101
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Moreno-González R, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Gros M, Pérez-Cánovas E, Barceló D, León VM. Input of pharmaceuticals through coastal surface watercourses into a Mediterranean lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain): sources and seasonal variations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:59-72. [PMID: 24840281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal occurrence and distribution of 69 pharmaceuticals along coastal watercourses during 6 sampling campaigns and their input through El Albujón watercourse to the Mar Menor lagoon were determined by UPLC-MS-MS, considering a total of 115 water samples. The major source of pharmaceuticals running into this watercourse was an effluent from the Los Alcazares WWTP, although other sources were also present (runoffs, excess water from irrigation, etc.). In this urban and agriculturally influenced watercourse different pharmaceutical distribution profiles were detected according to their attenuation, which depended on physicochemical water conditions, pollutant input variation, biodegradation and photodegradation rates of pollutants, etc. The less recalcitrant compounds in this study (macrolides, β-blockers, etc.) showed a relevant seasonal variability as a consequence of dissipation processes (degradation, sorption, etc.). Attenuation was lower, however, for diclofenac, carbamazepine, lorazepam, valsartan, sulfamethoxazole among others, due to their known lower degradability and sorption onto particulate matter, according to previous studies. The maximum concentrations detected were higher than 1000 ng L(-1) for azithromycin, clarithromycin, valsartan, acetaminophen and ibuprofen. These high concentration levels were favored by the limited dilution in this low flow system, and consequently some of them could pose an acute risk to the biota of this watercourse. Considering data from 2009 to 2010, it has been estimated that a total of 11.3 kg of pharmaceuticals access the Mar Menor lagoon annually through the El Albujón watercourse. The highest proportion of this input corresponded to antibiotics (46%), followed by antihypertensives (20%) and diuretics (18%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O. Emili Grahit, 101-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - M Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O. Emili Grahit, 101-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - E Pérez-Cánovas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O. Emili Grahit, 101-17003 Girona, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain.
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102
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Fernández RL, McDonald JA, Khan SJ, Le-Clech P. Removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals by a submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor (MPR). Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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103
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Nejumal KK, Manoj PR, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Sonochemical degradation of a pharmaceutical waste, atenolol, in aqueous medium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4297-308. [PMID: 24306722 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Atenolol is a β-blocker drug and an identified emerging pollutant. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilise the reaction of a highly oxidising species (hydroxyl radicals, (•)OH) for the mineralisation of emerging pollutants since conventional treatment methodologies generally fail to degrade these compounds. In the present work, degradation of atenolol was carried out using ultrasound with frequencies ranging from 200 kHz to 1 MHz as a source of hydroxyl radical. The degradation was monitored by HPLC, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and ion chromatography (IC). Nearly 90 % of degradation of atenolol was observed with ultrasound having 350 kHz. Both frequency and power of ultrasound affect the efficiency of degradation. Nearly 100 % degradation was obtained at a pH of 4. Presence of various additives such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate and bicarbonate was found to reduce the efficiency of degradation. Although nearly 100 % degradation of atenolol was observed under various experimental conditions, only about 62 % mineralisation (from TOC and COD measurements) was obtained. Nearly eight intermediate products were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF). These products were understood as the results of hydroxyl radical addition to atenolol. The degradation studies were also carried out in river water which also showed a similar degradation profile. A mechanism of degradation and mineralisation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Nejumal
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
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104
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Gonzalez-Rey M, Bebianno MJ. Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac exposure in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 148:221-230. [PMID: 24525329 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, research studies have increasingly focused on assessing the occurrence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in ecosystems. However, much remains unknown concerning the potential effects on APIs on non-target organisms due to the complexity of the mode of action, reactivity and bioconcentration potential for each specific drug. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most frequently detected APIs in surface waters worldwide and has recently been included in the list of priority substances under the European Commission. In this study, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to an environmentally relevant nominal concentration of DCF (250 ng L(-1)) over 15 days. The responses of several biomarkers were assessed in the mussel tissues: condition index (CI); superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and phase II glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) associated with oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity related to neurotoxic effects and vitellogenin-like proteins linked to endocrine disruption. This study demonstrated significant induction of SOD and GR activities in the gills in addition to high CAT activity and LPO levels in the digestive gland. Phase II GST remained unaltered in both tissues, while the up-regulation of the AChE activity was directly related to the vitellogenin-like protein levels in exposed females, indicating an alteration in the estrogenic activity, rather than a breakdown in cholinergic neurotransmission function. This study confirmed that DCF at a concentration often observed in surface water induces tissue-specific biomarker responses. Finally, this study also revealed the importance of a multi-biomarker approach when assessing the potentially deleterious effects in a species that may be vulnerable to the continuously discharge of APIs into the ecosystems; this approach provides crucial new information regarding the unknown effects of DCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gonzalez-Rey
- CIMA, Marine and Environmental Research Centre, University of Algarve, Faro, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-135 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bebianno
- CIMA, Marine and Environmental Research Centre, University of Algarve, Faro, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-135 Faro, Portugal.
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105
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Zhou H, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zhan Y. Systematic screening of common wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals in urban aquatic environments: implications for environmental risk control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7113-7129. [PMID: 24557805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we refer to pharmaceuticals that are widespread in the urban aquatic environment and that mainly originate from wastewater treatment plants or non-point source sewage as "wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals" (WWMPs). To some extent, they reflect the condition or trend of water contamination and also contribute to aquatic environmental risk assessment. The method reported here for screening typical WWMPs was proposed based on academic concerns about them and their concentrations present in the urban aquatic environment, as well as their properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and related environmental risks caused by them. The screening system consisted of an initial screening system and a further screening system. In the former, pharmaceuticals were categorised into different evaluation levels, and in the latter, each pharmaceutical was given a normalised final evaluation score, which was the sum of every score for its properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and environmental risk in the aquatic environment. The system was applied to 126 pharmaceuticals frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the initial screening procedure, five pharmaceuticals were classified into the "high" category, 16 pharmaceuticals into the "medium" category, 15 pharmaceuticals into the "low" category and 90 pharmaceuticals into the "very low" category. Subsequently, further screening were conducted on 36 pharmaceuticals considered as being of "high", "medium" and "low" categories in the former system. We identified 7 pharmaceuticals with final evaluation scores of 1-10, 10 pharmaceuticals with scores of 11-15, 15 pharmaceuticals with scores from 16 to 20 and 4 pharmaceuticals with scores above 21. The results showed that this screening system could contribute to the effective selection of target WWMPs, which would be important for spatial-temporal dynamics, transference and pollution control of pharmaceuticals in the urban aquatic environment. However, there remains a number of pharmaceutical parameters with measured data gaps, such as organic carbon adsorption coefficients and bioconcentration factors, which, if filled, would improve the accuracy of the screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China,
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106
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Espejo A, Aguinaco A, Amat AM, Beltrán FJ. Some ozone advanced oxidation processes to improve the biological removal of selected pharmaceutical contaminants from urban wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:410-421. [PMID: 24345239 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.854652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Removal of nine pharmaceutical compounds--acetaminophen (AAF), antipyrine (ANT), caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CRB), diclofenac (DCF), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), ketorolac (KET), metoprolol (MET) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)-spiked in a primary sedimentation effluent of a municipal wastewater has been studied with sequential aerobic biological and ozone advanced oxidation systems. Combinations of ozone, UVA black light and Fe(III) or Fe3O4 constituted the chemical systems. During the biological treatment (hydraulic residence time, HRT = 24 h), only AAF and CAF were completely eliminated, MET, SMX and HCT reached partial removal rates and the rest of compounds were completely refractory. With any ozone advanced oxidation process applied, the remaining pharmaceuticals disappear in less than 10 min. Fe3O4 or Fe(III) photocatalytic ozonation leads to 35% mineralization compared to 13% reached during ozonation alone after about 30-min reaction. Also, biodegradability of the treated wastewater increased 50% in the biological process plus another 150% after the ozonation processes. Both untreated and treated wastewater was non-toxic for Daphnia magna (D. magna) except when Fe(III) was used in photocatalytic ozonation. In this case, toxicity was likely due to the ferryoxalate formed in the process. Kinetic information on ozone processes reveals that pharmaceuticals at concentrations they have in urban wastewater are mainly removed through free radical oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Espejo
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física , Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
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107
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Ribeiro AR, Maia AS, Moreira IS, Afonso CM, Castro PML, Tiritan ME. Enantioselective quantification of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine by HPLC in wastewater effluents. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:589-596. [PMID: 24184049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial degradation is the most important process to remove organic pollutants in Waste Water Treatment Plants. Regarding chiral compounds this process is normally enantioselective and needs the suitable analytical methodology to follow the removal of both enantiomers in an accurate way. Thus, this paper describes the development and validation of an enantioselective High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FD) method for simultaneous analysis of fluoxetine (FLX) and norfluoxetine (NFLX) in wastewater effluents. Briefly, this method preconcentrated a small volume of wastewater samples (50 mL) on 500 mg Oasis MCX cartridges and used HPLC-FD with a vancomycin-based chiral stationary phase under reversed mode for analyses. The optimized mobile phase was EtOH/aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (92.5/7.5, v/v) at pH 6.8. The effect of EtOH percentage, buffer concentration, pH, column oven temperature and flow rate on chromatographic parameters was systematically investigated. The developed method was validated within the wastewater effluent used in microcosms laboratory assays. Linearity (R(2)>0.99), selectivity and sensitivity were achieved in the range of 4.0-60 ng mL(-1) for enantiomers of FLX and 2.0-30 ng mL(-1) for enantiomers of NFLX. The limits of detection were between 0.8 and 2.0 ng mL(-1) and the limits of quantification were between 2.0 and 4.0 ng mL(-1) for both enantiomers of FLX and the enantiomers of its demethylated metabolite NFLX. The validated method was successfully applied and proved to be robust to follow the degradation of both enantiomers of FLX in wastewater samples, during 46 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Ribeiro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, R. Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Paredes, Portugal; CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Centro de Química Medicinal da Universidade do Porto (CEQUIMED-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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108
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Espejo A, Aguinaco A, García-Araya JF, Beltrán FJ. Sequential ozone advanced oxidation and biological oxidation processes to remove selected pharmaceutical contaminants from an urban wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:1015-1022. [PMID: 24798900 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.894845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sequential treatments consisting in a chemical process followed by a conventional biological treatment, have been applied to remove mixtures of nine contaminants of pharmaceutical type spiked in a primary sedimentation effluent of a municipal wastewater. Combinations of ozone, UVA black light (BL) and Fe(III) or Fe₃O₄ catalysts constituted the chemical systems. Regardless of the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP), the removal of pharmaceutical compounds was achieved in 1 h of reaction, while total organic carbon (TOC) only diminished between 3.4 and 6%. Among selected ozonation systems to be implemented before the biological treatment, the application of ozone alone in the pre-treatment stage is recommended due to the increase of the biodegradability observed. The application of ozone followed by the conventional biological treatment leads high TOC and COD removal rates, 60 and 61%, respectively, and allows the subsequent biological treatment works with shorter hydraulic residence time (HRT). Moreover, the influence of the application of AOPs before and after a conventional biological process was compared, concluding that the decision to take depends on the characterization of the initial wastewater with pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Espejo
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física , Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
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109
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Arany E, Szabó RK, Apáti L, Alapi T, Ilisz I, Mazellier P, Dombi A, Gajda-Schrantz K. Degradation of naproxen by UV, VUV photolysis and their combination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:151-7. [PMID: 24029532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Naproxen is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Recently, this medicine was detected both in natural waters (up to 1.5 μg L(-1)) and in sewage treatment plant effluents (up to 5.2 μg L(-1)). Moreover, naproxen is only partly eliminated by classical processes used in sewage treatment plants. Therefore, its degradation is of utmost interest. Advanced oxidation processes proved to be the most suitable methods for the elimination of persistent organic contaminants. In this work ultraviolet (UV, 254 nm), vacuum ultraviolet photolysis (VUV, 172 nm) and their combination (UV/VUV, 254/185 nm) were investigated. The efficiency of the methods increased in the following order: UV < VUV < UV/VUV photolysis. However, VUV irradiation was found to mineralize the contaminant molecule most effectively. The chemical structures of three out of four aromatic by-products and of some aliphatic carboxylic acids were presumed. The effects of dissolved O2 and the initial concentration of naproxen on the degradation were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Arany
- Research Group of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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110
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Simon A, McDonald JA, Khan SJ, Price WE, Nghiem LD. Effects of caustic cleaning on pore size of nanofiltration membranes and their rejection of trace organic chemicals. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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111
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Ruggeri G, Ghigo G, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. Photochemical transformation of ibuprofen into harmful 4-isobutylacetophenone: pathways, kinetics, and significance for surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6109-21. [PMID: 23972675 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The harmful compound 4-isobutylacetophenone (IBAP) can be formed photochemically from the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IBP), upon direct photolysis (yield 25 ± 7%, μ ± σ), reaction with ·OH (yield 2.3 ± 0.1%) and reaction with triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter, (3)CDOM* (yield 31 ± 4%). In the latter case, anthraquinone-2-sulphonate was used as CDOM proxy. The three processes would account for most of the photochemical transformation of IBP and IBAP in surface waters. IBAP formation from IBP involves the propanoic acid chain, which is more reactive than the aromatic ring as shown by quantum mechanical calculations. IBAP is expected to undergo slightly faster photochemical transformation than IBP in surface waters, with a modelled pseudo-first order rate constant that is higher by 1.5-1.9 times compared to IBP. Due to fairly high formation yields and depending on IBP emission scenarios, photochemical modelling suggests that IBAP could reach concentration values up to ~15% of IBP in surface waters, thus being a potentially important transformation intermediate. This issue prompts for the need of field studies that provide information on IBAP environmental occurrence, which is virtually unknown at the present moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ruggeri
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Pietro Giuria 5-7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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112
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Rodríguez EM, Márquez G, León EA, Álvarez PM, Amat AM, Beltrán FJ. Mechanism considerations for photocatalytic oxidation, ozonation and photocatalytic ozonation of some pharmaceutical compounds in water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 127:114-124. [PMID: 23685272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of four pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to the group of emergent contaminants of water: atenolol (ATL), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), ofloxacin (OFX) and trimethoprim (TMP), have been treated with different oxidation systems, mainly, photocatalytic oxidation, ozonation and photocatalytic ozonation. TiO2 has been used as semiconductor for photocatalytic reactions both in the presence of air, oxygen or ozone-oxygen gas mixtures. Black light lamps mainly emitting at 365 nm were the source of radiation. In all cases, the influence of some variables (concentrations of semiconductor, ozone gas and pharmaceuticals and pH) on the removal of pharmaceuticals, total polyphenol content (TPC) and total organic carbon (TOC) was investigated. A discussion on the possible routes of pharmaceutical and intermediates (as TPC and TOC) elimination has been developed. Thus, OFX TiO2/UVA degradation mechanism seems to develop through the participation of non-hydroxyl free radical species. Furthermore, the presence of OFX inhibits the formation of hydroxyl radicals in the photocatalytic process. The most effective processes were those involving ozone that lead to complete disappearance of parent compounds in less than 30 min for initial pharmaceutical concentrations lower than 2.5 mg L(-1). In the ozonation systems, regardless of the pH and the presence of TiO2, pharmaceuticals are degraded through their direct reaction with ozone. Photocatalytic ozonation was the most efficient process for TPC and TOC removals (≥ 80% and ≥60% elimination after 2 h of treatment, respectively) as well as in terms of the ozone consumption efficiency (1, 5.5 and 4 mol of ozone consumed per mol of TOC mineralized, at pH 4, 7 and 9, respectively). Weakly acid conditions (pH 4) resulted to be the most convenient ones for TPC and TOC removal by photocatalytic ozonation. This was likely due to formation of hydroxyl radicals through the ozonide generated at these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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113
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Lorenzo MÁ, Sánchez Arribas A, Moreno M, Bermejo E, Chicharro M, Zapardiel A. Determination of butylparaben by adsorptive stripping voltammetry at glassy carbon electrodes modified with multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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114
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Cartagena P, El Kaddouri M, Cases V, Trapote A, Prats D. Reduction of emerging micropollutants, organic matter, nutrients and salinity from real wastewater by combined MBR–NF/RO treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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115
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Straub JO. An Environmental Risk Assessment for Human-Use Trimethoprim in European Surface Waters. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013; 2:115-62. [PMID: 27029296 PMCID: PMC4790302 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics2010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An environmental risk assessment (ERA) for the aquatic compartment in Europe from human use was developed for the old antibiotic Trimethoprim (TMP), comparing exposure and effects. The exposure assessment is based on European risk assessment default values on one hand and is refined with documented human use figures in Western Europe from IMS Health and measured removal in wastewater treatment on the other. The resulting predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) are compared with measured environmental concentrations (MECs) from Europe, based on a large dataset incorporating more than 1800 single MECs. On the effects side, available chronic ecotoxicity data from the literature were complemented by additional, new chronic results for fish and other organisms. Based on these data, chronic-based deterministic predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) were derived as well as two different probabilistic PNEC ranges. The ERA compares surface water PECs and MECs with aquatic PNECs for TMP. Based on all the risk characterization ratios (PEC÷PNEC as well as MEC÷PNEC) and risk graphs, there is no significant risk to surface waters.
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116
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Valcárcel Y, Alonso SG, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Castaño A, Montero JC, Criado-Alvarez JJ, Mirón IJ, Catalá M. Seasonal variation of pharmaceutically active compounds in surface (Tagus River) and tap water (Central Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1396-1412. [PMID: 22847337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in different environmental compartments, for example, in surface water or wastewater ranging from nanograms per litre to micrograms per litre. Likewise, some recent studies have pointed to seasonal variability, thus indicating that PhAcs concentrations in the aquatic environment may depend on the time of year. This work intended to find out (1) whether Tagus fluvial and drinking water were polluted with different groups of PhACs and (2) if their concentrations differed between winter and summer seasons. From the 58 substances analysed, 41 were found belonging to the main therapeutic groups. Statistical differences were seen for antibacterials, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antiepileptics, and cardiovascular drugs, with higher concentrations being detected in winter than in summer. These results might indicate that the PhACs analysed in this study undergo lower environmental degradation in winter than in summer. In order to confirm these initial results, a continuous monitoring should be performed especially on those PhACs that either because of an elevated consumption or an intrinsic chemical persistence are poorly degraded during winter months due to low temperatures and solar irradiation. It is especially important to identify which of these specific PhACs are in order to recommend their substitution by equally effective and safe substances but also environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Valcárcel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922, Madrid, Spain.
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117
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Adachi F, Yamamoto A, Takakura KI, Kawahara R. Occurrence of fluoroquinolones and fluoroquinolone-resistance genes in the aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 444:508-514. [PMID: 23291652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have been detected in aquatic environments in several countries. Long-term exposure to low levels of antimicrobial agents provides selective pressure, which might alter the sensitivity of bacteria to antimicrobial agents in the environment. Here, we examined FQ levels and the resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to FQs by phenotyping and genotyping. In the aquatic environment in Osaka, Japan, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, enfloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin were detected in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 570 ng L(-1). FQ-resistant E. coli were also found. Although no obvious correlation was detected between the concentration of FQs and the presence of FQ-resistant E. coli, FQ-resistant E. coli were detected in samples along with FQs, particularly ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Most FQ-resistant E. coli carried mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE in quinolone resistance-determining regions. No mutations in gyrB were detected in any isolates. Amino acid changes in these isolates were quite similar to those in clinical isolates. Six strains carried the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrS1 and expressed low susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid: the minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.25 μg mL(-1) for ciprofloxacin, and from 8 to 16 μg mL(-1) for nalidixic acid. This finding confirmed that plasmids containing qnr genes themselves did not confer full resistance to quinolones. Because plasmids are responsible for much of the horizontal gene transfer, these genes may transfer and spread in the environment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrS1 in the aquatic environment, and this investigation provides baseline data on antimicrobial resistance profiles in the Osaka area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Adachi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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118
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Aydin E, Talinli I. Analysis, occurrence and fate of commonly used pharmaceuticals and hormones in the Buyukcekmece Watershed, Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2004-2012. [PMID: 23177011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 14 mostly used pharmaceuticals from different classes (antibiotics, β-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and stimulant) and hormones in surface water in Istanbul, Turkey was investigated in this study. An important drinking water source, Buyukcekmece Lake and main rivers flowing into the lake were selected for the monitoring of the compounds. Sampling was conducted five different times in a year in order to observe seasonal changes. A rapid, robust and sensitive method using solid phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer was established for quantification of both pharmaceuticals and hormones. Limit of quantifications were between 0.5 and 1.1 ng L(-1). Recoveries were between 72-119% and 61-98% for ultra-pure water and for surface water, respectively. All selected compounds were detected at least once in the samples. Some pharmaceuticals were detected as high as a few of micrograms per liter levels in the rivers. Most frequently detected compounds were caffeine and antibiotics (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole). Synthetic hormone (17α-ethynylestradiol) was detected only 4times corresponding least detected compound in whole sampling period. Field data confirms that amoxicillin is more prone to degradation with respect to other antibiotics. Estrone and 17-β estradiol are converted to estriol by natural processes in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egemen Aydin
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
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119
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Hughes SR, Kay P, Brown LE. Global synthesis and critical evaluation of pharmaceutical data sets collected from river systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:661-77. [PMID: 23227929 PMCID: PMC3636779 DOI: 10.1021/es3030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have emerged as a major group of environmental contaminants over the past decade but relatively little is known about their occurrence in freshwaters compared to other pollutants. We present a global-scale analysis of the presence of 203 pharmaceuticals across 41 countries and show that contamination is extensive due to widespread consumption and subsequent disposal to rivers. There are clear regional biases in current understanding with little work outside North America, Europe, and China, and no work within Africa. Within individual countries, research is biased around a small number of populated provinces/states and the majority of research effort has focused upon just 14 compounds. Most research has adopted sampling techniques that are unlikely to provide reliable and representative data. This analysis highlights locations where concentrations of antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs, painkillers, contrast media, and antiepileptic drugs have been recorded well above thresholds known to cause toxic effects in aquatic biota. Studies of pharmaceutical occurrence and effects need to be seen as a global research priority due to increasing consumption, particularly among societies with aging populations. Researchers in all fields of environmental management need to work together more effectively to identify high risk compounds, improve the reliability and coverage of future monitoring studies, and develop new mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hughes
- School of Geography/water@leeds, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK.
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120
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Ribeiro AR, Afonso CM, Castro PML, Tiritan ME. Enantioselective biodegradation of pharmaceuticals, alprenolol and propranolol, by an activated sludge inoculum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 87:108-14. [PMID: 23131609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of chiral pharmaceuticals in the environment can be enantioselective. Thus quantification of enantiomeric fractions during the biodegradation process is crucial for assessing the fate of chiral pollutants. This work presents the biodegradation of alprenolol and propranolol using an activated sludge inoculum, monitored by a validated enantioselective HPLC method with fluorescence detection. The enantioseparation was optimized using a vancomycin-based chiral stationary phase under polar ionic mode. The method was validated using a minimal salts medium inoculated with activated sludge as matrix. The method was selective and linear in the range of 10-800 ng/ml, with a R²>0.99. The accuracy ranged from 85.0 percent to 103 percent, the recovery ranged from 79.9 percent to 103 percent, and the precision measured by the relative standard deviation (RSD) was <7.18 percent for intra-batch and <5.39 percent for inter-batch assays. The limits of quantification and detection for all enantiomers were 10 ng/ml and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively. The method was successfully applied to follow the biodegradation of the target pharmaceuticals using an activated sludge inoculum during a fifteen days assay. The results indicated slightly higher biodegradation rates for the S-enantiomeric forms of both beta-blockers. The presence of another carbon source maintained the enantioselective degradation pattern while enhancing biodegradation extent up to fourteen percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Ribeiro
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde do Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte-CICS-ISCS-N, CESPU, R. Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Paredes, Portugal
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121
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Ying GG, Zhao JL, Zhou LJ, Liu S. Fate and Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment (Surface Water and Sediment). ANALYSIS, REMOVAL, EFFECTS AND RISK OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE WATER CYCLE - OCCURRENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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122
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Osorio V, Marcé R, Pérez S, Ginebreda A, Cortina JL, Barceló D. Occurrence and modeling of pharmaceuticals on a sewage-impacted Mediterranean river and their dynamics under different hydrological conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 440:3-13. [PMID: 23022258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 73 representative pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs) was assessed in a sewage-impacted section of the Llobregat River (NE Catalonia, Spain). This Mediterranean river is characterized by flow rate fluctuations strongly influenced by seasonal rainfall. River flow variations increase the potential environmental risk posed by organic micro-pollutants as their concentrations may increase substantially under low flow conditions. Little is known about the transport behavior of emerging contaminants in surface waters once they are discharged from waste water treatment plants (WWTP) into rivers. This research aimed to study the presence and fate of emerging contaminants under different hydrological conditions by sampling two different sites along the river in different seasons. The highest levels of pharmaceuticals were determined during cold and dry periods. The impact of the flow changes on the concentration of the pharmaceuticals in the river was assessed with the relative sensitive coefficients. Due to expected dilution effects, the response of pharmaceuticals to river flow was negative. Only in a few cases, positive relationships between drug concentrations and flow were detected, suggesting an important role of other hydrological phenomena like sediment re-suspension as well as the source of pollutants. To evaluate the role of other factors influencing PhAC concentrations, a plug-flow model was applied to obtain disappearance constants "k" for a set of selected compounds. Erythromycin presented k values of -0.15 h(-1) in both sites being the compound more efficiently removed from the water column. The k values for ibuprofen, furosemide, enrofloxacin, enalapril, acetaminophen, diclofenac and Ketoprofen were between -0.04 and -0.10 h(-1) showing less disappearance than erythromycin in the water column. However, other compounds presented k values<0.06, which suggested conservative behavior of these compounds in the water column. This study supports the reliability of the calculated k values for the disappearance of compounds in river waters.
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123
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Cuklev F, Fick J, Cvijovic M, Kristiansson E, Förlin L, Larsson DGJ. Does ketoprofen or diclofenac pose the lowest risk to fish? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 229-230:100-6. [PMID: 22721833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ketoprofen and diclofenac are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often used for similar indications, and both are frequently found in surface waters. Diclofenac affects organ histology and gene expression in fish at around 1 μg/L. Here, we exposed rainbow trout to ketoprofen (1, 10 and 100 μg/L) to investigate if this alternative causes less risk for pharmacological responses in fish. The bioconcentration factor from water to fish blood plasma was <0.05 (4 for diclofenac based on previous studies). Ketoprofen only reached up to 0.6 ‰ of the human therapeutic plasma concentration, thus the probability of target-related effects was estimated to be fairly low. Accordingly, a comprehensive analysis of hepatic gene expression revealed no consistent responses. In some contrast, trout exposed to undiluted, treated sewage effluents bioconcentrated ketoprofen and other NSAIDs much more efficiently, according to a meta-analysis of recent studies. Neither of the setups is however an ideal representation of the field situation. If a controlled exposure system with a single chemical in pure water is a reasonable representation of the environment, then the use of ketoprofen is likely to pose a lower risk for wild fish than diclofenac, but if bioconcentration factors from effluent-exposed fish are applied, the risks may be more similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Cuklev
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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124
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Fernández C, Carbonell G, Babín M. Effects of individual and a mixture of pharmaceuticals and personal-care products on cytotoxicity, EROD activity and ROS production in a rainbow trout gonadal cell line (RTG-2). J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1203-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández
- INIA, Department of Environment; Crta de La Coruña Km 7; 28040; Madrid; Spain
| | - Gregoria Carbonell
- INIA, Department of Environment; Crta de La Coruña Km 7; 28040; Madrid; Spain
| | - Mar Babín
- INIA, Department of Environment; Crta de La Coruña Km 7; 28040; Madrid; Spain
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125
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López-Doval JC, Kukkonen JVK, Rodrigo P, Muñoz I. Effects of indomethacin and propranolol on Chironomus riparius and Physella (Costatella) acuta. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 78:110-115. [PMID: 22153307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
New analytical methods are available for detecting novel xenobiotic compounds in freshwater systems. Pharmaceuticals are suspected of having effects on freshwater biota at very low concentrations, although the nature of these effects remains unclear. Previous data from the Llobregat River revealed a positive statistical relationship between the biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates and the presence of certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and beta-blockers. Here, experiments were conducted with the midge Chironomus riparius and the freshwater snail Physella (Costatella) acuta in sediments and water, respectively. The sediments and water were treated with the pharmaceuticals propranolol and indomethacin, with the aims of assaying the effects of these compounds on the organisms and testing the statistical relationships observed in field. The variables measured were survival; C. riparius biomass; and the carbon/nitrogen ratio, lipid content and fertility of freshwater snails. Indomethacin in treated sediments induced an increase in C. riparius biomass, whereas propranolol inhibited growth, albeit at marginal statistical significance. By contrast, indomethacin in water had no effect on any of the parameters measured in P. acuta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C López-Doval
- Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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126
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Li Z, Lu G, Yang X, Wang C. Single and combined effects of selected pharmaceuticals at sublethal concentrations on multiple biomarkers in Carassius auratus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:353-361. [PMID: 21947668 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the sublethal effects of caffeine, sulfamethoxazole and their mixture on goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated, the biomarkers including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and vitellogenin (VTG) in serum were determined after 1, 2, 4, and 7 days of exposure. AChE activity was significantly inhibited by caffeine (≥0.4 mg/l), sulfamethoxazole (≥0.4 mg/l) and their mixtures (≥0.048 mg/l) during all exposure periods, and obvious concentration-response and time-response relationships were obtained. EROD, GST and SOD activities were significantly increased by individual compounds and mixtures in most cases. GST induction exhibited bell-shaped concentration-response curves. Serum VTG was significantly induced by 2 mg/l of caffeine, 10 mg/l of sulfamethoxazole and the mixtures at concentrations ≥1.2 mg/l. In general, the two pharmaceuticals induced similar biological responses. The joint effect of caffeine/sulfamethoxazole was additive with regard to AChE and GST activity variation and was antagonistic with regard to EROD and SOD induction. The results indicated that multiple biomarker response method might be a useful tool for describing an integrated toxicological effect of chemicals. VTG induction suggested that caffeine and sulfamethoxazole may cause a slightly feminization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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127
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Rodil R, Quintana JB, Concha-Graña E, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in Galicia (NW Spain). CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:1040-9. [PMID: 22189380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A monitoring programme was carried out on wastewater, surface and drinking water on the NW area of Spain during the four seasons of a year period (November 2007-September 2008). This study covered a series of emerging pollutants of different classes, including pharmaceuticals, neutral and acidic organophosphorus flame retardant/plasticizers (OPs), triclosan, phenoxy-herbicides, insect repellents and UV filters. From the total set of 53 compounds, 19 were found in raw wastewater with median concentrations higher than 0.1 μg L(-1). Among them, salicylic acid, ibuprofen and the UV filter benzophenone-4 (BP-4) were the most concentrated, exceeding the 1 μg L(-1) median value. Subsequently, 11 of these contaminants are not efficiently enough removed in the small WWTPs tested and their median concentrations in effluents still surpassed the 0.1 μg L(-1), so that they can spread through surface water. These chemicals are the pharmaceuticals naproxen, diclofenac and atenolol; the OPs tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP); and the sulphonate UV filters BP-4 and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid (PBSA). These OPs were then the dominant emerging pollutants occurring in surface and drinking water, where they are detected in the 20-200 ng L(-1) range. Pharmaceuticals and UV filters are typically below the 10 ng L(-1) level. Finally, herbicides were only detected in the last sampling campaign under the 100 ng L(-1) drinking water European Union limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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128
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Thomas MA, Joshi PP, Klaper RD. Gene-class analysis of expression patterns induced by psychoactive pharmaceutical exposure in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) indicates induction of neuronal systems. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:109-20. [PMID: 21684349 PMCID: PMC3219835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychoactive pharmaceuticals are among the most frequently prescribed drugs, contributing to persistent measurable concentrations in aquatic systems. Typically, it is assumed that such contaminants have no human health implications because they exist in extremely low concentrations. We exposed juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to three pharmaceuticals, fluoxetine, venlafaxine and carbamazepine, individually and in a mixture, and measured their effect on the induction of gene expression in fish brains using microarray analysis. Gene expression changes were accompanied by behavioral changes and validated by qPCR analysis. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was used to perform gene-class analysis of gene expression, testing for enrichment of gene sets known to be involved in human neuronal development, regulation and growth. We found significant enrichment of gene sets for each of the treatments, with the largest induction of expression by the mixture treatment. These results suggest that the psychoactive pharmaceuticals are able to alter expression of fish genes associated with development, regulation and differentiation of synapses, neurons and neurotransmitters. The results provide a new perspective for the consideration of potential consequence for human health due to environmental exposure to unmetabolized psychoactive pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Stop 8007, 921 S 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID 83209-8007, USA.
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129
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Environmental Fate of Chiral Pharmaceuticals: Determination, Degradation and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2439-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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130
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Environmental Risk Assessment for Human Pharmaceuticals: The Current State of International Regulations. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3473-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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131
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Vione D, Maddigapu PR, De Laurentiis E, Minella M, Pazzi M, Maurino V, Minero C, Kouras S, Richard C. Modelling the photochemical fate of ibuprofen in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:6725-36. [PMID: 22048018 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We show that the main photochemical processes involved in the phototransformation of anionic ibuprofen (IBP) in surface waters are the reaction with (•)OH, the direct photolysis and possibly the reaction with the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter ((3)CDOM). These conclusions were derived by use of a model of surface water photochemistry, which adopted measured parameters of photochemical reactivity as input data. The relevant parameters are the polychromatic UVB photolysis quantum yield (Φ(IBP) = 0.33 ± 0.05, μ±σ), the reaction rate constant with (•)OH (k(IBP,•OH)=(1.0 ± 0.3)⋅10(10) M(-1) s(-1)), the (1)O(2) rate constant (k(IBP,)( ¹O₂)= (6.0 ± 0.6)⋅10(4) M(-1) s(-1)), while the reaction with CO(3)(-•) can be neglected. We adopted anthraquinone-2-sulphonate (AQ2S) and riboflavin (Ri) as CDOM proxies and the reaction rate constants with the respective triplet states were k(IBP,3AQ2S)=(9.7 ± 0.2)⋅10(9) M(-1) s(-1) and k(IBP,3Ri) = 4.5⋅10(7) M(-1) s(-1). The reaction with (3)CDOM can be an important IBP sink if its rate constant is comparable to that of (3)AQ2S, while it is unimportant if the rate constant is similar to the (3)Ri* one. The photochemical pathways mainly lead to the transformation (oxidation and/or shortening) of the propanoic lateral chain of IBP, which appears to be significantly more reactive than the isobutyl one. Interestingly, none of the detected intermediates was produced by substitution on the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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132
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Murata A, Takada H, Mutoh K, Hosoda H, Harada A, Nakada N. Nationwide monitoring of selected antibiotics: Distribution and sources of sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and macrolides in Japanese rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:5305-12. [PMID: 21975006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a nationwide survey of commonly used human and veterinary antibiotics (7 sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and 4 macrolides) in 37 Japanese rivers. Concentrations of the sum of the 12 target antibiotics ranged from undetectable to 626 ng/L, with a median of 7.3 ng/L for the 37 rivers. Antibiotics concentrations were higher in urban rivers than in rural rivers and were correlated with those of molecular markers of sewage (crotamiton and carbamazepine). Macrolides were dominant over sulfonamides in urban rivers. Sulfonamides, especially sulfamethazine (used in animals), were dominant in a few rivers in whose catchment animal husbandry is active. However, these signals of veterinary antibiotics were overwhelmed by those of human antibiotics in lower reaches of most rivers. The analysis of the antibiotics in all 88 samples showed that the target antibiotics in Japanese rivers are derived mainly from urban sewage, even though larger amounts of antibiotics are used in livestock. Most of the livestock waste-derived antibiotics are unlikely to be readily discharged to surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Murata
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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133
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Valcárcel Y, González Alonso S, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Gil A, Catalá M. Detection of pharmaceutically active compounds in the rivers and tap water of the Madrid Region (Spain) and potential ecotoxicological risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:1336-1348. [PMID: 21641628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the order of ng L(-1) to μg L(-1) have been reported worldwide in waste, fluvial and even drinking water, raising concern about the efficacy of the currently employed waste water treatments in the elimination of this kind of compounds. Despite ranking 29th in terms of population, Spain is currently the 8th country on pharmaceutical prescription with an expense of 14×10(9) euros in 2008. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of 33 pharmaceutically active compounds in specific points of the main rivers of the Madrid Region (MR) as well as tap water samples from the metropolitan area of Madrid. Additionally, a screening level risk characterization by means of the Hazard Quotient (HQ) method was applied. A total of 25 pharmaceutical compounds and metabolites were detected in the 10 sampling points downstream the outlet of the major STPs of the MR. The highest concentrations were detected for the anticonvulsant carbamazepine and the stimulant caffeine. Concentrations for most of the analyzed compounds exceed levels previously reported in the literature. Moreover, we report the highest concentration of the cytostatic ifosfamide, detected for the first time in Spain in surface water. Preliminary risk characterization shows that a total of 16 compounds represent at least a low potential hazard based on their scored HQs, with five of them present in a concentration that exceeds the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). Toxic Units calculation indicates that for all the selected sampling points high hazard is anticipated from the presence of the analyzed compounds in the measured concentrations (TUs>10). Caffeine and cotinine were detected in all (10) the analyzed tap water samples. Carbamazepine and nicotine were detected in six and venlafaxine in two samples. No studies venlafaxine in drinking water have been reported. These results clearly pinpoint the need for water quality monitoring and research in urban rivers, as well as the need for improved water treatment techniques able to eliminate this kind of compounds from the effluent waters as well as from drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Valcárcel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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de Lima Gomes PCF, Barletta JY, Nazario CED, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Von Wolff MA, Coneglian CMR, Umbuzeiro GA, Lancas FM. Optimization of in situ
derivatization SPME by experimental design for GC-MS multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:436-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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135
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Martín J, Camacho-Muñoz D, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Monitoring of pharmaceutically active compounds on the Guadalquivir River basin (Spain): occurrence and risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2042-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10185d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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136
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Al-Rajab AJ, Sabourin L, Lapen DR, Topp E. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac is readily biodegradable in agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 409:78-82. [PMID: 20952049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac, 2-[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetic acid, is an important non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used for human and animals to reduce inflammation and pain. Diclofenac could potentially reach agricultural lands through the application of municipal biosolids or wastewater, and in the absence of any environmental fate data, we evaluated its persistence in agricultural soils incubated in the laboratory. (14)C-Diclofenac was rapidly mineralized without a lag when added to soils varying widely in texture (sandy loam, loam, clay loam). Over a range of temperature and moisture conditions extractable (14)C-diclofenac residues decreased with half lives <5days. No extractable transformation products were detectable by HPLC. Diclofenac mineralization in the loam soil was abolished by heat sterilization. Addition of biosolids to sterile or non-sterile soil did not accelerate the dissipation of diclofenac. These findings indicate that diclofenac is readily biodegradable in agricultural soils.
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137
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Zhou H, Wu C, Huang X, Gao M, Wen X, Tsuno H, Tanaka H. Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals and caffeine in sewage treatment plants and receiving rivers in Beijing, China. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2010; 82:2239-48. [PMID: 21141385 DOI: 10.2175/106143010x12681059116653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of nine different types of pharmaceuticals and caffeine were analyzed in various units of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their receiving rivers in Beijing, China. Analyte concentrations were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatograph-tandem quadruple mass spectrometers (UPLC-MS/MS) and multiple-reaction monitoring. The studied pharmaceuticals and caffeine were found in all the WWTPs and receiving rivers. Their concentrations in the WWTP influents varied from 38 ng/L of sulpiride to 89.5 microg/L of caffeine, and those in the effluents ranged from 27 ng/L of sulpiride to 2.7 microg/L of erythromycin. Typically, the biological treatment appeared more effective in the removal of pharmaceuticals and caffeine than primary treatment in a WWTP. For an individual compound, the overall removal efficiency varied from one WWTP to the next. Mean values ranged from no removal of carbamazepine to 99.8% removal of caffeine. Most of the compounds in the receiving rivers were present at similar or higher concentrations compared to those in the WWTP effluents. The data set for this study does not include variations in concentrations along receiving waters because there were other point and nonpoint sources discharging to these rivers. The preliminary aquatic environmental risk assessment showed that carbamazepine, erythromycin, and trimethoprim is a potential chronic environmental risk in water bodies in Beijing, China, and is worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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138
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Topp E, Metcalfe CD, Boxall AB, Lapen DR. Transport of PPCPs and Veterinary Medicines from Agricultural Fields following Application of Biosolids or Manure. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Topp
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London ON, N5V 4T3 Canada
- Worsfold Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough ON, K9J 7B8 Canada
- EcoChemistry Team, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Chris D. Metcalfe
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London ON, N5V 4T3 Canada
- Worsfold Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough ON, K9J 7B8 Canada
- EcoChemistry Team, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Alistair B. Boxall
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London ON, N5V 4T3 Canada
- Worsfold Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough ON, K9J 7B8 Canada
- EcoChemistry Team, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - David R. Lapen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London ON, N5V 4T3 Canada
- Worsfold Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough ON, K9J 7B8 Canada
- EcoChemistry Team, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6 Canada
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