101
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Goyer D, Silveira MA, George AP, Beebe NL, Edelbrock RM, Malinski PT, Schofield BR, Roberts MT. A novel class of inferior colliculus principal neurons labeled in vasoactive intestinal peptide-Cre mice. eLife 2019; 8:43770. [PMID: 30998185 PMCID: PMC6516826 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Located in the midbrain, the inferior colliculus (IC) is the hub of the central auditory system. Although the IC plays important roles in speech processing, sound localization, and other auditory computations, the organization of the IC microcircuitry remains largely unknown. Using a multifaceted approach in mice, we have identified vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons as a novel class of IC principal neurons. VIP neurons are glutamatergic stellate cells with sustained firing patterns. Their extensive axons project to long-range targets including the auditory thalamus, auditory brainstem, superior colliculus, and periaqueductal gray. Using optogenetic circuit mapping, we found that VIP neurons integrate input from the contralateral IC and the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The dorsal cochlear nucleus also drove feedforward inhibition to VIP neurons, indicating that inhibitory circuits within the IC shape the temporal integration of ascending inputs. Thus, VIP neurons are well-positioned to influence auditory computations in a number of brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goyer
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Marina A Silveira
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Alexander P George
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Nichole L Beebe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, United States
| | - Ryan M Edelbrock
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, United States
| | - Peter T Malinski
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Brett R Schofield
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, United States
| | - Michael T Roberts
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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102
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Vega-García A, Santana-Gómez CE, Rocha L, Magdaleno-Madrigal VM, Morales-Otal A, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Feria-Romero I, Orozco-Suárez S. Magnolia officinalis reduces the long-term effects of the status epilepticus induced by kainic acid in immature rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:156-167. [PMID: 30978383 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During critical periods of neurodevelopment, the immature brain is susceptible to neuronal hyperexcitability, alterations such as hyperthermia, hypoxia, brain trauma or a preexisting neuroinflammatory condition can trigger, promote and prolong epileptiform activity and facilitate the development of epilepsy. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the long-term neuroprotective effects Magnolia officinalis extract, on a model of recurrent status epilepticus (SE) in immature rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with kainic acid (KA) (3 mg/kg, dissolved in saline solution) beginning at day 10 P N every 24 h for five days (10 P N-14PN). Two experimental groups (KA) received two treatments for 10 days (14-24 P N): one group was treated with 300 mg/kg Magnolia Officinalis (MO) (KA-MO), and another was treated with 20 mg/kg of celecoxib (Clbx) (KA-Clbx) as a control drug. A SHAM control group at day 90 P N was established. Seizure susceptibility was analyzed through an after-discharge threshold (ADT) evaluation, and electroencephalographic activity was recorded. The results obtained from the ADT evaluation and the analysis of the electroencephalographic activity under basal conditions showed that the MO and Clbx treatments protected against epileptiform activity, and decreases long-term excitability. All rats in the KA-MO and KA-Clbx groups presented a phase I seizure on the Racine scale, corresponding to the shaking of a wet dog. In contrast, the KA group showed phase V convulsive activity on the Racine scale. Similarly, MO and Clbx exerted neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons and reduced gliosis in the same areas. Based on these results, early intervention with MO and Clbx treatments to prevent the inflammatory activity derived from SE in early phases of neurodevelopment exerts neuroprotective effects on epileptogenesis in adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vega-García
- Programa de Doctorado del Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, UAM-I, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Campus Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C E Santana-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - L Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V M Magdaleno-Madrigal
- División de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñis", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Morales-Otal
- Área de Neurociencias. Departamento de Neurohistología y Conducta. Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - I Feria-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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103
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The Spinal Transcriptome after Cortical Stroke: In Search of Molecular Factors Regulating Spontaneous Recovery in the Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4714-4726. [PMID: 30962276 PMCID: PMC6561692 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2571-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to cortical stroke and unilateral corticospinal tract degeneration, compensatory sprouting of spared corticospinal fibers is associated with recovery of skilled movement in rodents. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this spontaneous rewiring. In this study, we provide insights into the molecular changes in the spinal cord tissue after large ischemic cortical injury in adult female mice, with a focus on factors that might influence the reinnervation process by contralesional corticospinal neurons. We mapped the area of cervical gray matter reinnervation by sprouting contralesional corticospinal axons after unilateral photothrombotic stroke of the motor cortex in mice using anterograde tracing. The mRNA profile of this reinnervation area was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes at selected time points during the recovery process. Bioinformatic analysis revealed two phases of processes: early after stroke (4–7 d post-injury), the spinal transcriptome is characterized by inflammatory processes, including phagocytic processes as well as complement cascade activation. Microglia are specifically activated in the denervated corticospinal projection fields in this early phase. In a later phase (28–42 d post-injury), biological processes include tissue repair pathways with upregulated genes related to neurite outgrowth. Thus, the stroke-denervated spinal gray matter, in particular its intermediate laminae, represents a growth-promoting environment for sprouting corticospinal fibers originating from the contralesional motor cortex. This dataset provides a solid starting point for future studies addressing key elements of the post-stroke recovery process, with the goal to improve neuroregenerative treatment options for stroke patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that the molecular changes in the spinal cord target tissue of the stroke-affected corticospinal tract are mainly defined by two phases: an early inflammatory phase during which microglia are specifically activated in the target area of reinnervating corticospinal motor neurons; and a late phase during which growth-promoting factors are upregulated which can influence the sprouting response, arborization, and synapse formation. By defining for the first time the endogenous molecular machinery in the stroke-denervated cervical spinal gray matter with a focus on promotors of axon growth through the growth-inhibitory adult CNS, this study will serve as a basis to address novel neuroregenerative treatment options for chronic stroke patients.
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104
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O'Sullivan S, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT, Chimelli L, Amaro E, do Nascimento Saldiva PH, Jeanquartier F, Jean-Quartier C, da Graça Morais Martin M, Sajid MI, Holzinger A. The role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in harmonization of high-resolution post-mortem MRI (virtopsy) with respect to brain microstructure. Brain Inform 2019; 6:3. [PMID: 30843118 PMCID: PMC6403267 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-019-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced resolution of 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners has considerably advanced our knowledge of structure and function in human and animal brains. Post-industrialized countries are particularly prone to an ever-increasing number of ageing individuals and ageing-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with volume loss in the affected brain. MRI diagnoses and monitoring of subtle volume changes in the ageing/diseased brains have the potential to become standard diagnostic tools. Even with the superior resolution of 7 T MRI scanners, the microstructural changes comprising cell types, cell numbers, and cellular processes, are still undetectable. Knowledge of origin, nature, and progression for microstructural changes are necessary to understand pathogenetic stages in the relentless neurodegenerative diseases, as well as to develop therapeutic tools that delay or stop neurodegenerative processes at their earliest stage. We illustrate the gap in resolution by comparing the identical regions of the post-mortem in situ 7 T MR images (virtual autopsy or virtopsy) with the histological observations in serial sections through the same brain. We also described the protocols and limitations associated with these comparisons, as well as the necessity of supercomputers and data management for "Big data". Analysis of neuron and/or glial number by using a body of mathematical tools and guidelines (stereology) is time-consuming, cumbersome, and still restricted to trained human investigators. Development of tools based on machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) could considerably accelerate studies on localization, onset, and progression of neuron loss. Finally, these observations could disentangle the mechanisms of volume loss into stages of reversible atrophy and/or irreversible fatal cell death. This AI- and ML-based cooperation between virtopsy and histology could bridge the present gap between virtual reality and neuropathology. It could also culminate in the creation of an imaging-associated comprehensive database. This database would include genetic, clinical, epidemiological, and technical aspects that could help to alleviate or even stop the adverse effects of neurodegenerative diseases on affected individuals, their families, and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane O'Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of Radiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Aging Brain Project, Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Albert Einstein Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila Chimelli
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, State Institute of Brain, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro
- Institute of Radiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário do Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Advanced Studies, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fleur Jeanquartier
- Holzinger Group, Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claire Jean-Quartier
- Holzinger Group, Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mohammed Imran Sajid
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Birkenhead, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Holzinger Group, Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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105
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Solakoglu Ö, Götz W, Kiessling MC, Alt C, Schmitz C, Alt EU. Improved guided bone regeneration by combined application of unmodified, fresh autologous adipose derived regenerative cells and plasma rich in growth factors: A first-in-human case report and literature review. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:124-146. [PMID: 30842809 PMCID: PMC6397807 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel strategies are needed for improving guided bone regeneration (GBR) in oral surgery prior to implant placement, particularly in maxillary sinus augmentation (GBR-MSA) and in lateral alveolar ridge augmentation (LRA). This study tested the hypothesis that the combination of freshly isolated, unmodified autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs), fraction 2 of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-2) and an osteoinductive scaffold (OIS) (UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS) is superior to the combination of PRGF-2 and the same OIS alone (PRGF-2/OIS) in GBR-MSA/LRA. CASE SUMMARY A 79-year-old patient was treated with a bilateral external sinus lift procedure as well as a bilateral lateral alveolar ridge augmentation. GBR-MSA/LRA was performed with UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS on the right side, and with PRGF-2/OIS on the left side. Biopsies were collected at 6 wk and 34 wk after GBR-MSA/LRA. At the latter time point implants were placed. Radiographs (32 mo follow-up time) demonstrated excellent bone healing. No radiological or histological signs of inflammation were observed. Detailed histologic, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical analysis of the biopsies evidenced that UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS resulted in better and faster bone regeneration than PRGF-2/OIS. CONCLUSION GBR-MSA with UA-ADRCs, PRGF-2, and an OIS shows effectiveness without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Solakoglu
- External Visiting Lecturer, Dental Department of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
- Clinic for Periodontology and Implantology, Hamburg 22453, Germany.
| | - Werner Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany
| | - Maren C Kiessling
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Eckhard U Alt
- InGeneron GmbH, Munich 80331, Germany
- InGeneron, Inc., Houston, TX 77054, United States
- Isar Klinikum Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
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106
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Mehrabi NF, Singh-Bains MK, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM. Stereological Methods to Quantify Cell Loss in the Huntington's Disease Human Brain. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1780:1-16. [PMID: 29856011 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Design-based stereology is a quantification method to obtain a precise and unbiased estimate of the total number of cells (or any other objects) in a well-defined region of interest. There are two comparable stereological counting methods, (a) the Optical Fractionator and (b) the Nv:Vref method. Due to the adherence to strict stereological protocol, the Optical Fractionator is the most unbiased and preferable stereological method. However, the Nv:Vref method can be an alternative when tissue availability is limited. Both methods use systematic random sampling (SRS) techniques to account for the inhomogeneous nature of biological tissue. Here we describe the criteria for a successful and accurate stereological study, using human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim F Mehrabi
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Malvindar K Singh-Bains
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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107
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Rašković B, Cruzeiro C, Poleksić V, Rocha E. Estimating volumes from common carp hepatocytes using design-based stereology and examining correlations with profile areas: Revisiting a nutritional assay and unveiling guidelines to microscopists. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:861-871. [PMID: 30730589 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Assessing fish liver status is common in aquaculture nutrition assays. This often implies determining hepatocytes profile areas in routine thin (5-7 μm) histological sections. However, there are theoretical problems using planar morphometry in thin sections: inherent sampling cells biases, too small numbers of sampled cells, under/overestimation of size, measuring size as areas when cells are three-dimensional (3D) entities. The gold standard for assessing/validate cell size is stereology using thick sections (20-40 μm). Here, we estimated the volume of hepatocytes and their nuclei by the nucleator and optical disector stereological probes (in thick sections), and, innovatively, in thin sections too (using single-section disectors). The liver of common carp eating feed containing either low or high level of lipids was targeted. Results were compared with prior profile areas from planar morphometry using thin sections, and with profile areas estimated here with the two-dimensional (2D) nucleator. Ratios between nucleus and cell/cytoplasm (N/C) areas and volumes were calculated and compared. There was high positive correlation between volumes in thin and thick sections (r = .85 to .89; p < .001), empirically validating the single-section disector. Strong correlations existed between profile-derived versus 2D-nucleator areas (r = .74 to .83; p < .001). There was systematic underestimation of cells and nucleus size using planar morphometry. The N/C ratios derived from the 2D-nucleator data were higher than those from planar morphometry. Despite theoretical premises for using simple planar morphometry in thin sections are flawed, our results support that such morphometry on carp/fish hepatocytes may offer some valid biological conclusions. Anyway, we advanced guidelines for implementing proper methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božidar Rašković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Histomorphology, Physiopathology, and Applied Toxicology Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vesna Poleksić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Histomorphology, Physiopathology, and Applied Toxicology Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
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108
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Thapa R, Donovan CH, Wong SA, Sutherland RJ, Gruber AJ. Lesions of lateral habenula attenuate win-stay but not lose-shift responses in a competitive choice task. Neurosci Lett 2019; 692:159-166. [PMID: 30389419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple neural systems contribute to choice adaptation following reinforcement. Recent evidence suggests that the lateral habenula (LHb) plays a key role in such adaptations, particularly when reinforcements are worse than expected. Here, we investigated the effects of bilateral LHb lesions on responding in a binary choice task with no discriminatory cues. LHb lesions in rats decreased win-stay responses but surprisingly left lose-shift responses intact. This same dissociated effect was also observed after systemic administration of d-amphetamine in a separate cohort of animals. These results suggest that at least some behavioural responses triggered by reward omission do not depend on an intact LHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Thapa
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W., T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Clifford H Donovan
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W., T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Scott A Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W., T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W., T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron J Gruber
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W., T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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109
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Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury: Roles for Toxic A1 Astrocytes and Microglial-Astrocytic Crosstalk. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1410-1424. [PMID: 30661228 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury triggers neuroinflammation that may contribute to progressive neurodegeneration. We investigated patterns of recruitment of astrocytes and microglia to inflammation after brain trauma by firstly characterising expression profiles over time of marker genes following TBI, and secondly by monitoring glial morphologies reflecting inflammatory responses in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (i.e. the lateral fluid percussion injury). Gene expression profiles revealed early elevation of expression of astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein relative to microglial marker allograft inflammatory factor 1 (also known as ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1). Adult rat brains collected at day 7 after injury were processed for immunohistochemistry with allograft inflammatory factor 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein and complement C3 (marker of bad/disruptive astrocytic A1 phenotype). Astrocytes positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and complement C3 were significant increased in the injured cortex and displayed more complex patterns of arbourisation with significantly increased bifurcations. Our observations suggested that traumatic brain injury changed the phenotype of microglia from a ramified appearance with long, thin, highly branched processes to a swollen amoeboid shape in the injured cortex. These findings suggest differential glial activation with astrocytes likely undergoing strategic changes in morphology and function. Whilst a detailed analysis is needed of temporal patterns of glial activation, ours is the first evidence of a role for the bad/disruptive astrocytic A1 phenotype in an open head model of traumatic brain injury.
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110
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Poorna Pillutla SV, Kaur C, Roy TS, Jacob TG. Estimation of Volume of Stria Vascularis and the Length of Its Capillaries in the Human Cochlea. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2019; 7:117-123. [PMID: 31548922 PMCID: PMC6753699 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_12_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The stria vascularis (SV) is a vascularized epithelium that secretes endolymph and is located on the lateral wall of the membranous cochlea. The capillaries of SV directly influence the composition of the endolymph and hence the generation of impulses by the hair-cells that are auditory receptors and thus affect hearing. Therefore, the real morphology of the SV would be very important for understanding the hearing system. There are few reliable reports of the morphology of the human SV. Aims and Objectives: In this research, we have estimated the volume of the SV and total length of strial capillaries in the apical, middle and basal turns of the human cochlea by updated stereological techniques. Methods: The point-counting Cavalieri's method and hemispherical volume probes were applied on stained, 40 μm-thick serial sections of five celloidin-embedded, decalcified cochleae. Results: The mean age of persons at the time of death was 51 ± 15.25 years, the mean volume of the SV was 0.56 ± 0.054 mm3 and the mean length of the SV capillaries was 289.08 ± 72.96 mm. We also estimated the same parameters with different stereological parameters, probes and in differently stained sections and checked the relationship and limits of agreement between different methods by paired t-test and Bland-Altman plot. We found agreement in our results. Conclusion: We provide reliable baseline data on the real morphology of the human SV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charanjeet Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tara Sankar Roy
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tony George Jacob
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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111
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Yamazaki K, Moura EGHD, Veras MM, Mestieri LH, Sakai P. USEFULNESS OF GASTRIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION DEPTH TO EVALUATE SKILL ACQUIREMENT IN SHORT TERM TRAINING COURSES IN ESD: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2018; 55:221-229. [PMID: 30540082 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a complex endoscopic procedure, with high rates of adverse events and technical difficulties. To overcome that problem, many training centers published the importance of animal models for skill acquirement in ESD. However, no study has used the submucosal dissection depth (DSUB) as a parameter to evaluate the learning curve in ESD, which might be a relevant factor since an optimal resection plane is important to achieve a curative resection and avoid intraoperative complications. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess ESD skill acquirement after short-term training sessions by evaluating the submucosal dissection depth (DSUB) and the association with adverse events. METHODS This experimental study included 25 experienced endoscopists in therapeuthic procedures (>5years) and 75 specimens resected by ESD (three resections / endoscopist). Learning parameters (resection time, size, en bloc resection rate, bleeding, perforation and submucosal dissection depth) were prospectively evaluated. The percentages of DSUB of all specimens resected were calculated. RESULTS All specimens were resected from the gastric body (n=75). The mean size of the resected specimens was 23.97±7.2 mm. The number of adverse events, including bleeding, perforation, and death, were 17 (22.67%), 3 (4%), and 0 cases, respectively. The average mean time by the third dissection decreased from 28.44±9.73 to 18.72±8.81 min (P<0.001). The proportion of DSUB in the bleeding and non-bleeding group were respectively 37.97%±21.13% and 68.66%±23.99%, indicating a significant association between DSUB and bleeding incidence (P<0.001). The ROC curve analysis indicated a cut-off point of 61% (sensitivity, 64%; specificity, 94%) of submucosal dissection depth associated with bleeding. Therefore, when ESD was performed at a depth of >61% of the submucosal layer, the risk for bleeding during the procedure decreased (PPV, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99). CONCLUSION Improvement in the learning curve in ESD and a better cognitive ability were seen by the third dissection in these short term training courses. And a significant association between DSUB and the risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendi Yamazaki
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Henrique Mestieri
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Sakai
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, SP, Brasil
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112
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Deniz ÖG, Altun G, Kaplan AA, Yurt KK, von Bartheld CS, Kaplan S. A concise review of optical, physical and isotropic fractionator techniques in neuroscience studies, including recent developments. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:45-53. [PMID: 30048673 PMCID: PMC6251756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stereology is a collection of methods which makes it possible to produce interpretations about actual three-dimensional features of objects based on data obtained from their two-dimensional sections or images. Quantitative morphological studies of the central nervous system have undergone significant development. In particular, new approaches known as design-based methods have been successfully applied to neuromorphological research. The morphology of macroscopic and microscopic structures, numbers of cells in organs and structures, and geometrical features such as length, volume, surface area and volume components of the organ concerned can be estimated in an unbiased manner using stereological techniques. The most practical and simplest stereological method is the fractionator technique, one of the most widely used methods for total particle number estimation. This review summarizes fractionator methods in theory and in practice. The most important feature of the methods is the simplicity of its application and underlying reasoning. Although there are three different types of the fractionator method, physical, optical and isotropic (biochemical), the logic underlying its applications remains the same. The fractionator method is one of the strongest and best options among available methods for estimation of the total number of cells in a given structure or organ. The second part of this review focuses on recent developments in stereology, including how to deal with lost caps, with tissue section deformation and shrinkage, and discusses issues of calibration, particle identification, and the role of stereology in the era of a non-histological alternative to counting of cells, the isotropic fractionator (brain soup technique).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömür Gülsüm Deniz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Arife Ahsen Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kiymet Kübra Yurt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Christopher S von Bartheld
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Suleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
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113
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Yurt KK, Kivrak EG, Altun G, Mohamed H, Ali F, Gasmalla HE, Kaplan S. A brief update on physical and optical disector applications and sectioning-staining methods in neuroscience. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 93:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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114
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Paniagua-Torija B, Norenberg M, Arevalo-Martin A, Carballosa-Gautam MM, Campos-Martin Y, Molina-Holgado E, Garcia-Ovejero D. Cells in the adult human spinal cord ependymal region do not proliferate after injury. J Pathol 2018; 246:415-421. [PMID: 30091291 DOI: 10.1002/path.5151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates that regenerate the injured spinal cord, cells at the ependymal region proliferate and coordinate the formation of bridges between the lesion stumps. In mammals, these cells also proliferate profusely around the central canal after spinal cord injury, although their actual contribution to repair is controversial. In humans, however, the central canal disappears from early childhood in the majority of individuals, being replaced by astrocyte gliosis, ependymocyte clusters, and perivascular pseudo-rosettes. In this human ependymal remnant, cells do not proliferate under normal conditions, but it is not known if they do after a lesion. Here, we studied the human ependymal remnant after traumatic spinal cord injury using samples from 21 individuals with survival times ranging from days to months post-injury. With three different monoclonal antibodies raised against two different proliferation markers (Ki67 and MCM2), we found that the ependymal remnant in adult humans does not proliferate after injury at any time or distance from the lesion. Our results seriously challenge the view of the spinal cord ependymal region as a neurogenic niche in adult humans and suggest that it would not be involved in cell replacement after a lesion. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Norenberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angel Arevalo-Martin
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Melissa M Carballosa-Gautam
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Eduardo Molina-Holgado
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Daniel Garcia-Ovejero
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
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115
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Kreutz A, Barger N. Maximizing Explanatory Power in Stereological Data Collection: A Protocol for Reliably Integrating Optical Fractionator and Multiple Immunofluorescence Techniques. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:73. [PMID: 30425623 PMCID: PMC6218486 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the promise of greater reliability and replicability of estimates, stereological techniques have revolutionized data collection in the neurosciences. At the same time, improvements in immunohistochemistry and fluorescence imaging technologies have facilitated easy application of immunofluorescence protocols, allowing for isolation of multiple target proteins in one tissue sample. Combining multiple immunofluorescence labeling with stereological data collection can provide a powerful tool to maximize explanatory power and efficiency, while minimizing tissue use. Multiple cell classes, subtypes of larger populations, or different cell states can be quantified in one case and even in one sampling run. Here, we present a protocol integrating stereological data collection and multiple immunofluorescence using commonly employed widefield epifluorescence filter sets, optimized for blue (DAPI), green (FITC), and far red (CY5) channels. Our stereological protocol has been designed to accommodate the challenges of fluorescence imaging to overcome limitations like fixed filter sets, photobleaching, and uneven immunolabeling. To enhance fluorescence signal for stereological sampling, our immunolabeling protocol utilizes both high temperature antigen retrieval to improve primary antibody binding and secondary antibodies conjugated to optimally stable fluorophores. To illustrate the utility of this approach, we estimated the number of Ctip2 immunoreactive subcerebral projection neurons and NeuN immunoreactive neurons in rat cerebral cortex at postnatal day 10. We used DAPI (blue) to define the neocortex, anti-NeuN (far red) to identify neurons, and co-labeling of anti-Ctip2 (green) and anti-NeuN (far red) to isolate only subcerebral projection neurons. Our protocol resulted in estimates with low sampling error (CE < 0.05) and high intrarater reliability (ICC > 0.98) that fall within the range of published values, attesting to its efficacy. We show our immunofluorescence techniques can be used to reliably identify other cell types, e.g., different glial cell classes, to highlight the broader applications of our approach. The flexibility of the technique, increasingly reduced costs of fluorescence technologies, and savings in experimental time and tissue use make this approach valuable for neuroscientists interested in incorporating stereology to ask precise neurophysiological and neuroanatomical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kreutz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Barger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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116
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Atapour N, Majka P, Wolkowicz IH, Malamanova D, Worthy KH, Rosa MGP. Neuronal Distribution Across the Cerebral Cortex of the Marmoset Monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:3836-3863. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Using stereological analysis of NeuN-stained sections, we investigated neuronal density and number of neurons per column throughout the marmoset cortex. Estimates of mean neuronal density encompassed a greater than 3-fold range, from >150 000 neurons/mm3 in the primary visual cortex to ~50 000 neurons/mm3 in the piriform complex. There was a trend for density to decrease from posterior to anterior cortex, but also local gradients, which resulted in a complex pattern; for example, in frontal, auditory, and somatosensory cortex neuronal density tended to increase towards anterior areas. Anterior cingulate, motor, premotor, insular, and ventral temporal areas were characterized by relatively low neuronal densities. Analysis across the depth of the cortex revealed greater laminar variation of neuronal density in occipital, parietal, and inferior temporal areas, in comparison with other regions. Moreover, differences between areas were more pronounced in the supragranular layers than in infragranular layers. Calculations of the number of neurons per unit column revealed a pattern that was distinct from that of neuronal density, including local peaks in the posterior parietal, superior temporal, precuneate, frontopolar, and temporopolar regions. These results suggest that neuronal distribution in adult cortex result from a complex interaction of developmental/ evolutionary determinants and functional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Atapour
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Piotr Majka
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ianina H Wolkowicz
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daria Malamanova
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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117
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Cherif-Feildel M, Kellner K, Goux D, Elie N, Adeline B, Lelong C, Heude Berthelin C. Morphological and molecular criteria allow the identification of putative germ stem cells in a lophotrochozoan, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:419-433. [PMID: 30318560 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While our knowledge of bivalve gametogenesis recently progressed, data on early stages of gametogenesis remain to be developed, especially when dealing with germinal stem cells (GSC) and their niche in these organisms. Here, we wish to develop a strategy to identify putative GSC in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas based on morphological criteria combined with vasa marker expression. A histological quantitative approach, based on stereology, allowed us to identify two types of early germ cells in the germinal epithelium, one presenting round nuclei and the other irregular ones. Both early germ cell types present slightly condensed chromatin in nucleus, are vasa-positive and the Oyvlg (oyster vasa-like gene) expression in these cells is recorded throughout the whole gametogenesis process. The microenvironment of an early germ cell in oyster includes an associated somatic cell presenting an immunolabeling for BMP2/4 and a close myoid cell. In agreement with the GSC characteristics in other species, we postulate that putative germ stem cells in C. gigas correspond to the early germ cell type with irregular nucleus shape; those early germ cells with a round nucleus may consist in progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Cherif-Feildel
- Normandy University, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, Unité mixte de recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, Sorbonne Université, UCN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, UA, Caen, France
| | - Kristell Kellner
- Normandy University, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, Unité mixte de recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, Sorbonne Université, UCN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, UA, Caen, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Normandy University, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, UNICAEN, SF 4206 ICORE, CMABIO3, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Normandy University, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, UNICAEN, SF 4206 ICORE, CMABIO3, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Béatrice Adeline
- Normandy University, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, Unité mixte de recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, Sorbonne Université, UCN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, UA, Caen, France
| | - Christophe Lelong
- Normandy University, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, Unité mixte de recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, Sorbonne Université, UCN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, UA, Caen, France
| | - Clothilde Heude Berthelin
- Normandy University, Caen, France. .,Université de Caen Normandie, Unité mixte de recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, Sorbonne Université, UCN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, UA, Caen, France.
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118
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Whole-Body 12C Irradiation Transiently Decreases Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Proliferation and Immature Neuron Number, but Does Not Change New Neuron Survival Rate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103078. [PMID: 30304778 PMCID: PMC6213859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-charge and -energy (HZE) particles comprise space radiation and they pose a challenge to astronauts on deep space missions. While exposure to most HZE particles decreases neurogenesis in the hippocampus—a brain structure important in memory—prior work suggests that 12C does not. However, much about 12C’s influence on neurogenesis remains unknown, including the time course of its impact on neurogenesis. To address this knowledge gap, male mice (9–11 weeks of age) were exposed to whole-body 12C irradiation 100 cGy (IRR; 1000 MeV/n; 8 kEV/µm) or Sham treatment. To birthdate dividing cells, mice received BrdU i.p. 22 h post-irradiation and brains were harvested 2 h (Short-Term) or three months (Long-Term) later for stereological analysis indices of dentate gyrus neurogenesis. For the Short-Term time point, IRR mice had fewer Ki67, BrdU, and doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactive (+) cells versus Sham mice, indicating decreased proliferation (Ki67, BrdU) and immature neurons (DCX). For the Long-Term time point, IRR and Sham mice had similar Ki67+ and DCX+ cell numbers, suggesting restoration of proliferation and immature neurons 3 months post-12C irradiation. IRR mice had fewer surviving BrdU+ cells versus Sham mice, suggesting decreased cell survival, but there was no difference in BrdU+ cell survival rate when compared within treatment and across time point. These data underscore the ability of neurogenesis in the mouse brain to recover from the detrimental effect of 12C exposure.
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119
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Layer-specific reduced neuronal density in the orbitofrontal cortex of older adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:191-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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120
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Heermann T, Garrett L, Wurst W, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M, Graw J, Hölter SM. Crybb2 Mutations Consistently Affect Schizophrenia Endophenotypes in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4215-4230. [PMID: 30291584 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of the βγ-superfamily, βB2-crystallin (CRYBB2) is an ocular structural protein in the lens, and mutation of the corresponding gene can cause cataracts. CRYBB2 also is expressed in non-lens tissue such as the adult mouse brain and is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the robustness of this association as well as how CRYBB2 may contribute to disease-relevant phenotypes is unknown. To add further clarity to this issue, we performed a comprehensive analysis of behavioral and neurohistological alterations in mice with an allelic series of mutations in the C-terminal end of the Crybb2 gene. Behavioral phenotyping of these three βB2-mutant lines Crybb2O377, Crybb2Philly, and Crybb2Aey2 included assessment of exploratory activity and anxiety-related behavior in the open field, sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, cognitive performance measured by social discrimination, and spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze. In each mutant line, we also quantified the number of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) GABAergic interneurons in selected brain regions that express CRYBB2. While there were allele-specific differences in individual behaviors and affected brain areas, all three mutant lines exhibited consistent alterations in PPI that paralleled alterations in the PV+ cell number in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). The direction of the PPI change mirrored that of the TRN PV+ cell number thereby suggesting a role for TRN PV+ cell number in modulating PPI. Moreover, as both altered PPI and PV+ cell number are schizophrenia-associated endophenotypes, our result implicates mutated Crybb2 in the development of this neuropsychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Heermann
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Developmental Genetics, Technische Universität München- Weihenstephan, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr.44, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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121
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Penttinen AM, Parkkinen I, Blom S, Kopra J, Andressoo JO, Pitkänen K, Voutilainen MH, Saarma M, Airavaara M. Implementation of deep neural networks to count dopamine neurons in substantia nigra. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2354-2361. [PMID: 30144349 PMCID: PMC6585833 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Unbiased estimates of neuron numbers within substantia nigra are crucial for experimental Parkinson's disease models and gene‐function studies. Unbiased stereological counting techniques with optical fractionation are successfully implemented, but are extremely laborious and time‐consuming. The development of neural networks and deep learning has opened a new way to teach computers to count neurons. Implementation of a programming paradigm enables a computer to learn from the data and development of an automated cell counting method. The advantages of computerized counting are reproducibility, elimination of human error and fast high‐capacity analysis. We implemented whole‐slide digital imaging and deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to count substantia nigra dopamine neurons. We compared the results of the developed method against independent manual counting by human observers and validated the CNN algorithm against previously published data in rats and mice, where tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunoreactive neurons were counted using unbiased stereology. The developed CNN algorithm and fully cloud‐embedded Aiforia™ platform provide robust and fast analysis of dopamine neurons in rat and mouse substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maija Penttinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Blom
- Biomedicum, Fimmic Oy, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kopra
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan-Olle Andressoo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Merja H Voutilainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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122
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Proliferative cells in the rat developing neocortical grey matter: new insights into gliogenesis. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:4053-4066. [PMID: 30132245 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal brain development is characterized by a substantial gain in weight and size, ascribed to increasing neuronal size and branching, and to massive addition of glial cells. This occurs concomitantly to the shrinkage of VZ and SVZ, considered to be the main germinal zones, thus suggesting the existence of other germinative niches. The aim of this study is to characterize the cortical grey matter proliferating cells during postnatal development, providing their stereological quantification and identifying the nature of their cell lineage. We performed double immunolabeling for the proliferation marker Ki67 and three proteins which identify either astrocytes (S100β) or oligodendrocytes (Olig2 and NG2), in addition to a wider panel of markers apt to validate the former markers or to investigate other cell lineages. We found that proliferating cells increase in number during the first postnatal week until P10 and subsequently decreased until P21. Cell lineage characterization revealed that grey matter proliferating cells are prevalently oligodendrocytes and astrocytes along with endothelial and microglial cells, while no neurons have been detected. Our data showed that astrogliogenesis occurs prevalently during the first 10 days of postnatal development, whereas contrary to the expected peak of oligodendrogenesis at the second postnatal week, we found a permanent pool of proliferating oligodendrocytes enduring from birth until P21. These data support the relevance of glial proliferation within the grey matter and could be a point of departure for further investigations of this complex process.
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S-Nitrosylation of Divalent Metal Transporter 1 Enhances Iron Uptake to Mediate Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons and Motoric Deficit. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8364-8377. [PMID: 30104344 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3262-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated iron deposition has been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the route of iron uptake leading to high deposition in the substantia nigra is unresolved. Here, we show a mechanism in enhanced Fe2+ uptake via S-nitrosylation of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). While DMT1 could be S-nitrosylated by exogenous nitric oxide donors, in human PD brains, endogenously S-nitrosylated DMT1 was detected in postmortem substantia nigra. Patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings and iron uptake assays confirmed increased Mn2+ or Fe2+ uptake through S-nitrosylated DMT1. We identified two major S-nitrosylation sites, C23 and C540, by mass spectrometry, and DMT1 C23A or C540A substitutions abolished nitric oxide (NO)-mediated DMT1 current increase. To evaluate in vivo significance, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was stereotaxically injected into the substantia nigra of female and male mice to induce inflammation and production of NO. The intranigral LPS injection resulted in corresponding increase in Fe2+ deposition, JNK activation, dopaminergic neuronal loss and deficit in motoric activity, and these were rescued by the NO synthase inhibitor l-NAME or by the DMT1-selective blocker ebselen. Lentiviral knockdown of DMT1 abolished LPS-induced dopaminergic neuron loss.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuroinflammation and high cytoplasmic Fe2+ levels have been implicated in the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report the unexpected enhancement of the functional activity of transmembrane divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) by S-nitrosylation. We demonstrated that S-nitrosylation increased DMT1-mediated Fe2+ uptake, and two cysteines were identified by mass spectrometry to be the sites for S-nitrosylation and for enhanced iron uptake. One conceptual advance is that while DMT1 activity could be increased by external acidification because the gating of the DMT1 transporter is proton motive, we discovered that DMT1 activity could also be enhanced by S-nitrosylation. Significantly, lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO)-mediated neuronal death in the substantia nigra could be ameliorated by using l-NAME, a NO synthase inhibitor, or by ebselen, a DMT1-selective blocker.
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Intermittent low-level lead exposure provokes anxiety, hypertension, autonomic dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Neurotoxicology 2018; 69:307-319. [PMID: 30098355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposures to lead (Pb) during developmental phases can alter the normal course of development, with lifelong health consequences. Permanent Pb exposure leads to behavioral changes, cognitive impairment, sympathoexcitation, tachycardia, hypertension and autonomic dysfunction. However, the effects of an intermittent lead exposure are not yet studied. This pattern of exposure has been recently increasing due to migrations, implementation of school exchange programs and/or residential changes. OBJECTIVE To determine and compare lead effects on mammal's behavior and physiology, using a rat model of intermittent and permanent Pb exposures. METHODS Fetuses were intermittently (PbI) or permanently (PbP) exposed to water containing lead acetate (0.2% w/v) throughout life until adulthood (28 weeks of age). A control group (CTL) without any exposure to lead was also used. Anxiety was assessed by elevated plus maze (EPM) and locomotor activity and exploration by open field test (OFT). Blood pressure (BP), electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF), sympathetic and parasympathetic activity and baro- and chemoreceptor reflex profiles were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry protocol for the assessment of neuroinflammation, neuronal loss (NeuN), gliosis and synaptic alterations (Iba-1, GFAP, Syn), were performed at the hippocampus. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison between means were used (significance p < 0.05) for statistical analysis. RESULTS The intermittent lead exposure produced a significant increase in diastolic and mean BP values, concomitant with a tendency to sympathetic overactivity (estimated by increased low-frequency power) and without significant changes in systolic BP, HR and RF. A chemoreceptor hypersensitivity and a baroreflex impairment were also observed, however, less pronounced when compared to the permanent exposure. Regarding behavioral changes, both lead exposure profiles showed an anxiety-like behavior without changes in locomotor and exploratory activity. Increase in GFAP and Iba-1 positive cells, without changes in NeuN positive cells were found in both exposed groups. Syn staining suffered a significant decrease in PbI group and a significant increase in PbP group. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that developmental Pb exposure since fetal period can cause lasting impairments in physiological parameters. The intermittent lead exposure causes adverse health effects, i.e, hypertension, increased respiratory frequency and chemoreflex sensitivity, baroreflex impairment, anxiety, decreased synaptic activity, neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis, in some ways similar to a permanent exposure, however some are lower-grade, due to the shorter duration of exposure. This study brings new insights on the environmental factors that influence autonomic and cardiovascular systems during development, which can help in creating public policy strategies to prevent and control the adverse effects of Pb toxicity.
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Weinrich L, Sonntag M, Arendt T, Morawski M. Neuroanatomical characterization of perineuronal net components in the human cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex. Hear Res 2018; 367:32-47. [PMID: 30025262 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The human auditory brainstem, especially the cochlear nucleus (CN) and the superior olivary complex (SOC) are characterized by a high density of neurons associated with perineuronal nets (PNs). PNs build a specific form of extracellular matrix surrounding the neuronal somata, proximal dendrites and axon initial segments. They restrict synaptic plasticity and control high-frequency synaptic activity, a prominent characteristic of neurons of the auditory brainstem. The distribution of PNs within the auditory brainstem has been investigated in a number of mammalian species. However, much less is known regarding PNs in the human auditory brainstem. The present study aimed at the immunohistochemical identification of PNs in the cochlear nucleus (CN) and superior olivary complex (SOC) in the human brainstem. We focused on the complex nature and molecular variability of PNs in the CN and SOC by using specific antibodies against the main PN components (aggrecan, brevican, neurocan and hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1). Virtually all subnuclei within the ventral CN and SOC were found to be associated with PNs. Direct comparison between gerbil and human yielded similar fine structure of PNs and confirmed the typical tight interdigitation of PNs with synaptic terminals in both species. Noticeably, an elaborate combination of immunohistochemical labelings clearly supports the still debated existence of the medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB) in the human brain. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that PNs form a prominent extracellular structure on CN and SOC neurons in the human brain, potentially stabilizing synaptic contacts, which is in agreement with many other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Weinrich
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Sonntag
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Yalcin-Cakmakli G, Rose SJ, Villalba RM, Williams L, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ, Smith Y. Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in a Knock-in Mouse Model of L-DOPA-Responsive Dystonia. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:28. [PMID: 29997483 PMCID: PMC6030733 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic dysfunction is a common phenotype associated with various forms of dystonia in which anti-cholinergic drugs have some therapeutic benefits. However, the underlying substrate of striatal cholinergic defects in dystonia remain poorly understood. In this study, we used a recently developed knock-in mouse model of dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD) with strong symptomatic responses to anti-cholinergic drugs, to assess changes in the prevalence and morphology of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in a model of generalized dystonia. Unbiased stereological neuronal counts and Sholl analysis were used to address these issues. To determine the potential effect of aging on the number of ChIs, both young (3 months old) and aged (15 months old) mice were used. For purpose of comparisons with ChIs, the number of GABAergic parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactive striatal interneurons was also quantified in young mice. Overall, no significant change in the prevalence of ChIs and PV-immunoreactive cells was found throughout various functional regions of the striatum in young DRD mice. Similar results were found for ChIs in aged animals. Subtle changes in the extent and complexity of the dendritic tree of ChIs were found in middle and caudal regions of the striatum in DRD mice. Additional immunohistochemical data also suggested lack of significant change in the expression of striatal cholinergic M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors immunoreactivity in DRD mice. Thus, together with our previous data from a knock-in mouse model of DYT-1 dystonia (Song et al., 2013), our data further suggest that the dysregulation of striatal cholinergic transmission in dystonia is not associated with major neuroplastic changes in the morphology or prevalence of striatal ChIs. HighlightsThere is no significant change in the number of striatal ChIs in young and aged mice model of DRD There is no significant change in the prevalence of striatal GABAergic PV-containing interneurons in the striatum of young mice models of DRD Subtle morphological changes in the dendritic arborization of striatal ChIs are found in the middle and caudal tiers of the striatum in young mice models of DRD The levels of both M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors immunoreactivity are not significantly changed in the striatum of DRD mice Major changes in the prevalence and morphology of striatal ChIs are unlikely to underlie striatal cholinergic dysfunction in DRD
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Yalcin-Cakmakli
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samuel J Rose
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rosa M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lagena Williams
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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McDonald RJ, Balog RJ, Lee JQ, Stuart EE, Carrels BB, Hong NS. Rats with ventral hippocampal damage are impaired at various forms of learning including conditioned inhibition, spatial navigation, and discriminative fear conditioning to similar contexts. Behav Brain Res 2018; 351:138-151. [PMID: 29883593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ventral hippocampus (vHPC) has been implicated in learning and memory functions that seem to differ from its dorsal counterpart. The goal of this series of experiments was to provide further insight into the functional contributions of the vHPC. Our previous work implicated the vHPC in spatial learning, inhibitory learning, and fear conditioning to context. However, the specific role of vHPC on these different forms of learning are not clear. Accordingly, we assessed the effects of neurotoxic lesions of the ventral hippocampus on retention of a conditioned inhibitory association, early versus late spatial navigation in the water task, and discriminative fear conditioning to context under high ambiguity conditions. The results showed that the vHPC was necessary for the expression of conditioned inhibition, early spatial learning, and discriminative fear conditioning to context when the paired and unpaired contexts have high cue overlap. We argue that this pattern of effects, combined with previous work, suggests a key role for vHPC in the utilization of broad contextual representations for inhibition and discriminative memory in high ambiguity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J McDonald
- The Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - R J Balog
- The Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Justin Q Lee
- The Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Emily E Stuart
- The Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Brianna B Carrels
- The Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nancy S Hong
- The Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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128
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Murata Y, Oka A, Iseki A, Mori M, Ohe K, Mine K, Enjoji M. Prolonged sleep deprivation decreases cell proliferation and immature newborn neurons in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus of male rats. Neurosci Res 2018; 131:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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129
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Mendez OA, Potter CJ, Valdez M, Bello T, Trouard TP, Koshy AA. Semi-automated quantification and neuroanatomical mapping of heterogeneous cell populations. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 305:98-104. [PMID: 29782884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our group studies the interactions between cells of the brain and the neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Using an in vivo system that allows us to permanently mark and identify brain cells injected with Toxoplasma protein, we have identified that Toxoplasma-injected neurons (TINs) are heterogeneously distributed throughout the brain. Unfortunately, standard methods to quantify and map heterogeneous cell populations onto a reference brain atlas are time consuming and prone to user bias. NEW METHOD We developed a novel MATLAB-based semi-automated quantification and mapping program to allow the rapid and consistent mapping of heterogeneously distributed cells on to the Allen Institute Mouse Brain Atlas. The system uses two-threshold background subtraction to identify and quantify cells of interest. RESULTS We demonstrate that we reliably quantify and neuroanatomically localize TINs with low intra- or inter-observer variability. In a follow up experiment, we show that specific regions of the mouse brain are enriched with TINs. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The procedure we use takes advantage of simple immunohistochemistry labeling techniques, use of a standard microscope with a motorized stage, and low cost computing that can be readily obtained at a research institute. To our knowledge there is no other program that uses such readily available techniques and equipment for mapping heterogeneous populations of cells across the whole mouse brain. CONCLUSION The quantification method described here allows reliable visualization, quantification, and mapping of heterogeneous cell populations in immunolabeled sections across whole mouse brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Mendez
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Colin J Potter
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Undergraduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Michael Valdez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Thomas Bello
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Theodore P Trouard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Anita A Koshy
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States.
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130
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Yoon Y, Park H, Kim S, Nguyen PT, Hyeon SJ, Chung S, Im H, Lee J, Lee SB, Ryu H. Genetic Ablation of EWS RNA Binding Protein 1 (EWSR1) Leads to Neuroanatomical Changes and Motor Dysfunction in Mice. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:103-111. [PMID: 29731676 PMCID: PMC5934541 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study reveals that missense mutations of EWSR1 are associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but the function of wild-type (WT) EWSR1 in the central nervous system (CNS) is not known yet. Herein, we investigated the neuroanatomical and motor function changes in Ewsr1 knock out (KO) mice. First, we quantified neuronal nucleus size in the motor cortex, dorsal striatum and hippocampus of three different groups: WT, heterozygous Ewsr1 KO (+/−), and homozygous Ewsr1 KO (−/−) mice. The neuronal nucleus size was significantly smaller in the motor cortex and striatum of homozygous Ewsr1 KO (−/−) mice than that of WT. In addition, in the hippocampus, the neuronal nucleus size was significantly smaller in both heterozygous Ewsr1 KO (+/−) and homozygous Ewsr1 KO (−/−) mice. We then assessed motor function of Ewsr1 KO (−/−) and WT mice by a tail suspension test. Both forelimb and hindlimb movements were significantly increased in Ewsr1 KO (−/−) mice. Lastly, we performed immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of TH, DARPP-32, and phosphorylated (p)-DARPP-32 (Thr75) in the striatum and substantia nigra, which are associated with dopaminergic signaling. The immunoreactivity of TH and DARPP-32 was decreased in Ewsr1 KO (−/−) mice. Together, our results suggest that EWSR1 plays a significant role in neuronal morphology, dopaminergic signaling pathways, and motor function in the CNS of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojun Yoon
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hasang Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sangyeon Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Phuong T Nguyen
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyeonjoo Im
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Junghee Lee
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sean Bong Lee
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Lee JQ, LeDuke DO, Chua K, McDonald RJ, Sutherland RJ. Relocating cued goals induces population remapping in CA1 related to memory performance in a two-platform water task in rats. Hippocampus 2018; 28:431-440. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Quinn Lee
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive; Lethbridge Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Deryn O. LeDuke
- Quest University Canada, 3200 University Drive; Squamish British Columbia, V8B 0N8 Canada
| | - Kate Chua
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive; Lethbridge Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Robert J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive; Lethbridge Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Robert J. Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive; Lethbridge Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada
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132
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Garrett L, Ung M, Heermann T, Niedermeier KM, Hölter S. Analysis of Neuropsychiatric Disease‐Related Functional Neuroanatomical Markers in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:79-128. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München; German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Marie‐Claire Ung
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Tamara Heermann
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Kristina M. Niedermeier
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Sabine Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München; German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
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133
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Quarta E, Fulgenzi G, Bravi R, Cohen EJ, Yanpallewar S, Tessarollo L, Minciacchi D. Deletion of the endogenous TrkB.T1 receptor isoform restores the number of hippocampal CA1 parvalbumin-positive neurons and rescues long-term potentiation in pre-symptomatic mSOD1(G93A) ALS mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 89:33-41. [PMID: 29580900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes rapidly progressive paralysis and death within 5 years from diagnosis due to degeneration of the motor circuits. However, a significant population of ALS patients also shows cognitive impairments and progressive hippocampal pathology. Likewise, the mutant SOD1(G93A) mouse model of ALS (mSOD1), in addition to loss of spinal motor neurons, displays altered spatial behavior and hippocampal abnormalities including loss of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVi) and enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these morpho-functional features are not well understood. Since removal of TrkB.T1, a receptor isoform of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, can partially rescue the phenotype of the mSOD1 mice, here we tested whether removal of TrkB.T1 can normalize the number of PVi and the LTP in this model. Stereological analysis of hippocampal PVi in control, TrkB.T1-/-, mSOD1, and mSOD1 mice deficient for TrkB.T1 (mSOD1/T1-/-) showed that deletion of TrkB.T1 restored the number of PVi to physiological level in the mSOD1 hippocampus. The rescue of PVi neuron number is paralleled by a normalization of high-frequency stimulation-induced LTP in the pre-symptomatic mSOD1/T1-/- mice. Our experiments identified TrkB.T1 as a cellular player involved in the homeostasis of parvalbumin expressing interneurons and, in the context of murine ALS, show that TrkB.T1 is involved in the mechanism underlying structural and functional hippocampal degeneration. These findings have potential implications for hippocampal degeneration and cognitive impairments reported in ALS patients at early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Quarta
- Physiological Science Section, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy; Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gianluca Fulgenzi
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bravi
- Physiological Science Section, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Erez James Cohen
- Physiological Science Section, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Lino Tessarollo
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Diego Minciacchi
- Physiological Science Section, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy.
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Napper RMA. Total Number Is Important: Using the Disector Method in Design-Based Stereology to Understand the Structure of the Rodent Brain. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:16. [PMID: 29556178 PMCID: PMC5844935 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of using design-based stereology in the collection of quantitative data, have been highlighted, in numerous publications, since the description of the disector method by Sterio (1984). This review article discusses the importance of total number derived with the disector method, as a key variable that must continue to be used to understand the rodent brain and that such data can be used to develop quantitative networks of the brain. The review article will highlight the huge impact total number has had on our understanding of the rodent brain and it will suggest that neuroscientists need to be aware of the increasing number of studies where density, not total number, is the quantitative measure used. It will emphasize that density can result in data that is misleading, most often in an unknown direction, and that we run the risk of this type of data being accepted into the collective neuroscience knowledge database. It will also suggest that design-based stereology using the disector method, can be used alongside recent developments in electron microscopy, such as serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to obtain total number data very efficiently at the ultrastructural level. Throughout the article total number is discussed as a key parameter in understanding the micro-networks of the rodent brain as they can be represented as both anatomical and quantitative networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M A Napper
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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135
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Threshold-based segmentation of fluorescent and chromogenic images of microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in FIJI. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 295:87-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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136
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Svarcbahs R, Julku UH, Norrbacka S, Myöhänen TT. Removal of prolyl oligopeptidase reduces alpha-synuclein toxicity in cells and in vivo. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1552. [PMID: 29367610 PMCID: PMC5784134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) inhibition by small-molecule inhibitors can reduce alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation, a key player in Parkinson's disease pathology. However, the significance of PREP protein for aSyn aggregation and toxicity is not known. We studied this in vivo by using PREP knock-out mice with viral vector injections of aSyn and PREP. Animal behavior was studied by locomotor activity and cylinder tests, microdialysis and HPLC were used to analyze dopamine levels, and different aSyn forms and loss of dopaminergic neurons were studied by immunostainings. Additionally, PREP knock-out cells were used to characterize the impact of PREP and aSyn on autophagy, proteasomal system and aSyn secretion. PREP knock-out animals were nonresponsive to aSyn-induced unilateral toxicity but combination of PREP and aSyn injections increased aSyn toxicity. Phosphorylated p129, proteinase K resistant aSyn levels and tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells were decreased in aSyn and PREP injected knock-out animals. These changes were accompanied by altered dopamine metabolite levels. PREP knock-out cells showed reduced response to aSyn, while cells were restored to wild-type cell levels after PREP overexpression. Taken together, our data suggests that PREP can enhance aSyn toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinis Svarcbahs
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrika H Julku
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Norrbacka
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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137
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Fichtl A, Büttner A, Hof PR, Schmitz C, Kiessling MC. Delineation of Subregions in the Early Postnatal Human Cerebellum for Design-Based Stereologic Studies. Front Neuroanat 2018; 11:134. [PMID: 29358908 PMCID: PMC5766680 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent design-based stereologic studies have shown that the early postnatal (<1 year of age) human cerebellum is characterized by very high plasticity and may thus be very sensitive to external and internal influences during the first year of life. A potential weakness of these studies is that they were not separately performed on functionally relevant subregions of the cerebellum, as was the case in a few design-based stereologic studies on the adult human cerebellum. The aim of the present study was to assess whether it is possible to identify unequivocally the primary, superior posterior, horizontal, ansoparamedian, and posterolateral fissures in the early postnatal human cerebellum, based on which functionally relevant subregions could be delineated. This was tested in 20 human post mortem cerebellar halves from subjects aged between 1 day and 11 months by means of a combined macroscopic and microscopic approach. We found that the superior posterior, horizontal, and posterolateral fissures can be reliably identified on all of the specimens. However, reliable and reproducible identification of the primary and ansoparamedian fissures was not possible. Accordingly, it appears feasible to perform subregion-specific investigations in the early postnatal human cerebellum when the identification of subregions is restricted to crus I (bordered by the superior posterior and horizontal fissures) and the flocculus (bordered by the posterolateral fissure). As such, it is recommended to define the entire cerebellar cortex as the region of interest in design-based stereologic studies on the early postnatal human cerebellum to guarantee reproducibility of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fichtl
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Büttner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maren C Kiessling
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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138
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Healy S, McMahon J, FitzGerald U. Seeing the wood for the trees: towards improved quantification of glial cells in central nervous system tissue. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1520-1523. [PMID: 30127105 PMCID: PMC6126125 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The following mini-review attempts to guide researchers in the quantification of fluorescently-labelled proteins within cultured thick or chromogenically-stained proteins within thin sections of brain tissue. It follows from our examination of the utility of Fiji ImageJ thresholding and binarization algorithms. Describing how we identified the maximum intensity projection as the best of six tested for two dimensional (2D)-rendering of three-dimensional (3D) images derived from a series of z-stacked micrographs, the review summarises our comparison of 16 global and 9 local algorithms for their ability to accurately quantify the expression of astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), microglial ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) and oligodendrocyte lineage Olig2 within fixed cultured rat hippocampal brain slices. The application of these algorithms to chromogenically-stained GFAP and IBA1 within thin tissue sections, is also described. Fiji’s BioVoxxel plugin allowed categorisation of algorithms according to their sensitivity, specificity accuracy and relative quality. The Percentile algorithm was deemed best for quantifying levels of GFAP, the Li algorithm was best when quantifying IBA expression, while the Otsu algorithm was optimum for Olig2 staining, albeit with over-quantification of oligodendrocyte number when compared to a stereological approach. Also, GFAP and IBA expression in 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB)/haematoxylin-stained cerebellar tissue was best quantified with Default, Isodata and Moments algorithms. The workflow presented in Figure 1 could help to improve the quality of research outcomes that are based on the quantification of protein with brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Healy
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jill McMahon
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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139
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Goes AT, Jesse CR, Antunes MS, Lobo Ladd FV, Lobo Ladd AA, Luchese C, Paroul N, Boeira SP. Protective role of chrysin on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurodegeneration a mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Involvement of neuroinflammation and neurotrophins. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 279:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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140
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Dortaj H, Yadegari M, Hosseini Sharif Abad M, Abbasi Sarcheshmeh A, Anvari M. Stereological Method for Assessing the Effect of Vitamin C Administration on the Reduction of Acrylamide-induced Neurotoxicity. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:27-34. [PMID: 29942437 PMCID: PMC6015636 DOI: 10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acrylamide (ACR) consumption is increasing all over the world. There are some evidence on the literature about its neurotoxic effect on mature animals, but the effects of ACR on postnatal development have been less studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ACR on development of cortical layer, white matter, and number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in rat newborns. Methods This study was carried out on 20 female Wistar rats (average weight: 180 g, aged: two months). The rats were divided into four groups. Pregnant rats were orally fed with ACR 10 mg/kg and vitamin C 200 mg/kg. In this study, 6 infants of each group (weighting 32-35 g) were randomly selected at day 21 after birth and placed under deep anesthesia and transcardial perfusion. Their cerebellums were fixed and histopathological changes were evaluated with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and cresyl violet method. The volume of cerebellar cortical layers and number of Purkinje cells were investigated by Cavalieri's principle and physical dissector methods. The obtained data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and LSD test using SPSS. P<0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results The results showed that newborns of ACR-treated female rats have decreased cerebellar weight (P≤0.05) and lower than average number of Purkinje cells (P≤0.001). ACR also decreased the volume of granular and molecular layer and increased the volume of white matter. While the results showed decreased in white matter volume in vitamin C group (P≤0.001). Conclusion ACR induces structural changes in the development of the cerebellar cortical layers in rat newborns, but these changes may be prevented by vitamin C as an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Dortaj
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Yadegari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseini Sharif Abad
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Abbasi Sarcheshmeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Morteza Anvari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
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141
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Maruyama M, Hotta N, Nio Y, Hamagami K, Nagi T, Funata M, Sakamoto J, Nakakariya M, Amano N, Nishida M, Okawa T, Arikawa Y, Sasaki S, Kasai S, Nagisa Y, Habata Y, Mori M. Bombesin receptor subtype-3-expressing neurons regulate energy homeostasis through a novel neuronal pathway in the hypothalamus. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00881. [PMID: 29568682 PMCID: PMC5853643 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) has been suggested to play a potential role in energy homeostasis. However, the physiological mechanism of BRS-3 on energy homeostasis remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the BRS-3-mediated neuronal pathway involved in food intake and energy expenditure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of BRS-3 in the rat brain was histologically examined. The BRS-3 neurons activated by refeeding-induced satiety or a BRS-3 agonist were identified by c-Fos immunostaining. We also analyzed expression changes in feeding-relating peptides in the brain of fasted rats administered with the BRS-3 agonist. RESULTS In the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and medial preoptic area (MPA), strong c-Fos induction was observed in the BRS-3 neurons especially in PVH after refeeding. However, the BRS-3 neurons in the PVH did not express feeding-regulating peptides, while the BRS-3 agonist administration induced c-Fos expression in the DMH and MPA, which were not refeeding-sensitive, as well as in the PVH. The BRS-3 agonist administration changed the Pomc and Cart mRNA level in several brain regions of fasted rats. CONCLUSION These results suggest that BRS-3 neurons in the PVH are a novel functional subdivision in the PVH that regulates feeding behavior. As the MPA and DMH are reportedly involved in thermoregulation and energy metabolism, the BRS-3 neurons in the MPA/DMH might mediate the energy expenditure control. POMC and CART may contribute to BRS-3 neuron-mediated energy homeostasis regulation. In summary, BRS-3-expressing neurons could regulate energy homeostasis through a novel neuronal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Maruyama
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Natsu Hotta
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yasunori Nio
- Extra Value Generation & General Medicine Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kenichi Hamagami
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Toshimi Nagi
- Central Nervous System Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Masaaki Funata
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Junichi Sakamoto
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Masanori Nakakariya
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research LaboratoriesTakeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Amano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research LaboratoriesTakeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishida
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okawa
- Central Nervous System Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Arikawa
- Central Nervous System Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shinobu Sasaki
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories Pharmaceutical Research Division Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan.,Present address: CVM Marketing Japan Pharma Business UnitTakeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.12-10, Nihonbashi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-8686 Japan
| | - Yugo Habata
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan.,Present address: Foods & Nutrients Yamanashi Gakuin Junior College Sakaori 2-4-5, Kofu Yamanashi 400-8575 Japan
| | - Masaaki Mori
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Kanagawa Japan
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142
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Garas FN, Kormann E, Shah RS, Vinciati F, Smith Y, Magill PJ, Sharott A. Structural and molecular heterogeneity of calretinin-expressing interneurons in the rodent and primate striatum. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:877-898. [PMID: 29218729 PMCID: PMC5814860 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calretinin‐expressing (CR+) interneurons are the most common type of striatal interneuron in primates. However, because CR+ interneurons are relatively scarce in rodent striatum, little is known about their molecular and other properties, and they are typically excluded from models of striatal circuitry. Moreover, CR+ interneurons are often treated in models as a single homogenous population, despite previous descriptions of their heterogeneous structures and spatial distributions in rodents and primates. Here, we demonstrate that, in rodents, the combinatorial expression of secretagogin (Scgn), specificity protein 8 (SP8) and/or LIM homeobox protein 7 (Lhx7) separates striatal CR+ interneurons into three structurally and topographically distinct cell populations. The CR+/Scgn+/SP8+/Lhx7− interneurons are small‐sized (typically 7–11 µm in somatic diameter), possess tortuous, partially spiny dendrites, and are rostrally biased in their positioning within striatum. The CR+/Scgn−/SP8−/Lhx7− interneurons are medium‐sized (typically 12–15 µm), have bipolar dendrites, and are homogenously distributed throughout striatum. The CR+/Scgn−/SP8−/Lhx7+ interneurons are relatively large‐sized (typically 12–20 µm), and have thick, infrequently branching dendrites. Furthermore, we provide the first in vivo electrophysiological recordings of identified CR+ interneurons, all of which were the CR+/Scgn−/SP8−/Lhx7− cell type. In the primate striatum, Scgn co‐expression also identified a topographically distinct CR+ interneuron population with a rostral bias similar to that seen in both rats and mice. Taken together, these results suggest that striatal CR+ interneurons comprise at least three molecularly, structurally, and topographically distinct cell populations in rodents. These properties are partially conserved in primates, in which the relative abundance of CR+ interneurons suggests that they play a critical role in striatal microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid N Garas
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eszter Kormann
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul S Shah
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Vinciati
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology and Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter J Magill
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sharott
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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143
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Shuvaev SA, Lazutkin AA, Kedrov AV, Anokhin KV, Enikolopov GN, Koulakov AA. DALMATIAN: An Algorithm for Automatic Cell Detection and Counting in 3D. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:117. [PMID: 29311849 PMCID: PMC5732941 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Current 3D imaging methods, including optical projection tomography, light-sheet microscopy, block-face imaging, and serial two photon tomography enable visualization of large samples of biological tissue. Large volumes of data obtained at high resolution require development of automatic image processing techniques, such as algorithms for automatic cell detection or, more generally, point-like object detection. Current approaches to automated cell detection suffer from difficulties originating from detection of particular cell types, cell populations of different brightness, non-uniformly stained, and overlapping cells. In this study, we present a set of algorithms for robust automatic cell detection in 3D. Our algorithms are suitable for, but not limited to, whole brain regions and individual brain sections. We used watershed procedure to split regional maxima representing overlapping cells. We developed a bootstrap Gaussian fit procedure to evaluate the statistical significance of detected cells. We compared cell detection quality of our algorithm and other software using 42 samples, representing 6 staining and imaging techniques. The results provided by our algorithm matched manual expert quantification with signal-to-noise dependent confidence, including samples with cells of different brightness, non-uniformly stained, and overlapping cells for whole brain regions and individual tissue sections. Our algorithm provided the best cell detection quality among tested free and commercial software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Shuvaev
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States.,Brain Stem Cell Laboratory, NBIC, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Lazutkin
- Brain Stem Cell Laboratory, NBIC, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kedrov
- Brain Stem Cell Laboratory, NBIC, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigori N Enikolopov
- Brain Stem Cell Laboratory, NBIC, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Alexei A Koulakov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
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144
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Grigg NP, Krilow JM, Gutierrez-Ibanez C, Wylie DR, Graves GR, Iwaniuk AN. Anatomical evidence for scent guided foraging in the turkey vulture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17408. [PMID: 29234134 PMCID: PMC5727128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) is a widespread, scavenging species in the Western Hemisphere that locates carrion by smell. Scent guided foraging is associated with an expansion of the olfactory bulbs of the brain in vertebrates, but no such neuroanatomical data exists for vultures. We provide the first measurements of turkey vulture brains, including the size of their olfactory bulbs and numbers of mitral cells, which provide the primary output of the olfactory bulbs. Comparative analyses show that the turkey vulture has olfactory bulbs that are 4× larger and contain twice as many mitral cells as those of the sympatric black vulture (Coragyps atratus), despite having brains that are 20% smaller. The turkey vulture has the largest olfactory bulbs in absolute terms and adjusted for brain size among birds, but the number of mitral cells is proportional to the size of their olfactory bulbs. The combination of large olfactory bulbs, high mitral cell counts and a greatly enlarged nasal cavity likely reflects a highly sensitive olfactory system. We suggest that this sensitive sense of smell allowed the turkey vulture to colonize biomes that are suboptimal for scavenging birds and become the most widespread vulture species in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Grigg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Justin M Krilow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Douglas R Wylie
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gary R Graves
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew N Iwaniuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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145
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Bahney J, von Bartheld CS. The Cellular Composition and Glia-Neuron Ratio in the Spinal Cord of a Human and a Nonhuman Primate: Comparison With Other Species and Brain Regions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:697-710. [PMID: 29150977 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cellular composition of brains shows largely conserved, gradual evolutionary trends between species. In the primate spinal cord, however, the glia-neuron ratio was reported to be greatly increased over that in the rodent spinal cord. Here, we re-examined the cellular composition of the spinal cord of one human and one nonhuman primate species by employing two different counting methods, the isotropic fractionator and stereology. We also determined whether segmental differences in cellular composition, possibly reflecting increased fine motor control of the upper extremities, may explain a sharply increased glia-neuron ratio in primates. In the cynomolgus monkey spinal cord, the isotropic fractionator and stereology yielded 206-275 million cells, of which 13.3-25.1% were neurons (28-69 million). Stereological estimates yielded 21.1% endothelial cells and 65.5% glial cells (glia-neuron ratio of 4.9-5.6). In human spinal cords, the isotropic fractionator and stereology generated estimates of 1.5-1.7 billion cells and 197-222 million neurons (13.4% neurons, 12.2% endothelial cells, 74.8% glial cells), and a glia-neuron ratio of 5.6-7.1, with estimates of neuron numbers in the human spinal cord based on morphological criteria. The non-neuronal to neuron ratios in human and cynomolgus monkey spinal cords were 6.5 and 3.2, respectively, suggesting that previous reports overestimated this ratio. We did not find significant segmental differences in the cellular composition between cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels. When compared with brain regions, the spinal cord showed gradual increases of the glia-neuron ratio with increasing brain mass, similar to the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Anat Rec, 301:697-710, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami Bahney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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146
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Ahn JH, Park JH, Choi SY, Lee TK, Cho JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Lee E, Park S, Lim J, Lee YJ, Seo K, Won MH. The distribution of calbindinD-28k and parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the somatosensory area of the pigeon pallium. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 47:64-70. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology; Hallym University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - J. H. Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology; Hallym University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - S. Y. Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology; Hallym University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - T.-K. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology; School of Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - J. H. Cho
- Department of Neurobiology; School of Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - I. H. Kim
- Department of Neurobiology; School of Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - J.-C. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology; School of Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - J. H. Choi
- Department of Anatomy; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - I. K. Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - E. Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - S. Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - J. Lim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Y. J. Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Seoul Hospital; College of Medicine; Sooncheonhyang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - K. Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - M.-H. Won
- Department of Neurobiology; School of Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon South Korea
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147
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Kim Y, Yang GR, Pradhan K, Venkataraju KU, Bota M, García Del Molino LC, Fitzgerald G, Ram K, He M, Levine JM, Mitra P, Huang ZJ, Wang XJ, Osten P. Brain-wide Maps Reveal Stereotyped Cell-Type-Based Cortical Architecture and Subcortical Sexual Dimorphism. Cell 2017; 171:456-469.e22. [PMID: 28985566 PMCID: PMC5870827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The stereotyped features of neuronal circuits are those most likely to explain the remarkable capacity of the brain to process information and govern behaviors, yet it has not been possible to comprehensively quantify neuronal distributions across animals or genders due to the size and complexity of the mammalian brain. Here we apply our quantitative brain-wide (qBrain) mapping platform to document the stereotyped distributions of mainly inhibitory cell types. We discover an unexpected cortical organizing principle: sensory-motor areas are dominated by output-modulating parvalbumin-positive interneurons, whereas association, including frontal, areas are dominated by input-modulating somatostatin-positive interneurons. Furthermore, we identify local cell type distributions with more cells in the female brain in 10 out of 11 sexually dimorphic subcortical areas, in contrast to the overall larger brains in males. The qBrain resource can be further mined to link stereotyped aspects of neuronal distributions to known and unknown functions of diverse brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoo Kim
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA; College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | | - Kith Pradhan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Mihail Bota
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Greg Fitzgerald
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Keerthi Ram
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Brain Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jesse Maurica Levine
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Partha Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY, 10003, USA; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.
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148
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Deniz OG, Kaplan S, Selçuk MB, Terzi M, Altun G, Yurt KK, Aslan K, Davis D. Effects of short and long term electromagnetic fields exposure on the human hippocampus. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2017; 5:191-197. [PMID: 30023254 PMCID: PMC6025790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of mobile phones may have a number of physiological and psychological effects on human health. Many animal and human studies have reported various effects on the central nervous system and cognitive performance from of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by mobile phones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of mobile phones on the morphology of the human brain and on cognitive performance using stereological and spectroscopic methods and neurocognitive tests. Sixty healthy female medical school students aged 18-25 years were divided into a low exposure group (30 subjects, <30 min daily use by the head) and high exposure group (30 subjects, >90 min daily use by the head). Magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain analysed on OsiriX 3.2.1 workstation. Neuropsychological tests were performed for each subject. In addition, three dominant specific metabolites were analysed, choline at 3.21 ppm, creatine at 3.04 ppm and N-acetyl aspartate at 2.02 ppm. Analysis of the spectroscopic results revealed no significant difference in specific metabolites between the groups (p > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in terms of hippocampal volume between the groups (p > 0.05). In contrast, the results of the stroop and digit span (backward) neurocognitive tests of high exposure group for evaluating attention were significantly poorer from low exposure group (p < 0.05). Based on these results, we conclude that a lack of attention and concentration may occur in subjects who talk on mobile phones for longer times, compared to those who use phones relatively less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omur Gulsum Deniz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bekir Selçuk
- Department of Radiology, Medical School of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Terzi
- Department of Neurology, Medical School of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kıymet Kübra Yurt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kerim Aslan
- Department of Radiology, Medical School of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Devra Davis
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, USA
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149
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Hokkanen SRK, Hunter S, Polvikoski TM, Keage HAD, Minett T, Matthews FE, Brayne C. Hippocampal sclerosis, hippocampal neuron loss patterns and TDP-43 in the aged population. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:548-559. [PMID: 28833898 PMCID: PMC6099461 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neuron loss is a common neuropathological feature in old age with various underlying etiologies. Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is neuropathologically characterized by severe CA1 neuronal loss and frequent presence of transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) aggregations. Its etiology is unclear and currently no standardized approaches to measure HS-Aging exist. We developed a semi-quantitative protocol, which captures various hippocampal neuron loss patterns, and compared their occurrence in the context of HS-Aging, TDP-43, vascular and tau pathology in 672 brains (TDP-43 staining n = 642/672, 96%) donated for the population-based Cambridge City over-75s Cohort and the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. HS-Aging was first evaluated independently from the protocol using the most common criteria defined in literature, and then described in detail through examination of neuron loss patterns and associated pathologies. 34 (5%) cases were identified, with a maximum of five pyramidal neurons in each of over half CA1 fields-of-view (x200 magnification), no vascular damage, no neuron loss in CA2-CA4, but consistent TDP-43 neuronal solid inclusions and neurites. We also report focal CA1 neuron loss with vascular pathology to affect predominantly CA1 bordering CA2 (Fisher's exact, P = 0.009), whereas neuron loss in the subicular end of CA1 was associated with TDP-43 inclusions (Fisher's exact, P < 0.001) and high Braak stage (Fisher's exact, P = 0.001). Hippocampal neuron loss in CA4-CA2 was not associated with TDP-43. We conclude that hippocampal neuron loss patterns are associated with different etiologies within CA1, and propose that these patterns can be used to form objective criteria for HS-Aging diagnosis. Finally, based on our results we hypothesize that neuron loss leading to HS-Aging starts from the subicular end of CA1 when it is associated with TDP-43 pathology, and that this neurodegenerative process is likely to be significantly more common than "end-stage" HS-Aging only.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Hunter
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tuomo M Polvikoski
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hannah A D Keage
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Thais Minett
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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150
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von Bartheld CS. Myths and truths about the cellular composition of the human brain: A review of influential concepts. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 93:2-15. [PMID: 28873338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, quantitative methodology has made important contributions to our understanding of the cellular composition of the human brain. Not all of the concepts that emerged from quantitative studies have turned out to be true. Here, I examine the history and current status of some of the most influential notions. This includes claims of how many cells compose the human brain, and how different cell types contribute and in what ratios. Additional concepts entail whether we lose significant numbers of neurons with normal aging, whether chronic alcohol abuse contributes to cortical neuron loss, whether there are significant differences in the quantitative composition of cerebral cortex between male and female brains, whether superior intelligence in humans correlates with larger numbers of brain cells, and whether there are secular (generational) changes in neuron number. Do changes in cell number or changes in ratios of cell types accompany certain diseases, and should all counting methods, even the theoretically unbiased ones, be validated and calibrated? I here examine the origin and the current status of major influential concepts, and I review the evidence and arguments that have led to either confirmation or refutation of such concepts. I discuss the circumstances, assumptions and mindsets that perpetuated erroneous views, and the types of technological advances that have, in some cases, challenged longstanding ideas. I will acknowledge the roles of key proponents of influential concepts in the sometimes convoluted path towards recognition of the true cellular composition of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S von Bartheld
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Mailstop 352, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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