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Maccarrone M, Rapino C, Francavilla F, Barbonetti A. Cannabinoid signalling and effects of cannabis on the male reproductive system. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 18:19-32. [PMID: 33214706 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana is the most widely consumed recreational drug worldwide, which raises concerns for its potential effects on fertility. Many aspects of human male reproduction can be modulated by cannabis-derived extracts (cannabinoids) and their endogenous counterparts, known as endocannabinoids (eCBs). These latter molecules act as critical signals in a variety of physiological processes through receptors, enzymes and transporters collectively termed the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Increasing evidence suggests a role for eCBs, as well as cannabinoids, in various aspects of male sexual and reproductive health. Although preclinical studies have clearly shown that ECS is involved in negative modulation of testosterone secretion by acting both at central and testicular levels in animal models, the effect of in vivo exposure to cannabinoids on spermatogenesis remains a matter of debate. Furthermore, inconclusive clinical evidence does not seem to support the notion that plant-derived cannabinoids have harmful effects on human sexual and reproductive health. An improved understanding of the complex crosstalk between cannabinoids and eCBs is required before targeting of ECS for modulation of human fertility becomes a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Rapino
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Felice Francavilla
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Barbonetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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102
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Wang X, Zhao X, Yang Z, Wang X, Wang T. Effect of Solvent on Acyl Migration of 2-Monoacylglycerols in Enzymatic Ethanolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12358-12364. [PMID: 33084305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acyl migration occurs in many reactions and is the main obstacle for structured lipid synthesis. In this study, 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) was prepared by enzymatic ethanolysis in three different media to evaluate the effect of environment on product composition. The contents of 2-MAG obtained in ethanol, hexane + ethanol, and t-butanol + ethanol systems were 30.6, 15.7, and 32.4%, respectively, after 3 h reaction. Afterward, the acyl migration kinetics of 2-MAG were studied in solvent and solventless systems without the use of lipase. Results indicate that 2-MAG in the solventless system had the highest acyl migration rate. The isomerization was efficiently prevented by the use of polar solvents, especially t-butanol. The rate constants were shown to be the highest and activation energy values were the lowest in solventless systems. The novel finding in this study was that solvent had inhibitory effect on 2-MAG isomerization, but the nonpolar hexane had the lowest inhibition of acyl migration compared to other solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xinchen Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee, 2510 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4539, United States
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103
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Maccarrone M. Phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids: different in nature. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-020-00957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the earliest cultivated plants, of which Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are the most widespread and best characterized species. Their extracts contain (phyto)cannabinoids (pCBs) of therapeutic interest, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, along with many other compounds, so that there is no “one cannabis” but several mixtures even from the same plant. This complexity is mirrored, or even exceeded, by the complexity of the molecular targets that pCBs find in our body, most of which belong to the so-called “endocannabinoid (eCB) system”. Here, we describe the major pCBs and the main components of the eCB system to appreciate their differences and mutual interactions, as well as the potential of using pCB/eCB-based drugs as novel therapeutics to treat human diseases, both in the central nervous system and at the periphery. Moreover, we address the question of the evolution of pCBs and eCBs, showing that the latter compounds were the first to appear in nature, and that the former substances took a few million years to mimic the three-dimensional structures of the latter, and hence their biological activity in our body.
Graphic abstract
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104
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Santori A, Morena M, Hill MN, Campolongo P. Hippocampal 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol Signaling Regulates Time-of-Day- and Stress-Dependent Effects on Rat Short-Term Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197316. [PMID: 33023013 PMCID: PMC7582511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabinoids induce biphasic effects on memory depending on stress levels. We previously demonstrated that different stress intensities, experienced soon after encoding, impaired rat short-term recognition memory in a time-of-day-dependent manner, and that boosting endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) levels restored memory performance. Here, we examined if two different stress intensities and time-of-day alter hippocampal endocannabinoid tone, and whether these changes modulate short-term memory. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an object recognition task and exposed, at two different times of the day (i.e., morning or afternoon), to low or high stress conditions, immediately after encoding. Memory retention was assessed 1 hr later. Hippocampal AEA and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) content and the activity of their primary degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), were measured soon after testing. Results: Consistent with our previous findings, low stress impaired 1-hr memory performance only in the morning, whereas exposure to high stress impaired memory independently of testing time. Stress exposure decreased AEA levels independently of memory alterations. Interestingly, exposure to high stress decreased 2-AG content and, accordingly, increased MAGL activity, selectively in the afternoon. Thus, to further evaluate 2-AG’s role in the modulation of short-term recognition memory, rats were given bilateral intra-hippocampal injections of the 2-AG hydrolysis inhibitor KML29 immediately after training, then subjected to low or high stress conditions and tested 1 hr later. Conclusions: KML29 abolished the time-of-day-dependent impairing effects of stress on short-term memory, ameliorating short-term recognition memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Santori
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Neurobiology of Behavior Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Morena
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.M.); (M.N.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthew N. Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.M.); (M.N.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Neurobiology of Behavior Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0039-06-4991-2450; Fax: +0039-06-4991-2480
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105
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Linke V, Overmyer KA, Miller IJ, Brademan DR, Hutchins PD, Trujillo EA, Reddy TR, Russell JD, Cushing EM, Schueler KL, Stapleton DS, Rabaglia ME, Keller MP, Gatti DM, Keele GR, Pham D, Broman KW, Churchill GA, Attie AD, Coon JJ. A large-scale genome-lipid association map guides lipid identification. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1149-1162. [PMID: 32958938 PMCID: PMC7572687 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the crucial roles of lipids in metabolism, we are still at the early stages of comprehensively annotating lipid species and their genetic basis. Mass spectrometry-based discovery lipidomics offers the potential to globally survey lipids and their relative abundances in various biological samples. To discover the genetics of lipid features obtained through high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we analysed liver and plasma from 384 diversity outbred mice, and quantified 3,283 molecular features. These features were mapped to 5,622 lipid quantitative trait loci and compiled into a public web resource termed LipidGenie. The data are cross-referenced to the human genome and offer a bridge between genetic associations in humans and mice. Harnessing this resource, we used genome-lipid association data as an additional aid to identify a number of lipids, for example gangliosides through their association with B4galnt1, and found evidence for a group of sex-specific phosphatidylcholines through their shared locus. Finally, LipidGenie's ability to query either mass or gene-centric terms suggests acyl-chain-specific functions for proteins of the ABHD family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Linke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ian J Miller
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dain R Brademan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul D Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Edna A Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thiru R Reddy
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Emily M Cushing
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schueler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Donald S Stapleton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary E Rabaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Duy Pham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Karl W Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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106
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Potential application of endocannabinoid system agents in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases-focusing on FAAH/MAGL inhibitors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1263-1271. [PMID: 32203086 PMCID: PMC7608191 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has received extensive attention for its neuroprotective effect on the brain. This system comprises endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid receptors, and the corresponding ligands and proteins. The molecular players involved in their regulation and metabolism are potential therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric diseases including anxiety, depression and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The inhibitors of two endocannabinoid hydrolases, i.e., fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), have the capacity to increase the level of endocannabinoids indirectly, causing fewer side effects than those associated with direct supplementation of cannabinoids. Their antidepressant and anxiolytic mechanisms are considered to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and regulate synaptic and neural plasticity. In terms of AD/PD, treatment with FAAH/MAGL inhibitors leads to reduction in amyloid β-protein deposition and inhibition of the death of dopamine neurons, which are commonly accepted to underlie the pathogenesis of AD and PD, respectively. Inflammation as the cause of depression/anxiety and PD/AD is also the target of FAAH/MAGL inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the application and involvement of FAAH/MAGL inhibitors in related neurological diseases. Focus on the latest research progress using FAAH/MAGL inhibitors is expected to facilitate the development of novel approaches with therapeutic potential.
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107
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Briand-Mésange F, Pons V, Allart S, Masquelier J, Chicanne G, Beton N, Payrastre B, Muccioli GG, Ausseil J, Davignon JL, Salles JP, Chap H. Glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3) is a lysophosphatidylinositol-specific ectophospholipase C acting as an endocannabinoid signaling switch. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15767-15781. [PMID: 32917725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid signaling plays a regulatory role in various (neuro)biological functions. 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid, and although its canonical biosynthetic pathway involving phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase α is known, alternative pathways remain unsettled. Here, we characterize a noncanonical pathway implicating glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3, from GDPD2 gene). Human GDE3 expressed in HEK293T cell membranes catalyzed the conversion of lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) into monoacylglycerol and inositol-1-phosphate. The enzyme was equally active against 1-acyl and 2-acyl LPI. When using 2-acyl LPI, where arachidonic acid is the predominant fatty acid, LC-MS analysis identified 2-AG as the main product of LPI hydrolysis by GDE3. Furthermore, inositol-1-phosphate release into the medium occurred upon addition of LPI to intact cells, suggesting that GDE3 is actually an ecto-lysophospholipase C. In cells expressing G-protein-coupled receptor GPR55, GDE3 abolished 1-acyl LPI-induced signaling. In contrast, upon simultaneous ex-pression of GDE3 and cannabinoid receptor CB2, 2-acyl LPI evoked the same signal as that induced by 2-AG. These data strongly suggest that, in addition to degrading the GPR55 LPI ligand, GDE3 can act as a switch between GPR55 and CB2 signaling. Coincident with a major expression of both GDE3 and CB2 in the spleen, spleens from transgenic mice lacking GDE3 displayed doubling of LPI content compared with WT mice. Decreased production of 2-AG in whole spleen was also observed, supporting the in vivo relevance of our findings. These data thus open a new research avenue in the field of endocannabinoid generation and reinforce the view of GPR55 and LPI being genuine actors of the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Briand-Mésange
- Center for Physiopathology of Toulouse Purpan, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Pons
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Allart
- Center for Physiopathology of Toulouse Purpan, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëtan Chicanne
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Beton
- Center for Physiopathology of Toulouse Purpan, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Center for Physiopathology of Toulouse Purpan, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Davignon
- Center for Physiopathology of Toulouse Purpan, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Center for Physiopathology of Toulouse Purpan, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Chap
- Center for Physiopathology of Toulouse Purpan, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
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108
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van Egmond N, Straub VM, van der Stelt M. Targeting Endocannabinoid Signaling: FAAH and MAG Lipase Inhibitors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:441-463. [PMID: 32867595 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-112741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the medicinal properties of the plant Cannabis sativa and its principal component (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), researchers have developed a variety of compounds to modulate the endocannabinoid system in the human brain. Inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), which are the enzymes responsible for the inactivation of the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, respectively, may exert therapeutic effects without inducing the adverse side effects associated with direct cannabinoid CB1 receptor stimulation by THC. Here we review the FAAH and MAGL inhibitors that have reached clinical trials, discuss potential caveats, and provide an outlook on where the field is headed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Verena M Straub
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
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109
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Rojo-Bustamante E, Íñigo-Marco I, Abellanas MA, Vinueza-Gavilanes R, Baltanás A, Luquin E, Arrasate M, Aymerich MS. CB2 Receptors and Neuron-Glia Interactions Modulate Neurotoxicity Generated by MAGL Inhibition. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081198. [PMID: 32824740 PMCID: PMC7464766 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition (MAGL) has emerged as an interesting therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease treatment due to its ability to modulate the endocannabinoid system and to prevent the production of proinflammatory mediators. To obtain a beneficial response, it is necessary to understand how this inhibition affects the neuron-glia crosstalk and neuron viability. In this study, the effect of MAGL inhibition by KML29 was evaluated in two types of rat cortical primary cultures; mixed cultures, including neuron and glial cells, and neuron-enriched cultures. The risk of neuronal death was estimated by longitudinal survival analysis. The spontaneous neuronal risk of death in culture was higher in the absence of glial cells, a process that was enhanced by KML29 addition. In contrast, neuronal survival was not compromised by MAGL inhibition in the presence of glial cells. Blockade of cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors expressed mainly by microglial cells did not affect the spontaneous neuronal death risk but decreased neuronal survival when KML29 was added. Modulation of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors did not affect neuronal survival. Our results show that neuron-glia interactions are essential for neuronal survival. CB2 receptors play a key role in these protective interactions when neurons are exposed to toxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Rojo-Bustamante
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Genética, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (E.R.-B.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Ignacio Íñigo-Marco
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (I.Í.-M.); (R.V.-G.); (A.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Miguel Angel Abellanas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Genética, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (E.R.-B.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Rodrigo Vinueza-Gavilanes
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (I.Í.-M.); (R.V.-G.); (A.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Ana Baltanás
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (I.Í.-M.); (R.V.-G.); (A.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Esther Luquin
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Patología, Anatomía y Fisiología, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Montserrat Arrasate
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (I.Í.-M.); (R.V.-G.); (A.B.); (M.A.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Patología, Anatomía y Fisiología, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria S. Aymerich
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Genética, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (E.R.-B.); (M.A.A.)
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (I.Í.-M.); (R.V.-G.); (A.B.); (M.A.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-194700; Fax: +34-948-194715
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110
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Endocannabinoid levels in patients with Parkinson's disease with and without levodopa-induced dyskinesias. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:1359-1367. [PMID: 32797288 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are frequent complications, and the endocannabinoid system has a role on its pathophysiology. To test the hypothesis that the functioning of the endocannabinoid system would be altered in PD and in LID by measuring plasma and CSF levels of α-N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) in patients with PD with and without LID and in healthy controls. Blood and CSF samples were collected from 20 healthy controls, 23 patients with PD without LID, and 24 patients with PD with LID. The levels of AEA and 2-AG were measured using a highly sensitive column switching ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. When pooled together, patients with PD had lower plasma and CSF levels of 2-AG and higher CSF levels of AEA compared to healthy controls (Mann-Whitney statistics = 303.0, p = 0.02). Patients with PD without LID had lower CSF levels of 2-AG (Kruskal-Wallis statistics = 7.76, p = 0.02) and higher CSF levels of AEA levels than healthy controls (Kruskal-Wallis statistics = 8.81, p = 0.01). The findings suggest that the endocannabinoid system participates in the pathophysiology of PD symptoms, but its role in the pathophysiology of LID is still unclear.
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111
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Sionov RV, Feldman M, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Steinberg D. Anandamide prevents the adhesion of filamentous Candida albicans to cervical epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13728. [PMID: 32792528 PMCID: PMC7426432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species that have formed a biofilm on epithelial linings of the body. The most frequently affected areas include the vagina, oral cavity and the intestine. In severe cases, the fungi penetrate the epithelium and cause systemic infections. One approach to combat candidiasis is to prevent the adhesion of the fungal hyphae to the epithelium. Here we demonstrate that the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) and the endocannabinoid-like N-arachidonoyl serine (AraS) strongly prevent the adherence of C. albicans hyphae to cervical epithelial cells, while the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has only a minor inhibitory effect. In addition, we observed that both AEA and AraS prevent the yeast-hypha transition and perturb hyphal growth. Real-time PCR analysis showed that AEA represses the expression of the HWP1 and ALS3 adhesins involved in Candida adhesion to epithelial cells and the HGC1, RAS1, EFG1 and ZAP1 regulators of hyphal morphogenesis and cell adherence. On the other hand, AEA increased the expression of NRG1, a transcriptional repressor of filamentous growth. Altogether, our data show that AEA and AraS have potential anti-fungal activities by inhibiting hyphal growth and preventing hyphal adherence to epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Mark Feldman
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reem Smoum
- The Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- The Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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112
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Piscitelli F, Silvestri C. Role of the Endocannabinoidome in Human and Mouse Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3147-3164. [PMID: 31448709 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190826162735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid (eCB) system and its role in many physiological and pathological conditions is well described and accepted, and includes cardiovascular disorders. However, the eCB system has been expanded to an "-ome"; the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) that includes endocannabinoid-related mediators, their protein targets and metabolic enzymes, many of which significantly impact upon cardiometabolic health. These recent discoveries are here summarized with a special focus on their potential involvement in atherosclerosis. We described the role of classical components of the eCB system (eCBs, CB1 and CB2 receptors) and eCB-related lipids, their regulatory enzymes and molecular targets in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, since increasing evidence points to significant cross-talk between the eCBome and the gut microbiome and the gut microbiome and atherosclerosis, we explore the possibility that a gut microbiome - eCBome axis has potential implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Council of Research, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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113
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Gianessi CA, Groman SM, Thompson SL, Jiang M, van der Stelt M, Taylor JR. Endocannabinoid contributions to alcohol habits and motivation: Relevance to treatment. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12768. [PMID: 31056846 PMCID: PMC7790504 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with alcohol use disorder exhibit compulsive habitual behaviors that are thought to be, in part, a consequence of chronic and persistent use of alcohol. The endocannabinoid system plays a critical role in habit learning and in ethanol self-administration, but the role of this neuromodulatory system in the expression of habitual alcohol seeking is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system in established alcohol habits using contingency degradation in male C57BL/6 mice. We found that administration of the novel diacyl glycerol lipase inhibitor DO34, which decreases the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), reduced habitual responding for ethanol and ethanol approach behaviors. Moreover, administration of the endocannabinoid transport inhibitor AM404 or the cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist AM251 produced similar reductions in habitual responding for ethanol and ethanol approach behaviors. Notably, AM404 was also able to reduce ethanol seeking and consumption in mice that were insensitive to lithium chloride-induced devaluation of ethanol. Conversely, administration of JZL184, a monoacyl glycerol lipase inhibitor that increases levels of 2-AG, increased motivation to respond for ethanol on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. These results demonstrate an important role for endocannabinoid signaling in the motivation to seek ethanol, in ethanol-motivated habits, and suggest that pharmacological manipulations of endocannabinoid signaling could be effective therapeutics for treating alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Gianessi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Groman
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Summer L. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jane R. Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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114
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Kathman SG, Boshart J, Jing H, Cravatt BF. Blockade of the Lysophosphatidylserine Lipase ABHD12 Potentiates Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:871-877. [PMID: 32195565 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of cell death caused by the pathogenic accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides. Pharmacological mechanisms to induce ferroptosis may provide a way to kill cancer cells that are resistant to other forms of cell death like apoptosis. Nonetheless, the proteins that regulate ferroptotic sensitivity in cancer cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we screened a panel of inhibitors of serine hydrolases-an enzyme class important for regulating lipid metabolism-for potentiation of ferroptosis in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. We found that DO264, a selective inhibitor of the lyso- and ox-phosphatidylserine (PS) lipase ABHD12, enhances ferroptotic death caused by RSL3, an inhibitor of the lipid peroxidase GPX4. RSL3-induced ferroptosis was also potentiated by genetic disruption of ABHD12. Metabolomic experiments revealed that, in addition to elevated lyso-PS, ABHD12-inactivated cells show higher quantities of arachidonate (C20:4)-containing PS and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, pointing to potential oxidation-sensitive lipid mediators of ferroptosis regulated by ABHD12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Kathman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julia Boshart
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hui Jing
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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115
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Piscitelli F, Guida F, Luongo L, Iannotti FA, Boccella S, Verde R, Lauritano A, Imperatore R, Smoum R, Cristino L, Lichtman AH, Parker LA, Mechoulam R, Maione S, Di Marzo V. Protective Effects of N-Oleoylglycine in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1117-1128. [PMID: 32017529 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of death in young people for which currently no efficacious treatment exists. Recently, we have reported that mice with mild-TBI with a specific injury in the insula showed elevated levels of a little investigated N-acyl amino acid, N-oleoylglycine (OlGly). N-acyl amino acids have recently experienced an increased interest because of their important biological activities. They belong to the endocannabinoidome family of lipids with structural similarities with the endocannabinoids (eCBs). The aim of this study was to test the neuroprotective and antihyperalgesic actions of OlGly in a model of mouse mild-TBI (mTBI) and its effect on levels of eCBs and N-acylethanolamines at the end of treatment. Following mTBI, mice were administered a daily injection of OlGly (10-50-100 mg/kg i.p.) for 14 days. Treatment with OlGly normalized motor impairment and behavior in the light/dark box test, ameliorated TBI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, and normalized aggressiveness and depression. Moreover, levels of eCBs and some N-acylethanolamines underwent significant changes 60 days after TBI, especially in the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, and OlGly reversed some of these changes. In conclusion, our findings reveal that OlGly ameliorates the behavioral alterations associated with mTBI in mice, while concomitantly modulating eCB and eCB-like mediator tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Luigia Cristino
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Linda A. Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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116
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Deng H, Li W. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors: modulators for lipid metabolism in cancer malignancy, neurological and metabolic disorders. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:582-602. [PMID: 32322464 PMCID: PMC7161712 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a serine hydrolase that plays a crucial role catalysing the hydrolysis of monoglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. It links the endocannabinoid and eicosanoid systems together by degradation of the abundant endocannabinoid 2-arachidaoylglycerol into arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. MAGL inhibitors have been considered as important agents in many therapeutic fields, including anti-nociceptive, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and even anti-cancer. Currently, ABX-1431, a first-in-class inhibitor of MAGL, is entering clinical phase 2 studies for neurological disorders and other diseases. This review summarizes the diverse (patho)physiological roles of MAGL and will provide an overview on the development of MAGL inhibitors. Although a large number of MAGL inhibitors have been reported, novel inhibitors are still required, particularly reversible ones.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol
- 2-Arachidaoylglycerol
- 2-OG, 2-oleoylglycerol
- 4-NPA, 4-nitrophenylacetate
- 7-HCA, 7-hydroxycoumarinyl arachidonate
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ABHD6 and ABHD12, α/β-hydrolase 6 and 12
- ABP, activity-based probes
- ABPP, activity-based protein profiling
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AEA, anandamide
- Arachidonic acid
- BCRP, breast cancer resistant protein
- CB1R and CB2R, cannabinoid receptors
- CC-ABPP, click chemistry activity-based protein profiling
- CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant
- CNS, central nervous system
- COX, cyclooxygenases
- CYP, cytochrome P450 proteins
- Cancer
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DAGLs, diacylglycerol lipases
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Drug discovery
- EAE, encephalomyelitis
- EI, enzyme–inhibitor complex
- FAAH, amide hydrolase
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FP, fluorophosphonate
- FP-Rh, fluorophosphonate-rhodamine
- FQ, fit quality
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HFIP, hexafluoroisopropyl
- LC–MS, liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase
- MAGs, monoglycerides
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Metabolic syndrome
- Monoacylglycerol lipases
- NAM, N-arachidonoyl maleimide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl
- Neuroinflammation
- OCT2, organic cation transporter 2
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PGE2, prostaglandin
- PGs, prostaglandins
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PLA2G7, phospholipase A2 group VII
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SBDD, structure-based drug design
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- THL, tetrahydrolipstatin
- cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipase A2
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85422197.
| | - Weimin Li
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85422197.
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117
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Socodato R. Dopamine D1 receptor signaling and endocannabinoid cooperate to fuel striatal plasticity: An Editorial Highlight for "Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and D1 dopamine receptors regulate diacylglycerol lipase-α and synaptic 2-arachidonoyl glycerol signaling" on page 334. J Neurochem 2020; 153:297-299. [PMID: 32091130 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) play key roles in short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal circuit. By activating cannabinoid receptors expressed in the central nervous system, eCBs regulate several neural functions and behaviors. The major eCB 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) is particularly important for triggering a short-term form of synaptic plasticity (depolarization-induced suppression of excitatory transmission or DSE) on cortical glutamatergic afferents inputting the striatum. The neurotransmitter dopamine, through the action of D1 and D2 receptors, is also critically involved in corticostriatal plasticity. This Editorial highlights the study by Shonesy et al., which presents evidence that activation of dopamine D1 receptor and its classical downstream target cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) are involved in increasing the synthesis of 2-AG in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) to drive DSE in the corticostriatal circuit, as schematically outlined in Figure 1. The authors used a set of complementary approaches and identified a putative serine (Ser) residue phosphorylated by PKA in diacylglycerol lipase (DGL) alpha that is required for generating 2-AG, providing a mechanistic clue into how the canonical D1 pathway in MSN might fine-tune short-term plasticity in the corticostriatal circuit. Besides, the work by Shonesy et al. may pave the way for further studies exploring the signaling interplay between canonical dopamine D1 receptor pathway and eCBs to control other forms of synaptic plasticity in different brain circuits with possible pathological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Socodato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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118
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Blunsom NJ, Cockcroft S. CDP-Diacylglycerol Synthases (CDS): Gateway to Phosphatidylinositol and Cardiolipin Synthesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 32117988 PMCID: PMC7018664 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and cardiolipin (CL). Both PI and CL have highly specialized roles in cells. PI can be phosphorylated and these phosphorylated derivatives play major roles in signal transduction, membrane traffic, and maintenance of the actin cytoskeletal network. CL is the signature lipid of mitochondria and has a plethora of functions including maintenance of cristae morphology, mitochondrial fission, and fusion and for electron transport chain super complex formation. Both lipids are synthesized in different organelles although they share the common intermediate, CDP-DAG. CDP-DAG is synthesized from phosphatidic acid (PA) and CTP by enzymes that display CDP-DAG synthase activities. Two families of enzymes, CDS and TAMM41, which bear no sequence or structural relationship, have now been identified. TAMM41 is a peripheral membrane protein localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane required for CL synthesis. CDS enzymes are ancient integral membrane proteins found in all three domains of life. In mammals, they provide CDP-DAG for PI synthesis and for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL synthesis in prokaryotes. CDS enzymes are critical for maintaining phosphoinositide levels during phospholipase C (PLC) signaling. Hydrolysis of PI (4,5) bisphosphate by PLC requires the resynthesis of PI and CDS enzymes catalyze the rate-limiting step in the process. In mammals, the protein products of two CDS genes (CDS1 and CDS2) localize to the ER and it is suggested that CDS2 is the major CDS for this process. Expression of CDS enzymes are regulated by transcription factors and CDS enzymes may also contribute to CL synthesis in mitochondria. Studies of CDS enzymes in protozoa reveal spatial segregation of CDS enzymes from the rest of the machinery required for both PI and CL synthesis identifying a key gap in our understanding of how CDP-DAG can cross the different membrane compartments in protozoa and in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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119
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Cecconi S, Rapino C, Di Nisio V, Rossi G, Maccarrone M. The (endo)cannabinoid signaling in female reproduction: What are the latest advances? Prog Lipid Res 2019; 77:101019. [PMID: 31862482 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis extracts like marijuana have the highest consumption rate worldwide. Yet, their societal acceptance as recreational and therapeutic drugs could represent a serious hazard to female human reproduction, because cannabis ingredients [termed (phyto)cannabinoids] can perturb an endogenous system of lipid signals known as endocannabinoids. Accumulated evidence on animal models and humans has demonstrated a crucial role of these endogenous signals on different aspects of female reproduction, where they act through an ensamble of proteins that synthesize, transport, degrade and traffic them. Several reports have recently evidenced the potential role of endocannabinoids as biomarkers of female infertility for disease treatment and prevention, as well as their possible epigenetic effects on pregnancy. The purpose of this review is to provide an update of data collected in the last decade on the effects of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids on female reproductive events, from development and maturation of follicles and oocytes, to fertilization, oviductal transport, implantation and labor. In this context, a particular attention has been devoted to the ovary and the production of fertilizable oocytes, because recent studies have addressed this hot topic with conflicting results among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cecconi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Rapino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Valentina Di Nisio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Gianna Rossi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 - 00143 Rome, Italy.
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120
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Maccarrone M. Missing Pieces to the Endocannabinoid Puzzle. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:263-272. [PMID: 31822395 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The most bioactive ingredient of cannabis (Cannabis sativa or indica) extracts, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was identified in the 1960s as one of more than 110 phytocannabinoids. It activates receptors of chemically different endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) that, unlike THC, are metabolized by several enzymes of the endocannabinoid system. Here, the complexity of the plant-derived and endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) is discussed, to better appreciate the challenge of: (i) dissecting their mutual interactions; (ii) understanding their impact on human pathophysiology; and (iii) exploiting them for human disease. To this aim, missing pieces to the eCB puzzle must be urgently found, by solving the 3D structures of key components, and interrogating noncanonical modes of regulation and trafficking of these lipid signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
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121
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Sládek M, Houdek P, Sumová A. Circadian profiling reveals distinct regulation of endocannabinoid system in the rat plasma, liver and adrenal glands by light-dark and feeding cycles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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122
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Baggelaar MP, den Dulk H, Florea BI, Fazio D, Bernabò N, Raspa M, Janssen APA, Scavizzi F, Barboni B, Overkleeft HS, Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M. ABHD2 Inhibitor Identified by Activity-Based Protein Profiling Reduces Acrosome Reaction. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2295-2304. [PMID: 31525885 PMCID: PMC6878212 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABHD2 is a serine hydrolase that belongs to the subgroup of the α,β-hydrolase fold-containing proteins, which is involved in virus propagation, immune response, and fertilization. Chemical tools to selectively modulate the activity of ABHD2 in an acute setting are highly desired to investigate its biological role, but are currently lacking. Here, we report a library-versus-library screening using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to evaluate in parallel the selectivity and activity of a focused lipase inhibitor library against ABHD2 and a panel of closely related ABHD proteins. This screen resulted in the rapid identification of novel inhibitors for ABHD2. The selectivity of the inhibitor was further investigated in native mouse testis proteome by competitive ABPP, revealing a highly restricted off-target profile. The progesterone-induced acrosome reaction was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by the newly identified inhibitor, which provides further support for the key-role of ABHD2 in the P4-stimulated acrosome reaction. On this basis, the ABHD2 inhibitor is an excellent starting point for further optimization of ABHD2 inhibitors that can modulate sperm fertility and may lead to novel contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Domenico Fazio
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Bernabò
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- National Research Council (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- National Research Council (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Centre for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
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123
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Grimsey NL, Savinainen JR, Attili B, Ahamed M. Regulating membrane lipid levels at the synapse by small-molecule inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase: new developments in therapeutic and PET imaging applications. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:330-343. [PMID: 31622747 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a major endocannabinoid hydrolyzing enzyme and can be regulated to control endogenous lipid levels in the brain. This review highlights the pharmacological roles and in vivo PET imaging of MAGL in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Bala Attili
- Department of Radiology, The University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Muneer Ahamed
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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124
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Giacovazzo G, Bisogno T, Piscitelli F, Verde R, Oddi S, Maccarrone M, Coccurello R. Different Routes to Inhibit Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase: Do All Roads Lead to the Same Place? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184503. [PMID: 31514437 PMCID: PMC6771131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is robust evidence indicating that enhancing the endocannabinoid (eCB) tone has therapeutic potential in several brain disorders. The inhibition of eCBs degradation by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) blockade, is the best-known option to increase N-acyl-ethanolamines-(NAEs)-mediated signaling. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that intranasal delivery is an effective route for different FAAH inhibitors, such as URB597 and PF-04457845. URB597 and PF-04457845 were subchronically administered in C57BL/6 male mice every other day for 20 days for overall 10 drug treatment, and compared for their ability to inhibit FAAH activity by the way of three different routes of administration: intranasal (i.n.), intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.). Lastly, we compared the efficacy of the three routes in terms of URB597-induced increase of NAEs levels in liver and in different brain areas. Results: We show that PF-04457845 potently inhibits FAAH regardless the route selected, and that URB597 was less effective in the brain after p.o. administration while reached similar effects by i.n. and i.p. routes. Intranasal URB597 delivery always increased NAEs levels in brain areas, whereas a parallel increase was not observed in the liver. By showing the efficacy of intranasal FAAH inhibition, we provide evidence that nose-to-brain delivery is a suitable alternative to enhance brain eCB tone for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and improve patients’ compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Giacovazzo
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Preclinical Neuroscience, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Via C. Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Via C. Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Oddi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Preclinical Neuroscience, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Preclinical Neuroscience, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Preclinical Neuroscience, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
- Institute for Complex Systems (ISC), C.N.R., Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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125
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Janssen APA, van Hengst JMA, Béquignon OJM, Deng H, van Westen GJP, van der Stelt M. Structure Kinetics Relationships and Molecular Dynamics Show Crucial Role for Heterocycle Leaving Group in Irreversible Diacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7910-7922. [PMID: 31437392 PMCID: PMC6745892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Drug discovery programs of covalent
irreversible, mechanism-based
enzyme inhibitors often focus on optimization of potency as determined
by IC50-values in biochemical assays. These assays do not
allow the characterization of the binding activity (Ki) and reactivity (kinact)
as individual kinetic parameters of the covalent inhibitors. Here,
we report the development of a kinetic substrate assay to study the
influence of the acidity (pKa) of heterocyclic
leaving group of triazole urea derivatives as diacylglycerol lipase
(DAGL)-α inhibitors. Surprisingly, we found that the reactivity
of the inhibitors did not correlate with the pKa of the leaving group, whereas the position of the nitrogen
atoms in the heterocyclic core determined to a large extent the binding
activity of the inhibitor. This finding was confirmed and clarified
by molecular dynamics simulations on the covalently bound Michaelis–Menten
complex. A deeper understanding of the binding properties of covalent
serine hydrolase inhibitors is expected to aid in the discovery and
development of more selective covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius P A Janssen
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jacob M A van Hengst
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Olivier J M Béquignon
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Hui Deng
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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126
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Choi
- From the Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.-H.C., Y.M., A.C.S.).,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (S.-H.C., Y.M., A.C.S.)
| | - Yongshan Mou
- From the Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.-H.C., Y.M., A.C.S.).,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (S.-H.C., Y.M., A.C.S.)
| | - Afonso C Silva
- From the Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.-H.C., Y.M., A.C.S.).,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (S.-H.C., Y.M., A.C.S.)
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127
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de Bus I, Witkamp R, Zuilhof H, Albada B, Balvers M. The role of n-3 PUFA-derived fatty acid derivatives and their oxygenated metabolites in the modulation of inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 144:106351. [PMID: 31260750 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the ongoing debate on their full potential in health and disease, there is general consensus that n-3 PUFAs play important physiological roles. Increasing dietary n-3 PUFA intake results in increased DHA and EPA content in cell membranes as well as an increase in n-3 derived oxylipin and -endocannabinoid concentrations, like fatty acid amides and glycerol-esters. These shifts are believed to (partly) explain the pharmacological and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs. Recent studies discovered that n-3 PUFA-derived endocannabinoids can be further metabolized by the oxidative enzymes CYP-450, LOX and COX, similar to the n-6 derived endocannabinoids. Interestingly, these oxidized n-3 PUFA derived endocannabinoids of eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA) have higher anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative potential than their precursors. In this review, an overview of recently discovered n-3 PUFA derived endocannabinoids and their metabolites is provided. In addition, the use of chemical probes will be presented as a promising technique to study the n-3 PUFA and n-3 PUFA metabolism within the field of lipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian de Bus
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Michiel Balvers
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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128
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Kumar A, Premoli M, Aria F, Bonini SA, Maccarinelli G, Gianoncelli A, Memo M, Mastinu A. Cannabimimetic plants: are they new cannabinoidergic modulators? PLANTA 2019; 249:1681-1694. [PMID: 30877436 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals and secondary metabolites able to interact with the endocannabinoid system (Cannabimimetics) have been recently described in a broad range of plants and fruits. These findings can open new alternative avenues to explore for the development of novel therapeutic compounds. The cannabinoids regulate many physiological and pathological functions in both animals and plants. Cannabis sativa is the main plant that produces phytocannabinoids inside resins capable to defend the plant from the aggression of parasites and herbivores. Animals produce anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, which thanks to binding with main receptors such as type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and the type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) are involved in inflammation processes and several brain functions. Endogenous cannabinoids, enzymes for synthesis and degradation of cannabinoids, and CB1R and CB2R constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Other plants can produce cannabinoid-like molecules such as perrottetinene extracted from Radula perrottetii, or anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol extracted from some bryophytes. Moreover, several other secondary metabolites can also interact with the ECS of animals and take the name of cannabimimetics. These phytoextracts not derived from Cannabis sativa can act as receptor agonists or antagonist, or enzyme inhibitors of ECS and can be involved in the inflammation, oxidative stress, cancer, and neuroprotection. Finally, given the evolutionary heterogeneity of the cannabimimetic plants, some authors speculated on the fascinating thesis of the evolutionary convergence between plants and animals regarding biological functions of ECS. The review aims to provide a critical and complete assessment of the botanical, chemical and therapeutic aspects of cannabimimetic plants to evaluate their spread in the world and medicinal potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marika Premoli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Aria
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Anna Bonini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maccarinelli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mastinu
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy.
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129
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Buisseret B, Alhouayek M, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Endocannabinoid and Prostanoid Crosstalk in Pain. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:882-896. [PMID: 31160168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interfering with endocannabinoid (eCB) metabolism to increase their levels is a proven anti-nociception strategy. However, because the eCB and prostanoid systems are intertwined, interfering with eCB metabolism will affect the prostanoid system and inversely. Key to this connection is the production of the cyclooxygenase (COX) substrate arachidonic acid upon eCB hydrolysis as well as the ability of COX to metabolize the eCBs anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) into prostaglandin-ethanolamides (PG-EA) and prostaglandin-glycerol esters (PG-G), respectively. Recent studies shed light on the role of PG-Gs and PG-EAs in nociception and inflammation. Here, we discuss the role of these complex systems in nociception and new opportunities to alleviate pain by interacting with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Buisseret
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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130
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Safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of cannabinoids in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:504-512. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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131
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Kawashima H. Intake of arachidonic acid-containing lipids in adult humans: dietary surveys and clinical trials. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:101. [PMID: 30992005 PMCID: PMC6469145 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have important roles in physiological homeostasis. Numerous studies have provided extensive information about the roles of n-3 LCPUFA, such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Arachidonic acid (ARA) is one of the major n-6 LCPUFAs and its biological aspects have been well studied. However, nutritional information for ARA is limited, especially in adult humans. This review presents a framework of dietary ARA intake and the effects of ARA supplementation on LCPUFA metabolism in adult humans, and the nutritional significance of ARA and LCPUFA is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawashima
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan.
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132
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Ruiz-Calvo A, Bajo-Grañeras R, Maroto IB, Zian D, Grabner GF, García-Taboada E, Resel E, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, Galve-Roperh I, Bellocchio L, Guzmán M. Astroglial monoacylglycerol lipase controls mutant huntingtin-induced damage of striatal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:134-144. [PMID: 30914306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert neuroprotection in a wide array of preclinical models. A number of these studies has focused on cannabinoid CB1 receptors in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and the most characteristic MSN-degenerative disease, Huntington's disease (HD). Accruing evidence supports that astrocytes contribute to drive HD progression, and that they express CB1 receptors, degrade endocannabinoids, and modulate endocannabinergic transmission. However, the possible role of the astroglial endocannabinoid system in controlling MSN integrity remains unknown. Here, we show that JZL-184, a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the key enzyme that deactivates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, prevented the mutant huntingtin-induced up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in primary mouse striatal astrocytes via CB1 receptors. To study the role of astroglial MGL in vivo, we injected stereotactically into the mouse dorsal striatum viral vectors that encode mutant or normal huntingtin under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. We observed that, in wild-type mice, pharmacological blockade of MGL with JZL-184 (8 mg/kg/day, i.p.) conferred neuroprotection against mutant huntingtin-induced striatal damage, as evidenced by the prevention of MSN loss, astrogliosis, and motor coordination impairment. We next found that conditional mutant mice bearing a genetic deletion of MGL selectively in astroglial cells (MGLfloxed/floxed;GFAP-Cre/+ mice) were resistant to mutant huntingtin-induced MSN loss, astrogliosis, and motor coordination impairment. Taken together, these data support that astroglial MGL controls the availability of a 2-arachidonoylglycerol pool that ensues protection of MSNs in the mouse striatum in vivo, thus providing a potential druggable target for reducing striatal neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiz-Calvo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bajo-Grañeras
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene B Maroto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Debora Zian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elena García-Taboada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Resel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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133
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Kuipers EN, Kantae V, Maarse BCE, van den Berg SM, van Eenige R, Nahon KJ, Reifel-Miller A, Coskun T, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E, Kooijman S, Harms AC, Hankemeier T, van der Stelt M, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. High Fat Diet Increases Circulating Endocannabinoids Accompanied by Increased Synthesis Enzymes in Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1913. [PMID: 30687125 PMCID: PMC6335353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls energy balance by regulating both energy intake and energy expenditure. Endocannabinoid levels are elevated in obesity suggesting a potential causal relationship. This study aimed to elucidate the rate of dysregulation of the ECS, and the metabolic organs involved, in diet-induced obesity. Eight groups of age-matched male C57Bl/6J mice were randomized to receive a chow diet (control) or receive a high fat diet (HFD, 45% of calories derived from fat) ranging from 1 day up to 18 weeks before euthanasia. Plasma levels of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA), and related N-acylethanolamines, were quantified by UPLC-MS/MS and gene expression of components of the ECS was determined in liver, muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) during the course of diet-induced obesity development. HFD feeding gradually increased 2-AG (+132% within 4 weeks, P < 0.05), accompanied by upregulated expression of its synthesizing enzymes Daglα and β in WAT and BAT. HFD also rapidly increased AEA (+81% within 1 week, P < 0.01), accompanied by increased expression of its synthesizing enzyme Nape-pld, specifically in BAT. Interestingly, Nape-pld expression in BAT correlated with plasma AEA levels (R 2 = 0.171, β = 0.276, P < 0.001). We conclude that a HFD rapidly activates adipose tissue depots to increase the synthesis pathways of endocannabinoids that may aggravate the development of HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline N Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Boukje C Eveleens Maarse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kimberly J Nahon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne Reifel-Miller
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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134
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Pucci M, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Zaplatic E, Bellia F, Maccarrone M, Cifani C, D'Addario C. Transcriptional regulation of the endocannabinoid system in a rat model of binge-eating behavior reveals a selective modulation of the hypothalamic fatty acid amide hydrolase gene. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:51-60. [PMID: 30578649 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Binge-eating episodes are recurrent and are defining features of several eating disorders. Thus binge-eating episodes might influence eating disorder development of which exact underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. METHODS Here we focused on the transcriptional regulation of the endocannabinoid system, a potent regulator of feeding behavior, in relevant rat brain regions, using a rat model in which a history of intermittent food restriction and a frustration stress induce binge-like palatable food consumption. RESULTS We observed a selective down-regulation of fatty acid amide hydrolase (faah) gene expression in the hypothalamus of rats showing the binge-eating behavior with a consistent reduction in histone 3 acetylation at lysine 4 of the gene promoter. No relevant changes were detected for any other endocannabinoid system components in any brain regions under study, as well as for the other epigenetic mechanisms investigated (DNA methylation and histone 3 lysine 27 methylation) at the faah gene promoter. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that faah transcriptional regulation is a potential biomarker of binge-eating episodes, with a relevant role in the homeostatic regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Elizabeta Zaplatic
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bellia
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jiang M, van der Stelt M. Activity-Based Protein Profiling Delivers Selective Drug Candidate ABX-1431, a Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor, To Control Lipid Metabolism in Neurological Disorders. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9059-9061. [PMID: 30354159 PMCID: PMC6204598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol
lipase (MGLL or MAGL) is a critical point of regulation
of both endocannabinoid and eicosanoid signaling pathways in the brain,
thereby providing novel therapeutic opportunities for neurological
and neurodegenerative diseases. In this issue Cisar et al. disclose
the discovery, optimization, and initial preclinical profiling of
ABX-1431, a covalent, irreversible MGLL inhibitor. Activity-based
protein profiling was key to the discovery of ABX-1431. ABX-1431 is
a first-in-class experimental drug that was well-tolerated and safe
in phase 1 clinical studies. Data from an exploratory phase 1b study
indicate that it has the potential to treat symptoms of adult patients
with syndrome of Gilles de la Tourette. ABX-1431 is currently entering
clinical phase 2 studies for this neurological disorder as well as
for other indications, such as neuromyeltis optica and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
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