD even in its early stages has led to the evaluation of enteric α-synuclein as a possible biomarker of early PD. The clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD include malnutrition, oral and dental disorders, sialorrhea, dysphagia, gastroparesis, constipation, and defecatory dysfunction. These conditions are quite distressing for the patients and require relevant investigations and adequate management. Treatment usually involves both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. One important aspect of gut dysfunction is its contribution to the clinical fluctuations in PD. Dysphagia and gastroparesis lead to inadequate absorption of oral anti-PD medications. These lead to response fluctuations, particularly delayed-on and no-on, and there is significant relationship between levodopa pharmacokinetics and gastric emptying in patients with PD. Therefore, in such cases, alternative routes of administration or drug delivery systems may be required.
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145
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Scheperjans F, Pekkonen E, Kaakkola S, Auvinen P. Linking Smoking, Coffee, Urate, and Parkinson's Disease - A Role for Gut Microbiota? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:255-62. [PMID: 25882059 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still obscure, there is evidence for lifestyle factors influencing disease risk. Best established are the inverse associations with smoking and coffee consumption. In other contexts there is evidence that health effects of lifestyle factors may depend on gut microbiome composition. Considering the gastrointestinal involvement in PD, it was recently speculated, that the associations between smoking, coffee, and PD risk could be mediated by gut microbiota. Here we review such a possible mediatory role of gut microbiota taking into account recent findings on microbiome composition in PD and extending the scope also to urate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Scheperjans
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Pekkonen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Kaakkola
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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146
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Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Colucci R, Tirotta E, Blandini F, Levandis G, Cerri S, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Bernardini N, Cseri K, Blandizzi C, Haskó G, Antonioli L. Alteration of colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility and enteric inflammation following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:146. [PMID: 27295950 PMCID: PMC4907252 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including constipation and defecatory dysfunctions. The mechanisms underlying such disorders are still largely unknown, although the occurrence of a bowel inflammatory condition has been hypothesized. This study examined the impact of central dopaminergic degeneration, induced by intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), on distal colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility in rats. METHODS Animals were euthanized 4 and 8 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. Tachykininergic contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation or exogenous substance P (SP), were recorded in vitro from longitudinal muscle colonic preparations. SP, tachykininergic NK1 receptor, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, as well as the density of eosinophils and mast cells in the colonic wall, were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA, colorimetric assay), TNF, and IL-1β (ELISA assay) levels were also examined. The polarization of peritoneal macrophages was evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS In colonic preparations, electrically and SP-evoked tachykininergic contractions were increased in 6-OHDA rats. Immunohistochemistry displayed an increase in SP and GFAP levels in the myenteric plexus, as well as NK1 receptor expression in the colonic muscle layer of 6-OHDA rats. MDA, TNF, and IL-1β levels were increased also in colonic tissues from 6-OHDA rats. In 6-OHDA rats, the number of eosinophils and mast cells was increased as compared with control animals, and peritoneal macrophages polarized towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the induction of central nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration is followed by bowel inflammation associated with increased oxidative stress, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, activation of enteric glia and inflammatory cells, and enhancement of colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Tirotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Karolina Cseri
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, NJ, USA
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, NJ, USA
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147
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Bai Q, He J, Tang Y, Wang S, Qiu J, Wang Y, Yu C. Rotenone-induced energy stress decompensated in ventral mesocerebrum is associated with Parkinsonism progression in rats. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1060-1066. [PMID: 27446321 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by the hallmark feature of loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Energy metabolic disorder is associated with the pathogenesis of PD; however, the development of this disorder is yet to be elucidated. PD-like characteristics have been demonstrated in a rotenone rat model. In the present study, energy metabolism status was investigated in a rat model following intraperitoneal treatment with 1.0 mg/kg rotenone every 48 h. The behavior and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive levels in the substantia nigra of rats that were treated with rotenone for 24 weeks demonstrated that these rats developed more severe parkinsonism, as compared with that were treated for 16 weeks. Detection of ATP, lactic acid, NADH dehydrogenase 1 mRNA and lactate dehydrogenase B mRNA levels in the ventral mesocerebrum (VM) and skeletal muscle (SM) of the rats that had been treated with rotenone for 16 and 24 weeks demonstrated that the energy stress induced by rotenone progressed in both VM and SM. Notably, the energy stress detected in VM was more severe, and this energy stress was decompensated in the VM of rats that had been treated with rotenone for 24 weeks. The progression of energy stress and the incidence of energy decompensation in VM may be important for the improvement of PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhua Bai
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China; Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China; Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Junlin He
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury, Chongqing Orthopedics Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Wang
- Department of Infection Management, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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148
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Borghammer P, Knudsen K, Brooks DJ. Imaging Systemic Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16:51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-016-0655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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149
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Vivacqua G, Latorre A, Suppa A, Nardi M, Pietracupa S, Mancinelli R, Fabbrini G, Colosimo C, Gaudio E, Berardelli A. Abnormal Salivary Total and Oligomeric Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151156. [PMID: 27011009 PMCID: PMC4807094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can be detected in biological fluids including saliva. Although previous studies found reduced a-syn total (a-syntotal) concentration in saliva of PD patients, no studies have previously examined salivary a-syn oligomers (a-synolig) concentrations or assessed the correlation between salivary a-syntotal, a-synolig and clinical features in a large cohort of PD patients. Is well known that a-synolig exerts a crucial neurotoxic effect in PD. We collected salivary samples from 60 PD patients and 40 age- and sex-comparable healthy subjects. PD was diagnosed according to the United Kingdom Brain Bank Criteria. Samples of saliva were analyzed by specific anti-a-syn and anti-oligomeric a-syn ELISA kits. A complete clinical evaluation of each patient was performed using MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Frontal Assessment Battery. Salivary a-syntotal was lower, whereas a-synolig was higher in PD patients than healthy subjects. The a-synolig/a-syntotal ratio was also higher in patients than in healthy subjects. Salivary a-syntotal concentration negatively correlated with that of a-synolig and correlated with several patients' clinical features. In PD, decreased salivary concentration of a-syntotal may reflect the reduction of a-syn monomers (a-synmon), as well as the formation of insoluble intracellular inclusions and soluble oligomers. The combined detection of a-syntotal and a-synolig in the saliva might help the early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Vivacqua
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Suppa
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Neuromed Institute, Venafro (IS), Italy
| | - Michela Nardi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pietracupa
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Neuromed Institute, Venafro (IS), Italy
| | - Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Neuromed Institute, Venafro (IS), Italy
- * E-mail:
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150
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Felice VD, Quigley EM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW, O'Mahony SM. Microbiota-gut-brain signalling in Parkinson's disease: Implications for non-motor symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 27:1-8. [PMID: 27013171 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 1-2% of the population over 65 years of age. The primary neuropathology is the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, resulting in characteristic motor deficits, upon which the clinical diagnosis is based. However, a number of significant non-motor symptoms (NMS) are also evident that appear to have a greater impact on the quality of life of these patients. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that neurobiological processes can be modified by the bi-directional communication that occurs along the brain-gut axis. The microbiota plays a key role in this communication throughout different routes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, there has been an increasing interest in investigating how microbiota changes within the gastrointestinal tract may be implicated in health and disease including PD. Interestingly α-synuclein-aggregates, the cardinal neuropathological feature in PD, are present in both the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the enteric nervous system, prior to their appearance in the brain, indicating a possible gut to brain route of "prion-like" spread. In this review we highlight the potential importance of gut to brain signalling in PD with particular focus on the role of the microbiota as major player in this communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D Felice
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eamonn M Quigley
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1001, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/C003/somahony
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