101
|
Abagnale G, Sechi A, Steger M, Zhou Q, Kuo CC, Aydin G, Schalla C, Müller-Newen G, Zenke M, Costa IG, van Rijn P, Gillner A, Wagner W. Surface Topography Guides Morphology and Spatial Patterning of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Colonies. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:654-666. [PMID: 28757164 PMCID: PMC5550028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of topographic cues for commitment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that groove-ridge structures with a periodicity in the submicrometer range induce elongation of iPSC colonies, guide the orientation of apical actin fibers, and direct the polarity of cell division. Elongation of iPSC colonies impacts also on their intrinsic molecular patterning, which seems to be orchestrated from the rim of the colonies. BMP4-induced differentiation is enhanced in elongated colonies, and the submicron grooves impact on the spatial modulation of YAP activity upon induction with this morphogen. Interestingly, TAZ, a YAP paralog, shows distinct cytoskeletal localization in iPSCs. These findings demonstrate that topography can guide orientation and organization of iPSC colonies, which may affect the interaction between mechanosensors and mechanotransducers in iPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Abagnale
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Steger
- Laser Technology (ILT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Qihui Zhou
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chao-Chung Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; IZKF Bioinformatics Research Group, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gülcan Aydin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan G Costa
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; IZKF Bioinformatics Research Group, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arnold Gillner
- Laser Technology (ILT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Bates LE, Silva JC. Reprogramming human cells to naïve pluripotency: how close are we? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:58-65. [PMID: 28668635 PMCID: PMC6112416 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the potential to revolutionise biomedical science; however, while it is simple to reproducibly obtain comparable, stable cell lines in mouse, those produced from human material typically show significant variability both within and between cell lines. This is likely due to differences in the cell identity of conventional mouse and human PSCs. It is hoped that recently identified conditions to reprogram human cells to a naïve-like state will produce better PSCs resulting in reproducible experimental outcomes and more consistent differentiation protocols. In this review we discuss the latest literature on the discovery of human naïve-like stem cells and examine how similar they are to both mouse naïve cells and the preimplantation human epiblast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Bates
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - José Cr Silva
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Botulinum hemagglutinin-mediated selective removal of cells deviating from the undifferentiated state in hiPSC colonies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:93. [PMID: 28273902 PMCID: PMC5428320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The undifferentiated state of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) depends on their cell–cell and cell–substrate adhesions. In this study, we report that exposure to botulinum hemagglutinin (HA), an E-cadherin function-blocking agent, selectively removed cells that deviated from the undifferentiated state in hiPSC colonies. After HA treatment, cell–cell adhesion was disrupted, deviated cells detached from colony centers, and dividing cells filled these spaces. Because E-cadherin-mediated adhesion was disrupted in undifferentiated cells, stress-fiber formation and focal adhesions were diminished; however, these were subsequently restored, and the cells retained expression of undifferentiated stem cell markers and their differentiation potential. In contrast, actin structures and focal adhesions were lost from deviated cells, and they subsequently died. In undifferentiated and deviated cells, the cadherin/integrin-regulator Rap1 was localized at cell–cell adhesions and in the cytoplasm, respectively. Concurrent HA and Rap1-inhibitor treatment accelerated the deviated-cell detachment and delayed the recovery of hiPSC morphology, but this effect was significantly attenuated by co-treatment with Rap1 activator. Thus, Rap1 regulated E-cadherin–integrin interplay in hiPSC colonies exhibiting deviation, while HA-mediated selective removal of these deviated cells helped maintain the undifferentiated state in the remaining hiPSCs.
Collapse
|
104
|
Vernardis SI, Terzoudis K, Panoskaltsis N, Mantalaris A. Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells maintain phenotype but alter their metabolism after exposure to ROCK inhibitor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42138. [PMID: 28165055 PMCID: PMC5292706 DOI: 10.1038/srep42138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are adhesion-dependent cells that require cultivation in colonies to maintain growth and pluripotency. Robust differentiation protocols necessitate single cell cultures that are achieved by use of ROCK (Rho kinase) inhibitors. ROCK inhibition enables maintenance of stem cell phenotype; its effects on metabolism are unknown. hPSCs were exposed to 10 μM ROCK inhibitor for varying exposure times. Pluripotency (TRA-1-81, SSEA3, OCT4, NANOG, SOX2) remained unaffected, until after prolonged exposure (96 hrs). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry metabolomics analysis identified differences between ROCK-treated and untreated cells as early as 12 hrs. Exposure for 48 hours resulted in reduction in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, the citric acid (TCA) cycle as well as the amino acids pools, suggesting the adaptation of the cells to the new culture conditions, which was also reflected by the expression of the metabolic regulators, mTORC1 and tp53 and correlated with cellular proliferation status. While gene expression and protein levels did not reveal any changes in the physiology of the cells, metabolomics revealed the fluctuating state of the metabolism. The above highlight the usefulness of metabolomics in providing accurate and sensitive information on cellular physiological status, which could lead to the development of robust and optimal stem cell bioprocesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyros I Vernardis
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Terzoudis
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Nicki Panoskaltsis
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.,Department of Haematology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Li C, Imanishi A, Komatsu N, Terai K, Amano M, Kaibuchi K, Matsuda M. A FRET Biosensor for ROCK Based on a Consensus Substrate Sequence Identified by KISS Technology. Cell Struct Funct 2017; 42:1-13. [DOI: 10.1247/csf.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Li
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Ayako Imanishi
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Kenta Terai
- Imaging Platform for Spatio-Temporal Information, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Mutsuki Amano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Wang W, Zhu Y, Huang K, Shan Y, Du J, Dong X, Ma P, Wu P, Zhang J, Huang W, Zhang T, Liao B, Yao D, Pan G, Liu J. Suppressing P16 Ink4a and P14 ARF pathways overcomes apoptosis in individualized human embryonic stem cells. FASEB J 2016; 31:1130-1140. [PMID: 27965321 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600782r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dissociation-induced apoptosis is a striking phenomenon in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but not in naive mouse ESCs. Rho-associated kinase-dependent actin-myosin hyperactivation is an underlying mechanism that triggers apoptosis in dissociated hESCs; however, in this study, we show that the Ink4A-ARF-mediated senescence pathway is another mechanism to cause apoptosis in individualized hESCs. We show that P16INK4A and P14ARF are immediately induced in hESCs upon dissociation, but not in mouse ESCs. Overexpression of BMI1, a suppressor for Ink4A-ARF, greatly promotes survival and cloning efficiency of individualized hESCs mechanistically via direct binding the H3K27me3-marked Ink4A-ARF locus. Forced expression of BMI1 in hESCs does not reduce the actin-myosin activation that is triggered by dissociation, which indicates it is an independent pathway for hESC survival. Furthermore, dual inhibition of both Ink4A-ARF and actin-myosin hyperactivation enables successful passaging of hESCs via gelatin, a nonbioactive matrix. In sum, we provide an additional mechanism that underlies cell death in individualized hESCs that might help to fully understand the differential cell characteristics between naive and primed ESCs.-Wang, W., Zhu, Y., Huang, K., Shan, Y., Du, J., Dong, X., Ma, P., Wu, P., Zhang, J., Huang, W., Zhang, T., Liao, B., Yao, D., Pan, G., Liu, J. Suppressing P16Ink4a and P14ARF pathways overcomes apoptosis in individualized human embryonic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongli Shan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Du
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Dong
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penafei Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Liao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyang Yao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjin Pan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China;
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Wang Y, Liu Q, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Tan Y, Jiang N, Cao G, Ma X, Wang J, Cao Z, Yu B, Kou J. Ginsenoside Rg1 Protects against Oxidative Stress-induced Neuronal Apoptosis through Myosin IIA-actin Related Cytoskeletal Reorganization. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1341-1356. [PMID: 27877086 PMCID: PMC5118780 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced cytoskeletal dysfunction of neurons has been implicated as a crucial cause of cell apoptosis or death in the central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The application of neuroprotectants rescuing the neurons from cytoskeletal damage and apoptosis can be a potential treatment for these CNS diseases. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), one of the major active components of ginseng, has been reported possessing notable neuroprotective activities. However, there is rare report about its effect on cytoskeleton and its undergoing mechanism. The current study is to reveal the regulatory effects of Rg1 on cytoskeletal and morphological lesion in oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. The results demonstrated that pre-treatment with Rg1 (0.1-10 μM) attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress through reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level. The Rg1 treatment also abolished H2O2-induced morphological changes, including cell rounding, membrane blebbing, neurite retraction and nuclei condensation, which were generated by myosin IIA-actin interaction. These effects were mediated via the down-regulation of caspase-3, ROCK1 (Rho-associated kinase1) activation and myosin light chain (MLC, Ser-19) phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibiting myosin II activity with blebbistatin partly blocked the neuroprotective effects of Rg1. The computer-aided homology modelling revealed that Rg1 preferentially positioned in the actin binding cleft of myosin IIA and might block the binding of myosin IIA to actin filaments. Accordingly, the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 is related to the activity that inhibits myosin IIA-actin interaction and the caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC signaling pathway. These findings put some insights into the unique neuroprotective properties of Rg1 associated with the regulation of myosin IIA-actin cytoskeletal structure under oxidative stress and provide experimental evidence for Rg1 in CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.; School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Yingqiong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- Pharmacy Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yisha Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guosheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Center, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jingrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Junping Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Biological Effects of Culture Substrates on Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5380560. [PMID: 27656216 PMCID: PMC5021488 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5380560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, as human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been commonly cultured in feeder-free conditions, a number of cell culture substrates have been applied or developed. However, the functional roles of these substrates in maintaining hPSC self-renewal remain unclear. Here in this review, we summarize the types of these substrates and their effect on maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression has been shown to be crucial in maintaining hPSC self-renewal. These ECM molecules interact with integrin cell-surface receptors and transmit their cellular signaling. We discuss the possible effect of integrin-mediated signaling pathways on maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Activation of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), which transmits ECM-integrin signaling to AKT (also known as protein kinase B), has been shown to be critical in maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Also, since naïve pluripotency has been widely recognized as an alternative pluripotent state of hPSCs, we discuss the possible effects of culture substrates and integrin signaling on naïve hPSCs based on the studies of mouse embryonic stem cells. Understanding the role of culture substrates in hPSC self-renewal and differentiation enables us to control hPSC behavior precisely and to establish scalable or microfabricated culture technologies for regenerative medicine and drug development.
Collapse
|
109
|
Kramer N, Rosner M, Kovacic B, Hengstschläger M. Full biological characterization of human pluripotent stem cells will open the door to translational research. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2173-2186. [PMID: 27325309 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), great hopes were held for their therapeutic application including disease modeling, drug discovery screenings, toxicological screenings and regenerative therapy. hESC and hiPSC have the advantage of indefinite self-renewal, thereby generating an inexhaustible pool of cells with, e.g., specific genotype for developing putative treatments; they can differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers enabling autologous transplantation, and via donor-selection they can express various genotypes of interest for better disease modeling. Furthermore, drug screenings and toxicological screenings in hESC and hiPSC are more pertinent to identify drugs or chemical compounds that are harmful for human, than a mouse model could predict. Despite continuing research in the wide field of therapeutic applications, further understanding of the underlying basic mechanisms of stem cell function is necessary. Here, we summarize current knowledge concerning pluripotency, self-renewal, apoptosis, motility, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kramer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Kovacic
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Langhans MT, Yu S, Tuan RS. Stem Cells in Skeletal Tissue Engineering: Technologies and Models. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 11:453-474. [PMID: 26423296 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x10666151001115248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys the use of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells in skeletal tissue engineering. Specific emphasis is focused on evaluating the function and activities of these cells in the context of development in vivo, and how technologies and methods of stem cell-based tissue engineering for stem cells must draw inspiration from developmental biology. Information on the embryonic origin and in vivo differentiation of skeletal tissues is first reviewed, to shed light on the persistence and activities of adult stem cells that remain in skeletal tissues after embryogenesis. Next, the development and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is discussed, and some of their advantages and disadvantages in the context of tissue engineering are presented. The final section highlights current use of multipotent adult mesenchymal stem cells, reviewing their origin, differentiation capacity, and potential applications to tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 221, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Tasnim F, Toh YC, Qu Y, Li H, Phan D, Narmada BC, Ananthanarayanan A, Mittal N, Meng RQ, Yu H. Functionally Enhanced Human Stem Cell Derived Hepatocytes in Galactosylated Cellulosic Sponges for Hepatotoxicity Testing. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1947-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yinghua Qu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Derek Phan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Balakrishnan C. Narmada
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Ananthanarayanan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ryan Q Meng
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Asia Pacific, Janssen Research & Development, 999 South Pudong Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department
of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD9-03-03, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- NUS Graduate
School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Mechanobiology
Institute, T-Laboratories, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 3 Science Drive 2, S16-05-08, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Chen D, Sun Y, Deng CX, Fu J. Improving survival of disassociated human embryonic stem cells by mechanical stimulation using acoustic tweezing cytometry. Biophys J 2016; 108:1315-1317. [PMID: 25809245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissociation-induced apoptosis of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hampers their large-scale culture. Herein we leveraged the mechanosensitivity of hESCs and employed, to our knowledge, a novel technique, acoustic tweezing cytometry (ATC), for subcellular mechanical stimulation of disassociated single hESCs to improve their survival. By acoustically actuating integrin-bound microbubbles (MBs) to live cells, ATC increased the survival rate and cloning efficiency of hESCs by threefold. A positive correlation was observed between the increased hESC survival rate and total accumulative displacement of integrin-anchored MBs during ATC stimulation. ATC may serve as a promising biocompatible tool to improve hESC culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cheri X Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Huang TS, Li L, Moalim-Nour L, Jia D, Bai J, Yao Z, Bennett SAL, Figeys D, Wang L. A Regulatory Network Involving β-Catenin, e-Cadherin, PI3k/Akt, and Slug Balances Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells In Response to Wnt Signaling. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1419-33. [PMID: 25538040 PMCID: PMC5297972 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying disparate roles of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in maintaining self‐renewal or inducing differentiation and lineage specification in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are not clear. In this study, we provide the first demonstration that self‐renewal versus differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs) in response to Wnt signaling is predominantly determined by a two‐layer regulatory circuit involving β‐catenin, E‐cadherin, PI3K/Akt, and Slug in a time‐dependent manner. Short‐term upregulation of β‐catenin does not lead to the activation of T‐cell factor (TCF)‐eGFP Wnt reporter in hESCs. Instead, it enhances E‐cadherin expression on the cell membrane, thereby enhancing hESC self‐renewal through E‐cadherin‐associated PI3K/Akt signaling. Conversely, long‐term Wnt activation or loss of E‐cadherin intracellular β‐catenin binding domain induces TCF‐eGFP activity and promotes hESC differentiation through β‐catenin‐induced upregulation of Slug. Enhanced expression of Slug leads to a further reduction of E‐cadherin that serves as a β‐catenin “sink” sequestering free cytoplasmic β‐catenin. The formation of such a framework reinforces hESCs to switch from a state of temporal self‐renewal associated with short‐term Wnt/β‐catenin activation to definitive differentiation. Stem Cells2015;33:1419–1433
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyng-Shyan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Abdelwahid E, Kalvelyte A, Stulpinas A, de Carvalho KAT, Guarita-Souza LC, Foldes G. Stem cell death and survival in heart regeneration and repair. Apoptosis 2016; 21:252-68. [PMID: 26687129 PMCID: PMC5200890 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis disrupts cardiac function and leads to cardiac decompensation and terminal heart failure. Delineating the regulatory signaling pathways that orchestrate cell survival in the heart has significant therapeutic implications. Cardiac tissue has limited capacity to regenerate and repair. Stem cell therapy is a successful approach for repairing and regenerating ischemic cardiac tissue; however, transplanted cells display very high death percentage, a problem that affects success of tissue regeneration. Stem cells display multipotency or pluripotency and undergo self-renewal, however these events are negatively influenced by upregulation of cell death machinery that induces the significant decrease in survival and differentiation signals upon cardiovascular injury. While efforts to identify cell types and molecular pathways that promote cardiac tissue regeneration have been productive, studies that focus on blocking the extensive cell death after transplantation are limited. The control of cell death includes multiple networks rather than one crucial pathway, which underlies the challenge of identifying the interaction between various cellular and biochemical components. This review is aimed at exploiting the molecular mechanisms by which stem cells resist death signals to develop into mature and healthy cardiac cells. Specifically, we focus on a number of factors that control death and survival of stem cells upon transplantation and ultimately affect cardiac regeneration. We also discuss potential survival enhancing strategies and how they could be meaningful in the design of targeted therapies that improve cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eltyeb Abdelwahid
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-725, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Audrone Kalvelyte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurimas Stulpinas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho
- Cell Therapy and Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Pequeno Príncipe Faculty, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Curitiba, Paraná, 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cesar Guarita-Souza
- Experimental Laboratory of Institute of Biological and Health Sciences of Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Gabor Foldes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Bhandary L, Whipple RA, Vitolo MI, Charpentier MS, Boggs AE, Chakrabarti KR, Thompson KN, Martin SS. ROCK inhibition promotes microtentacles that enhance reattachment of breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6251-66. [PMID: 25749040 PMCID: PMC4467435 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood predicts poor patient outcome and CTC frequency is correlated with higher risk of metastasis. Recently discovered, novel microtubule-based structures, microtentacles, can enhance reattachment of CTCs to the vasculature. Microtentacles are highly dynamic membrane protrusions formed in detached cells and occur when physical forces generated by the outwardly expanding microtubules overcome the contractile force of the actin cortex. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) is a major regulator of actomyosin contractility and Rho/ROCK over-activation is implicated in tumor metastasis. ROCK inhibitors are gaining popularity as potential cancer therapeutics based on their success in reducing adherent tumor cell migration and invasion. However, the effect of ROCK inhibition on detached cells in circulation is largely unknown. In this study, we use breast tumor cells in suspension to mimic detached CTCs and show that destabilizing the actin cortex through ROCK inhibition in suspended cells promotes the formation of microtentacles and enhances reattachment of cells from suspension. Conversely, increasing actomyosin contraction by Rho over-activation reduces microtentacle frequency and reattachment. Although ROCK inhibitors may be effective in reducing adherent tumor cell behavior, our results indicate that they could inadvertently increase metastatic potential of non-adherent CTCs by increasing their reattachment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lekhana Bhandary
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca A Whipple
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele I Vitolo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Monica S Charpentier
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda E Boggs
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristi R Chakrabarti
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keyata N Thompson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart S Martin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
TeSlaa T, Setoguchi K, Teitell MA. Mitochondria in human pluripotent stem cell apoptosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:76-83. [PMID: 26828436 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential in regenerative medicine because they can differentiate into any cell type in the body. Genome integrity is vital for human development and for high fidelity passage of genetic information across generations through the germ line. To ensure genome stability, hPSCs maintain a lower rate of mutation than somatic cells and undergo rapid apoptosis in response to DNA damage and additional cell stresses. Furthermore, cellular metabolism and the cell cycle are also differentially regulated between cells in pluripotent and differentiated states and can aid in protecting hPSCs against DNA damage and damaged cell propagation. Despite these safeguards, clinical use of hPSC derivatives could be compromised by tumorigenic potential and possible malignant transformation from failed to differentiate cells. Since hPSCs and mature cells differentially respond to cell stress, it may be possible to specifically target undifferentiated cells for rapid apoptosis in mixed cell populations to enable safer use of hPSC-differentiated cells in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara TeSlaa
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kiyoko Setoguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Department of Pediatrics, California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Slow Cooling Cryopreservation Optimized to Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 951:57-65. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
|
118
|
Kim K, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Neural crest specification by inhibition of the ROCK/Myosin II pathway. Stem Cells 2015; 33:674-85. [PMID: 25346532 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest is a population of multipotent progenitor cells that form at the border of neural and non-neural ectoderm in vertebrate embryos, and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration. According to the traditional view, the neural crest is specified in early embryos by signaling molecules including BMP, FGF, and Wnt proteins. Here, we identify a novel signaling pathway leading to neural crest specification, which involves Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and its downstream target nonmuscle Myosin II. We show that ROCK inhibitors promote differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into neural crest-like progenitors (NCPs) that are characterized by specific molecular markers and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, inhibition of Myosin II was sufficient for generating NCPs at high efficiency. Whereas Myosin II has been previously implicated in the self-renewal and survival of hESCs, we demonstrate its role in neural crest development during ESC differentiation. Inhibition of this pathway in Xenopus embryos expanded neural crest in vivo, further indicating that neural crest specification is controlled by ROCK-dependent Myosin II activity. We propose that changes in cell morphology in response to ROCK and Myosin II inhibition initiate mechanical signaling leading to neural crest fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmi Kim
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Hawksworth OA, Coulthard LG, Taylor SM, Wolvetang EJ, Woodruff TM. Brief report: complement C5a promotes human embryonic stem cell pluripotency in the absence of FGF2. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3278-84. [PMID: 25132103 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complement activation product, C5a, is a pivotal member of the innate immune response; however, a diverse number of nonimmune functions are now being ascribed to C5a signaling, including roles during embryonic development. Here, we identify the expression of the C5a precursor protein, C5, as well as the C5a receptors, C5aR and C5L2, in both human embryonic stem cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cells. We show that administration of a physiologically relevant dose of purified human C5a (1 nM) stimulates activation of ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, and is able to promote maintenance of the pluripotent state in the absence of FGF2. C5a also reduced cell loss following dissociation of human pluripotent stem cells. Our results reveal that complement C5a signaling supports human stem cell pluripotency and survival, and thus may play a key role in shaping early human embryonic development.
Collapse
|
120
|
Newell-Litwa KA, Horwitz R, Lamers ML. Non-muscle myosin II in disease: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1495-515. [PMID: 26542704 PMCID: PMC4728321 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin motor protein non-muscle myosin II (NMII) acts as a master regulator of cell morphology, with a role in several essential cellular processes, including cell migration and post-synaptic dendritic spine plasticity in neurons. NMII also generates forces that alter biochemical signaling, by driving changes in interactions between actin-associated proteins that can ultimately regulate gene transcription. In addition to its roles in normal cellular physiology, NMII has recently emerged as a critical regulator of diverse, genetically complex diseases, including neuronal disorders, cancers and vascular disease. In the context of these disorders, NMII regulatory pathways can be directly mutated or indirectly altered by disease-causing mutations. NMII regulatory pathway genes are also increasingly found in disease-associated copy-number variants, particularly in neuronal disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Furthermore, manipulation of NMII-mediated contractility regulates stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, thus highlighting the key role of NMII-based pharmaceuticals in the clinical success of stem cell therapies. In this Review, we discuss the emerging role of NMII activity and its regulation by kinases and microRNAs in the pathogenesis and prognosis of a diverse range of diseases, including neuronal disorders, cancer and vascular disease. We also address promising clinical applications and limitations of NMII-based inhibitors in the treatment of these diseases and the development of stem-cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Newell-Litwa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Marcelo L Lamers
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-010, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Clonal culturing of human embryonic stem cells on laminin-521/E-cadherin matrix in defined and xeno-free environment. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3195. [PMID: 24463987 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of robust methods for establishment and expansion of pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells still hampers development of cell therapy. Laminins (LN) are a family of highly cell-type specific basement membrane proteins important for cell adhesion, differentiation, migration and phenotype stability. Here we produce and isolate a human recombinant LN-521 isoform and develop a cell culture matrix containing LN-521 and E-cadherin, which both localize to stem cell niches in vivo. This matrix allows clonal derivation, clonal survival and long-term self-renewal of hES cells under completely chemically defined and xeno-free conditions without ROCK inhibitors. Neither LN-521 nor E-cadherin alone enable clonal survival of hES cells. The LN-521/E-cadherin matrix allows hES cell line derivation from blastocyst inner cell mass and single blastomere cells without a need to destroy the embryo. This method can facilitate the generation of hES cell lines for development of different cell types for regenerative medicine purposes.
Collapse
|
122
|
Chakrabarti KR, Hessler L, Bhandary L, Martin SS. Molecular Pathways: New Signaling Considerations When Targeting Cytoskeletal Balance to Reduce Tumor Growth. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5209-5214. [PMID: 26463706 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic balance between microtubule extension and actin contraction regulates mammalian cell shape, division, and motility, which has made the cytoskeleton an attractive and very successful target for cancer drugs. Numerous compounds in clinical use to reduce tumor growth cause microtubule breakdown (vinca alkaloids, colchicine-site, and halichondrins) or hyperstabilization of microtubules (taxanes and epothilones). However, both of these strategies indiscriminately alter the assembly and dynamics of all microtubules, which causes significant dose-limiting toxicities on normal tissues. Emerging data are revealing that posttranslational modifications of tubulin (detyrosination, acetylation) or microtubule-associated proteins (Tau, Aurora kinase) may allow for more specific targeting of microtubule subsets, thereby avoiding the broad disruption of all microtubule polymerization. Developing approaches to reduce tumor cell migration and invasion focus on disrupting actin regulation by the kinases SRC and ROCK. Because the dynamic balance between microtubule extension and actin contraction also regulates cell fate decisions and stem cell characteristics, disrupting this cytoskeletal balance could yield unexpected effects beyond tumor growth. This review will examine recent data demonstrating that cytoskeletal cancer drugs affect wound-healing responses, microtentacle-dependent reattachment efficiency, and stem cell characteristics in ways that could affect the metastatic potential of tumor cells, both beneficially and detrimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi R Chakrabarti
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lindsay Hessler
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,General Surgery Residency Program, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lekhana Bhandary
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stuart S Martin
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Chan XY, Black R, Dickerman K, Federico J, Lévesque M, Mumm J, Gerecht S. Three-Dimensional Vascular Network Assembly From Diabetic Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2677-85. [PMID: 26449749 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In diabetics, hyperglycemia results in deficient endothelial progenitors and cells, leading to cardiovascular complications. We aim to engineer 3-dimensional (3D) vascular networks in synthetic hydrogels from type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), to serve as a transformative autologous vascular therapy for diabetic patients. APPROACH AND RESULTS We validated and optimized an adherent, feeder-free differentiation procedure to derive early vascular cells (EVCs) with high portions of vascular endothelial cadherin-positive cells from hiPSCs. We demonstrate similar differentiation efficiency from hiPSCs derived from healthy donor and patients with T1D. T1D-hiPSC-derived vascular endothelial cadherin-positive cells can mature to functional endothelial cells-expressing mature markers: von Willebrand factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase are capable of lectin binding and acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake, form cords in Matrigel and respond to tumor necrosis factor-α. When embedded in engineered hyaluronic acid hydrogels, T1D-EVCs undergo morphogenesis and assemble into 3D networks. When encapsulated in a novel hypoxia-inducible hydrogel, T1D-EVCs respond to low oxygen and form 3D networks. As xenografts, T1D-EVCs incorporate into developing zebrafish vasculature. CONCLUSIONS Using our robust protocol, we can direct efficient differentiation of T1D-hiPSC to EVCs. Early endothelial cells derived from T1D-hiPSC are functional when mature. T1D-EVCs self-assembled into 3D networks when embedded in hyaluronic acid and hypoxia-inducible hydrogels. The capability of T1D-EVCs to assemble into 3D networks in engineered matrices and to respond to a hypoxic microenvironment is a significant advancement for autologous vascular therapy in diabetic patients and has broad importance for tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Chan
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology (X.Y.C., R.B., K.D., J.F., S.G.) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute (M.L., J.M.) and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.L., J.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rebecca Black
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology (X.Y.C., R.B., K.D., J.F., S.G.) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute (M.L., J.M.) and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.L., J.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kayla Dickerman
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology (X.Y.C., R.B., K.D., J.F., S.G.) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute (M.L., J.M.) and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.L., J.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph Federico
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology (X.Y.C., R.B., K.D., J.F., S.G.) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute (M.L., J.M.) and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.L., J.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mathieu Lévesque
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology (X.Y.C., R.B., K.D., J.F., S.G.) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute (M.L., J.M.) and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.L., J.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeff Mumm
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology (X.Y.C., R.B., K.D., J.F., S.G.) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute (M.L., J.M.) and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.L., J.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology (X.Y.C., R.B., K.D., J.F., S.G.) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute (M.L., J.M.) and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (M.L., J.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Edges of human embryonic stem cell colonies display distinct mechanical properties and differentiation potential. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14218. [PMID: 26391588 PMCID: PMC4585749 DOI: 10.1038/srep14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanisms that guide cell fate decisions during early human development, we closely examined the differentiation process in adherent colonies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Live imaging of the differentiation process reveals that cells on the outer edge of the undifferentiated colony begin to differentiate first and remain on the perimeter of the colony to eventually form a band of differentiation. Strikingly, this band is of constant width in all colonies, independent of their size. Cells at the edge of undifferentiated colonies show distinct actin organization, greater myosin activity and stronger traction forces compared to cells in the interior of the colony. Increasing the number of cells at the edge of colonies by plating small colonies can increase differentiation efficiency. Our results suggest that human developmental decisions are influenced by cellular environments and can be dictated by colony geometry of hESCs.
Collapse
|
125
|
Kajabadi NS, Ghoochani A, Peymani M, Ghaedi K, Kiani-Esfahani A, Hashemi MS, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. The Synergistic Enhancement of Cloning Efficiency in Individualized Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Peroxisome Proliferative-activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ) Activation and Rho-associated Kinase (ROCK) Inhibition. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26303-13. [PMID: 26336103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide valuable sources for regenerative medicine, their applicability is dependent on obtaining both suitable up-scaled and cost effective cultures. The Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 permits hPSC survival upon dissociation; however, cloning efficiency is often still low. Here we have shown that pioglitazone, a selective peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-γ agonist, along with Y-27632 synergistically diminished dissociation-induced apoptosis and increased cloning efficiency (2-3-fold versus Y-27632) without affecting pluripotency of hPSCs. Pioglitazone exerted its positive effect by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3) activity and enhancement of membranous β-catenin and E-cadherin proteins. These effects were reversed by GW-9662, an irreversible peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-γ antagonist. This novel setting provided a step toward hPSC manipulation and its biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim-Sadat Kajabadi
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8165131378, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8165131378, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran, Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8165131378, Iran,
| | - Abbas Kiani-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8165131378, Iran
| | - Motahareh-Sadat Hashemi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8165131378, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8165131378, Iran,
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran, and
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Akhmanova M, Osidak E, Domogatsky S, Rodin S, Domogatskaya A. Physical, Spatial, and Molecular Aspects of Extracellular Matrix of In Vivo Niches and Artificial Scaffolds Relevant to Stem Cells Research. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:167025. [PMID: 26351461 PMCID: PMC4553184 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix can influence stem cell choices, such as self-renewal, quiescence, migration, proliferation, phenotype maintenance, differentiation, or apoptosis. Three aspects of extracellular matrix were extensively studied during the last decade: physical properties, spatial presentation of adhesive epitopes, and molecular complexity. Over 15 different parameters have been shown to influence stem cell choices. Physical aspects include stiffness (or elasticity), viscoelasticity, pore size, porosity, amplitude and frequency of static and dynamic deformations applied to the matrix. Spatial aspects include scaffold dimensionality (2D or 3D) and thickness; cell polarity; area, shape, and microscale topography of cell adhesion surface; epitope concentration, epitope clustering characteristics (number of epitopes per cluster, spacing between epitopes within cluster, spacing between separate clusters, cluster patterns, and level of disorder in epitope arrangement), and nanotopography. Biochemical characteristics of natural extracellular matrix molecules regard diversity and structural complexity of matrix molecules, affinity and specificity of epitope interaction with cell receptors, role of non-affinity domains, complexity of supramolecular organization, and co-signaling by growth factors or matrix epitopes. Synergy between several matrix aspects enables stem cells to retain their function in vivo and may be a key to generation of long-term, robust, and effective in vitro stem cell culture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Egor Osidak
- Imtek Limited, 3 Cherepkovskaya 15, Moscow 21552, Russia
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology Federal State Budgetary Institution, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Gamalei 18, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Sergey Domogatsky
- Imtek Limited, 3 Cherepkovskaya 15, Moscow 21552, Russia
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center Federal State Budgetary Institution, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 3 Cherepkovskaya 15, Moscow 21552, Russia
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Domogatskaya
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Roybal KT, Mace EM, Mantell JM, Verkade P, Orange JS, Wülfing C. Early Signaling in Primary T Cells Activated by Antigen Presenting Cells Is Associated with a Deep and Transient Lamellal Actin Network. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133299. [PMID: 26237050 PMCID: PMC4523204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling transduction critically depends on molecular interactions that are in turn governed by dynamic subcellular distributions of the signaling system components. Comprehensive insight into signal transduction requires an understanding of such distributions and cellular structures driving them. To investigate the activation of primary murine T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) we have imaged more than 60 signaling intermediates during T cell stimulation with microscopy across resolution limits. A substantial number of signaling intermediates associated with a transient, wide, and actin-associated lamellum extending from an interdigitated T cell:APC interface several micrometers into the T cell, as characterized in detail here. By mapping the more than 60 signaling intermediates onto the spatiotemporal features of cell biological structures, the lamellum and other ones previously described, we also define distinct spatial and temporal characteristics of T cell signal initiation, amplification, and core signaling in the activation of primary T cells by APCs. These characteristics differ substantially from ones seen when T cells are activated using common reductionist approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Judith M. Mantell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Laperle A, Hsiao C, Lampe M, Mortier J, Saha K, Palecek SP, Masters KS. α-5 Laminin Synthesized by Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Promotes Self-Renewal. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:195-206. [PMID: 26235893 PMCID: PMC4618661 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate composition significantly impacts human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) self-renewal and differentiation, but relatively little is known about the role of endogenously produced extracellular matrix (ECM) components in regulating hPSC fates. Here we identify α-5 laminin as a signature ECM component endogenously synthesized by undifferentiated hPSCs cultured on defined substrates. Inducible shRNA knockdown and Cas9-mediated disruption of the LAMA5 gene dramatically reduced hPSC self-renewal and increased apoptosis without affecting the expression of pluripotency markers. Increased self-renewal and survival was restored to wild-type levels by culturing the LAMA5-deficient cells on exogenous laminin-521. Furthermore, treatment of LAMA5-deficient cells with blebbistatin or a ROCK inhibitor partially restored self-renewal and diminished apoptosis. These results demonstrate that endogenous α-5 laminin promotes hPSC self-renewal in an autocrine and paracrine manner. This finding has implications for understanding how stem cells dynamically regulate their microenvironment to promote self-renewal and provides guidance for efforts to design substrates for stem cell bioprocessing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Laperle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Cheston Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael Lampe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jaime Mortier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kristyn S Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Kim WT, Seo Choi H, Min Lee H, Jang YJ, Ryu CJ. B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 regulates human embryonic stem cell adhesion, stemness, and survival via control of epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2626-41. [PMID: 24898727 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
B-Cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BAP31) regulates the export of secreted membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the downstream secretory pathway. Previously, we generated a monoclonal antibody 297-D4 against the surface molecule on undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Here, we found that 297-D4 antigen was localized to pluripotent hESCs and downregulated during early differentiation of hESCs and identified that the antigen target of 297-D4 was BAP31 on the hESC-surface. To investigate the functional role of BAP31 in hESCs, BAP31 expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA. BAP31 depletion impaired hESC self-renewal and pluripotency and drove hESC differentiation into multicell lineages. BAP31 depletion hindered hESC proliferation by arresting cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and inducing caspase-independent cell death. Interestingly, BAP31 depletion reduced hESC adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM). Analysis of cell surface molecules showed decreased expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in BAP31-depleted hESCs, while ectopic expression of BAP31 elevated the expression of EpCAM. EpCAM depletion also reduced hESC adhesion to ECM, arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induced cell death, producing similar effects to those of BAP31 depletion. BAP31 and EpCAM were physically associated and colocalized at the ER and cell surface. Both BAP31 and EpCAM depletion decreased cyclin D1 and E expression and suppressed PI3K/Akt signaling, suggesting that BAP31 regulates hESC stemness and survival via control of EpCAM expression. These findings provide, for the first time, mechanistic insights into how BAP31 regulates hESC stemness and survival via control of EpCAM expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tae Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Zhao B, Qi Z, Li Y, Wang C, Fu W, Chen YG. The non-muscle-myosin-II heavy chain Myh9 mediates colitis-induced epithelium injury by restricting Lgr5+ stem cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7166. [PMID: 25968904 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lgr5+ stem cells are crucial to gut epithelium homeostasis, and therapies targeting these cells hold promise for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Here we report that the non-muscle-myosin-II (NMII) heavy chain Myh9 accumulates at epithelial injury sites in mice distal colon treated with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Gut-epithelium-specific Myh9 monoallelic deletion alleviates DSS-induced colonic crypt damage and acute colitis. Consistently, the NMII inhibitor blebbistatin can improve the survival of Lgr5+ stem cells and the growth of Lgr5 organoids. Mechanistically, inhibition of NMII by blebbistatin or Myh9 monoallelic deletion activates Akt through Rac1 and PAK1, which is essential for the survival and pluripotency of Lgr5+ cells. These results establish a critical role of the Myh9-Rac1-PAK1-Akt pathway in the maintenance of Lgr5+ stem cells. As blebbistatin can mitigate DSS-induced colitis and preserve Lgr5+ colonic stem cells in vivo, our findings provide a potential therapeutic intervention of gastrointestinal epithelium injury and degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yehua Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chongkai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Zhao X, Li Q, Jiang WM, Liu HY, Ma N, Zhou Z, Li LJ, Huang YH, Ma YL. Expression level of pluripotent genes in incomplete reprogramming. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 7:639-644. [PMID: 25149378 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the expression levels of pluripotent genes among incomplete reprogrammed colonies and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to explore the relationship between the expression of pluripotent genes and incomplete reprogramming. METHODS Four genes (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, C-Myc) were introduced into human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) by retroviruses. The HFFs were induced to reprogramming. Different forms of colonies were picked up, analyzed, and compared with iPSCs from different aspects, including the morphology of clones, alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining, immuno-fluorescence, and Q-PCR. RESULTS In the reprogramming process, different colonies were emerged, some of them exhibited typical human embryonic stem cell morphology (eg., compact colonies, high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios, and prominent nucleoli). However, these colonies couldn't maintain these characters after passage. There was an intermediate state, named partially reprogramming. Through analysis and identification, AP staining results were weakly positive, compared with iPSC colonies. The immuno-fluorescence staining demonstrated these colonies just expressed pluripotent protein Oct4. Q-PCR indicated that the expression of exogenous transcription factors was inappropriate, either at a high level or at a low level. Most of the endogenous pluripotency genes were expressed at a low level. CONCLUSIONS It may be one of the causes of incomplete reprogramming that the exogenous pluripotent gene is low-expressed or over-expressed, and successful reprogramming may depend on a specific stoichiometric balance of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China; Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wei-Min Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Lin-Jiang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Yan-Lin Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Tsai AC, Liu Y, Yuan X, Ma T. Compaction, fusion, and functional activation of three-dimensional human mesenchymal stem cell aggregate. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1705-19. [PMID: 25661745 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are primary candidates in cell therapy and tissue engineering and are being tested in clinical trials for a wide range of diseases. Originally isolated and expanded as plastic adherent cells, hMSCs have intriguing properties of in vitro self-assembly into three-dimensional (3D) aggregates that improve a range of biological properties, including multilineage potential, secretion of therapeutic factors, and resistance against ischemic condition. While cell-cell contacts and cell-extracellular matrix interactions mediate 3D cell aggregation, the adaptive changes of hMSC cytoskeleton during self-assembly and associated metabolic reconfiguration may also influence aggregate properties and functional activation. In this study, we investigated the role of actin in regulating 3D hMSC aggregate compaction, fusion, spreading and functional activation. Individual hMSC aggregates with controlled initial cell number were formed by seeding a known number of hMSCs (500, 2000, and 5000 cells/well) in multi-well plates of an ultra-low adherent surface to form multicellular aggregates in individual wells. To assess the influence of actin-mediated contractility on hMSC aggregation and properties, actin modulators, including cytochalasin D (cytoD), nocodazole, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and Y-27632, were added at different stages of aggregation and their impacts on hMSC aggregate compaction and apoptosis were monitored. The results suggest that actin-mediated contractility influences hMSC aggregation, compaction, fusion, and spreading on adherent surface. Formation of multi-cellular aggregates significantly upregulated caspase 3/7 expression, expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4), cell migration, secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and resistance to in vitro ischemic stress. The functional enhancement, however, is dependent on caspase activation, because treatment with Q-VD-OPh, a pan-caspase inhibitor, attenuated CXCR-4 and cytokine secretion. Importantly, comparable ATP/cell levels and significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in aggregates of different sizes suggest that altered mitochondria bioenergetics on 3D aggregation is the primary inducer for apoptosis. Together, the results suggest multicellular aggregation as an effective and nongenetic strategy for hMSC functional activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Nishishita N, Muramatsu M, Kawamata S. An effective freezing/thawing method for human pluripotent stem cells cultured in chemically-defined and feeder-free conditions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2015; 4:38-49. [PMID: 25973330 PMCID: PMC4396159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Culturing human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSC)s in chemically defined medium and feeder-free condition can facilitate metabolome and proteome analysis of culturing cells and medium, and reduce regulatory concerns for clinical application of cells. And in addition, if hPSC are passaged and cryopreserved in single cells it also facilitates quality control of cells at single cell level. Here we report a robust single cell freezing and thawing method of hPSCs cultured in chemically-defined medium TeSR(TM)-E8(TM) and on cost-effective recombinant human Vitronectin-N (rhVTN-N)-coated dish. Cells are dissociated into single cells with recombinant TrypLE(TM) Select and 0.5 mM EDTA/PBS (3:1 solution) in the presence of Rock inhibitor and cryopreserved with chemically defined CryoStem(TM). Approximately 60% of cells were viable after dissociation. Aggrewell(TM) 400 was used to form cell clumps of 500 cells after thaw in the presence of Rock inhibitor and cells were cultured for two days with TeSR-E8. Cells clumps were then seeded on rhVTN-N-coated dish and cultured with TeSR-E8 for two days prior to the first passage after thawing. Number of viable cells at the first passage increased around 10 times of that just before freezing. This robust single cell freezing method for hPSCs cultured in chemically defined medium will facilitate quality control of cultured cells at single cell level before cryopreservation and consequently assure the quality of cells in frozen vials for further manipulation after thawing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nishishita
- Research and Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation TRI#308, 1-5-4 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0043, Japan
| | - Marie Muramatsu
- Research and Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation TRI#308, 1-5-4 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0043, Japan
| | - Shin Kawamata
- Research and Development Center for Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation TRI#308, 1-5-4 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Tajonar A, Maehr R, Hu G, Sneddon JB, Rivera-Feliciano J, Cohen DE, Elledge SJ, Melton DA. Brief report: VGLL4 is a novel regulator of survival in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2833-41. [PMID: 23765749 PMCID: PMC4617635 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are maintained in a self-renewing state by an interconnected network of mechanisms that sustain pluripotency, promote proliferation and survival, and prevent differentiation. We sought to find novel genes that could contribute to one or more of these processes using a gain-of-function screen of a large collection of human open reading frames. We identified Vestigial-like 4 (VGLL4), a cotranscriptional regulator with no previously described function in hESCs, as a positive regulator of survival in hESCs. Specifically, VGLL4 overexpression in hESCs significantly decreases cell death in response to dissociation stress. Additionally, VGLL4 overexpression enhances hESC colony formation from single cells. These effects may be attributable, in part, to a decreased activity of initiator and effector caspases observed in the context of VGLL4 overexpression. Additionally, we show an interaction between VGLL4 and the Rho/Rock pathway, previously implicated in hESC survival. This study introduces a novel gain-of-function approach for studying hESC maintenance and presents VGLL4 as a previously undescribed regulator of this process. Stem Cells 2013;31:2833-2841.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tajonar
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Lamas NJ, Serra SC, Salgado AJ, Sousa N. Failure of Y-27632 to improve the culture of adult human adipose-derived stem cells. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:15-26. [PMID: 25609984 PMCID: PMC4293935 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s66597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Y-27632 is a well-known inhibitor of the Rho-associated coiled kinase (ROCK) and has been shown to significantly improve the culture of a variety of multipotent stem cell types. However, the effects of Y-27632 on the expansion of adult human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC) cultures remain to be established. Here, we aimed to characterize the effects of Y-27632 on the culture of hADSCs. Adult hADSCs were isolated from subjects submitted to elective plastic surgery procedures and cultivated in vitro under optimized conditions. Our results show that the continuous supplementation of hADSC cultures with Y-27632 led to decreased numbers of cells and decreased global metabolic viability of hADSC cultures when compared with control conditions. This effect appeared to be dependent on the continuous presence of the drug and was shown to be concentration-dependent and significant for 10 μM and 20 μM of Y-27632. Moreover, the Y-27632-induced decrease in hADSC numbers was not linked to a block in global cell proliferation, as cell numbers consistently increased from the moment of plating until passaging. In addition, Y-27632 was not able to increase the number of hADSCs present in culture 24 hours after passaging. Taken together, our results suggest that, in contrast to other stem cell types, Y-27632 supplementation is not a suitable strategy to enhance hADSC culture expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Jorge Lamas
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave (CHAA), EPE, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia C Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Lv L, Han Q, Chu Y, Zhang M, Sun L, Wei W, Jin C, Li W. Self-renewal of hepatoblasts under chemically defined conditions by iterative growth factor and chemical screening. Hepatology 2015; 61:337-47. [PMID: 25203445 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells are essential to mediate organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. In addition, these cells have attracted significant interest for their therapeutic potential. However, it remains challenging to expand most types of these cells in vitro. In this study we devised a screening strategy aimed at identifying growth factors and small molecules that can sustain self-renewal of mouse hepatoblasts. This approach began with a defined basal condition, on top of which collections of growth factors and bioactive small molecules were screened for maintaining self-renewal of primary hepatoblasts. The initially identified proteins and small molecules were then combined in the basal media for subsequent screening to identify additional molecules that can synergistically promote hepatoblast self-renewal. This strategy was performed iteratively to eventually define a small molecule and growth factor cocktail, including epidermal growth factor, glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor, transforming growth factor β receptor inhibitor, lysophosphatidic acid, and sphingosine 1-phosphate, which was sufficient to sustain long-term self-renewal of the murine hepatoblasts under chemically defined conditions. These expanded hepatoblasts retain the ability to respond to liver developmental cues and produce functional hepatocytes and form bile duct-like structures. CONCLUSION Our work established a chemically defined condition that allows long-term expansion of hepatoblasts, improved our understanding of hepatoblast self-renewal, and highlights the power of phenotypic screening to enable self-renewal of somatic stem/progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Lv
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Wang J, Wei R, Bou G, Liu Z. Tbx3 and Nr5α2 improve the viability of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells after dissociation into single cells by inhibiting RHO-ROCK-MLC signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:743-9. [PMID: 25514039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) had been reported during the past 5years, but there were few reports on how the cell signaling works in piPSCs. In order to clarify the signaling work that dominated the characteristic difference of two types of piPSCs which were derived from Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc (termed 4F piPSCs) and Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Tbx3 and Nr5α2 (termed 6F piPSCs) respectively, we performed this study. 4F piPSCs and 6F piPSCs were cultured in medium with or without the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 after dissociating into single cells, the efficiency of a single cell colony and the number of AP positive colonies were assessed. The total RhoA and GTP-bind RhoA were detected in 4F piPSCs and 6F piPSCs before and after digestion into single cells. To explore the relationship between RHO-ROCK-MLC signaling pathway and the two factors Tbx3 and Nr5α2, the 4F piPSCs were infected with lenti-virus Tbx3 and Nr5α2 (termed 4F+TND). Results showed that the viability of cells could be enhanced by Y27632 and the RHO-ROCK-MLC signaling pathway was activated after dissociation into single cells in 4F piPSCs but not in 6F piPSCs. And, the 4F+TND piPSCs could be passaged and keep in high viability after dissociation into single cells, though the morphology of colonies did not change. These results indicated that the Tbx3 and Nr5α2 can improve the viability of piPSCs after dissociation into single cells by inhibiting the RHO-ROCK-MLC signaling pathway. And this provides useful information for establishing porcine pluripotent cells in future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Chong Qing Medical University, Chong Qing 400016, China.
| | - Renyue Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Atkinson SP, Lako M, Armstrong L. Potential for pharmacological manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:269-89. [PMID: 22515554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is vast, allowing disease modelling, drug discovery and testing and perhaps most importantly regenerative therapies. However, problems abound; techniques for cultivating self-renewing hESCs tend to give a heterogeneous population of self-renewing and partially differentiated cells and general include animal-derived products that can be cost-prohibitive for large-scale production, and effective lineage-specific differentiation protocols also still remain relatively undefined and are inefficient at producing large amounts of cells for therapeutic use. Furthermore, the mechanisms and signalling pathways that mediate pluripotency and differentiation are still to be fully appreciated. However, over the recent years, the development/discovery of a range of effective small molecule inhibitors/activators has had a huge impact in hESC biology. Large-scale screening techniques, coupled with greater knowledge of the pathways involved, have generated pharmacological agents that can boost hESC pluripotency/self-renewal and survival and has greatly increased the efficiency of various differentiation protocols, while also aiding the delineation of several important signalling pathways. Within this review, we hope to describe the current uses of small molecule inhibitors/activators in hESC biology and their potential uses in the future.
Collapse
|
139
|
Prater MD, Petit V, Alasdair Russell I, Giraddi RR, Shehata M, Menon S, Schulte R, Kalajzic I, Rath N, Olson MF, Metzger D, Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Glukhova MA, Stingl J. Mammary stem cells have myoepithelial cell properties. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:942-50, 1-7. [PMID: 25173976 PMCID: PMC4183554 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Contractile myoepithelial cells dominate the basal layer of the mammary epithelium and are considered to be differentiated cells. However, we observe that up to 54% of single basal cells can form colonies when seeded into adherent culture in the presence of agents that disrupt actin-myosin interactions, and on average, 65% of the single-cell-derived basal colonies can repopulate a mammary gland when transplanted in vivo. This indicates that a high proportion of basal myoepithelial cells can give rise to a mammary repopulating unit (MRU). We demonstrate that myoepithelial cells, flow-sorted using two independent myoepithelial-specific reporter strategies, have MRU capacity. Using an inducible lineage-tracing approach we follow the progeny of myoepithelial cells that express α-smooth muscle actin and show that they function as long-lived lineage-restricted stem cells in the virgin state and during pregnancy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/deficiency
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Prater
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Valérie Petit
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - I Alasdair Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Rajshekhar R Giraddi
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mona Shehata
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Suraj Menon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Reiner Schulte
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3705, USA
| | - Nicola Rath
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg/Collège de France), Illkirch Cedex 67404, France
| | - Marisa M Faraldo
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Marina A Glukhova
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France [2] CNRS, UMR144, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Monolayer culturing and cloning of human pluripotent stem cells on laminin-521-based matrices under xeno-free and chemically defined conditions. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:2354-68. [PMID: 25211513 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A robust method for culturing human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells under chemically defined and xeno-free conditions is an important tool for stem cell research and for the development of regenerative medicine. Here, we describe a protocol for monolayer culturing of Oct-4-positive hPS cells on a specific laminin-521 (LN-521) isoform, under xeno-free and chemically defined conditions. The cells are dispersed into single-cell suspension and then plated on LN-521 isoform at densities higher than 5,000 cells per cm², where they attach, migrate and survive by forming small monolayer cell groups. The cells avidly divide and expand horizontally until the entire dish is covered by a confluent monolayer. LN-521, in combination with E-cadherin, allows cloning of individual hPS cells in separate wells of 96-well plates without the presence of rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors or any other inhibitors of anoikis. Characterization of cells maintained for several months in culture reveals pluripotency with a minimal degree of genetic abnormalities.
Collapse
|
141
|
Cordie T, Harkness T, Jing X, Carlson-Stevermer J, Mi HY, Turng LS, Saha K. Nanofibrous Electrospun Polymers for Reprogramming Human Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-014-0341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
142
|
Dang LTH, Feric NT, Laschinger C, Chang WY, Zhang B, Wood GA, Stanford WL, Radisic M. Inhibition of apoptosis in human induced pluripotent stem cells during expansion in a defined culture using angiopoietin-1 derived peptide QHREDGS. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7786-99. [PMID: 24930852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecule signaling is critical to human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) survival, self-renewal, and differentiation. Thus, hPSCs are grown as clumps of cells on feeder cell layers or poorly defined extracellular matrices such as Matrigel. We sought to define a small molecule that would initiate adhesion-based signaling to serve as a basis for a defined substrate for hPSC culture. Soluble angiopoeitin-1 (Ang-1)-derived peptide QHREDGS added to defined serum-free media increased hPSC colony cell number and size during long- and short-term culture when grown on feeder cell layers or Matrigel, i.e. on standard substrates, without affecting hPSC morphology, growth rate or the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, QHREDGS treatment decreased hPSC apoptosis during routine passaging and single-cell dissociation. Mechanistically, the interaction of QHREDGS with β1-integrins increased expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), increased expression and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), and decreased caspase-3/7 activity. QHREDGS immobilization to polyethylene glycol hydrogels significantly increased cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. We propose QHREDGS as a small molecule inhibitor of hPSC apoptosis and the basis of an affordable defined substrate for hPSC maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan T H Dang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; The Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nicole T Feric
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Carol Laschinger
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Wing Y Chang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; The Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Time-lapse analysis of human embryonic stem cells reveals multiple bottlenecks restricting colony formation and their relief upon culture adaptation. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:142-55. [PMID: 25068128 PMCID: PMC4110749 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using time-lapse imaging, we have identified a series of bottlenecks that restrict growth of early-passage human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and that are relieved by karyotypically abnormal variants that are selected by prolonged culture. Only a minority of karyotypically normal cells divided after plating, and these were mainly cells in the later stages of cell cycle at the time of plating. Furthermore, the daughter cells showed a continued pattern of cell death after division, so that few formed long-term proliferating colonies. These colony-forming cells showed distinct patterns of cell movement. Increasing cell density enhanced cell movement facilitating cell:cell contact, which resulted in increased proportion of dividing cells and improved survival postplating of normal hESCs. In contrast, most of the karyotypically abnormal cells reentered the cell cycle on plating and gave rise to healthy progeny, without the need for cell:cell contacts and independent of their motility patterns. The growth of karyotypically normal hESCs is limited by multiple bottlenecks Bottlenecks include initial survival, entry into mitosis, and death following mitosis A privileged clonogenic state in normal hESCs is characterized by distinct motility Variant adapted cells and ROCK inhibition alleviate identified bottlenecks
Collapse
|
144
|
Pryzhkova MV, Aria I, Cheng Q, Harris GM, Zan X, Gharib M, Jabbarzadeh E. Carbon nanotube-based substrates for modulation of human pluripotent stem cell fate. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5098-109. [PMID: 24690530 PMCID: PMC4943838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the biological response of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) cultured on a carbon nanotube (CNT) array-based substrate with the long term goal to direct hPSC germ layer specification for a wide variety of tissue engineering applications. CNT arrays were fabricated using a chemical vapor deposition system allowing for control over surface roughness and mechanical stiffness. Our results demonstrated that hPSCs readily attach to hydrophilized and extracellular matrix coated CNT arrays. hPSCs cultured as colonies in conditions supporting self-renewal demonstrated the morphology and marker expression of undifferentiated hPSCs. Conditions inducing spontaneous differentiation lead to hPSC commitment to all three embryonic germ layers as assessed by immunostaining and RT-PCR analysis. Strikingly, the physical characteristics of CNT arrays favored mesodermal specification of hPSCs. This is contradictory to the behavior of hPSCs on traditional tissue culture plastic which promotes the development of ectoderm. Altogether, these results demonstrate the potential of CNT arrays to be used in the generation of new platforms that allow for precise control of hPSC differentiation by tuning the characteristics of their physical microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Pryzhkova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Indrat Aria
- Graduate Aeronautics Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, CA 91125, USA
| | - Qingsu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Greg M Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Xingjie Zan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Morteza Gharib
- Graduate Aeronautics Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ehsan Jabbarzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Efthymiou AG, Chen G, Rao M, Chen G, Boehm M. Self-renewal and cell lineage differentiation strategies in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1333-44. [PMID: 24881868 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.922533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the initial discoveries of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, many strategies have been developed to utilize the potential of these cells for translational research and disease modeling. The success of these aims and the development of future applications in this area will depend on the ability to generate high-quality and large numbers of differentiated cell types that genetically, epigenetically, and functionally mimic the cells found in the body. AREAS COVERED In this review, we highlight the current strategies used to maintain stem cell pluripotency (a measure of stem cell quality), as well as provide an overview of the various differentiation strategies being used to generate cells from all three germ lineages. We also discuss the particular considerations that must be addressed when utilizing these cells for translational therapy, and provide an example of a cell type currently used in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION The major challenge in regenerative medicine and disease modeling will be in generating functional cells of sufficient quality that are physiologically and epigenetically similar to the diverse cells that they are modeled after. By meeting these criteria, these differentiated products can be successfully used in disease modeling, drug/toxicology screens, and cellular replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G Efthymiou
- National Institutes of Health, Center for Regenerative Medicine , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Roybal KT, Sinai P, Verkade P, Murphy RF, Wülfing C. The actin-driven spatiotemporal organization of T-cell signaling at the system scale. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:133-47. [PMID: 24117818 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cells are activated through interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). During activation, receptors and signaling intermediates accumulate in diverse spatiotemporal distributions. These distributions control the probability of signaling interactions and thus govern information flow through the signaling system. Spatiotemporally resolved system-scale investigation of signaling can extract the regulatory information thus encoded, allowing unique insight into the control of T-cell function. Substantial technical challenges exist, and these are briefly discussed herein. While much of the work assessing T-cell spatiotemporal organization uses planar APC substitutes, we focus here on B-cell APCs with often stark differences. Spatiotemporal signaling distributions are driven by cell biologically distinct structures, a large protein assembly at the interface center, a large invagination, the actin-supported interface periphery as extended by smaller individual lamella, and a newly discovered whole-interface actin-driven lamellum. The more than 60 elements of T-cell activation studied to date are dynamically distributed between these structures, generating a complex organization of the signaling system. Signal initiation and core signaling prefer the interface center, while signal amplification is localized in the transient lamellum. Actin dynamics control signaling distributions through regulation of the underlying structures and drive a highly undulating T-cell/APC interface that imposes substantial constraints on T-cell organization. We suggest that the regulation of actin dynamics, by controlling signaling distributions and membrane topology, is an important rheostat of T-cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kole T Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Abstract
Small molecules that modulate stem cell fate and function offer significant opportunities that will allow the full realization of the therapeutic potential of stem cells. Rational design and screening for small molecules have identified useful compounds to probe fundamental mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming and have facilitated the development of cell-based therapies and therapeutic drugs targeting endogenous stem and progenitor cells for repair and regeneration. Here, we will discuss recent scientific and therapeutic progress, as well as new perspectives and future challenges for using chemical approaches in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Ngo MA, Müller A, Li Y, Neumann S, Tian G, Dixon IMC, Arora RC, Freed DH. Human mesenchymal stem cells express a myofibroblastic phenotype in vitro: comparison to human cardiac myofibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:187-204. [PMID: 24691634 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis accompanies a variety of myocardial disorders, and is induced by myofibroblasts. These cells may be composed of a heterogeneous population of parent cells, including interstitial fibroblasts and circulating progenitor cells. Direct comparison of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and cardiac myofibroblasts (CMyfbs) has not been previously reported. We hypothesized that BM-MSCs readily adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture. Human primary BM-MSCs and human CMyfbs were isolated from patients undergoing open heart surgery and expanded under standard culture conditions. We assessed and compared their phenotypic and functional characteristics by examining their gene expression profile, their ability to contract collagen gels and synthesize collagen type I. In addition, we examined the role of non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) in modulating MSC myogenic function using NMMII siRNA knockdown and blebbistatin, a specific small molecule inhibitor of NMMII. We report that, while human BM-MSCs retain pluripotency, they adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture and stain positive for the myofibroblast markers α-SMA, vimentin, NMMIIB, ED-A fibronectin, and collagen type 1 at each passage. In addition, they contract collagen gels in response to TGF-β1 and synthesize collagen similar to human CMyfbs. Moreover, inhibition of NMMII activity with blebbistatin completely attenuates gel contractility without affecting cell viability. Thus, human BM-MSCs share and exhibit similar physiological and functional characteristics as human CMyfbs in vitro, and their propensity to adopt a myofibroblast phenotype in culture may contribute to cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Ngo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Chen X, Prowse ABJ, Jia Z, Tellier H, Munro TP, Gray PP, Monteiro MJ. Thermoresponsive Worms for Expansion and Release of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:844-55. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401702h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew B. J. Prowse
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Helena Tellier
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Trent P. Munro
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter P. Gray
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Ono T, Suzuki Y, Kato Y, Fujita R, Araki T, Yamashita T, Kato H, Torii R, Sato N. A single-cell and feeder-free culture system for monkey embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88346. [PMID: 24505480 PMCID: PMC3915054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), hold great potential for research and application in regenerative medicine and drug discovery. To maximize primate PSC potential, a practical system is required for generating desired functional cells and reproducible differentiation techniques. Much progress regarding their culture systems has been reported to date; however, better methods would still be required for their practical use, particularly in industrial and clinical fields. Here we report a new single-cell and feeder-free culture system for primate PSCs, the key feature of which is an originally formulated serum-free medium containing FGF and activin. In this culture system, cynomolgus monkey ESCs can be passaged many times by single-cell dissociation with traditional trypsin treatment and can be propagated with a high proliferation rate as a monolayer without any feeder cells; further, typical PSC properties and genomic stability can be retained. In addition, it has been demonstrated that monkey ESCs maintained in the culture system can be used for various experiments such as in vitro differentiation and gene manipulation. Thus, compared with the conventional culture system, monkey ESCs grown in the aforementioned culture system can serve as a cell source with the following practical advantages: simple, stable, and easy cell maintenance; gene manipulation; cryopreservation; and desired differentiation. We propose that this culture system can serve as a reliable platform to prepare primate PSCs useful for future research and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ono
- Discovery Molecular Pharmacology Department, Discovery Screening Center, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Discovery Molecular Pharmacology Department, Discovery Screening Center, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kato
- Discovery Molecular Pharmacology Department, Discovery Screening Center, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Risako Fujita
- Discovery Molecular Pharmacology Department, Discovery Screening Center, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Araki
- Discovery Molecular Pharmacology Department, Discovery Screening Center, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamashita
- Discovery Molecular Pharmacology Department, Discovery Screening Center, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Kato
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Torii
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoya Sato
- Discovery Molecular Pharmacology Department, Discovery Screening Center, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|